Contents — The Animal Parasites of Man by Harold Benjamin Fantham, J. W. W. Stephens, Fred. V. Theobald, and Max Braun

	PAGE
PREFACE	iii
ERRATA	xxxii
ON PARASITES IN GENERAL	1
Occasional and Permanent Parasitism	1
Entozoa, Endoparasites, Helminthes, Turbellaria	2
Hermaphroditism	4
Fertility of Parasites	5
Transmigrations	5
Commensals, Mutualists	6
Incidental and Pseudo-parasites	6
The Influence of Parasites on the Host	8
Origin of Parasites	10
Derivation of Parasites	19
Change of Host	20
Literature	22
———
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN	25
A. Protozoa	25
Classification of the Protozoa.
Class I. Sarcodina	27
Order. Amœbina	27
Foraminifera	27
Heliozoa	27
Radiolaria	28
Class II. Mastigophora	28
III. Sporozoa	28
Sub-class 1. Telosporidia	28
Order. Gregarinida	28
Coccidiidea	28
Hæmosporidia	28
Sub-class 2. Neosporidia	28
Order. Myxosporidia	28
Microsporidia	28
Sarcosporidia	28
Haplosporidia	29
Class IV. Infusoria	29
V. Suctoria	29
Class I. Sarcodina, Bütschli, 1882	29
Order. Amœbina, Ehrenberg	29
A. Human Intestinal Amœbæ	29
Entamœba coli, Lösch, 1875, emend. Schaudinn, 1903	32
Entamœba histolytica, Schaudinn, 1903	34
Entamœba tetragena, Viereck, 1907	38
Noc’s Entamœba, 1909	41
Entamœba buccalis, Prowazek, 1904	43
Entamœba undulans, Castellani, 1905	43
Entamœba kartulisi, Doflein, 1901	44
Amœba gingivalis, A. buccalis, A. dentalis	44
Genus. Paramœba, Schaudinn, 1896	44
Paramœba (Craigia) hominis, Craig, 1906	45
B. Amœbæ from other Organs	45
Entamœba pulmonalis, Artault, 1898	45
Amœba urogenitalis, Baelz, 1883	45
Amœba miurai, Ijima, 1898	46
Appendix: “Rhizopods in Poliomyelitis Acuta”	46
Order. Foraminifera, d’Orbigny	47
Sub-order. Monothalamia (Testaceous Amœbæ)	47
Genus. Chlamydophrys, Cienkowski, 1876	47
Chlamydophrys enchelys, Ehrenberg	47
Leydenia gemmipara, Schaudinn, 1896	49
Class II. Mastigophora, Diesing	50
Sub-class. Flagellata, Cohn emend. Bütschli	50
Order. Polymastigina, Blochmann	52
Genus. Trichomonas, Donné, 1837	52
Trichomonas vaginalis, Donné	52
Trichomonas intestinalis, R. Leuckart, 1879 = Trichomonas hominis, Davaine, 1854	54
Genus. Tetramitus, Perty, 1852	57
Tetramitus mesnili, Wenyon, 1910	57
Genus. Lamblia, R. Blanchard, 1888	57
Lamblia intestinalis, Lambl, 1859	57
Order. Protomonadina, Blochmann	60
Family. Cercomonadidæ, Kent emend. Bütschli	61
Genus. Cercomonas, Dujardin emend. Bütschli	61
Cercomonas hominis, Davaine, 1854	61
Monas pyophila, R. Blanchard, 1895	62
Family. Bodonidæ, Bütschli	63
Genus. Prowazekia, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910	63
Prowazekia urinaria, Hassall, 1859	63
Prowazekia asiatica, Castellani and Chalmers, 1910	65
Prowazekia javanensis, Flu, 1912	66
Prowazekia cruzi, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910	66
Prowazekia weinbergi, Mathis and Léger, 1910	66
Prowazekia parva, Nägler, 1910	66
Family. Trypanosomidæ, Doflein	66
Genus. Trypanosoma, Gruby, 1843	67
Historical	67
General	69
Morphology	70
Trypanosoma gambiense, Dutton, 1902	72
Trypanosoma nigeriense, Macfie, 1913	76
Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Stephens and Fantham, 1910	76
General Note on Trypanosomes with Posterior Nuclei	83
Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas, 1909	83
Trypanosoma lewisi, Kent, 1881	88
Trypanosoma brucei, Plimmer and Bradford, 1899	93
Trypanosoma evansi, Steel, 1885	95
Trypanosoma equinum, Voges, 1901	96
Trypanosoma equiperdum, Doflein, 1901	97
Trypanosoma theileri, Bruce, 1902	98
Trypanosoma hippicum, Darling, 1910	98
Endotrypanum schaudinni, Mesnil and Brimont, 1908	99
Trypanosoma boylei, Lafont, 1912	99
