Addendum — Footnote to Page 404
E. M. Holmes1332 has published recently an account of a substance which seems in some respects to answer to the description of manna (Exodus xvi.; Numbers xi.) more nearly than the generally accepted Lecanora esculenta. The information is quoted from Swann’s book: Fighting the slave-hunters in Central Africa. The author writes (p. 116): “I was shown a curious white substance similar to porridge. It was found early in the morning before the sun rose. On examination it was found to possess all the characteristics of the manna... of the Israelites. In appearance it resembled coriander seed, was white in colour like hoar frost, sweet to the taste, melted in the sun and if kept over night was full of worms in the morning. It required to be baked if you intended to keep it for any length of time. It looked as if it was deposited on the ground in the night.” The writer has suggested that “the substance might be mushroom spawn as, on the spot where it melted tiny fungi sprung up the next night.” Swann’s statement has been confirmed by Dr Wareham, a medical missionary from the same district, who states, however, that it is of rare occurrence.
Footnotes
1 E. Acton (1909) has described a primitive lichen Botrydina vulgaris, in which there is no fruiting stage, and in which the fungus seems to show affinity with a Hyphomycete.
2 Luyken 1809.
3 Hornschuch 1819.
4 Raab 1819.
5 Dillenius 1741, p. 200.
6 Wallroth 1825.
7 Agardh 1820.
8 See p. 27.
9 Schwendener 1867.
10 Fink 1913.
11 Lindsay 1876.
12 Nylander 1869.
13 Crombie 1891.
14 Nylander 1891.
15 Crombie 1874.
16 Crombie 1877.
17 Crombie 1885.
18 Fink 1913.
19 Elfving 1913.
20 Moreau 1918.
21 Peirce 1898.
22 French 1898.
23 Morison 1699.
24 Tournefort 1694 and 1700.
25 Dillenius 1741.
26 Krempelhuber 1867-1872.
27 Grete Herball 1526.
28 Ruel 1536.
29 Dorstenius 1540.
30 Camerarius 1586.
31 Tabernaemontanus 1590.
32 L’Obel 1576.
33 Dodoens 1583.
34 Gerard 1597.
35 Schwenckfeld 1600.
36 Colonna 1606.
37 Bauhin 1623, pp. 360-2.
38 Parkinson 1640.
39 How 1650.
40 Merrett 1666.
41 Plot 1686.
42 Morison 1699.
43 Ray 1670.
44 Ray 1686.
45 Ray 1690.
46 Petiver 1695.
47 Plukenet 1691-1696.
48 Malpighi 1686.
49 Porta 1688.
50 Tournefort 1694.
51 Tournefort 1700.
52 Rupp 1718.
53 Buxbaum 1721.
54 Vaillant 1727.
55 Dillenius 1724 and 1741.
56 Micheli 1729.
57 Dillenius 1719.
58 See Druce and Vines 1907.
59 Crombie 1880.
60 Haller 1742.
61 Linnaeus 1753.
62 Schneider 1897.
63 Hill 1751. Hill’s genus Collema is Nostoc, etc.
64 Hill 1760.
65 Watson 1759.
66 Scopoli 1760.
67 Adanson 1763.
68 Hudson 1762 and 1778.
69 Withering 1776.
70 Lightfoot 1777.
71 Dickson 1785.
72 Weber 1780.
73 Sibthorp 1794.
74 Relhan 1785 and 1820.
75 Smith 1790.
76 Hoffmann 1798.
77 Persoon 1794.
78 Buxbaum 1728.
79 Petiver 1712.
80 Sloane 1796 and 1807.
81 Swartz 1788 and 1791.
82 Desfontaines 1798-1800.
83 Georgi 1797.
84 Willomet, etc. 1787.
85 Acharius 1798.
86 Acharius 1803.
87 Acharius 1810.
88 Acharius 1814.
89 Hue 1908.
90 De Candolle 1805.
91 Flörke 1815-1819.
92 Davies 1813.
93 Forster 1816.
94 S. F. Gray 1821.
95 Carrington 1870.
96 See List of the Books, etc. by John Edward Gray, p. 3, 1872.
97 Hooker 1821.
98 Hooker 1831.
99 Greville 1823-1827.
100 Greville 1824.
101 Hooker 1833.
102 Taylor 1836.
103 Fries 1831.
104 Fée 1824.
105 Flörke 1828.
106 Wallroth 1829.
107 Delise 1822.
108 Chevalier 1824.
109 Wallroth 1825.
110 Meyer 1825.
111 Holle 1849.
112 Koerber 1839.
113 Michaux 1803.
114 Mühlenberg 1813.
115 Torrey 1819.
116 Halsey 1824.
117 Tuckerman 1839.
118 Fée 1824.
119 Martius 1833.
120 Montagne 1851.
121 Hooker 1841.
122 Schaerer 1850.
123 Eschweiler 1824.
124 Fée 1824.
125 De Notaris 1846.
126 Massalongo 1852.
127 Norman 1852.
128 Koerber 1855.
129 Mudd 1861.
130 Lindsay 1856.
131 Leighton 1851, etc.
132 See Hue 1899.
133 Nylander 1854 and 1855.
134 Tulasne 1852.
135 Lauder Lindsay 1859.
136 Itzigsohn 1854-1855.
137 Speerschneider 1853.
138 Sachs 1855.
139 Thwaites 1849.
140 Schwendener 1863-1868.
141 Leighton 1851.
142 Leighton 1854.
143 Leighton 1856.
144 Mudd 1865.
145 Th. Fries 1858.
146 Schwendener 1867.
147 Nylander 1874.
148 Crombie 1885.
149 Lett 1890.
150 Fünfstück 1898.
151 Zahlbruckner 1903-1907.
152 Ventenat 1794, p. 36.
153 Cassini 1817, p. 395.
154 Agardh 1820.
155 Scopoli 1760, p. 79.
156 Persoon 1794, p. 17.
157 Sprengel 1804, p. 325.
