Harvey’s Views on the Use of the Circulation of the Blood

Chapter XII The Circulation of the Blood and the Circulation of the Heavens

The discoverer of the circulation would have been no fit pupil of Aristotle if he had limited his ken to the microcosm; nor were such limitations common in an age when astrology was not so far out of countenance as now. We have found Harvey discussing “the element of the stars” and reverently affirming the dependence of all life upon the sun as well as upon its Creator. We have found him also, in dealing with the powers of the blood, affirming that “lower and corruptible things are subject to other higher and incorruptible things,” and in that connection paraphrasing a passage in which Aristotle deals with “the Cosmos which is about the earth.” Of this—that is, of the sum of things between our globe and the moon’s sphere—the ancient philosopher says:—

“Of necessity it is conjoined, in a way, with the courses on high, so that its entire power is governed thence; for that which originates motion in everything must be recognized as first cause.”445

In “the courses on high” the divine living existences of heaven circulated forever, ruling the lower Cosmos as cycle succeeded cycle in endless series and the seasons endlessly recurred. In a few pregnant words Aristotle had dealt with the results of this Cosmic circulation, as follows:—

“There is said to be a circle in the affairs both of mankind and of whatever else is possessed of natural motion and is subject to generation and corruption.”446

It was in Harvey’s lifetime that this stupendous circulation of the heavens “and all that is in them” received its death stroke. Throughout Harvey’s years of study at Padua, Galileo had lectured there with great acclaim; and after Harvey’s return to London discovery after discovery had followed Galileo’s work with the telescope, and had dealt blow after blow to the ancient astronomy. The trial of Galileo had followed; and he had died in 1642, nine years before the publication of Harvey’s work On Generation. Yet belief in the ancient astronomy died far harder than belief in the ancient physiology of the movement of the blood. The ancient astronomy was based on the evidence of every man’s own eyes, and flattered human vanity with the doctrine that the whole universe was centered upon the globe of which the ordained possessor was the creature made in the image of God. Milton had visited Galileo, famous long before, near Florence in 1638; but in the “Paradise Lost,” published in 1667,447 Milton expressly treated the question between the ancients and the followers of Copernicus as an open one, though Copernicus had died in 1543. Indeed, we find Harvey himself, seven years after Galileo’s death, speaking of “the reason why our knowledge of the heavenly bodies is uncertain and conjectural”;448 and saying of opponents of the circulation of the blood: “Nor do they find it satisfactory to set up new systems, as in astronomy, unless these explain all the phenomena.”449

It need not surprise us, therefore, to find Harvey writing as follows in 1628 in the very act of naming his own great discovery:—

“I beg leave to call this motion circular in the same sense in which Aristotle said that air450 and rain imitate the circular motion of the bodies on high.451 For the earth, when wet and warmed by the sun, gives off vapor; the vapors are borne upward and condensed and, when condensed into rain, descend again and wet the earth. Thus, too, generation here below and, in like manner, the arising of tempests and meteors result from the circular motion of the sun, his approach and recession.”452

In 1651, nine years after the death of Galileo, in the last words about the moving blood which Harvey published, he drew a parallel between the circulation of the microcosm and the mighty circulation of the macrocosm. This parallel is drawn just before the end of his final work, his treatise On Generation, in a passage of his Exercise On the Innate Heat, in words which may serve to sum up what has gone before. These words shall be quoted without further comment and shall bring our present study of Harvey to an end:—

“The following few points should be considered well by every diligent mind, and so the fact becomes established more clearly, that those remarkable virtues which learned men attribute to the spirits and the innate heat are appropriate to the blood alone; to say nothing of what is so wonderfully striking in the egg before aught of the embryo has appeared, and in the perfect and developed embryo also. To be sure, the blood, considered absolutely and by itself outside the veins and regarded as consisting of elements453 and as composed of different parts,—some thin and serous, some thick and solidified,—is termed ‘cruor’ and is possessed of very few virtues, and those obscure. But the blood, when present within the veins as a part of the body, a generative part, too, and endowed with soul, being the soul’s immediate instrument and primary seat—the blood, seeming also to have a share of another diviner body and being suffused with divine heat, certainly acquires extraordinary powers, and is analogous to the element of the stars. As spirits the blood is the hearth, the Vesta,454 the household deity, the innate heat, the sun of the microcosm, the fire of Plato;455 not because it shines, burns, and destroys, like common fire, but because it preserves and nourishes and increases its very self by its perpetual wandering motion. Moreover, the blood deserves the name of spirits because, primarily and before all other parts, it abounds in radical moisture, that is, in the final and most immediate form of nourishment; and the same fare wherewith the blood itself is nourished is made ready by it and given out to all other parts while it is coursing perpetually through the entire body. Indeed, the blood nourishes, fosters, and keeps alive all the parts which it constructs and adjoins to itself, even as the heavenly bodies above, especially the sun and moon, impart life to what is below, while they continue in perpetual circulation. Since, therefore, the blood acts beyond the powers of the elements and is potent with those virtues aforesaid, and also is the instrument of the supreme workman, no one ever will give praise enough to its wonderful and divine faculties.”456

Let us end these studies by picturing to ourselves the memorable figure of the small white-haired man ensconced in one of his favorite nooks on the leads of his brother’s house, musing upon the mystery of the circulation, and linking it with that of

“The shining powers, conspicuous afar
Against the ether, which to mortals bring
Winter and summer.”457

Notes

1 In the present paper frequent references will be made to the writings of Harvey, Galen, Aristotle, and Hippocrates. Citations from these authors will be made from the following editions:—
References to Harvey’s finished writings will be made to two editions, viz.: The Works of William Harvey, translated from the Latin with a life of the author by R. Willis, M.D., London, 1847, printed for the Sydenham Society, which will here be designated as “Syd.”; and Guilielmi Harveii Opera Omnia: A Collegio Medicorum Londinensi Edita: 1766, which will be designated as “Op. Omn.” In the preparation of the text the present writer has used these two editions and also the first editions of Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, Frankfort, 1628, and Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium, London, 1651. Willis’s translation of passages has been revised, often freely, where the writer has judged this desirable; and sometimes the revision amounts to a fresh translation. References to Harvey’s lecture notes will be made to Prelectiones Anatomiæ Universalis by William Harvey, edited with an autotype reproduction of the original by a committee of the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1886.
References to Galen’s writings will be made to two editions, viz.: Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia. Editionem curavit C. G. Kühn, Leipsic, 1821-1833, which will be designated by the letters “Kn.”; and Œuvres Anatomiques, Physiologíques et Medicáles de Galien, Traduites avec Notes par C. Daremberg, Paris, 1854-1856, which will be cited as “Dar.” The former is the recognized working edition of the Greek text of Galen; this is accompanied by a Latin translation, to which is appended a serviceable Latin index. By the pages of this edition the Greek text of Galen is commonly cited. None of the treatises of Galen has been translated into English. Some of those most interesting to physiologists may be read in the above French translation of Daremberg. A critical edition of the Greek text of Galen’s treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Claudii Galeni de Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, with an amended Latin translation by Johannes Müller, was published by Teubner, Leipsic, 1874; it will here be cited as “Mül.”
References to Aristotle’s writings will be made to Aristotelis Opera: Edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831-1870, which is the commonly cited Greek text. Pages and lines of this edition will always be found in the margin of a modern edition or translation. The following works of Aristotle will be referred to in this paper:—
The Psychology and its appendices, viz.: the so-called “Lesser Works on Natural Things (Parva Naturalia).” English translation by W. A. Hammond, New York, 1902. The two last treatises of the Parva Naturalia have also been translated by W. Ogle, M.D., London, 1897.
The History of Animals. English translation by R. Creswell. Bohn’s Classical Library. London, 1878.
On the Parts of Animals. English translation by W. Ogle, M.D., London, 1882.
On the Generation of Animals. There is no English translation. An excellent German translation, with the Greek text, is that by Aubert and Wimmer, Leipsic, 1860.
Physics. There is no English translation; Greek text and German translation by C. Prantl, Leipsic, 1854.
On Heaven: On Generation and Corruption (In the Universe at Large). There is no English translation; Greek text and German translation by C. Prantl, Leipsic, 1857.
Meteorology. There is no English translation; French translation by J. B. St. Hilaire, Paris, 1863.
Besides the foregoing, other treatises by Aristotle may be referred to or cited briefly.
References to the Hippocratic writings will be made to Œuvres Complètes d’Hippocrate, traduction nouvelle, par É. Littré, Paris, 1839-1861, which will be designated as “Lit.” This is the standard working edition of the Greek text of the Hippocratic collection, and is the one now usually cited. The accompanying French translation is complete. There is a translation into English of some of the treatises, but it cannot be recommended. A new version of the Greek text is now in slow course of publication by Teubner of Leipsic.

2 John Aubrey: ‘Brief Lives,’ Chiefly of Contemporaries, etc. Edited from the Author’s Mss. by Andrew Clark; 1898, Vol. I, 300.