Monomorphic Trypanosomes	99
Trypanosoma vivax, Ziemann, 1905	99
Trypanosoma capræ, Kleine, 1910	100
Trypanosoma congolense, Broden, 1904	100
Trypanosoma simiæ, Bruce, 1912	100
Trypanosoma uniforme, Bruce, 1910	101
General Note on Development of Trypanosomes in Glossina	101
Adaptation of Trypanosomes	101
Genus. Herpetomonas, Saville Kent, 1881	102
Genus. Crithidia, Léger, 1902, emend. Patton, 1908	104
Genus. Leishmania, Ross, 1903	104
Leishmania donovani, Laveran and Mesnil, 1903	105
Leishmania tropica, Wright, 1903	107
Leishmania infantum, Nicolle, 1908	109
Genus. Histoplasma, Darling, 1906	112
Genus. Toxoplasma, Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908	112
The Spirochætes	114
The Spirochætes of the Blood	116
Spirochæta duttoni, Novy and Knapp, 1906	116
Spirochæta gallinarum, Stephens and Christophers, 1905 (= Spirochæta marchouxi, Nuttall, 1905)	119
Spirochæta recurrentis, Lebert, 1874	120
Spirochæta rossii, Nuttall, 1908	122
Spirochæta novyi, Schellack, 1907	122
Spirochæta carteri, Mackie and Manson, 1907	122
Spirochæta berbera, Sergent and Foley, 1910	122
Other Human Spirochætes	122
Some Animal Spirochætes	122
Treponemata	124
Treponema pallidum, Schaudinn, 1905	124
Treponema pertenue, Castellani, 1905	127
Class III. Sporozoa, Leuckart, 1879	128
Sub-class. Telosporidia, Schaudinn	129
Order. Gregarinida, Aimé Schneider emend. Doflein	129
Order. Coccidiidea	135
Genus. Eimeria, Aimé Schneider, 1875	142
Eimeria avium, Silvestrini and Rivolta	142
Eimeria stiedæ, Lindemann, 1865	145
(a) Human Hepatic Coccidiosis	148
(b) Human Intestinal Coccidiosis	148
(c) Doubtful Cases	149
Genus. Isospora, Aimé Schneider, 1881	149
Isospora bigemina, Stiles, 1891	149
Doubtful Species	150
Order. Hæmosporidia, Danilewsky emend. Schaudinn	151
The Malarial Parasites of Man	155
Development of the Malarial Parasites of Man	159
The Species of the Malarial Parasites of Man	164
Plasmodium vivax, Grassi and Feletti, 1890	164
Plasmodium malariæ, Laveran	166
Laverania malariæ, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 (= Plasmodium falciparum, Welch, 1897)	167
Plasmodium relictum, Sergent, 1907 (in birds)	170
Cultivation of Malarial Parasites	170
Differential Characters of the Human Malarial Parasites	171
Family. Piroplasmidæ, França, 1909	172
Genus. Babesia, Starcovici, 1893	174
Genus. Theileria, Bettencourt, França and Borges, 1907	178
Theileria parva, Theiler, 1903	178
Theileria mutans, Theiler, 1907	180
Genus. Anaplasma, Theiler, 1910	180
Genus. Paraplasma, Seidelin, 1911	180
Sub-class. Neosporidia, Schaudinn	181
Order. Myxosporidia, Bütschli	181
Order. Microsporidia, Balbiani	184
Order. Actinomyxidia, Stolč.	187
Order. Sarcosporidia, Balbiani	187
Sarcosporidia observed in Man	193
Order. Haplosporidia, Caullery and Mesnil, 1899	194
Rhinosporidium kinealyi, Minchin and Fantham, 1905	195
Class IV. Infusoria, Ledermüller, 1763	198
Genus. Balantidium, Claparède et Lachmann	200
Balantidium coli, Malmsten, 1857	200
Balantidium minutum, Schaudinn, 1899	204
Genus. Nyctotherus, Leidy, 1849	204
Nyctotherus faba, Schaudinn, 1899	205
Nyctotherus giganteus, P. Krause, 1906	205
[Nyctotherus] africanus, Castellani, 1905	206
The Chlamydozoa	207
Protozoa Incertæ Sedis	210
Sergentella hominis, Brumpt, 1910	210
———
B. Platyhelminthes (or Flat Worms)	211
Classification of the Platyhelminthes.
Class I. Turbellaria (or Eddy Worms)	212
Order 1. Rhabdocœlida	212
2. Tricladida	212
3. Polycladida	212
Class II. Trematoda (Sucking Worms)	212
III. Cestoda (Tapeworms)	212
Class II. Trematoda, Rud.	212
Development of the Trematodes	222
Biology	229
Classification of the Trematodes of Man.