158 Wallroth 1825, I.
159 Wallroth 1825, I., p. 303.
160 Fries 1831, pp. lvi and lvii.
161 Kützing 1843.
162 Thwaites 1849, pp. 219 and 241.
163 Flotow 1850.
164 Sachs 1855.
165 Itzigsohn 1855.
166 Itzigsohn 1854.
167 Hicks 1860 and 1861.
168 Speerschneider 1853.
169 Famintzin and Baranetzky 1867.
170 Baranetzky 1869.
171 Itzigsohn 1867.
172 Bayrhoffer 1851.
173 Tulasne 1852.
174 Speerschneider 1854.
175 de Bary 1866, p. 242.
176 Schwendener 1860, p. 125.
177 de Bary 1866, p. 291.
178 Nylander 1870.
179 Elfving 1903 and 1913.
180 See p. 133.
181 Minks 1878 and 1879.
182 Müller 1878 and 1884.
183 Zukal 1884.
184 Darbishire 1895¹.
185 Schwendener 1860, etc.
186 Schwendener 1867.
187 Schwendener 1868, p. 195.
188 Schwendener 1869.
189 Rees 1871.
190 Bornet 1872.
191 The authors quoted have been followed in their designation of the various green algae that form lichen gonidia. It is however now recognized (Wille 1913) that either Protococcus viridis Ag., Chlorella or other Protococcaceae may form the universal green coating on trees, etc., and be incorporated as lichen gonidia. Pleurococcus vulgaris Naeg. and Pleurococcus Naegeli Chod. are synonyms of Protococcus viridis. In that alga there is no pyrenoid, and no zoospores are formed.
The genus Cystococcus, according to Chodat (1913), is characterized by the presence of a pyrenoid and by reproduction with zoospores and is identical with Pleurococcus vulgaris Menegh. (non Naeg.), though Wille regards Meneghini’s species as of mixed content. Paulson and Hastings (1920) now find that Chodat’s pyrenoid is the nucleus of the cell.
192 Woronin 1872.
193 Archer 1873, 1874, 1875.
194 Bornet 1873 and 1874.
195 Treub 1873.
196 Borzi 1875.
197 Stahl 1877.
198 Bonnier 1886 and 1889.
199 Bonnier was probably experimenting with an Arthopyrenia. Verrucaria species combine with Protococcus or according to Chodat with Coccobotrys gen. nov.
200 Nylander 1858.
201 Fuisting 1868, p. 674.
202 Winter 1876, p. 264.
203 Stahl 1877.
204 See p. 62.
205 Wainio 1890, 2, p. 29.
206 Reinke 1872, p. 108.
207 Reinke 1873¹.
208 Reinke 1873², p. 98.
209 Frank 1876.
210 de Bary 1879.
211 Bornet 1873.
212 Hedlund 1892.
213 Peirce 1899.
214 Hue 1915.
215 Lindau 1895¹.
216 Peirce 1899.
217 Claassen 1914.
218 Frank 1876.
219 Lindau 1895.
220 Bachmann 1913.
221 Cunningham 1879.
222 Ward 1884.
223 Jennings 1895.
224 Fitting 1910.
225 Bornet 1873.
226 Bonnier 1889².
227 Schwendener 1867.
228 Elenkin 1902¹ and 1904¹, 1904².
229 Elenkin 1906².
230 Danilov 1910.
231 Paulson and Hastings 1920.
232 Nienburg 1917.
233 Zukal 1891.
234 Sutherland 1915.
235 Beyerinck 1890.
236 Artari 1902.
237 See p. 56.
238 Artari 1902.
239 Treboux 1912.
240 Chodat 1913.
241 See Paulson and Hastings 1920.
242 Keeble 1910.
243 Reinke 1872.
244 Dufrenoy 1918.
245 Artari 1899.
246 Etard and Bouilhac 1898.
247 Radais 1900.
248 Artari 1901.
249 Chodat 1913.
250 Treboux 1905.
251 Marshall Ward 1884.
252 Uhlir 1915.
253 Tobler 1911.
254 Zopf 1907.
255 Chambers 1912.
256 Chodat 1913.
257 See note Paulson and Hastings, p. 28.
258 Chodat 1913.
259 Gargeaune 1911.
260 Servettaz 1913.
261 See p. 65.
262 Wettstein 1915.
263 Meyer 1825.
264 Holle 1849.
265 Tulasne 1852.
266 Bonnier 1889².
267 Term coined by Lindau (1899) to describe the pseudo-cellular tissue of lichens and fungi now referred to as “plectenchyma.”
268 Wainio 1897.
269 Möller 1887.
270 Tobler 1909.
271 Wahrlich 1893.
272 Baur 1898.
273 Darbishire 1899.
274 Kienitz-Gerloff 1902.
275 Meyer 1902.
276 Salter 1902.
277 Nylander (1866) gave the term “gonimia” to the blue-green algae of the Phycolichens, retaining the term “gonidia” for the bright-green algae of the Archilichens: the distinction is not now maintained.
278 For further details see also the chapter on Classification.
279 See p. 133.
280 Krempelhuber 1873.
281 Chodat 1913.
282 Paulson and Hastings 1920.
283 Paulson in litt.
284 Acton 1909.
285 Bialosuknia 1909.
286 Hue 1905.
287 Deckenbach 1893.
288 In a comparative study of leaf algae from Ceylon and Barbadoes, N. Thomas (1913) came to the conclusion that Marshall Ward’s alga in its early stages is the same as Phyllactidium tropicum Moebius; and that the Barbadoes alga with which she was working represented the older stages, it being then subcuticular in habit, forming rhizoids, barren and sterile aerial hairs and subcuticular zoosporangia.