3 Harvey: On Generation, Preface, Syd. 152, l. 34 to 153, l. 4; Op. Omn. 168, l. 22-26.

4 Galen: Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736.

5 Harvey: On Conception, Syd. 575, l. 9-12; Op. Omn. 592, l. 8-11.

6 Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 595, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 635, l. 10-17.

7 Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 596, l. 3-7; Op. Omn. 636, l. 1-4.

8 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 31 to 123, l. 1; Op. Omn. 122, l. 16-21.

9 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 47, l. 29-33; Op. Omn. 49, l. 28-30.

10 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IX, Syd. 48, l. 10-14; Op. Omn. 50, l. 8-11.

11 Plato: Timæus, 70a and b; 77c to 78a; 78e to 79a.
Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 668a, 4 to b, 6.
Galen: On the Natural Faculties, Kn. Vol. II, 210-212; Dar. Vol. II, 318.

12 Aristotle: On Sleep and Waking, 456a, 30 to b, 5.
Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 269-270; Dar. Vol. I, 280-282.

13 Galen: On the Natural Faculties, Kn. Vol. II, 186-189; Dar. Vol. II, 306-307.

14 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 72, l. 24 to 73, l. 12; Op. Omn. 73, l. 26 to 74, l. 15.

15 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 75, l. 9-22; Op. Omn. 76, l. 15-25.

16 Joannes Riolanus, Filius: Encheiridium Anatomicum et Pathologicum, etc., Paris, 1648, 298, l. 1-4. Harvey’s quotation does complete justice to the sense, but is by no means accurate verbally.

17 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 95, l. 4-21; Op. Omn. 97, l. 6-23.

18 Aselli: De Lactibus, sive Lacteis Venis, etc. Milan, 1627.

19 John Aubrey: Brief Lives, etc., 1898, Vol. I, 302.

20 Harvey’s venous artery and arterial vein correspond respectively to the pulmonary vein and the pulmonary artery of our nomenclature.

21 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VI, Syd. 39, l. 29 to 40, l. 15; Op. Omn. 41, l. 20 to 42, l. 10.

22 Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 511b, 10-24.

23 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 85, l. 17-25; Op. Omn. 87, l. 5-12.

24 Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, 469b, 6-20.

25 Aristotle: On Respiration, 473a, 8-10.

26 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 732a, 18-20.

27 Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, 469a, 28 to 470a, 18. On Respiration, 474a, 25 to b, 24; 478a, 26 to b, 21; 480a, 18 to b, 20.

28 Aristotle: On Respiration, 478a, 21-30.

29 διὰ τὴν σύναψιν.

30 Aristotle: History of Animals, 496a, 27-32.

31 Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 86 and 90-92.

32 Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 86-88.

33 Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 487-493.

34 ποιότητος.

35 Galen: Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV, 724-725.

36 Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 510.

37 Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 412; Dar. Vol. I, 381.

38 Galen: On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V, 149-180.

39 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Preface, Syd. 9-14; Op. Omn. 9-14.

40 Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 636-656; Dar. Vol. I, 541-552.

41 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

42 Compare Hippocrates: On Flatus, Lit. Vol. VI, 96.

43 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

44 Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 470-471.

45 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

46 Aristotle: On Respiration, 473a, 15 to 474a, 24. Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 368 and 372.

47 Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 368.

48 Passages which justify the statements here made are among those cited in note 140.

49 Galen: Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736.

50 Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 541-542; Dar. Vol. I, 476.

51 Plato: Timæus, 69c-d. Archer-Hind’s Edition, 254, l. 13 to 256, l. 6.

52 Aristotle: On Soul, 412a, 1 to 415a, 13.

53 Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 608.

54 Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 696-703; Dar. Vol. I, 575-579. See also Rapp: “Ueber das Wundernetz,” Meckel’s Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie, 1827, 1-13.

55 Galen: On Methods of Treatment, Kn. Vol. X, 839-840.

56 On the subject of the spirits the following passages of Galen’s works should be consulted, viz.:—On the Natural Faculties, Kn. Vol. II, 204, l. 11 to 206, l. 13; Dar. Vol. II, 315, l. 7 to 316, l. 14; Kn. Vol. II, 214, l. 9-16; Dar. Vol. II, 320, l. 2-9. On the Organ of Smell, Kn. Vol. II, 857-886. On the Use of the Parts of the Human Body, Book VI: Kn. Vol. III, 412, l. 6-12; Dar. Vol. I, 381, l. 4-9; Kn. Vol. III, 487, l. 3 to 488, l. 13; Dar. Vol. I, 438, l. 1 to 439, l. 9; Kn. Vol. III, 490, l. 14 to 492, l. 8; Dar. Vol. I, 440, l. 24 to 441, l. 16; Kn. Vol. III, 496, l. 5-16; Dar. Vol. I, 444, l. 6-19. Book VII: Kn. Vol. III, 536-544; Dar. Vol. I, 472-477; Kn. Vol. III, 544-549; Dar. Vol. I, 477-480. Book VIII: Kn. Vol. III, 636-651; Dar. Vol. I, 541-550; Kn. Vol. III, 651-656; Dar. Vol. I, 550-552; Kn. Vol. III, 663; Dar. Vol. I, 557; Kn. Vol. III, 672-673; Dar. Vol. I, 563. Book IX: Kn. Vol. III, 684-691; Dar. Vol. I, 569-572; Kn. Vol. III, 696-703; Dar. Vol. I, 575-579; Kn. Vol. III, 750-751; Dar. Vol. I, 602-603. Book XIV: Kn. Vol. IV, 183, l. 7-10; Dar. Vol. II, 114, l. 23-25. Book XVI: Kn. Vol. IV, 323, l. 2-18; Dar. Vol. II, 189, l. 3-21; Kn. Vol. IV, 333, l. 18 to 335, l. 10; Dar. Vol. II, 195, l. 6-36. Book XVII: Kn. Vol. IV, 349, l. 5-14; Dar. Vol. II, 202, l. 30-38. On the Causes of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 465-469. On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 470-511. Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736. On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V, 149-180. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book II: Kn. Vol. V, 281, l. 3-15; Mül. 245, l. 10 to 246, l. 6. Book III: Kn. Vol. V, 355, l. 18 to 356, l. 11; Mül. 325, l. 16 to 326, l. 9. Book VI: Kn. Vol. V, 524, l. 12 to 525, l. 16; Mül. 512, l. 3 to 513, l. 8; Kn. Vol. V, 571, l. 12 to 573, l. 2; Mül. 563, l. 12 to 566, l. 2. Book VII: Kn. Vol. V, 600-611; Mül. 596-608; Kn. Vol. V, 611-617; Mül. 608-615; Kn. Vol. V, 628, l. 8-15; Mül. 626, l. 8-15; Kn. Vol. V, 641, l. 14 to 642, l. 6; Mül. 641, l. 13 to 642, l. 6. Book VIII: Kn. Vol. V, 707, l. 17 to 710, l. 15; Mül. 714, l. 14 to 718, l. 2. On Methods of Treatment, Book IX: Kn. Vol. X, 635, l. 6 to 636, l. 12. Book XII: Kn. Vol. X, 839, l. 10 to 840, l. 3.

57 Harvey: Prelectiones, 83 right.

58 Harvey: Prelectiones, 85 left.

59 Harvey: Prelectiones, 83 right and 85 left.

60 Compare R. Columbus: De Re Anatomica. Venice, 1559, 223-224.

61 Harvey: Prelectiones, 85 left. The last line of page 85 left, as deciphered and printed, reads as follows: “Galenus 7 & p. 8°.” It should read, however, “Galenus 7 u.p. 8°.” That this is Harvey’s brief reference to Galeni Lib. 7, De Usu Partium, Cap. 8, is proved by the text of the Galenic passage thus referred to, viz.: Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 539-540, Dar. Vol. I, 475.

62 As no other claimant than Columbus to be the discoverer of the pulmonary transit of the blood was known to Harvey, the question whether Columbus was the true discoverer, or possibly owed the basis of his doctrine to the unfortunate Michael Servetus, need not here be discussed.

63 Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Basel, 1543; Lib. VI, Cap. II, 589, l. 9-24. Vesalius: Opera Omnia Anatomica et Chirurgica, Leyden, 1725, Tom. I, De Hum. Corp. Fabr. Lib. VI, Cap. 11, 511, l. 11-23; Cap. 15, 519, l. 42-54. Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VII, 177, l. 17-24.

64 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 649b, 19-27.

65 Harvey: Prelectiones, 85 right. Compare closely similar passages in Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 12, l. 9-15; Op. Omn. 12, l. 10-17. Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 116, l. 26-33; Op. Omn. 116, l. 15-20. On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 22-28; Op. Omn. 525, l. 23-29.

66 The decipherer of Harvey’s Ms. notes reads “generatur.”

67 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 18, l. 16-21; Op. Omn. 18, l. 17-21.

68 Compare Aristotle: On Respiration, 470b, 28 to 471b, 29.

69 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left.

70 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 16, l. 23-27; Op. Omn. 16, l. 21-26.

71 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Introduction, Syd. 16, l. 28-39; Op. Omn. 16, l. 27 to 17, l. 4.

72 πνεῦμα.