Order. Digenea, v. Beneden, 1858	230
Sub-order. Prostomata, Odhner, 1905	230
Group. Amphistomata, Rudolphi, 1801, ep., Nitzsch, 1819	230
Family. Paramphistomidæ, Fischoeder, 1901	231
Sub-family. Paramphistominæ, Fischoeder, 1901	231
Cladorchiinæ, Fischoeder, 1901	231
Family. Gastrodisciidæ, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910	231
Group. Distomata, Retzius, 1782	231
Family. Fasciolidæ, Railliet, 1895	231
Sub-family. Fasciolinæ, Odhner, 1910	231
Fasciolopsinæ, Odhner, 1910	231
Family. Opisthorchiidæ, Braun, 1901, emend, auctor.	232
Sub-family. Opisthorchiinæ, Looss, 1899, emend, auctor.	232
Metorchiinæ, Lühe, 1909	232
Family. Dicrocœliidæ, Odhner, 1910	232
Heterophyiidæ, Odhner, 1914	232
Troglotremidæ, Odhner, 1914	232
Echinostomidæ, Looss, 1902	233
Sub-family. Echinostominæ, Looss, 1899	233
Himasthlinæ, Odhner, 1910	233
Family. Schistosomidæ, Looss, 1899	233
The Trematodes observed in Man	234
Family. Paramphistomidæ, Stiles and Goldberger, emend. 1910	234
Sub-family. Cladorchiinæ, Fischoeder, 1901	234
Genus. Watsonius, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910	234
Watsonius watsoni, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910	234
Family. Gastrodisciidæ	236
Genus. Gastrodiscus, Lkt., 1877	236
Gastrodiscus hominis, Lewis and McConnell, 1876	236
Family. Fasciolidæ, Railliet, 1895	237
Sub-family. Fasciolinæ, Odhner, 1910	237
Genus. Fasciola, L., 1758	237
Fasciola hepatica, L., 1758	237
Halzoun	242
Fasciola gigantica, Cobbold, 1856	244
Sub-family. Fasciolopsinæ, Odhner, 1910	245
Genus. Fasciolopsis, Looss, 1898	245
Fasciolopsis buski, Lank., 1857	245
Fasciolopsis rathouisi, Ward, 1903	246
Fasciolopsis goddardi, Ward, 1910	247
Fasciolopsis fülleborni, Rodenwaldt, 1909	247
Family. Troglotremidæ, Odhner, 1914	249
Genus. Paragonimus, Braun, 1899	249
Paragonimus ringeri, Cobb., 1880	249
Family. Opisthorchiidæ, Braun, 1901	252
Sub-family. Opisthorchiinæ, Looss, 1899	252
Genus. Opisthorchis, R. Blanch., 1845	252
Opisthorchis felineus, Riv., 1885	252
Genus. Paropisthorchis, Stephens, 1912	255
Paropisthorchis caninus, Barker, 1912	255
Genus. Amphimerus, Barker, 1912 (?)	257
Amphimerus noverca, Barker, 1912 (?)	258
Genus. Clonorchis, Looss, 1907	258
Clonorchis sinensis, Cobbold, 1875	258
Clonorchis endemicus, Baelz, 1883	259
Sub-family. Metorchiinæ, Lühe, 1909	261
Genus. Metorchis, Looss, 1899, emend. auctor.	261
Metorchis truncatus, Rud., 1819	261
Family. Heterophyiidæ, Odhner, 1914	262
Genus. Heterophyes, Cobbold, 1866	262
Heterophyes heterophyes, v. Sieb., 1852	262
Metagonimus, Katsurada, 1913; Yokogawa, Leiper, 1913	264
Metagonimus yokogawai, Katsurada, 1913	264
Family. Dicrocœliidæ, Odhner, 1910	265
Genus. Dicrocœlium, Dujardin	265
Dicrocœlium dendriticum, Rud., 1819	266
Family. Echinostomidæ, Looss, 1902	267
Sub-family. Echinostominæ, Looss, 1899	267
Genus. Echinostoma, Rud., 1809; Dietz, 1910	267
Echinostoma ilocanum, Garrison, 1908	267
Echinostoma malayanum, Leiper, 1911	268
Sub-family. Himasthlinæ, Odhner, 1910	269
Genus. Artyfechinostomum, Clayton-Lane, 1915	269
Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex, Clayton-Lane, 1915	269
Family. Schistosomidæ, Looss, 1899	269
Genus. Schistosoma, Weinl., 1858	269
Schistosoma hæmatobium, Bilharz, 1852	270
Schistosoma mansoni, Sambon, 1907	277
Schistosoma japonicum, Katsurada, 1904	277
Class III. Cestoda, Rud., 1808	282
Anatomy of the Cestoda	284
Development of the Tapeworms	297
Biology	306
Classification of the Cestoda of Man.
Order. Pseudophyllidea, Carus, 1863	308
Family. Dibothriocephalidæ, Lühe, 1902	308
Sub-family. Dibothriocephalinæ, Lühe, 1899	308
Order. Cyclophyllidea, v. Beneden	308
Family. Dipylidiidæ, Lühe, 1910	309
Hymenolepididæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909	309
Davaineidæ, Fuhrmann, 1907	309
Sub-family. Davaineinæ, Braun, 1900	309
Family. Tæniidæ, Ludwig, 1886	309
The Cestodes of Man	309
Family. Dibothriocephalidæ	309
Sub-family. Dibothriocephalinæ	309
Genus. Dibothriocephalus, Lühe, 1899	309
Dibothriocephalus latus, L., 1748	310
Dibothriocephalus cordatus, R. Lkt., 1863	315
Dibothriocephalus parvus, Stephens, 1908	316
Genus. Diplogonoporus, Lönnbrg., 1892	316
Diplogonoporus grandis, R. Blanch., 1894	316
Sparganum, Diesing, 1854	317
Sparganum mansoni, Cobb., 1883	317
Sparganum proliferum, Ijima, 1905	318
Family. Dipylidiidæ, Lühe, 1910	320
Genus. Dipylidium, R. Lkt., 1863	320
Dipylidium caninum, L. 1758	320
Family. Hymenolepididæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909	323
Genus. Hymenolepis, Weinland, 1858	323
Hymenolepis nana, v. Sieb., 1852	323
Hymenolepis diminuta, Rud., 1819	326
Hymenolepis lanceolata, Bloch, 1782	328
Family. Davaineidæ, Fuhrmann, 1907	329
Sub-family. Davaineinæ, Braun, 1900	329
Genus. Davainea, R. Blanch., 1891	329
Davainea madagascariensis, Davaine, 1869	329
Davainea (?) asiatica, v. Linst., 1901	330
Family. Tæniidæ, Ludwig, 1886	331
Genus. Tænia, L., 1758	331
Tænia solium, L., p. p., 1767	331
Cysticercus acanthotrias, Weinland, 1858	336
Tænia bremneri, Stephens, 1908	337
Tænia marginata, Batsch., 1786	338
Tænia serrata, Goeze, 1782	338
Tænia crassicollis, Rud., 1810	338
Tænia saginata, Goeze, 1782	338
Tænia africana, v. Linst., 1900	342
Tænia confusa, Ward, 1896	343
Tænia echinococcus, v. Sieb., 1853	344
Structure and Development of Echinococcus(Hydatid)	347
Echinococcus multilocularis (Alveolar Colloid)	356
Serum Diagnosis of Echinococcus	359
———
C. Nemathelminthes	360
Class. Nematoda	360
Anatomy of the Nematodes	360
Development of the Nematodes	371
Classification of the Nematoda.