289 De Toni 1889.
290 Bornet 1873.
291 Fünfstück 1899.
292 Hedlund 1892.
293 Zukal 1895, p. 19.
294 Moebius 1888.
295 Frank 1876, p. 158.
296 Stahl 1877.
297 Neubner 1893.
298 Krabbe 1891.
299 Forssell 1885.
300 Hue 1910.
301 Harmand 1913, p. 1050.
302 Forssell 1886.
303 See Chap. VII.
304 Lindau 1895.
305 Darbishire 1897.
306 Nienburg 1917.
307 Bonnier 1888 and 1889².
308 Bonnier 1889.
309 Forssell 1884, p. 34.
310 Zahlbruckner 1902.
311 Lindau 1899.
312 Reinke 1895.
313 Zukal 1895, p. 562.
314 Zahlbruckner 1907.
315 Hue 1899.
316 Wainio has adopted this term for growing hyphae 1897, p. 33.
317 Tulasne 1852.
318 Zukal 1895.
319 Zukal 1895.
320 Schwendener 1866.
321 Schwendener 1863.
322 Hue 1906.
323 See p. 83.
324 Malinowski 1911.
325 Steiner 1881.
326 Fünfstück 1899.
327 Bachmann 1913.
328 See p. 215.
329 Friedrich 1906.
330 Bachmann 1907.
331 Bachmann 1904.
332 Bachmann 1904.
333 Stahlecker 1906.
334 Lang 1903.
335 Fünfstück 1899.
336 Darbishire 1897.
337 Frank 1876.
338 Bornet 1873, p. 81.
339 Lindau 1895.
340 Bitter 1899.
341 See p. 83.
342 Friedrich 1906.
343 See p. 76.
344 See p. 126.
345 Schwendener 1860, 1863 and 1868.
346 Zukal 1895, p. 1305.
347 Hue 1906.
348 Heber Howe 1912.
349 Hue 1911.
350 Schwendener 1863, p. 180.
351 Darbishire 1897.
352 Rosendahl 1907.
353 See p. 96.
354 See p. 133.
355 Rosendahl 1907.
356 Meyer 1902.
357 See p. 52.
358 Nylander 1858.
359 Hue 1898.
360 Rosendahl 1907.
361 Darbishire 1912.
362 Porter 1919.
363 Darbishire 1897.
364 Schwendener 1860.
365 Rosendahl 1907.
366 Meyer 1902.
367 Reinke 1895, p. 186.
368 Bitter 1901.
369 Sernander 1901.
370 Parfitt in Leighton 1871, p. 470.
371 Galløe 1915.
372 Bitter 1899.
373 Sturgis 1890.
374 See p. 108.
375 Darbishire 1898.
376 Darbishire 1895.
377 Brandt 1906.
378 Hue 1906.
379 Haberlandt 1896.
380 Schulte 1904.
381 See p. 120.
382 Lutz 1894.
383 Peirce 1898.
384 Zopf 1903.
385 Lindau 1895.
386 Brandt 1906.
387 Porter 1916.
388 Darbishire 1898.
389 Wainio 1880.
390 Krabbe 1891.
391 Wainio 1897.
392 Wainio 1880.
393 Krabbe 1891.
394 Krabbe 1891.
395 Baur 1904.
396 Wainio 1880.
397 Chodat 1913.
398 Wainio 1897.
399 Baur 1904.
400 Wainio 1897.
401 Wainio 1897.
402 Lindsay 1859, p. 171.
403 Wainio 1897.
404 Wainio 1897, p. 9.
405 Wainio 1880.
406 Krabbe 1891.
407 Necker 1871.
408 Persoon 1794.
409 Acharius 1803.
410 Wallroth 1829, p. 61.
411 Tulasne 1852.
412 Koerber 1855.
413 Reinke 1894.
414 Sättler 1914.
415 Nienburg 1908.
416 See p. 183.
417 Wainio 1897.
418 Baur 1904.
419 Wolff 1905.
420 Aigret 1901.
421 Wainio 1897.
422 Wainio 1890, p. 67.
423 Reinke 1895.
424 Nylander 1858, p. 63.
425 Acharius 1810, p. 12.
426 Haller 1768, p. 85.
427 Schreber 1791, p. 768.
428 Meyer 1825, p. 148.
429 Delise 1822.
430 Nylander 1858, p. 14.
431 Nylander 1860, p. 333.
432 Schwendener 1863, p. 169.
433 Wainio 1890, I. p. 183.
434 Schwendener 1863, p. 169.
435 Stizenberger 1895.
436 Zukal 1895, p. 1355.
437 Wainio 1909.
438 Schwendener 1863, p. 169.
439 Jatta 1889, p. 48.
440 Zukal 1895, p. 1357.
441 Rosendahl 1907.
442 Zukal 1895.
443 Reinke 1895, p. 183.
444 Darbishire 1901.
445 Brandt 1906.
446 Bitter 1899.
447 Nylander 1874².
448 Bitter 1901².
449 Zukal 1895, p. 1348.
450 Acharius 1803.
451 Hue 1904 and 1910.
452 Flörke 1815, IV. p. 15.
453 Wallroth 1825, p. 678.
454 Th. M. Fries 1858.
455 Forssell 1884.
456 Leighton 1869.
457 Nylander 1878.
458 Schneider 1897.
459 Hue 1910.
460 Hue 1910.
461 Tuckerman 1875.
462 Schneider 1897, p. 58.
463 Nylander 1869.
464 Bornet 1873, p. 72.
465 Forssell 1885, p. 24.
466 Riddle 1910.
467 Babikoff 1878.
468 Th. M. Fries 1866.
469 Winter 1877.
470 Schneider 1897.
471 Etard and Bouilhac 1898.
472 Hue 1910.
473 Sernander 1907.
474 Bitter 1904.
475 Bitter 1904.
476 Linkola 1913.
477 Acharius, 1798, p. xix, and 1810, pp. 8 and 10.
478 Malpighi, 1686, p. 50, pl. 27, fig. 106.
479 Micheli 1729, pp. 73, 74.
480 Linnaeus 1737, p. 325.
481 Hedwig 1798.
482 Sprengel 1807, Letter XXIII.
483 Wallroth 1825, I. p. 595.
484 Koerber 1841.
485 Schwendener 1860.
486 Meyer 1825, p. 170.
487 Krabbe 1891.
488 Bitter 1901.
489 Schwendener 1860, p. 137.
490 Wainio 1897, p. 32.
491 Reinke 1895, p. 380.
492 Bitter 1901.
493 Lesdain 1910.
494 Schwendener 1860.
495 Nilson 1903.
496 Darbishire 1897.
497 Bitter 1901, p. 191.
498 Krabbe 1891.
499 Darbishire 1907.
500 Tobler 1911², 11.
501 Bitter 1901².
502 Lindau 1895.
503 Nilson 1903.