73 Aristotle: History of Animals: 496a, 27-32.

74 Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VII, 178-180; Lib. XI, 223-224; Lib. XIV, 259 and 261.

75 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left.

76 Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 611-617; Mül. 608-615.

77 Harvey: Prelectiones, 94 right: “puto: spiritus Nervis non progredi sed Irradiatos et actus fieri unde sensus et motus ut lumen in aere: forsan ut fluxus et refluxus Maris,” etc.

78 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 118, l. 9-14; Op. Omn. 117, l. 29-32.

79 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left.

80 Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VI, 166-167; Lib. VII, 177-178; Lib. XI, 22.

Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VII, Syd. 41, l. 7-14; Op. Omn. 43, l. 3-9.]

81 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 98, l. 16-23; Op. Omn. 100, l. 21-28.

82 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113-121; Op. Omn. 113-121. On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 501-512; Op. Omn. 523-534.

83 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 502, l. 33-37; Op. Omn. 524, l. 5-7.

84 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 22-31; Op. Omn. 525, l. 25-32.

85 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 118, l. 32-38; Op. Omn. 118, l. 16-19.

86 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 119, l. 3-5 and l. 10-17; Op. Omn. 118, l. 26-28 and 118, l. 30 to 119, l. 4.

87 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 right.

88 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113, l. 28 to 114, l. 19 and 117, l. 35 to 118, l. 9; Op. Omn. 113, l. 22 to 114, l. 14 and 117, l. 19-29.

89 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 388, l. 31-32; Op. Omn. 405. l. 14-15.

90 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 386, l. 11-12; Op. Omn. 402, l. 24-26.

91 Harvey: Prelectiones, 87 left.

92 Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 571-572; Mül. 563, l. 12 to 565, l. 9.

93 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 114, l. 26-29; Op. Omn. 114, l. 19-21.

94 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 114, l. 37-40; Op. Omn. 114, l. 28-31.

95 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 115, l. 18-21; Op. Omn. 115, l. 12-14.

96 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 19-21; Op. Omn. 136, l. 12-13.

97 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 77, l. 24-29; Op. Omn. 79, l. 5-9.

98 See J. C. Dalton: Doctrines of the Circulation, Philadelphia, 1884, 127-128.

99 Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. XI, 223, l. 11 to 224, l. 8.

100 Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 451-452; Dar. Vol. I, 412, l. 5-8.

101 Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 597, l. 14-23; Op. Omn. 613, l. 19-27.

102 Harvey: On Parturition, Syd. 530, l. 3-10 and l. 25-36; Op. Omn. 549, l. 22-27 and 550 l. 11-20.

103 Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 596, l. 3-7; Op. Omn. 636, l. 1-4.

104 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 123, l. 15-18; Op. Omn. 122, l. 31 to 123, l. 1.

105 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IX, Syd. 48, l. 21 to 50, l. 36; Op. Omn. 50, l. 17 to 52, l. 23.

106 Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 right.

107 Hippocrates: On Wounds, Lit. Vol. VI, 430.

108 Hippocrates: Epidemics, Lit. Vol. V, 114-116. Compare Galen’s Third Commentary on Epidemics, Kn. Vol. XVII, A., 433, l. 14 to 436, l. 2.

109 Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

110 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 140, l. 30-39; Op. Omn. 140, l. 23-31.

111 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 98, l. 9-23; Op. Omn. 100, l. 14-28.

112 Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 84, l. 11-12.

113 Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, etc., 469b, 6-20.

114 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 670a, 23-26.

115 Galen: On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV, 505, l. 15 to 506, l. 5.

116 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 46, l. 34 to 47, l. 16; Op. Omn. 49, l. 3-19.

117 Aristotle: On Respiration; On the Parts of Animals, Books II and III; and elsewhere. This reference is by Harvey himself.

118 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, Book II. This reference is by Harvey himself.

119 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 68, l. 19 to 69, l. 17; Op. Omn. 69, l. 22 to 70, l. 18.

120 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 70, l. 17-25; Op. Omn. 71, l. 22-29.

121 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 72, l. 8-11; Op. Omn. 73, l. 13-16.

122 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 83, l. 9-27; Op. Omn. 84, l. 31 to 85, l. 14.

123 Hippocrates: On the Nature of the Child, Lit. Vol. VII, 530, l. 3-19.

124 Aristotle: History of Animals, 561a, 4 to 562b, 2.

125 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 76, l. 3-10; Op. Omn. 77, l. 14-20. On Generation, XVII, Syd. 235, l. 21-26; Op. Omn. 249, l. 9-13.

126 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 30, l. 14-18 and 30, l. 31 to 31, l. 4; Op. Omn. 32, l. 8-10 and 32, l. 22-30.

127 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 666a, 8-13.

128 Principium.

129 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 74, l. 4-15; Op. Omn. 75, l. 9-19.

130 It would be natural to conjecture that this Aristotelian slighting of spirits derived from the air, taken in connection with Aristotle’s exaltation of the vital innate heat, may have had much weight with Harvey, who, although he used the word “spirits” freely, insisted that the blood and the spirits are one. But in this matter the Aristotelian precedent cannot have had the same force for Harvey that it would have for us, because he believed Aristotle to be the author of two treatises in which the spirits are expressly treated, not only as entities, but as entities of great physiological importance, though their relations with the outer air are neglected in one of the treatises and quite obscurely dealt with in the other. (See Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 29, l. 16-25; Op. Omn. 31, l. 8-16. Do., VI, Syd. 38, l. 7-12; Op. Omn. 40, l. 2-5.) Indeed, Harvey in one of his references to Aristotle directly affirmed that the philosopher had believed in “motor spirits” within the animal body. (See Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l. 8-12; Op. Omn. 82, l. 31 to 83, l. 3. Compare [Pseudo-] Aristotle: On Spirits, 485a, 5-8; and the Latin translation of the same “by an unknown interpreter,” 249b, 13-18.) The two treatises in question are entitled, respectively, “On the Motion of Animals” and “On Spirits,” and have been attributed to Aristotle and habitually printed among his works, both before and since the time of Harvey. Modern criticism, however, has made it clear that neither treatise is a genuine work of Aristotle. It is especially plain that the treatise “On Spirits” is by another hand and of another school; among other reasons, because the author declares the skin to be supplied with blood by the veins, and with spirits by accompanying vessels which he calls “arteries.” In this treatise the maintenance of the spirits by respiration is discussed, but left uncertain (483b, 15-19). It is but fair to the criticism of Harvey’s time to note that, glaringly at variance as the undoubted works of Aristotle are with the treatise “On Spirits,” the latter was pronounced genuine, in 1839, by so eminent a scholar as É. Littré, in his “Œuvres d’Hippocrate,” etc., Vol. I, 203. Reasons why the treatises in question are not by Aristotle, are given at length in the essay in Latin by V. Rose, entitled “De Aristotelis Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate Commentatio,” Berlin, 1854, 162-171, and at the end of 174.

131 Compare the Iliad, Book XXI, 441.

132 ἐν τούτῳ γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐμπεπύρευκεν ἀυτήν. Aristotle: On Respiration, 474b, 10-13.

133 Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age, etc., 469a, 11-12 and 17-20.

134 Plato: Timæus, 70a-b and 77d-e.

135 κίνησις.

136 νεῦρα.

137 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 666b, 11-16.

138 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l. 12-19; Op. Omn. 83, l. 3-8.

139 Harvey: On Generation, XI, Syd. 207, l. 33-35; Op. Omn. 220, l. 26-28.

140 The foregoing statements and summaries of Aristotelian doctrine are based upon the following portions of Aristotle’s works: Meteorology, 366b, 2 to 367a, 3. On Soul, 413a, 11 to 415a, 13; 416a, 9 to b, 31; 426b, 8 to 427a, 16; 429a, 10 to 430a, 9. The following five titles are of treatises among the Parva Naturalia: On Sensation and the Sensible, 438b, 24 to 439a, 5; On Sleep and Waking, 455a, 4 to 458a, 32; On Dreams, 461b, 11-15; On Youth and Old Age, and On Life and Death, the whole treatise; On Respiration, 473a, 9-10; 475a, 25 to b, 24; 478a, 11 to b, 21; 479a, 29 to b, 7; 479b, 17 to 480b, 20. History of Animals, 496a, 4 to 497b, 2; 512b, 12 to 515b, 26; 535a, 26 to 536a, 4; 561a, 4 to 562b, 2. Of the History of Animals Book X is clearly spurious; see V. Rose: “De Aristotelis Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate Commentatio,” 171-174. Book VII is very probably spurious; see “Aristotelis Thierkunde, etc.,” Aubert and Wimmer, 1868, Vol. I, 7-11. On the Parts of Animals, 647b, 29 to 648a, 13; 652b, 1-33; 659b, 13-19; 665a, 28 to 669b, 12; 670a, 23-27; 672a, 22 to b, 7; 677b, 36 to 678a, 3; 678b, 2-4; 689a, 29-31; 697a, 26-29. On the Generation of Animals, 718a, 2-4; 728a, 9-11; 723a, 18-20; 735b, 32 to 736a, 9; 736a, 24 to 737b, 7; 737b, 27 to 738a, 9; 739b, 22-23; 740b, 2 to 741a, 5; 741b, 25 to 742a, 8; 743a, 3 to b, 29; 743b, 35 to 744a, 14; 744a, 26-31; 751b, 6; 752a, 1-4; 755a, 10-25; 762b, 6-9; 766a, 33 to b, 1; 768b, 15-36; 772a, 23-25; 781a, 14 to b, 29; 783b, 29-32; 789b, 7-12. Politics, 1336a, 34-39.