Family. Anguillulidæ, Gervais and van Beneden, 1859	374
Angiostomidæ, Braun, 1895	374
Gnathostomidæ	374
Dracunculidæ, Leiper, 1912	374
Filariidæ, Claus, 1885	374
Trichinellidæ, Stiles and Crane, 1910	375
Dioctophymidæ	375
Strongylidæ, Cobbold, 1864	375
Physalopteridæ	375
Ascaridæ, Cobbold, 1864	375
Oxyuridæ	375
The Nematodes observed in Man	376
Family. Anguillulidæ	377
Genus. Rhabditis, Dujardin, 1845	377
Rhabditis pellio, Schneider, 1866	377
Rhabditis niellyi, Blanchard, 1885	378
Rhabditis, sp.	378
Genus. Anguillula, Ehrenberg, 1826	379
Anguillula aceti, Müller, 1783	379
Genus. Anguillulina, Gervais and Beneden, 1859	379
Anguillulina putrefaciens, Kühn, 1879	379
Family. Angiostomidæ, Braun, 1895	379
Genus. Strongyloides, Grassi, 1879	379
Strongyloides stercoralis, Bavay, 1877	380
Family. Gnathostomidæ	384
Genus. Gnathostoma, Owen, 1836	384
Gnathostoma siamense, Levinson, 1889	384
Gnathostoma spinigerum, Owen, 1836	385
Family. Dracunculidæ, Leiper, 1912	385
Genus. Dracunculus, Kniphoff, 1759	385
Dracunculus medinensis, Velsch, 1674	386
Genus (of Crustacea). Cyclops, Müller, 1776	390
Family. Filariidæ	390
Sub-family. Filariinæ	390
Genus. Filaria, O. Fr. Müller, 1787	390
Filaria bancrofti, Cobbold, 1877	390
Filaria demarquayi, Manson, 1895	403
Filaria taniguchi, Penel, 1905	404
Filaria (?) conjunctivæ, Addario, 1885	404
Group. Agamofilaria, Stiles, 1906	406
Agamofilaria georgiana	406
Agamofilaria palpebralis, Pace, 1867 (nec Wilson, 1844)	406
Agamofilaria oculi humani, v. Nordmann, 1832	406
Agamofilaria labialis, Pane, 1864	407
Filaria (?) romanorum-orientalis, Sarcani, 1888	407
Filaria (?) kilimaræ, Kolb, 1898	407
Filaria (?) sp.?	407
Genus. Setaria, Viborg, 1795	407
Setaria equina, Abildg., 1789	408
Genus. Loa, Stiles, 1905	409
Loa loa, Guyot, 1778	409
Genus. Acanthocheilonema, Cobbold, 1870	414
Acanthocheilonema perstans, Manson, 1891	414
Genus. Dirofilaria, Railliet and Henry, 1911	416
Dirofilaria magalhãesi, R. Blanchard, 1895	417
Sub-family. Onchocercinæ, Leiper, 1911	417
Genus. Onchocerca, Diesing, 1841	417
Onchocerca volvulus, R. Leuckart, 1893	417
Family. Trichinellidæ, Stiles and Crane, 1910	419
Sub-family. Trichurinæ, Ransom, 1911	419
Genus. Trichuris, Röderer and Wagler, 1761	419
Trichuris trichiura, Linnæus, 1761	419
Sub-family. Trichinellinæ, Ransom, 1911	421
Genus. Trichinella, Railliet, 1895	421
Trichinella spiralis, Owen, 1835	421
History of the Development of Trichinella spiralis	423
Family. Dioctophymidæ	431
Genus. Dioctophyme, Collet-Megret, 1802	431
Dioctophyme gigas, Rudolphi, 1802	431
Family. Strongylidæ	432
Sub-family. Metastrongylinæ, Leiper, 1908	432
Genus. Metastrongylus, Molin, 1861	432
Metastrongylus apri, Gmelin, 1789	432
Sub-family. Trichostrongylinæ, Leiper, 1908	433
Genus. Trichostrongylus, Looss, 1905	434
Trichostrongylus instabilis, Railliet, 1893	434
Trichostrongylus probolurus, Railliet, 1896	435
Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Looss, 1905	435
Genus. Hæmonchus, Cobb., 1898	436
Hæmonchus contortus, Rudolphi, 1803; Cobb., 1898	436
Genus. Nematodirus, Ransom, 1907, emend. Railliet, 1912	438
Sub-genus. Mecistocirrus, Railliet, 1912	438
Mecistocirrus fordi, Daniels, 1908	438
Sub-family. Ancylostominæ, Railliet, 1909	438
Group. Œsophagostomeæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909	439
Genus. Ternidens, Railliet, 1909	439
Ternidens deminutus, Railliet and Henry, 1905	440
Genus. Œsophagostomum, Molin, 1861	441
Œsophagostomum brumpti, Railliet and Henry, 1905	441
Œsophagostomum stephanostomum var. thomasi, Railliet and Henry, 1909	443
Œsophagostomum apiostomum, Willach, 1891	444
Group. Ancylostomeæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909	445
Genus. Ancylostoma, Dubini, 1843, emend. Looss, 1905	445
Ancylostoma duodenale, Dubini, 1843	445
Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Looss, 1911	456
Ancylostoma braziliense, Gomez de Faria, 1910	456
Group. Bunostomeæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909	456