504 Bitter 1904.
505 Acharius 1798, pp. 2, 87.
506 Fries 1825.
507 Hooker 1833.
508 Taylor 1836.
509 Rosendahl 1907.
510 Bitter 1899.
511 Nilson 1903.
512 Kajanus (Nilson) 1911.
513 Zopf 1903.
514 Zopf 1905².
515 Bitter 1899.
516 Swartz 1788.
517 Gmelin 1791.
518 Woodward 1797.
519 Fries 1825.
520 Nylander 1855.
521 Mattirolo 1881.
522 Johow 1884.
523 Wainio 1890.
524 Möller 1893.
525 Malpighi 1686.
526 Tournefort 1694.
527 Morison 1699.
528 Micheli 1729.
529 Micheli, Pls. 52 and 56.
530 Dillenius 1741.
531 Linnaeus 1737.
532 Necker 1771, p. 257.
533 Scopoli 1772.
534 Koelreuter 1777.
535 Hoffmann 1784.
536 Hedwig 1784.
537 Acharius 1810.
538 Hornschuch 1821.
539 Wallroth 1825.
540 Meyer 1825.
541 Sprengel 1804.
542 Luyken 1809.
543 Persoon 1801.
544 See also p. 166.
545 Wainio 1890.
546 Tulasne 1852.
547 Fuisting 1868.
548 Stahl 1877.
549 Borzi 1878.
550 Baur 1898.
551 Fünfstück (1902) suggests that the lichen worked at by Baur is Collema cheileum Ach.
552 Krabbe 1883.
553 Mäule 1891.
554 F. Bachmann 1912.
555 This species of Collema has been described as Collemodes Bachmannianum by Bruce Fink 1918.
556 F. Bachmann 1913.
557 Wainio I. 1890.
558 Wolff 1905.
559 Stahl 1877.
560 Forssell 1885².
561 Zukal 1887, p. 42.
562 Borzi 1878.
563 Lindau 1888.
564 Mäule 1891.
565 Darbishire 1900.
566 Baur 1904.
567 Lindau 1888.
568 Darbishire 1900.
569 See also p. 180.
570 Nienburg 1908.
571 Wainio I. 1890.
572 Darbishire 1900.
573 Baur 1901.
574 Baur 1904.
575 Nienburg 1908.
576 Harper 1900.
577 Guilliermond 1904, p. 60.
578 Baur 1899.
579 Sturgis 1890.
580 Nienburg 1908.
581 Schwendener 1864.
582 Wahlberg 1902.
583 Baur 1904.
584 Brown 1911.
585 Moreau 1916.
586 Lindau 1888.
587 Fünfstück 1884.
588 Baur 1904.
589 Nienburg 1908.
590 Rosendahl 1907.
591 Lindau 1888.
592 Baur 1904.
593 Wolff 1905.
594 Fünfstück 1902.
595 Krabbe 1882.
596 Baur 1901.
597 Fünfstück 1902.
598 Darbishire 1897.
599 See also p. 147.
600 Wolff 1905.
601 See Chap. VII.
602 Krabbe 1883 and 1891.
603 Baur 1904.
604 Sättler 1914.
605 See Chap. VII.
606 Fuisting 1868.
607 Stahl 1877.
608 Baur 1904.
609 Baur 1901.
610 Krabbe 1882.
611 Forssell 1883.
612 Wainio 1890, p. x.
613 Neubner 1893.
614 Fünfstück 1884.
615 Darbishire 1913.
616 Moreau 1915.
617 Sturgis 1890.
618 Metzger 1903.
619 Baur 1904.
620 Moreau 1916.
621 Krabbe 1882.
622 Lindau 1899.
623 Wolff 1905.
624 Rosendahl 1907.
625 Bitter 1901².
626 Baur 1904.
627 Nienburg 1908.
628 Krabbe 1882.
629 Schulte 1904.
630 Wainio 1890.
631 Schikorra 1909.
632 Harper 1900.
633 Fraser 1907.
634 Thaxter 1912.
635 Faull 1911.
636 Dawson 1900.
637 Brooks 1910.
638 Blackman and Welsford 1912.
639 Lindau 1899.
640 Van Tieghem 1891.
641 Zukal 1895.
642 Wainio 1890.
643 Steiner 1901.
645 F. Bachmann 1913.
646 Cutting 1909.
647 Darbishire 1900.
648 Baur 1904.
649 See p. 161.
650 Stahl 1877.
651 Baur 1898.
652 F. Bachmann 1912 and 1913.
653 Darbishire 1900.
654 Fitzpatrick 1918.
655 Harper 1900.
656 Fünfstück 1902.
657 Schwendener 1864.
658 Hue 1906.
659 Lindau 1899.
660 Hedwig 1784.
661 Acharius 1803.
662 Sprengel 1807.
663 Luyken 1809.
664 Eschweiler 1824.
665 Fée 1824.
666 Mohl 1833.
667 Dangeard 1894.
668 Baur 1904.
669 Nienburg 1908.
670 Maire 1903.
671 Bachmann 1913.
672 Mohl 1833.
673 Zukal 1895.
674 Fée 1824.
675 Meyer 1825.
676 Holle 1849.
677 Tulasne 1852.
678 De Bary 1866-1867.
679 Haberlandt 1887.
680 Zopf 1905.
681 Massalongo 1852.
682 Koerber 1855.
683 Wainio 1. 1890, p. 113.
684 Harper 1899.
685 Hue 1911².
686 Tulasne 1852.
687 Bornet 1873.
688 Bonnier 1889².
689 Maire 1905.
690 Neubner 1893.
691 Brefeld 1889.
692 See p. 143.
693 Bornet 1873.
694 Bornet’s observations have not been repeated, and it is possible that he may have been dealing with a parasitic hyphomycetous fungus.
695 Steiner 1901.
696 Müller 1881.
697 Wainio 1890, II. p. 27.
698 Fée 1873.
699 Müller 1890.
700 Tulasne 1851.
701 Dillenius 1741.
702 Hedwig 1784 and 1789.
703 Acharius 1810.
704 Fries 1831.
705 Wallroth 1825.
706 Schaerer 1823-1842.
707 Flotow 1850.
708 Itzigsohn 1850.
709 Tulasne 1851.
710 Tulasne 1852.
711 Lindsay 1859 and 1872.
712 Forssell 1885.
713 Nienburg 1908.
714 Möller 1887.
715 Sturgis 1890.
716 Nylander 1858, pp. 34, 35.
717 Nylander, Crombie and others apply the term “sterigma” to the whole spermatiophore. In the more usual restricted sense, it refers only to the short process from which the spermatium is abstricted.