141 Hippocrates: On the Heart, Lit. Vol. IX, 86-92.

142 Galen: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 547-563; Mül. 537, l. 15 to 555, l. 11.

143 The extant works of Aretæus the Cappadocian; edited and translated by Francis Adams. London, printed for the Sydenham Society, 1856. Therapeutics of Acute Diseases, Book II, Chapter 6, [Greek text] 190; [English translation] 440-441; Chapter 7, [Greek text] 193; [translation] 443.

144 Hippocrates: On Nourishment, Lit. Vol. IX, 110. Galen: Commentary IV on the foregoing, Kn. Vol. XV, 388-392; On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 529, 531-532 and 577-578; Mül. 517, l. 7-15, 520, l. 2 to 521, l. 4, 570-571.

145 Galen: On the Use of the Parts, etc., Kn. Vol. III, 451, l. 16 to 452, l. 2; Dar. Vol. I, 412, l. 5-8.

146 Among Galen’s numerous works the following are the treatises and parts of treatises which are most important for a student of Galen’s doctrines regarding the movement of the blood. A title quoted without further specification indicates a treatise in one book only, the whole of which should be read. Where no chapters of a book are specified the whole book should be read. The order is that of Kühn’s edition: On the Natural Faculties, Book III, chapters 13-15, Kn. Vol. II, Dar. Vol. II. On Anatomical Manipulations, Book VII, chapters 4, 14, 15, 16; Book VIII, chapter 8, Kn. Vol. II. On the Dissection of the Veins and Arteries, chapters 1, 2, 8, 9, Kn. Vol. II. On the Use of the Parts of the Human Body, Books IV, VI, VII, IX, Kn. Vol. II, Dar. Vol. I, Book XVI, Kn. Vol. IV, Dar. Vol. II. On the Causes of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV. On the Use of Respiration, Kn. Vol. IV. Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries? Kn. Vol. IV. On the Use of the Pulse, Kn. Vol. V. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book I, chapter 7, Book II, chapter 8, Book III, chapter 8, Book VI, Book VII, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. V. On the Causes of Disease, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. VII. On the Different Kinds of Pulse, Book IV, chapters 2, 6, 17, Kn. Vol. VIII. On the Causes of the Pulse, Book I, chapters 3, 4, Book II, chapter 15, Kn. Vol. IX. On Prognosis by the Pulse, Book II, chapter 1, Kn. Vol. IX. On Methods of Treatment, Book VIII, chapter 5, Book IX, chapter 10, Book XII, chapter 5, Kn. Vol. X. Commentaries on the Book on Nourishment of Hippocrates, Commentary III, chapters 8, 10, 23, Commentary IV, chapters 4, 6, Kn. Vol. XV. Commentaries on the Book on the Humors of Hippocrates, Commentary III, chapter 31, Kn. Vol. XVI. Commentaries on the Sixth Book of Hippocrates on Epidemic Diseases, Commentary VI, chapters 1-3, Kn. Vol. XVII, Pars II.

147 For the views of Columbus see his book: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VI, VII, XI, cap. 1, 2, 4; XII and XIII.

148 Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. VII, 180, l. 1-6.

149 Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 and 35 right; 74 and 75 left. On the Motion, etc., XVI, Syd. 73, l. 12-17 and l. 24-28; Op. Omn. 74, l. 15-19 and l. 24-28; Do., XVIII, Syd. 83, l. 9-27; Op. Omn. 84, l. 31 to 85, l. 14. On Generation, LIII, Syd. 392, l. 14 to 393, l. 5; Op. Omn. 409, l. 13 to 410, l. 5; Do., LX, Syd. 452, l. 20-28; Op. Omn. 472, l. 1-7. On Uterine Membranes and Humours, Syd. 568, l. 8-27; Op. Omn. 587, l. 19 to 588, l. 5.

150 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 32, l. 39 to 33, l. 31; Op. Omn. 34, l. 24 to 35, l. 19. In Galen’s book, from which Harvey here quotes, the quoted passage is preceded by a corrected statement of the mechanics of the valves of the heart, and a declaration that their mechanics were unknown to Erasistratus. Then follow these words:—
“If this be so, O followers of Erasistratus, let us omit all else and consider only what is in controversy. As to the vena cava, which conveys blood from the liver into the heart, in which of two ways are its membranes [i.e. the segments of the tricuspid valve] inserted: do they extend from the interior [of the ventricle] outward, or contrariwise, from without inward? But perhaps this is of no great moment!”

The preceding words are immediately followed by the words quoted by Harvey. The context shows that the phrase “from without inward” indicates the true insertion of the “membranes” of the tricuspid valve, according to both Galen and the facts. Harvey himself refers his quotation from Galen to the treatise “On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI.” It is from chapter 6 of that book. The Latin text quoted by Harvey, and that from which the quotation in this note has been translated, may be found in the Ninth Juntine Edition of Galen’s works, consisting of Latin translations by various hands. This edition was published in Venice in 1625, three years before the publication of Harvey’s treatise. The title of the edition is: Galeni Opera ex Nona Juntarum Editione, etc. Venetiis, apud Juntas, MDCXXV, Cum privilegiis. The passage quoted in this note is: “Prima classis,” folio 264 D, l. 53-56. Harvey’s quotation is: folio 264 D, l. 56 to folio 264 (verso) E, l. 3. The Greek text of the passage quoted in this note is to be found in Kn. Vol. V, 550, l. 9-15; Mül. 541, l. 4-9. The Greek text of Harvey’s quotation is in Kn. Vol. V, 550, l. 15 to 551, l. 6; Mül. 541, l. 10 to 542, l. 2. The Latin rendering printed in the Juntine edition gives the true meaning of the Greek text, but in a rather lumbering fashion.

151 The transit of the blood from the right to the left ventricle.

152 The Galenic work entitled: “Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries?” Kn. Vol. IV, 703-736.

153 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., V, Syd. 32, l. 39 to 34, l. 22; Op. Omn. 32, l. 24 to 36, l. 15. The second Galenic passage above, which refers to the origin and contents of the arteries and to the aortic valves, is printed in italics and with quotation marks in the first edition of Harvey’s treatise, and Harvey’s own words regarding this passage seem to mean that it is a verbal quotation from Galen. But neither in Galen’s treatise entitled “Is Blood Naturally Contained in the Arteries?” nor in the sixth book of his treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, does more than the last part of this seeming quotation occur. The rest appears to be merely a sound statement by Harvey of Galenic doctrines, for which abundant authority can be found in the two treatises aforesaid. See especially for the origin of the arteries: On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI, chapter 3, Kn. Vol. V, 524, l. 13 to 525, l. 3; Mül. 512, l. 4-13; and for the contents of the arteries: chapter 4, Kn. Vol. V, 537, l. 1-7; Mül. 526, l. 1-7; and chapter 8, Kn. Vol. V, 572, l. 12 to 573, l. 11; Mül. 565, l. 10 to 566, l. 12. Of the words relating to the aortic valves, the first part is a statement justified by the words which occur in the Ninth Juntine edition of Galen’s works, Classis I, folio 264C, l. 41-43 and D, l. 49-53. But the last part of the passage aforesaid is a verbal quotation of words on folio 264 verso E, l. 9-11. This passage relating to the valves is all in Galen’s treatise On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Book VI, chapter 6. The Greek text may be found as follows: Kn. Vol. V, 549, l. 3-8, 549, l. 18 to 550, l. 6, 552, l. 1-3; Mül. 539, l. 10 to 540, l. 1, 540, l. 11 to 541, l. 1, 543, l. 1-3.

154 Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 598, l. 21-23; Op. Omn. 614, l. 29-32.

155 Aristotle: On Soul, 405b, 1-8.

156 Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 right. Compare pp. 42-46 of this paper.

157 Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

158 That is, one may suppose, after development in utero has begun.

159 Anima.

160 Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 left.

161 Harvey: Prelectiones, 75 left.

162 Harvey: Prelectiones, 76 right.

163 Non propria ratione.

164 Sanguinis multitudine.

165 Pullulare.

166 The two words “household shrine” represent the one word “lar.”

167 Harvey: Prelectiones, 73 left. In the photograph of folio 73 left of Harvey’s note-book, the 16th line of text consists, as translated, of the words “Is there only a drop of blood in the auricles?” This line has the appearance of an interlineation. If it be really such, the words which follow it to the end of the passage were meant, when jotted down, to refer to the heart and not to “a drop of blood.”

168 Rationem. Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 16-26; Op. Omn. 528, l. 21-29.

169 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 37 to 137, l. 17; Op. Omn. 136, l. 25 to 137, l. 9.