Genus. Necator, Stiles, 1903	457
Necator americanus, Stiles, 1902	457
Necator exilidens, Cummins, 1912	459
Ancylostomiasis	459
Group. Syngameæ, Railliet and Henry, 1909	459
Genus. Syngamus, von Siebold, 1836	459
Syngamus kingi, Leiper, 1913	459
Family. Physalopteridæ	460
Genus. Physaloptera, Rudolphi, 1819	460
Physaloptera caucasica, v. Linstow, 1902	461
Physaloptera mordens, Leiper, 1907	461
Family. Ascaridæ, Cobbold, 1864	461
Sub-family. Ascarinæ	461
Genus. Ascaris, L., 1758	461
Ascaris lumbricoides, L., 1758	463
Ascaris sp.	465
Ascaris texana, Smith et Goeth, 1914	465
Ascaris maritima, Leuckart, 1876	465
Genus. Toxascaris, Leiper, 1907	465
Toxascaris limbata, Railliet and Henry, 1911	466
Genus. Belascaris, Leiper, 1907	466
Belascaris cati, Schrank, 1788	466
Belascaris marginata, Rudolphi, 1802	466
Genus. Lagocheilascaris, Leiper, 1909	466
Lagocheilascaris minor, Leiper, 1909	467
Family. Oxyuridæ	467
Genus. Oxyuris, Rudolphi, 1803	467
Oxyuris vermicularis, Linnæus, 1767	467
Family. Mermithidæ	469
Genus. Mermis, Dujardin, 1845	469
Mermis hominis oris, Leidy, 1850	469
Agamomermis, Stiles, 1903	470
Agamomermis restiformis, Leidy, 1880	470
Technique	471
———
D. Acanthocephala, Rud	475
Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze, 1782	477
Echinorhynchus hominis, Lambl, 1859	478
Echinorhynchus moniliformis, Bremser, 1819	478
———
E. Gordiidæ	479
———
F. Hirudinea s. Discophora (Leech)	480
Family. Gnathobdellidæ (Leeches with Jaws)	481
Genus. Hirudo, L., 1758	481
Hirudo medicinalis, L., 1758	481
Hirudo troctina, Johnston, 1816	482
Genus. Limnatis, Moq.-Tandon, 1826	482
Limnatis nilotica, Savigny, 1820	482
Genus. Hæmadipsa, Tennent, 1861	482
Family. Rhynchobdellidæ (Leeches with Rostrum)	482
Genus. Hæmentaria, de Filippi, 1849	482
Hæmentaria officinalis, de Filippi	482
Genus. Placobdella, R. Blanchard	482
Placobdella catenigera, Moq.-Tandon	482
———
G. Arthropoda (Jointed-limbed Animals)	483
A. Arachnoidea (Spiders, Mites, etc.)	483
Order. Acarina (Mites)	484
Family. Trombidiidæ (Running Mites)	485
Genus. Trombidium, Latreille (and Leptus)	485
Leptus autumnalis, Shaw, 1790	485
Trombidium tlalsahuate, Lemaire, 1867	486
Akamushi or Kedani	487
Family. Tetranychidæ (Spinning Mites)	488
Genus. Tetranychus, Dufour	488
Tetranychus molestissimus, Weyenbergh, 1886	488
Tetranychus telarius, L., 1758, var. russeolus, Koch	488
Family. Tarsonemidæ	488
Genus. Pediculoides	489
Pediculoides ventricosus, Newport, 1850	489
Genus. Nephrophages	490
Nephrophages sanguinarius, Miyake and Scriba, 1893	490
Family. Eupodidæ	491
Genus. Tydeus, Koch	491
Tydeus molestus, Moniez, 1889	491
Family. Gamasidæ (Coleopterous or Insect Mites)	491
Genus. Dermanyssus, Dugès	492
Dermanyssus gallinæ, de Geer, 1778	492
Dermanyssus hirundinis, Hermann, 1804	492
Genus. Holothyrus	493
Holothyrus coccinella, Gervais, 1842	493
Family. Ixodidæ (Ticks)	493
Classification of Ixodidæ	496
Synopsis of Genera	496
Genus. Ixodes, Latreille	497
Ixodes reduvius, L., 1758	497
Ixodes holocyclus, Neumann, 1899	499
Ixodes hexagonus, Leach, 1815	500
Genus. Amblyomma, Koch	500
Amblyomma cayennense, Koch, 1844	500
Amblyomma americana, Linnæus	501
Amblyomma maculatum, Koch	501
Genus. Hyalomma, Koch	501
Hyalomma ægyptium, L., 1758	501
Genus. Hæmaphysalis, Koch	502
Hæmaphysalis punctata, Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877–1878	502
Genus. Dermacentor, Koch	502
Dermacentor reticulatus, Fabricius, 1794	502
Dermacentor venustus, Banks	503
Dermacentor occidentalis, Neumann	504
Dermacentor variabilis, Say	505
Genus. Margaropus, Karsch	505
Margaropus annulatus australis, Fuller	505
Margaropus microplus, Canestrini	505
Genus. Rhipicephalus, Koch	505
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Latreille, 1804	505
Neumann’s Table of Species of Argas	505
Genus. Argas, Latreille	506
Argas reflexus, Fabricius, 1794	506
Argas persicus, Fischer de Waldheim, 1824	506
Argas brumpti, Neumann	507