718 Glück 1899.
719 Steiner 1901.
720 Gibelli 1866.
721 Tulasne 1852.
722 Nylander 1858.
723 Corda 1839.
724 Allescher 1901-3.
725 Keiszler 1911.
726 Nylander 1858, p. 37.
727 Möller 1887.
728 Istvanffi 1895.
729 Möller 1888.
730 Hedlund 1892.
731 Tulasne 1852.
732 Müller 1885.
733 Lindsay 1859 and 1872.
734 Laubert 1911.
735 Blackman 1904.
736 Istvanffi 1895.
737 Plowright 1889.
738 Sappin-Trouffy 1896.
739 Brefeld 1891.
740 De Bary 1866, p. 7.
741 Gilson 1893.
742 Winterstein 1893.
743 Gilson 1894.
744 The chemical formula of chitin is given as C₆₀H₁₀₀N₈O₃₈, that of chitosan as C₁₄H₂₆N₂O₁₀.
745 Escombe 1896.
746 Wisselingh 1898.
747 Wester 1909.
748 Berzelius 1813.
749 Guérin-Varry 1834.
750 Mulder 1838.
751 Berg 1873.
752 Beilstein ex Errera 1882, p. 16 (note).
753 Escombe 1896.
754 Wiesner 1900.
755 Lacour 1880.
756 Wisselingh 1898.
757 Stüde 1864.
758 Czapek 1905, I. p. 515.
759 Ulander 1905.
760 Müller 1905.
761 Stüde 1864.
762 Wisselingh 1898.
763 Schellenberg 1896.
764 Escombe 1896.
765 Wester 1909.
766 Czapek 1905, I. p. 515.
767 Moreau 1916.
768 Errera 1882.
769 Schwendener 1862, p. 231.
770 De Bary 1866-1867, p. 211.
771 Gautier 1899.
772 Herissey 1898.
773 Czapek 1905, II. p. 257.
774 Ronceray 1904.
775 Zopf in Schenk 1890, p. 448.
776 Knop 1872.
777 Zopf 1907.
778 Hamlet and Plowright 1877.
779 Braconnot 1825.
780 Zopf 1907.
781 Errera 1893.
782 Euler 1908, p. 7.
783 Rosendahl 1907.
784 Knop 1872.
785 Kratzmann 1913.
786 Zukal 1895, p. 1311.
787 Kerner and Oliver 1894, p. 235.
788 Steiner 1881.
789 Zukal 1884.
790 Zukal 1886.
791 Hulth 1891.
792 Bachmann 1892.
793 Fünfstück 1895.
794 Fünfstück 1899.
795 Bachmann 1904¹.
796 Lang 1906.
797 Lang 1906, p. 171.
798 Bachmann 1892.
799 Bachmann 1904¹.
800 Bachmann 1904².
801 Fünfstück 1895.
802 Zukal 1895, p. 1372.
803 Rosendahl 1907.
804 Zukal 1895.
805 Fünfstück 1896.
806 Fünfstück 1899.
807 Lang 1906.
808 Beijerinck 1904.
809 Wehmer 1891.
810 Stahel 1911.
811 See p. 218.
812 Pfeffer 1877.
813 Pfaff 1826.
814 Herberger 1830.
815 Knop and Schnederman 1846.
816 Hesse 1904.
817 Zopf 1907, p. 179.
818 Zopf 1907.
819 Senft 1907.
820 Tobler 1909.
821 Keegan 1907.
822 Schwarz 1880, p. 264.
823 Schwendener 1863, p. 180.
824 Fünfstück 1902.
825 Heber Howe 1913.
826 Knowles 1913.
827 West, W. 1905.
828 Lettau 1914.
829 Lettau 1914.
830 Parietin differs chemically from chrysophanic acid of Rheum, etc.
831 Stenhouse and Groves 1877.
832 Volkard 1894.
833 Nylander 1866.
834 Jumelle 1892.
835 Sievers 1908.
836 Zukal 1895.
837 Beckmann 1907.
838 Herre 1911².
839 Sievers 1908.
840 Jumelle 1892.
841 Schrenk 1898.
842 Bonnier 1889².
843 West 1905.
844 Sandstede 1904.
845 Friedrich 1906.
846 Lindau 1895².
847 See p. 109.
848 Uloth 1861.
849 Zopf 1903.
850 Zopf 1907.
851 Ohlert 1871.
852 See p. 75.
853 Uloth 1861.
854 Egeling 1881.
855 Buchet 1890.
856 Bachmann 1904.
857 Bachmann 1911.
858 Lang 1903.
859 Stahlecker 1906.
860 Bitter 1899.
861 Zukal 1879.
862 Kihlman 1890.
863 Jumelle 1892.
864 Zopf 1890, p. 489.
865 Jumelle 1892.
866 Weir 1919.
867 Wainio 1897, p. 16.
868 Nienburg 1908.