170 Harvey: On Generation, Introduction, Syd. 167, l. 2-5; Op. Omn. 180, l. 23-26.

171 Harvey: On Generation, XIV, Syd. 226, l. 38 to 227, l. 16; Op. Omn. 240, l. 22 to 241, l. 3.

172 Animalis.

173 Harvey: On Generation, XLVI, Syd. 341, l. 25-37; Op. Omn. 357, l. 5-15.

174 That is, the mammalian embryo.

175 Harvey: On Generation, LIII, Syd. 392, l. 1-13; Op. Omn. 409, l. 1-12.

176 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Dedication to the King, Syd. 3, l. 2-3; Op. Omn. 3, l. 2. On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 47, l. 7-9; Op. Omn. 49, l. 13-14.

177 Idque non solum in ovo, sed in omni fœtu, animaliumque conceptu primo contingere, mox palam fiet. Harvey: On Generation, Editio princeps, 149, l. 33-35. In the Opera Omnia, 390, l. 1-3, a comma has been erroneously placed between “conceptu” and “primo”; the latter word qualifies “conceptu,” not “contingere.” Compare Op. Omn. 391, l. 4: in primis animalium conceptibus.

178 In primis animalium conceptibus.

179 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 373, l. 35 to 374, l. 27 and 374, l. 36 to 375, l. 8; Op. Omn. 389, l. 28 to 390, l. 22 and 390, l. 30 to 391, l. 8.

180 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 2-4 and 138, l. 12-13; Op. Omn. 136, l. 29-30 and 138, l. 6-7.

181 Milton: Areopagitica, edited with introduction and notes by J. W. Hales, Oxford, 1874, 38.

182 The “point” is the embryonic heart, to which in its earliest visible state the name of “punctum saliens,” i.e., “leaping point,” had been given, this technical term having been coined no doubt out of expressions used by Aristotle in speaking of the living rudimentary heart as seen with the naked eye in the hen’s egg and in mammalian abortions. Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 561a, 6-17; On the Parts of Animals, 665a, 33 to b, 2.

183 Presumably the terminal sinus of modern embryology.

184 The fourth day of incubation.

185 Per totum colliquamentum. For Harvey’s account of this clear liquid see On Generation, XVI, Syd. 232, l. 15 to 234, l. 31; Op. Omn. 246, l. 4 to 248, l. 17.

186 Aristotle: History of Animals, Book VI, chapter 3. This reference is Harvey’s own. Aristotle’s words are πόροι φλεβικοί (561a, 13), which are given by Harvey as “meatus venales.”

187 Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 237, l. 16 to 238, l. 12 and 238, l. 25-35; Op. Omn. 251, l. 6 to 252, l. 3 and 252, l. 15-22.

188 Harvey: On Generation, XIX, Syd. 252, l. 1 and l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 266, l. 3 and l. 11-13.

189 Harvey: On Generation, XVI, Syd. 415, l. 22-24; Op. Omn. 433, l. 22-24.

190 Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 415, l. 32-38; Op. Omn. 433, l. 31 to 434, l. 4.

191 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 30, l. 14-22; Op. Omn. 32, l. 8-14.

192 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 373, l. 35 to 374, l. 27; Op. Omn. 389, l. 28 to 390, l. 22.

193 ἡ ἀρχή.

194 ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τὴν τελευτήν.

195 ὤσπερ τῆς φύσεως διαυλοδρομούσης καὶ ἀνελιττομένης ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὄθεν ἠλθεν.

196 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741b, 15-24.

197 In his lecture notes Harvey, in dealing with the heart, speaks of the right auricle as “the last to pulsate.” Prelectiones, 74 right, l. 17.

198 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 23-34 and 29, l. 6-16; Op. Omn. 30, l. 13-24 and 31, l. 1-8.

199 Leviticus XVII, 11 and 14—Harvey’s own reference.

200 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 376, l. 14 to 377, l. 2; Op. Omn. 392, l. 15 to 393, l. 6.

201 Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 239, l. 32 to 240, l. 7; Op. Omn. 253, l. 19-31.

202 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 15-21; Op. Omn. 30, l. 7-12.

203 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 374, l. 28-35; Op. Omn. 390, l. 23-29. Compare: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 76, l. 11-29; Op. Omn. 77, l. 21 to 78, l. 9.

204 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 31 to 123, l. 18, 124, l. 28-37, 130, l. 29 to 132, l. 25; Op. Omn. 122, l. 16 to 123, l. 2, 124, l. 11-17, 130, l. 15 to 132, l. 17. On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 503, l. 15-18; Op. Omn. 524, l. 21-24. Letter to Morison, Syd. 604, l. 13-19; Op. Omn. 620, l. 24 to 621, l. 3.

205 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 15-16; Op. Omn. 137, l. 7-9.

206 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 136, l. 37 to 138, l. 16; Op. Omn. 136, l. 25 to 138, l. 10.

207 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 375, l. 8-39; Op. Omn. 391, l. 9 to 392, l. 2.

208 ἡ ζύμη.

209 πνευματυμένου.

210 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 755a, 18-21.

211 ζέσις.

212 πνευματουμένου.

213 Aristotle: On Respiration, 479b, 26-27 and 30-32.

214 πρὸς τὸν ἔσχατον χιτῶνα.

215 ἀναθυμίασις.

216 διά τὸ ἠρτῆσθαι ἐκ τῆς καρδίας.

217 ὄτε.

218 πήδησις, i.e., the “palpitation” of modern medicine.

219 πνευμάτωσις.

220 Aristotle: On Respiration, 480a, 2-15.

221 Aristotle: History of Animals, 521a, 6-7.

222 Galen: On Local Affections, Kn. Vol. VIII, 429, l. 10-12; Dar. Vol. II, 693, l. 35-37. Plutarch: On the Opinions of the Philosophers, Book IV, chapter 22, Diels: Doxographi Graeci, Berlin, 1879, 412, l. 7-9.

223 Galen: On the Motion of the Muscles, Kn. Vol. IV, 367, l. 1-3 and 382, l. 14 to 383, l. 2; Dar. Vol. II, 321, l. 1-3 and 330, l. 3-8.

224 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 81, l. 20-31 and 82, l. 29 to 83, l. 8; Op. Omn. 83, l. 9-18 and 84, l. 15-30.

225 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 17-22; Op. Omn. 137, l. 27-32.

226 Cuius vero rei gratia? Aristotelis. Nullius sed passio ut in pulte ebulliente WH sed vulneratum non flatum sed sanguinem Emittit. Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 right.

227 Non ab attractione aliqua.

228 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 140, l. 15-29; Op. Omn. 140, l. 11-22.

229 Harvey: Letter to Morison, Syd. 604, l. 22-33; Op. Omn. 621, l. 6-15.

230 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 26 to 133, l. 14; Op. Omn. 132, l. 18 to 133, l. 11.

231 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 113, l. 24-25; Op. Omn. 113, l. 19-20.

232 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 80, l. 32; Op. Omn. 82, l. 15-16.

233 Compare Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 19-28; Op. Omn. 122, l. 8-14.

234 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 27, l. 25-27; Op. Omn. 29, l. 12-14.

235 Ad constitutionem suam. Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 80, l. 39 to 81, l. 3; Op. Omn. 82, l. 22-26.

236 Harvey: Prelectiones, 79 left, l. 19 and 80 left, l. 8-10; Columbus: De Re Anatomica, Lib. XI, 223, l. 37-39 and 224, l. 16-21.

237 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 11-15; Op. Omn. 132, l. 4-7.

238 Quia non pulsant. sed potius attrahi. The jotting would seem to leave the verb “videntur” or the like, to be understood. Harvey: Prelectiones, 80 left, l. 8-13.

239 Eodem tempore tactu sentitur pulsus Arteriae quasi attrahitur vena cava. Harvey: Prelectiones, 77 right, l. 11-12.

240 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 21, l. 23-27; Op. Omn. 23, l. 16-19. Compare Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 139, l. 26 to 140, l. 29; Op. Omn. 139, l. 21 to 140, l. 22.

241 Auriculae pulsant post emotum cor sanguinis multitudine. Harvey: Prelectiones, 73 left, l. 10.

242 Harvey: Prelectiones, 77 right, l. 15.

243 Quorum radicale humidum glutinosum magis, aut pingue, et lentum est, et non ita facile dissolubile.

244 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 28, l. 4-14; Op. Omn. 29, l. 29 to 30, l. 6.

245 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 138, l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 138, l. 4-6.

246 Galen: On Anatomical Manipulations, Kn. Vol. II, 614, l. 8-11. On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, Kn. Vol. V, 238, l. 7 to 239, l. 1; Mül. 198, l. 4-16.

247 Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Müller, Leipsic, 1903, 55, l. 20-22. Harvey says in his lecture notes: “Item Cicero [has] much about the use of the parts in De Natura Deorum libro 2°.” Prelectiones, 98 left, l. 25.

248 Vesalius: De Humani Corporis Fabrica, Lib. VI, cap. 8, 584, l. 53-57.

249 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., Syd. 53, l. 26 to 54, l. 15; Op. Omn. 55, l. 21 to 56, l. 11.