Argas chinche, Gervais, 1844	508
Genus. Ornithodorus, Koch	508
Ornithodorus moubata, Murray, 1877	508
Ornithodorus savignyi, Audouin, 1827	509
Ornithodorus coriaceus, Koch	509
Ornithodorus talaje, Guerin, 1849	509
Ornithodorus turicata, Dugès, 1876	509
Ornithodorus tholozani, Laboulbène and Mégnin, 1882	510
Ornithodorus mégnini, Dugès, 1883	510
Family. Tyroglyphidæ	511
Sub-family. Tyroglyphinæ	511
Genus. Aleurobius, Canestrini	511
Aleurobius (Tyroglyphus) farinæ, de Geer (part), Koch	511
Genus. Tyroglyphus, Latreille	511
Tyroglyphus siro, L., 1756	511
Tyroglyphus longior, Gervais, 1844	512
Tyroglyphus minor var. castellani, Hirst	513
Genus. Glyciphagus, Hering, 1838	513
Glyciphagus prunorum, Hering, and G. domesticus, de Geer	513
Glyciphagus cursor, Gervais	513
Glyciphagus buski, Murray	513
Genus. Rhizoglyphus, Claparède, 1869	514
Rhizoglyphus parasiticus, Dalgetty, 1901	514
Genus. Histiogaster, Berlese, 1883	515
Histiogaster (entomophagus?) spermaticus, Trouessart, 1900	515
Genus. Cheyletus	516
Cheyletus mericourti, Lab.	516
Family. Sarcoptidæ (Itch Mites)	516
Sub-family. Sarcoptinæ	518
Genus. Sarcoptes, Latreille	518
Sarcoptes scabiei, de Geer, 1778	518
Sarcoptes minor, Fürstenberg, 1861	520
Family. Demodicidæ (Mites of the Hair-follicles)	522
Genus. Demodex, Owen	522
Demodex folliculorum, Simon, 1842	522
Order. Pentastomida	523
Family. Linguatulidæ	523
Genus. Linguatula, Fröhlich	524
Linguatula rhinaria, Pilger, 1802	524
Genus. Porocephalus	526
Porocephalus constrictus, v. Siebold, 1852	526
B. Insecta (Hexapoda)	529
Classification of the Hexapoda.
(1) Aptera	531
(2) Neuroptera	531
(3) Orthoptera	531
(4) Thysanoptera	531
(5) Hemiptera	531
(6) Diptera	532
(7) Lepidoptera	532
(8) Hymenoptera	532
(9) Coleoptera	532
Order. Rhyncota	532
(a) Rhyncota aptera parasitica	532
Family. Pediculidæ (Lice)	532
Genus. Pediculus, Linnæus	532
Pediculus capitis, de Geer, 1778	532
Pediculus vestimenti, Nitzsch, 1818	533
Genus. Phthirius, Leach	534
Phthirius inguinalis, Redi, 1668	534
(b) Rhyncota hemiptera	534
Family. Acanthiadæ	534
Genus. Cimex, Linnæus	534
Cimex lectularius, Linnæus	534
Cimex rotundatus, Signoret, 1852	536
Cimex columbarius, Jenyns	536
Cimex ciliatus, Eversmann, 1841	537
Family. Reduviidæ	537
Genus. Conorhinus, Lap.	537
Conorhinus megistus, Burm.	537
Conorhinus sanguisuga, Lec. (Blood-sucking Cone-nose)	537
Conorhinus, sp. novum (Monster Bug)	538
Conorhinus rubrofasciatus, de Geer (Malay Bug)	538
Conorhinus renggeri, Herr-Schäff (Great Black Bug of Pampas)	539
Conorhinus variegatus (Variegated Cone-nose)	539
Conorhinus nigrovarius	539
Conorhinus protractus	539
Genus. Reduvius, etc.	539
Reduvius personatus, Linné	539
Coriscus subcoleoptratus, Kirby, 1837	540
Rasahus biguttatus, Say, 1831	540
Melanolestes morio, Erichson, 1848 (non-Walker)	540
Melanolestes abdominalis, Herrich-Schäffer, 1848	540
Phonergates bicoloripes	541
Family. Aradidæ	541
Dysodius lunatus, Fabr. (Pito Bug)	541
The Ochindundu	541
Family. Lygæidæ	541
Lyctocoris campestris, Fabricius	541
Rhodinus prolixus, Stål, 1859	541
Order. Orthoptera	542
Locusts Injurious to Man	542
Order. Coleoptera	542
Silvanus surinamensis, Linnæus (Saw-toothed Grain Beetle)	542
Order. Diptera	543
Aphaniptera or Siphonaptera (Fleas)	543
Family. Sarcopsyllidæ (Jiggers)	543
Genus. Dermatophilus, Guérin	544
Dermatophilus cæcata, Enderl.	544
Dermatophilus penetrans, L., 1758 (Jigger, Chigoe)	544
Genus. Echidnophaga, Olliff	544
Echidnophaga gallinacea, Westwood (Chigoe of Fowls)	544
Family. Pulicidæ (True Fleas)	545
Genus. Pulex, Linn.	545
Pulex irritans, L., 1758	545
Genus. Xenopsylla, Glink	546
Xenopsylla cheopis, Rothschild	546
Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker	547
Genus. Ctenocephalus, Kolenati	547
Genus. Hoplopsyllus, Baker	547
Hoplopsyllus anomalus, Baker	547
Genus. Ceratophyllus, Centis	547
Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Bosc	547
Genus. Ctenopsylla, Kolenati	548