869 Metzger 1903.
870 Bitter 1899.
871 Wiesner 1895.
872 Bitter 1901, p. 465.
873 Fink 1909.
874 Galløe 1908.
875 Zukal 1896.
876 Bitter 1901.
877 Maheu 1906.
878 Wiesner 1895.
879 R. Paulson, ined.
880 Krempelhuber 1861.
881 Zukal 1896, p. 111.
882 Zukal 1896.
883 Hedlund 1892, p. 22.
884 Zopf 1893.
885 Zopf 1907.
886 Zopf 1892.
887 Knop 1872.
888 Bachmann 1890.
889 A similar reaction with nitric acid is produced on the blue hypothalline hyphae of Placynthium nigrum.
890 Knowles 1915.
891 Rosendahl 1907.
892 John 1819.
893 Grimbel 1856.
894 Molisch 1892.
895 Nilson 1907.
896 Meyer 1825, p. 44.
897 Lindsay 1856.
898 Berkeley 1857.
899 Weddell 1869.
900 Phillips 1878.
901 Scott Elliot 1907.
902 Vallot 1896.
903 Bitter 1901.
904 Heere 1904.
905 Krabbe 1891, p. 131.
906 Reinke 1894, p. 18.
907 Bonnier, see p. 29.
908 Darbishire, see p. 148.
909 Tobler, see p. 148.
910 Stahl 1877, p. 34.
911 Paulson 1918.
912 Paulson and Thompson 1913.
913 Fink 1917.
914 Baur 1901.
915 Miyoshi 1901.
916 Darbishire 1897, p. 657.
917 Beckmann 1907.
918 Bitter 1899.
919 Peirce 1898.
920 Schrenk 1898.
921 Elenkin 1901.
922 See Chap. X.
923 Mereschkovsky 1918.
924 Meyer 1825, p. 44.
925 Paulson and Somerville Hastings 1914.
926 Crombie 1872.
927 See p. 35.
928 Dufrenoy 1918.
929 Arnold 1874.
930 Kupfer 1894.
931 See p. 236.
932 Malme 1895.
933 Bitter 1899.
934 Hofmann 1906.
935 Almquist 1880.
936 Bitter 1899.
937 See p. 237.
938 Arnold 1874.
939 Nylander 1852.
940 Hue 1915.
941 Th. Fries 1874, p. 343.
942 Tobler 1911².
943 Lindsay 1869².
944 Winter 1877.
945 Abrothallus has been included in the lichen genus Buellia.
946 Tulasne 1852.
947 Lindsay 1856.
948 Crombie 1894.
949 Kotte 1910.
950 Zopf 1896.
951 Zopf 1898, p. 249.
952 Tobler 1911².
953 See p. 276.
954 Elenkin 1901².
955 Stahl 1904.
956 Lindsay 1859, 1869, 1871.
957 Zopf 1896.
958 Zopf 1898.
959 Moreau 1916³.
960 Vouaux 1912, etc.
961 Bitter 1904.
962 Zukal 1893.
963 Lister 1911.
964 Zopf 1897.
965 Zukal 1896, p. 258.
966 Zukal 1896, p. 255.
967 Cunningham 1879.
968 Friedrich 1906, p. 401.
969 See p. 78.
970 Gleditsch 1775, p. 31.
971 Lindau 1895, p. 53.
972 Dufrenoy 1881.
973 Porter 1917.
974 Friedrich 1906.
975 Waite 1893.
976 Lesdain 1912.
977 Zopf 1907.
978 Lesdain 1910.
979 Zukal 1896, p. 258.
980 See p. 51.
981 See p. 177 et seq.
982 Zahlbruckner 1903.
983 Steiner 1896.
984 Müller-Argau 1880.
985 Wainio 1890, p. xxiii.
986 Lloyd 1917.
987 Rehm 1890.
988 Reinke 1894.
989 See p. 260.
990 Wainio 1890.
991 Müller-Argau 1862.
992 Rehm 1890.
993 Rehm 1890.
994 Tobler 1911², p. 407.
995 Lightfoot 1777, p. 965.
996 See Chap. III.
997 Forssell 1885.
998 Hue 1911¹.
999 See p. 133.
1000 Zahlbruckner 1907.
1001 Reinke 1895.
1002 See p. 126.
1003 Reinke 1895.
1004 Neubner 1893.
1005 Reinke 1895, p. 110.
1006 Wainio 1890.
1007 See Chap. III.
1008 Wainio 1897.
1009 See Chap. III.
1010 Sättler 1914.
1011 See p. 90.
1012 Darbishire 1912.
1013 See p. 101.
1014 See p. 188.
1015 Dr Church (1920) has published a new conception of the origin of lichens. See postscript at the end of the volume, p. 421.