250 For the references to Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli and Blaise Pascal, see J. C. Poggendorff, Geschichte der Physik, Leipsic, 1879, 251-255, 319-325 and 328-334.

251 S. Hales: Statical Essays, containing Hæmastaticks, etc. Vol. II, London, 1733. Preface, pp. xvii, l. 13 to xviii, l. 22 and Experiment III, 13, l. 13 to 17, l. 3. See also P. M. Dawson: The Biography of Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S., Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 159, June, 1904, 185-192. Stephen Hales the Physiologist, Do., Vol. XV, Nos. 160-161, July-August, 1904, 232-237.

252 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 134, l. 7-16; Op. Omn. 134, l. 8-15.

253 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 135, l. 12-16; Op. Omn. 135, l. 11-15.

254 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 93, l. 37 to 94, l. 5; Op. Omn. 95, l. 29 to 96, l. 4.

255 Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 598, l. 36 to 602, l. 34; Op. Omn. 615, l. 10 to 619, l. 7.

256 Cacochymica.

257 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 124, l. 5-10; Op. Omn. 123, l. 25-29.

258 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 122, l. 9-12; Op. Omn. 122, l. 1-3.

259 Harvey: Letter to Slegel, Syd. 602, l. 7-10; Op. Omn. 618, l. 18-21.

260 Quasi versus principium.

261 Et contra spontaneum moveatur.

262 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XV, Syd. 70, l. 33 to 71, l. 11; Op. Omn. 72, l. 4-17.

263 Lacuna.

264 Declinante sponte sanguine et, venarum motu, compresso ad centrum. Harvey: On the Motion, etc., IV, Syd. 27, l. 33-35; Op. Omn. 29, l. 19-21.

265 Malpighi: Letter II Regarding the Lungs, Bologna, 1661. Marcelli Malpighii Opera Omnia, Leyden, 1687, Vol. II, 328.

266 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 96, l. 37 to 97, l. 13; Op. Omn. 99, l. 2-15. The term “circulatory vessels” is one repeated by Harvey from Riolanus, whose views he is here refuting. Riolanus speaks of the region outside the liver, to which the branches of the portal vein are distributed, as the “first region.” The “second and third regions” appear to comprise all the rest of the body. See Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, I, Syd. 90, l. 30 to 91, l. 23; Op. Omn. 92, l. 21 to 93, l. 18. See also Joannes Riolanus, Filius: Encheiridium Anatomicum et Pathologicum, 154, l. 1-13; 155, l. 17 to 156, l. 17; 297, l. 7-17.

267 Quibus absorptus et exhaustus traducitur. Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 133, l. 30-39; Op. Omn. 133, l. 25 to 134, l. 1.

268 In sinistri ventriculi locum. Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VII, Syd. 45, l. 5-9; Op. Omn. 47, l. 7-10.

269 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 133, l. 3-6; Op. Omn. 132, l. 30 to 133, l. 2.

270 Harvey: Prelectiones, 86 left, l. 30-32.

271 Harvey: Prelectiones, 33 left, l. 31.

272 Shakspere: Hamlet, Act I, Scene IV, l. 70-73.

273 ἀύτη γὰρ ὀυσία ὀφθαλμοῦ ἡ κατὰ τὸν λόγον.

274 κίνησις. Cf. p. 52.

275 δύναμις.

276 ὅτι ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἐιρημένων τούτων ἀρχὴ καὶ τούτοις ὥρισται.

277 θρεπτικῷ, ἀισθωτικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει.

278 The foregoing passages from Aristotle’s treatise On Soul occur respectively as follows: 412a, 14-15; 414a, 12-14; 412b, 18-22; 413a, 26; 413a, 31; 413a, 20-26; 413a, 31 to b, 16.

279 ὀυθὲν γὰρ ἀυτοῦ τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ κοινωνεῖ σωματικὴ ἐνέργια.

280 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736a, 24 to 737b, 7. The quoted passage is 736b, 28-29. Compare On Soul, 413b, 24-29.
It was not Greek philosophy alone in which in ancient times the word corresponding to “soul” was used in a wider sense than that of the quotation from “Hamlet.” In the English Authorized Version of the Old Testament, first published in 1611, we read in Genesis II, 7: “Man became a living soul.” The reading is the same in the Revised Version of 1885. In Genesis I, 30, we read in both versions: “And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat.” In both versions it is noted in the margin that the expression translated by the single English word “life” is, in the Hebrew, “a living soul.” Accordingly we find this Hebrew expression of Genesis I, 30, rendered “a soul of life”—ψυχὴν ζωῆς,—in the ancient translation of the Old Testament into Greek, known as the “Septuagint,” which was probably completed less than two hundred years after the death of Aristotle and more than one hundred and fifty years before the Christian era. In the early Latin translation of the Scriptures which was finished in A.D. 405, and is largely embodied in the “Vulgate” of to-day, we read in the same verse—Genesis I, 30, “anima viviens”—“a living soul.” In Genesis II, 7, where the reference is to man himself and the English Bible reads “a living soul,” the Vulgate reads “animam viventem,” using the same Latin words as for the lower creatures of I, 30. In like manner the Septuagint reads in Genesis II, 7, ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, as it reads in I, 30, ψυχὴν ζωῆς. Other instances from the Book of Genesis could be cited of the wide significance given therein to the expression which corresponds to “soul.”

281 Domi. Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736a, 24 to 737b, 7.

282 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 511, l. 1-24; Op. Omn. 532, l. 9-29.

283 Neque sanguinis vim, virtutem, rationem, motum, aut calorem, ut cordis domum, habet. Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 137, l. 16-17; Op. Omn. 137, l. 8-9.

284 Hippocrates: On the Nature of Man, Lit. Vol. VI, 44, l. 7-10.

285 Harvey: On Generation, XVII, Syd. 239, l. 13-23 and l. 29-31; Op. Omn. 253, l. 3-11 and l. 15-18.

286 Harvey: On Generation, LVII, Syd. 430, l. 23-33; Op. Omn. 449, l. 11-21.

287 Promanat.

288 Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 347, l. 26 to 348, l. 3; Op. Omn. 363, l. 18 to 364, l. 2.

289 Primigenia.

290 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 375, l. 40 to 376, l. 8; Op. Omn. 392, l. 3-10.

291 Leviticus XVII, 11 and 14—Harvey’s own reference. Not these two verses merely, but the whole of chapter XVII, should be read, not only in the Authorized Version, but in the Revised Version also.

292 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 376, l. 19-21; Op. Omn. 392, l. 20-22.

293 Harvey: On Generation, LI, Syd. 377, l. 3-11; Op. Omn. 393, l. 7-14.

294 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 14-16; Op. Omn. 396, l. 18-20.

295 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 26-35; Op. Omn. 398, l. 1-8.

296 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 391, l. 11-30; Op. Omn. 408, l. 8-22.

297 Aristotle: On Soul, Book I, chapter 2—Harvey’s own reference. For Thales, Diogenes, Heraclitus, Alcmæon, and their views, see also Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, I Theil, 5 Auflage, Leipsic, 1892. For Critias, see William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. I, London, 1880, 892.

298 Aristotle: History of Animals, I, chapter 19—Harvey’s own reference. This should read III, chapter 19, 520b, 14-17 and 521a, 6-9. The reference to Book I is an error of the press which has been copied without correction from the Editio Princeps in both the Opera Omnia and the Sydenham translation. Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, II, chapter 3 (Harvey’s own reference), 650b, 2-8.

299 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 37 to 381, l. 20; Op. Omn. 397, l. 8-27.

300 Plato: Phædo, 96b: Platonis Dialogi, Hermann-Wohlrab, Vol. I, 142, l. 2-3.

301 Censorinus: De Die Natali, chapter VI, § 1, Edition Hultsch, 1867, 10.

302 Empedocles: Fragment 105, l. 3; Diels, Poetarum Philosophorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1901, 146, constituting Vol. III of Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Poetarum Græcorum Fragmenta. See also Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, I Theil, 5 Auflage, 1892.

303 Theophrastus: Opera Omnia: On Sensation and Sensible Things, II, (10), Edition Wimmer, 323a, Paris, Didot, 1866.

304 Compare Aristotle: On Soul, 404b, 27-30.

305 Aristotle: History of Animals, 520b, 14-17.

306 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 382, l. 18-21; Op. Omn. 398, l. 24-27.

307 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 380, l. 3-6; Op. Omn. 396, l. 9-12.

308 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 390, l. 35 to 391, l. 2; Op. Omn. 407, l. 25-30.

309 See Harvey: Letter to Hofmann, Syd. 595, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 635, l. 10-17.

310 See J. B. Meyer: Aristoteles’ Thierkunde, 1855, 411, l. 14 to 413, l. 2.

311 Calor animalis.

312 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 501, l. 29 to 502, l. 16 and 502, l. 38 to 503, l. 20; Op. Omn. 523, l. 1-16 and 524, l. 8-24.

313 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 6-10; Op. Omn. 525, l. 13-16.

314 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 504, l. 16-34; Op. Omn. 525, l. 20 to 526, l. 2.

315 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter 3 (Harvey’s own reference), 736b, 29-31.