Genus. Hystrichopsylla, Taschenberg	548
Pulex pallipes	548
Systematic Anatomical and Biological Remarks on Mosquitoes	548
Culicidæ or Mosquitoes	555
The Classification of Culicidæ	561
Notes on the Different Genera	566
Sub-family. Anophelina	566
Genus. Anopheles, Meigen	566
Genus. Myzomyia, Blanchard; Grassia, Theobald	567
Genus. Neomyzomyia, Theobald	567
Genus. Cycloleppteron, Theobald	567
Genus. Feltinella, Theobald	567
Genus. Stethomyia, Theobald	567
Genus. Pyretophorus, Blanchard; Howardia, Theobald	567
Genus. Myzorhynchella, Theobald	568
Genus. Manguinhosia, Cruz (in Peryassu)	568
Genus. Chrystya, Theobald	568
Genus. Lophoscelomyia, Theobald	568
Genus. Arribalzagia, Theobald	568
Genus. Myzorhynchus, Blanchard; Rossia, Theobald	568
Genus. Nyssorhynchus, Blanchard; Laverania, Theobald	569
Genus. Cellia, Theobald	569
Genus. Neocellia, Theobald	569
Genus. Kertészia, Theobald	569
Genus. Manguinhosia, Cruz	569
Genus. Chagasia, Cruz	570
Genus. Calvertina, Ludlow	570
Genus. Birónella, Theobald	570
Sub-family. Megarhininæ	570
Genus. Megarhinus, Robineau Desvoidy	570
Genus. Toxorhynchites, Theobald	570
Sub-family. Culicinæ	571
Genus. Mucidus, Theobald	571
Genus. Psorophora, Robineau Desvoidy	571
Genus. Janthinosoma, Arribalzaga	571
Genus. Stegomyia, Theobald	571
Stegomyia fasciata, Fabricius (Yellow Fever Mosquito)	574
Stegomyia scutellaris, Walker	575
Genus. Theobaldia, Neveu-Lemaire	575
Theobaldinella, Blanchard	575
Theobaldia annulata, Meigen	575
Genus. Culex, Linnæus	575
Genus. Melanoconion, Theobald	576
Genus. Grabhamia, Theobald	576
Genus. Pseudotæniorhynchus, Theobald; Tæniorhynchus, Theobald, non-Arribalzaga	576
Genus. Tæniorhynchus, Arribalzaga; Mansonia, Blanchard; Panoplites, Theobald	577
Genus. Chrysoconops, Goeldi	577
Other Nematocera	577
Family. Simulidæ	577
Family. Chironomidæ (Midges)	579
Sub-family. Ceratopogoninæ	580
Family. Psychodidæ (Owl Midges)	581
Brachycera (Flies)	582
Family. Phoridæ	582
Aphiochæta ferruginea, Brun	583
Phora rufipes, Meig.	583
Family. Sepsidæ	583
Piophila casei, L.	583
Family. Syrphidæ (Hover and Drone Flies)	583
Family. Drosophilidæ	584
Drosophila melanogaster, Br.	584
Family. Muscidæ	584
Teichomyza fusca, Macq.	584
Homalomyia canicularis, L., etc.	584
Homalomyia scalaris, Fabr.	585
Anthomyra desjardensii, Macq.	585
Hydrotæa meteorica, L.	585
Cyrtoneura stabulans	585
Musca domestica, Linn. (Common House-fly)	585
Genus. Chrysomyia, Rob. Desv.	587
Chrysomyia (Compsomyia) macellaria, Fabr.; Lucilia macellaria, Fabr.	587
Chrysomyia viridula, Rob. Desv.	588
Genus. Lucilia, Rob. Desv.	588
Lucilia nobilis, Meig.	588
Genus. Pycnosoma, Brauer and v. Bergenstamm	588
Genus. Sarcophaga, Mg.	589
Sarcophaga carnaria, L., 1758	589
Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner, 1862	589
Sarcophaga chrysotoma, Wied	590
Sarcophaga plinthopyga, Wied	590
Ochromyia anthropophaga, E. Blanch.; Cordylobia arthrophaga, Grünberg	590
Auchmeromyia (Bengalia) depressa (Walker)	591
Genus. Cordylobia, Grünberg, 1903	591
Cordylobia grünbergi, Dönitz	591
Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grünberg	592
Lund’s Larva	593
Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabricius	593
Family. Oestridæ	594
Cutaneous Oestridæ	595
Genus. Hypoderma, Latreille	595
Hypoderma bovis, de Geer	595
Hypoderma lineata, de Villers	596
Hypoderma diana, Brauer	596
Genus. Dermatobia, Brauer	596
Dermatobia cyaniventris, Macq.	596
Cavicolous Oestridæ	598
Genus. Oestrus, Linnæus	598
Oestrus (Cephalomyia) ovis, L.	598
Gastricolous Oestridæ	599
Genus. Gastrophilus, Leach	599
Biting-mouthed and other Noxious Diptera which may be Disease Carriers	600
Family. Tabanidæ (Gad Flies)	600
Family. Asilidæ (Wolf Flies)	602
Family. Leptidæ	603
Blood-sucking Muscidæ	603
Genus. Glossina, Westwood	603
Glossina palpalis, Rob. Desv.	607
Glossina morsitans, Westwood	608
Genus. Stomoxys, Geoffroy	609
Genus. Lyperosia, Rondani	610
Pupipara or Eproboscidæ	611
Insects and Epidemic Poliomyelitis	612