1016 Tournefort 1694.
1017 Morison 1699.
1018 Dillenius 1741.
1019 Linnaeus 1753.
1020 Acharius 1803.
1021 Acharius 1810.
1022 Acharius 1814.
1023 Wallroth 1825.
1024 Meyer 1825.
1025 Nylander 1854.
1026 Reinke 1894, ’95, ’96.
1027 Darbishire and Fischer-Benzon 1901.
1028 Wainio 1887, ’94, ’97.
1029 Wainio 1890.
1030 Zahlbruckner 1907.
1031 Massee 1887.
1032 Fischer 1890.
1033 Linnaeus 1753.
1034 Steiner 1901.
1035 See p. 56.
1036 Norman 1872 and ’74.
1037 Genera marked with an asterisk have not been found in the British Isles.
1038 Zukal 1890.
1039 Hue 1914.
1040 Hue 1909.
1041 Hue 1905.
1042 Zahlbr., in Hedwigia, LIX. p. 301, 1917.
1043 Riddle 1917.
1044 Bioret 1914.
1045 Reinke 1895.
1046 Darbishire 1898.
1047 Hue 1909.
1048 Nylander 1855.
1049 Nylander 1883.
1050 Lorrain Smith 1906.
1051 Neophyllis Wils. is synonymous with Gymnoderma.
1052 Lindau 1899.
1053 Stirton 1877, p. 164.
1054 A. Zahlbruckner, in Oesterr. bot. Zeitschr. 1919, p. 163.
1055 Bitter 1904².
1056 Hue 1892.
1057 Hue 1914.
1058 Tuckerman 1872, p. 107.
1059 See p. 188.
1060 Hue 1908.
1061 See p. 152.
1062 Olivier 1907.
1063 Th. Fries 1867.
1064 Darbishire 1909.
1065 Hue 1892.
1066 Arnold 1890.
1067 These genera are associated with Trentepohlia algae which are numerous and abundant in tropical climates, and their presence there may possibly account for these particular lichens.
1068 Wainio 1897.
1069 Wainio 1909.
1070 Elenkin 1906.
1071 Darbishire 1905.
1072 Hue 1915.
1073 Darbishire 1912.
1074 Lindsay 1870.
1075 Calkins 1896.
1076 Hue 1898.
1077 Fink 1903.
1078 Wainio 1896.
1079 Comm. Heber Howe.
1080 Herre 1910.
1081 Nylander 1890.
1082 Müller 1879.
1083 Nylander and Crombie 1884.
1084 Babington 1855.
1085 Stirton 1875.
1086 Nylander 1888.
1087 Hellbom 1896.
1088 Wilson 1892.
1089 Müller-Argau 1884.
1090 Stizenberger 1888-1895.
1091 Steiner 1895.
1092 Flagey 1892.
1093 Wainio 1890.
1094 Wainio 1890, II. p. 27 (recorded under Lecidea).
1095 Elenkin and Woronichin 1908.
1096 Jaczewski 1904.
1097 Steiner 1919.
1098 Müller 1892.
1099 Nylander 1867.
1100 Leighton 1869.
1101 Nylander 1900.
1102 Nylander 1891.
1103 Schimper 1869, p. 145.
1104 Lindsay 1879.
1105 Braun 1840.
1106 Muenster 1846, p. 26.
1107 Eltingshausen and Debey 1857.
1108 Engelhardt 1870 (Pl. I. figs. 1 and 2).
1109 Goeppert 1845, p. 195.
1110 See Schimper 1869, pp. 145, etc.
1111 Goeppert and Menge 1883, t. 1, fig. 3.
1112 Ludwig 1859, p. 61 (t. 9, figs. 1-4), 1859-61.
1113 Schimper in Zittel 1890.
1114 Goeppert and Menge 1883.
1115 Sernander 1918.
1116 See p. 392.
1117 Moss 1913.
1118 Macmillan 1894.
1119 See p. 240 et seq.
1120 See p. 238.
1121 West 1915.
1122 Fink 1894.
1123 Kihlman 1890.
1124 Nilson 1907.
1125 Lindsay 1869.
1126 Sättler 1914.
1127 Peirce 1898.
1128 Schrenk 1898.
1129 Nylander 1866.
1130 Hue 1898.
1131 Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
1132 Paulson and Thompson 1911.
1133 Paulson and Thompson 1912.
1134 Chodat 1912.
1135 Fée 1824.
1136 Fries 1831.
1137 Krempelhuber 1861.
1138 Arnold 1891, etc.
1139 Fink 1902.
1140 Watson 1909.
1141 Paulson 1919.
1142 Lesdain 1912.
1143 Fink 1896, etc.
1144 Stahl 1877.
1145 Fink 1902, etc.
1146 Arnold 1891.
1147 Mayfield 1916.
1148 Paulson and Thompson 1913.
1149 Lesdain 1910².
1150 Lettau 1911.
1151 Fink 1903.
1152 Wheldon and Wilson 1907.
1153 Arnold 1892, p. 34.
1154 Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
1155 See p. 358.
1156 Aigret 1901.
1157 Kieffer 1894.
1158 Stahlecker 1906.
1159 Link 1795.
1160 Malinowski 1911.
1161 See also p. 254.
1162 Fink 1904.
1163 Link 1789.
1164 Watson 1918².
1165 Wheldon and Wilson 1907.
1166 Flagey 1901.
1167 Bruce Fink 1902².
1168 Forssell 1885.
1169 Servit 1910.
1170 Malinowski 1911.
1171 Bachmann 1914.
1172 West 1912.
1173 Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
1174 Stahlecker 1906.
1175 Malinowski 1911.
1176 Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
1177 Wheldon and Wilson 1907.
1178 Schade 1916.
1179 Lesdain 1910.
1180 Arnold 1858.
1181 Richard 1877.
1182 Darbishire 1909.
1183 Cf. p. 234.
1184 Paulson and Thompson 1913.
1185 Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
1186 Weddell 1875.
1187 Knowles 1913.
1188 The two morphologically similar plants Ramalina cuspidata and R. scopulorum are here united under the older name R. siliquosa. The distinction between the two is based on reaction tests with potash, which give very uncertain results.