316 The Latin translation of this passage which is quoted by Harvey reads: “Omnis animae sive potentia, etc.” The Greek text of Aristotle reads: “πάσης μὲν ὀῦν ψυχῆς δὺναμις,” κ.τ.λ., meaning “the faculty of every soul.” In the part of the chapter which just precedes this passage Aristotle discourses of “the nutritive soul,” “the sensory soul,” and “the intellectual soul”; and the context makes it clear that the words of the passage quoted by Harvey refer to the faculty of every kind of soul, and not simply to the faculty of the soul of every living being.

317 ἑτέρου σώματος ἔοικε κεκοινωνηκέναι, κ.τ.λ. The Latin translation of these words, which is quoted by Harvey, reads: “corpus aliud participare videtur.” Regarding the significance of κεκοινωνηκέναι in this passage compare Aristotle: Economics, 1343a, 10-12; although this treatise is now believed to be not by Aristotle himself, but by a later member of his school.

318 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736b, 33 to 737a, 1.

319 πνεῦμα (Pneuma).

320 The following are the words of Aristotle which Harvey omits from his quotation:—
“and, moreover, as the souls differ one from another in nobility and ignobleness, so too does the nature aforesaid differ.” (Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736b, 31-33.)

If these words be read in their proper connection, it becomes clear that “the nature which is analogous to the element of the stars” is the same as “the nature aforesaid” (ἡ τοιαύτη φύσις), which is the “body other than the so-called elements and more divine.” Fire is repeatedly styled a “body” by Aristotle, it being one of the four “simple bodies” (ἁπλᾶ σώματα) or elements. Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption, 330b, 1-3. We shall find that Harvey in his turn styles fire a “body” (corpus). See Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-31; Op. Omn. 527, l. 28 to 528, l. 1.

The Latin translation of Aristotle which Harvey quotes reads, in dealing with the “spirits”: “spiritus qui in semine spumosoque corpore continetur, et natura quae in eo spiritu est proportione respondens elemento stellarum.” (Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Vol. III, 360b, 4-5.) The Greek text reads: τὸ ἐμπεριλαμβανόμενον ἐν τῷ σπέρματι καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀφρώδει πνεῦμα καὶ ἐν τῷ πνεύματι φύσις, ἀνάλογον ὀῦσα τῷ τῶν ἄστρων στοιχείῳ (736b, 35 to 737a, 1). Two manuscripts omit “ἐν” before “τῷ πνεύματι.”

In the chapter immediately preceding Aristotle says:—

“Not only does a liquid become thick which is made of water and earthy matter, but also one made of water and spirits; even as foam thickens and whitens; and the smaller and less conspicuous the bubbles are, the whiter and stiffer does the mass appear. Oil, too, is affected in the same way; for it becomes thick when mixed with spirits, so that, as it whitens, it thickens; what is watery within it being separated by the heat, and becoming spirits.... For the reasons aforesaid the semen, too, is stiff and white as it issues from within, since it contains much hot spirits due to the interior heat. But after the exit of the semen, when its heat has exhaled and its air has cooled, it liquefies and darkens. For in drying semen, as in phlegm, the water remains and perhaps some little earthy matter. The semen then is a combination of spirits and water, the spirits being hot air; so the semen, being derived from water, is naturally liquid.... The cause of the whiteness of the semen is that the generative medium (ἡ γονή) is foam, and that foam is white.... It seems not to have escaped even the ancients that the nature of semen is foamy; at all events they named from this property (δυνάμεως) the goddess who rules coition.” (Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 735b, 8-16; 735b, 32 to 736a, 2; 736a, 13-14 and a, 18-21.)

A very ancient poem, ascribed to Hesiod, relates the myth of Aphrodite and says that she was so called by gods and men “because she was produced in foam.” (Theogony, l. 197-198.) The “air” ἀήρ of one of the foregoing passages from Aristotle is of course not atmospheric air, but something aëriform produced by heat, as the context shows. In the same treatise he speaks of the presence, within the early embryo which has never breathed, of spirits (πνεῦμα) due to heat and moisture, “the one active, the other passive.” (On the Generation of Animals, 741b, 37 to 742a, 16.)

321 The Latin translation quoted by Harvey renders the Greek words “ὀυδὲ φαίνεται συνιστάμενον πυρουμένοις ὀύτ’ [ἐν] ὑγροῖς ὀύτ ἐν ξηροῖς ὀυθέν” (737a, 1-3) by the misleading words “neque constitui quidquam densis vel humidis vel siccis videntur.” Therefore, in translating this passage into English, it has seemed necessary to make it intelligible by giving to the word “πυρουμένοις” its proper meaning, rather than by rendering literally the earlier translator’s ill-chosen Latin word “densis.”

322 The Latin quoted by Harvey, viz.: “qui semine continetur,” scarcely gives the force of the original Greek “ἡ διὰ τοῦ σπέρματος” (737a, 3-4), which Greek words, rather than the Latin, are rendered in the present English translation.

323 ἀλλὰ κἄν tι περίττωμα τύχῃ τῆς φύσεως ὂν ἕτερον. κ.τ.λ. (737a, 4-5). Compare the construction of this passage with that of the following: διά τὸ πλησιαίτερα ἡμῶν ἐῖναι καὶ τῆς φύσεως ὀικειότερα. κ.τ.λ. Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645a, 2-3.

324 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736b, 33 to 737a, 7. In translating into English the foregoing Aristotelian passages the present writer has sought rather to indicate than to smooth away the ruggedness of the original Greek. Harvey quotes these passages verbatim from a Latin translation which may be found in Volume III of the Berlin Academy’s quarto edition of Aristotle’s works. This translation was made in the fifteenth century by Theodore Gaza, a learned Greek of Thessalonica, who had fled from the conquering Turks to Italy, where he learned Latin not long before his thirtieth year. Gaza was neither physician nor biologist. In view of these facts we need not wonder that his Latin version of Aristotle On the Generation of Animals is occasionally unsatisfactory, as we have seen. In the edition of the Greek text of Aristotle’s History of Animals, published by Teubner in 1907 (Aristotelis De Animalibus Historia, textum recognovit Leonardus Dittmeyer, 1907, Leipsic, p. XXII, l. 1-5), the editor says in his Latin preface, regarding Gaza’s Latin Translation of the History of Animals: “There is need of caution, if we wish to unearth the Greek text from his interpretation.”

325 Respondens, not proportione respondens.

326 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 505, l. 18 to 506, l. 16; Op. Omn. 526, l. 20 to 527, l. 20.

327 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-38; Op. Omn. 529, l. 24 to 530, l. 5.

328 The sources, contained in Aristotle’s own works, of the foregoing brief sketch of his conception of the universe, are as follows: On Heaven, the whole of the treatise; On Generation and Corruption, the whole of the treatise; Physics, Book IV, chapter 14, 223b, 15 to 224a, 2; Meteorology, Book I, chapters 1, 2, 3, and 9; Metaphysics, Book XI, chapter 7, 1072b, 28-30, and chapter 8; Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI, chapter 7, 1141a, 33 to b, 2; On the Parts of Animals, Book I, chapters 4 and 5, 644b, 20-25; Book II, chapter 10, 656a, 3-8; On the Generation of Animals, Book IV, chapter 10. The treatise entitled “On the Universe: To Alexander,” is not a genuine work of Aristotle. See V. Rose: De Aristotelis Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate, 90-100. Besides the foregoing Aristotelian texts, see Prantl’s note, number 37, on pages 303-307 of his edition of Aristotle’s treatise On Heaven and On Generation and Corruption, and the references to other writers contained in the said note.

329 Aristotle: On Heaven, 269a, 5-7.

330 Aristotle: Meteorology, 339b, 25-26.

331 Aristotle: On Heaven, 269a, 30-32.

332 Aristotle: On Heaven, 269b, 15-17.

333 Aristotle: On Heaven, 270b, 1-5 and 20-24. Aristotle accepts the derivation of αἱθέρα from ἀεὶ θεῖν. Modern philology rejects this.

334 Aristotle: Meteorology, 339b, 17-19.

335 Aristotle: On Heaven, 289a, 13-16.

336 Milton: Paradise Lost, III, l. 716-721.

337 See pp. 119-121.

338 Aristotle: Physics, 194b, 13.

339 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 731b, 35 to 732a, 1. This is a small part of a passage of which the whole should be read, viz.: 731b, 24 to 732a, 6. Compare On Generation and Corruption, 337a, 34 to 338b, 19.

340 Aristotle: History of Animals, 511b, 1-4.

341 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 652b, 23-26. On the Generation of Animals, 742b, 35 to 743a, 1.

342 Compare Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645a, 26 to 645b, 14.

343 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter 3—Harvey’s own reference.

344 Harvey: On Generation, XXVIII, Syd. 285, l. 22-36; Op. Omn. 300, l. 9-21.

345 Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 502, l. 25-37; Op. Omn. 523, l. 24 to 524, l. 7.

346 E.g. Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529, l. 2-5.

347 See pp. 119-121.

348 Cicero et al.

349 See Aristotle: On Heaven, 269b, 18 to 270a, 12. Compare J. B. Meyer: Aristoteles’ Thierkunde, II Abschnitt, § 2, 407, l. 20 to 413, l. 27.