Addenda	613
Akamushi or Kedani Sickness	613
Ticks.—African Tick Fever	613
Tick Paralysis	613
Diptera.—Psychodidæ	613
Pulicidæ.—Dermatophilus (Sarcopsylla) penetrans, or the “Jigger”	613
Brachycera.—Leptidæ	613
Myiasis	615
Auricular Myiasis	615
Body, Head, and Clothes Lice	615
———
SUPPLEMENT: CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL NOTES	617
Protozoa	617
Introduction	617
I.—Amœbic Dysentery	618
II.—Trypanosomiases	620
African Sleeping Sickness	620
South American Trypanosomiasis	623
III.—Flagellate Diarrhœa and Dysentery	623
IV.—Leishmaniases	626
A. Kala-azar	626
Indian	626
Infantile	627
B. Oriental Sore, due to Leishmania tropica	627
Naso-oral (Espundia)	628
V.—Spirochætoses	629
A. Relapsing Fevers	629
B. Yaws or Frambœsia tropica	632
C. Syphilis	632
D. Bronchial Spirochætosis	632
VI.—Malaria	633
VII.—Balantidian Dysentery	637
Plathelminthes (Flat Worms)	638
Fascioliasis	638
Fasciola hepatica	638
Fasciolopsis buski	638
Paragonimiasis	639
Paragonimus ringeri	639
Clonorchis sinensis	640
Bilharziasis	641
Schistosoma hæmatobium	641
Cestodes	644
General	644
Dibothriocephalus latus	658
Sparganum mansoni	659
Dipylidium caninum (Tænia cucumerina)	659
Hymenolepis nana	661
Tænia solium	662
Tænia saginata	667
Nematodes	674
Strongyloides stercoralis	674
Dracunculus medinensis (Dracontiasis)	675
Filaria bancrofti	676
Loa loa	678
Trichuris trichiura	678
Trichinella spiralis	680
Eustrongylus gigas	681
Ancylostoma duodenale (Ancylostomiasis)	682
Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)	687
Oxyuris vermicularis (Oxyuriasis)	694
Hirudinea (Leeches)	699
Arthropoda	702
Arachnoidea	702
Leptus autumnalis (Grass, Harvest, or Gooseberry Mite)	702
Kedani, Akaneesch (The Japanese River or Inundation Disease)	703
Dermanyssus gallinæ (avium)	703
Ixodes reduvius (ricinus)	704
Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)	704
Demodex folliculorum	708
Demodex folliculorum canis	709
Insecta	709
Pediculus capitis (Head Louse)	709
Pediculus vestimenti (Clothes Louse)	710
Phthirius inguinalis (Pediculus pubis) (Crab Louse)	711
Cimex (Acanthia) lectularia (Cimex lectularius) (Bed Bug)	713
Pulex irritans (Human Flea)	714
Dermatophilus (Sarcopsylla) penetrans (Sand Flea)	714
Myiasis	715
Myiasis externa	715
Gastricolous Oestridæ (Creeping Disease)	729
———
APPENDIX ON PROTOZOOLOGY	733
I.—Notes on Recent Researches	733
Differences between Entamœba histolytica and E. coli	733
Phagedænic Amœbæ	733
Endamœba gingivalis	733
Entamœba kartulisi	734
Craigia and Craigiasis	734
Human Trichomoniasis	734
Chilomastix (Tetramitus) mesnili	735
Giardia (Lamblia) intestinalis	736
Cercomonas hominis	736
Transmissive Phase of Trypanosomes in Vertebrates	737
Trypanosoma lewisi	737
Blepharoplastless Trypanosomes	737
The Experimental Introduction of certain Insect Flagellates into various Vertebrates, and its bearing on the Evolution of Leishmaniasis	737
The Transmission of Spirochæta duttoni	739
Spirochæta bronchialis	739
The Spirochætes of the Human Mouth	740
Coccidia in Cattle	741
The Hæmosporidia	742
The Leucocytozoa of Birds	742
II.—Formulæ of some Culture Media	742
Culture Media for growing Amœbæ	742
Culture Media for the growth of Protozoa parasitic in the Blood	744
III.—Brief Notes on General Protozoological Technique	745
Fresh Material	745
Stained Material	747
Fixatives	748
Stains	749
APPENDIX ON TREMATODA AND NEMATODA	753
Trematoda	753
Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex	753
Metagonimus (Yokogawa) yokogawai	753
Opisthorchis sp.	753
Schistosome cercariæ	753
Distomata cercariæ	753
Group. Ferrocercous cercariæ	753
Family. Schistosomidæ	753
Cercaria bilharzia, Leiper, 1915	754
Cercaria bilharziella, Leiper, 1915	754
Schistosoma mansoni, Sambon, 1907	754
Nematoda	754
Ancylostomiasis	754
Ground Itch	754
Ascaris lumbricoides	754
Filariasis	755
Onchocerca volvulus	755
Strongyloides stercoralis	755
———
BIBLIOGRAPHY	756
INDEX	836

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