1189 Nylander 1861.
1190 Knowles 1915.
1191 Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
1192 Sandstede 1904.
1193 Aigret 1901.
1194 Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
1195 Watson 1918¹.
1196 Sandstede 1904.
1197 McLean 1915.
1198 Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
1199 Wheldon and Wilson 1914.
1200 Maheu 1887.
1201 Leighton 1867.
1202 Kihlman 1890.
1203 Nilson 1907.
1204 Darbishire 1909.
1205 Flagey 1901.
1206 Patouillard 1897.
1207 Steiner 1895.
1208 Bruce Fink 1909.
1209 Herre 1911².
1210 See p. 97.
1211 Lindsay 1856.
1212 Macmillan 1894.
1213 Knowles in litt.
1214 Bruce Fink 1903.
1215 Lettau 1911.
1216 Wheldon and Wilson 1915.
1217 Wheldon and Wilson 1913.
1218 Linnaeus 1762.
1219 Guembel 1856.
1220 Goeppert 1860.
1221 Salter 1856.
1222 Bachmann 1911.
1223 Bachmann 1913.
1224 Braun 1917.
1225 Treub 1888.
1226 Brez 1791.
1227 Persoon 1794.
1228 Zukal 1895, p. 1317 (note).
1229 Zukal 1895, p. 1315.
1230 Zopf 1896.
1231 Stahl 1904.
1232 Hue 1915.
1233 Zopf 1907.
1234 Bitter 1899.
1235 Petch 1913.
1236 Paulson and Thompson 1913.
1237 Michael 1884.
1238 Zopf 1907.
1239 Lesdain 1910.
1240 Wheldon 1914.
1241 See also p. 267.
1242 Paulson and Thompson 1913.
1243 Stone 1896.
1244 Tutt 1900, p. 107.
1245 Zopf 1907, p. 372.
1246 Kihlman 1890.
1247 Linnaeus 1762.
1248 Johnson 1861.
1249 Lindsay 1856.
1250 Willemet 1787.
1251 Keller 1866.
1252 Proust 1906.
1253 Johnson 1861.
1254 Church 1880.
1255 Brown 1898.
1256 Hutchinson 1916.
1257 Forskål 1875, p. 193.
1258 Watt 1890.
1259 Calkins 1892.
1260 Miyoshi 1893.
1261 See p. 422.
1262 Eversmann 1825.
1263 Berkeley 1849.
1264 Visiani 1867.
1265 Errera 1893.
1266 Müller-Argau 1881, p. 526.
1267 See p. 138.
1268 From an examination of old figures of the Muscus cranii, Arnold (1892, p. 53) has decided that several kinds of lichens or hepatics are included in this designation.
1269 Parkinson 1640, p. 1313.
1270 Ray 1686, p. 117.
1271 Amoreux 1787, p. 46.
1272 Dillenius 1741, p. 202.
1273 Lightfoot 1777, II. p. 846.
1274 Dorstenius 1540.
1275 Culpepper 1652.
1276 Hill 1751.
1277 Cordus 1561.
1278 Sibbald 1684.
1279 Ray 1686.
1280 Linnaeus 1737.
1281 Scopoli 1760.
1282 Cramer 1880.
1283 Kobert 1895.
1284 Keegan 1905.
1285 Henneguy 1883.
1286 Kobert 1895.
1287 Neubert 1893.
1288 See p. 228.
1289 Gmelin 1752, p. 425.
1290 Léorier 1825.
1291 Stenberg 1868.
1292 Richard 1877.
1293 Henneguy 1883.
1294 Wainio 1887, p. 47.
1295 Hellbom 1886, p. 72.
1296 Hoffmann 1787.
1297 Westring 1792 and 1793.
1298 Westring 1805-1809.
1299 Zopf 1907.
1300 Ronceray 1904.
1301 Zopf 1907.
1302 Zahlbruckner (1905, p. 109) quotes from Czapek a statement that orchil fermentation is brought about by an obligate aerobic bacillus.
1303 Zopf 1907, p. 393.
1304 Lindsay 1855.
1305 Bohler 1835, N. 10.
1306 Johnson 1861.
1307 Lindsay 1855.
1308 Linnaeus 1711.
1309 Linnaeus 1760.
1310 Willemet etc. 1787.
1311 Zopf 1907.
1312 Lindsay 1855.
1313 Lettau 1914.
1314 Sorby 1873.
1315 Gerard 1597.
1316 Amoreux 1787.
1317 Hue 1889.
1318 Hue 1900.
1319 Bauhin 1650, p. 88.
1320 Zwelser 1672.
1321 Georgi 1779.
1322 Amoreux 1787.
1323 Dundonald 1801.
1324 Henneguy 1883.
1325 See p. 302.
1326 Journ. Bot. LVIII. pp. 213-9; 262-7, 1920.
1327 Bot. Memoirs, 3, Oxford, 1919.
1328 Church in litt.
1329 Journ. Bot. l.c.
1330 See p. 271 ante.
1331 See p. 302 ante.
1332 Chemist and Druggist, XCII. pp. 25-26, 1920; Bot. Abstracts, N. 903, p. 135, 1920.