350 Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645a, 26 to b, 14; especially 645b, 6-10. See also Poetics, 1457b, 16-19.

351 See p. 120.

352 See pp. 119-121.

353 See p. 120.

354 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 37 to 508, l. 13; Op. Omn. 529, l. 6-16.

355 Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 513, l. 1-24 and 516, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 534, l. 12 to 535, l. 6 and 537, l. 26-28.

356 Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 19-22; Op. Omn. 539, l. 3-5. For the views of Empedocles and Democritus, see Zeller: Philosophie der Griechen, 1 Theil, 2 Hälfte, 5 Auflage, 750-777 and 837-898. For the views of the chemists, see Roscoe and Schorlemmer: A Treatise on Chemistry, Vol. I, 1878, 3-11.

357 Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 27-32; Op. Omn. 539, l. 9-14. The words at the end of the quotation read, in Harvey’s text: “aut principia esse corporum similarium.” The “corpora similaria” or “partes similares” are the ὁμοιομερῆ of Aristotle, which in anatomy answer, nearly, to the “tissues” of modern parlance. See Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 646a, 12-24.

358 See p. 105.

359 See p. 116.

360 See p. 117.

361 See pp. 119-121 and notes 321-324.

362 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529, l. 2-5.

363 Sanguinis calor est animalis, quatenus scilicet in operationibus suis ab anima gubernatur; etc.

364 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 529, l. 17-20.

365 Compare Aristotle: Meteorology, 339a, 11-32.

366 κόσμος means both “order” and “ornament.”

367 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-29; Op. Omn. 529, l. 24-30.

368 Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 737a, 16 to b, 7, especially a, 30-34; 741a, 3-32; 750b, 3-26; 757b, 14-19, and b, 23-27.

369 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 20-25; Op. Omn. 397, l. 27-30. Compare the same, LIV, Syd. 402, l. 10-27; Op. Omn. 419, l. 23 to 420, l. 8.

370 See p. 121.

371 Fateatur.

372 Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 350, l. 2-16; Op. Omn. 365, l. 31 to 366, l. 11.

373 See pp. 122-123.

374 See p. 119. See also Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736b, 30.

375 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-29; Op. Omn. 527, l. 28-31. Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption, 330b, 1-3, and elsewhere.

376 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 17 to 507, l. 15; Op. Omn. 527, l. 21 to 528, l. 20. Do., Syd. 508, l. 30 to 509, l. 24; Op. Omn. 530, l. 5-27.

377 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 29-30; Op. Omn. 527, l. 32.

378 Participare.

379 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 528, l. 13-20.

380 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736a, 24 to 737b, 7. Gaza’s Latin translation of this chapter may be found on page 350 of the third volume of the Prussian Academy’s edition of Aristotle’s Works.

381 Compare p. 120.

382 Aristotle: Meteorology, 382a, 6-7.

383 Aristotle: Meteorology, 340b, 22-23.

384 Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 518, l. 15-36; Op. Omn. 540, l. 1-17.

385 Harvey: Prelectiones, 98 left.

386 Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Mül. 60, l. 23 to 61, l. 2.

387 Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age and on Life and Death, 469b, 15-16.

388 Aristotle: On Respiration, 474a, 26-28.

389 συναίτιον

390 τῶν δὲ φύσει συνισταμένων σάντων.

391 λόγος.

392 Aristotle: On Soul, 416a, 9-18.

393 See pp. 119 and 140.

394 Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539a, 15-25; 550b, 30 to 551a, 13: On the Generation of Animals, 761a, 12 to 763b, 16.

395 κινοῦσα.

396 Aristotle: Meteorology, 364b, 20-23.

397 κινοῦντα.

398 Aristotle: Metaphysics, 1071a, 11-17. Compare Physics, 194b, 29-32 and On the Generation of Animals, 716a, 4-7.

399 τὸ δημιουργοῦν. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738b, 20-21.

400 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762b, 2-4.

401 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738b, 25-26; Compare 716a, 4-7.

402 Aristotle: On Respiration, 479a, 29-30.

403 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741a, 3-32, 757b, 14-27.

404 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 716a, 13-17.

405 Strictly speaking, it is left uncertain by the Greek text whether the verb translated by the words “when... inclusion... has taken place” refers to “heat,” or to “soul,” or to both. This uncertainty, however, does not affect the sense, as both the expression “psychical heat,” and the words which follow it, imply the association of heat and soul with one another. A line or two beyond this quoted passage, Aristotle speaks of “the inclusion of the psychical principle.”

406 Owing to the vagueness of the word συνιστάται this must be translated here by a periphrasis such as “an individual is formed.” The verb συνιστάναι is used by Aristotle to express not only the immediate result of spontaneous generation, or the production of the embryo in sexual generation, but also the curdling of milk, the condensation of vapor into water, and even the constitution of the universe.

407 θερμαινομένων τῶν σωματικῶν ὑγρῶν.

408 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762a, 18-24.

409 ἡ δὲ θάλαττα... σωματώδης, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῦ ποτίμου... ἐστί. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 761b, 8-12. Compare 761a, 33 to b, 2.

410 περίττωμα.

411 I.e., the female animal.

412 I.e., in the higher animals.

413 συνίστησιν.

414 κίνησιν ἐντίθησιν.

415 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762a, 35 to b, 19.

416 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 729a, 34 to b, 21; and the passages cited on p. 145.

417 Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 743a, 26 to b, 5.

418 φρόνησισ Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 390, l. 10 to 394, l. 8.

419 Genesis: II, 7.

420 Aristotle: On Soul, 410b, 27 to 411a, 2.

421 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736a, 22 to 737b, 7.

422 Aristotle: On Soul, 410b, 16 to 411a, 22.

423 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728b, 21-32.

424 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728a, 9-11.

425 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 763a, 24 to b, 4.

426 Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736b, 35-37. Gaza translates the foregoing as follows: spiritus qui in semine spumosoque corpore continetur. Aristotle: Op. Ed. Acad. Reg. Boruss. Vol. III, 360b, l. 4.

427 Hesiod: Theogony, l. 188-200. Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736a, 18-21, and see note 320. The same myth is referred to by Harvey in his turn: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 1-7; Op. Omn. 383, l. 18-22.

428 Aristotle: On Heaven, 289a, 11-19. The derivation now accepted of the word “ether,” αἰθήρ, is from ἄθω, “I kindle”; which substantiates Aristotle’s account of the view which he combats. Indeed, Aristotle himself says: “Anaxagoras, however, has not employed this word correctly; for he uses the word ‘ether’ in place of ‘fire.’” On Heaven, 270b, 24-25.

429 The ether.

430 Aristotle: On Heaven, 289a, 19-22 and 26-35.

431 Aristotle: Meteorology, 341a, 35-36.

432 See pp. 119 and 140.

433 Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 12-25; Op. Omn. 383, l. 26 to 384, l. 4.

434 Quod sponte nascentibus fæcunditatem affert.

435 Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 370, l. 27-34; Op. Omn. 386, l. 14-20. See note 439.

436 In sponte nascentibus vermis.

437 Conclusae humiditatis.

438 Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 414, l. 32 to 415, l. 9; Op. Omn. 433, l. 5-11.

439 Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539b, 17-25. Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 75, l. 23-29; Op. Omn. 77, l. 1-6. Harvey: On Generation, I, Syd. 170, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 182, l. 20-23; Do. L, Syd. 367, l. 30-36; Op. Omn. 383, l. 10-15; Do. LXII, Syd. 457, l. 18-27; Op. Omn. 477, l. 4-12. Harvey: On Parturition, Syd. 524, l. 31-39; Op. Omn. 544, l. 13-19. T. H. Huxley: Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VIII, Article on “Evolution,” 746, especially 746a, 43 to b, 2. W. K. Brooks: William Harvey as an Embryologist, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Vol. VIII, 1897, 169a, 7 to 170b, 26.

440 Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 724a, 14 to 727b, 33.

441 Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 36 to 383, l. 7; Op. Omn. 398, l. 9-16.

442 Intellectu.

443 Ratiocinio.

444 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 16-26; Op. Omn. 528, l. 21-29.

445 Aristotle: Meteorology, 339a, 21-24.

446 Aristotle: Physics, 223b, 24-26.

447 Milton: Paradise Lost, Book VIII, l. 15-178.

448 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 132, l. 2-3.

449 Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 123, l. 21-33; Op. Omn. 123, l. 15-17.

450 Aërem; i.e., aëriform vapor.

451 Compare Aristotle: On Sleep and Waking, 457b, 29 to 458a, 5.

452 Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 46, l. 25-33; Op. Omn. 48, l. 28 to 49, l. 2.

453 Quatenus est elementaris.

454 The goddess of the domestic fire.

455 Compare Plato: Timæus, 48e to 50a; 54c to 62c, and 76c to 80d; Plato: Philebus, 28e to 30a.

456 Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 510, l. 5-40; Op. Omn. 531, l. 12 to 532, l. 9.

457 Æschylus: Agamemnon, l. 5-6.