Chapter I
Authorities for
(1) “Hinc (i.e. Θεῶν ὄχημα) tridui navigatione torrentes igneos prætervecti in sinum venimus, qui Noti Ceras dicitur (Νότου Κέρας). In sinus recessu insula erat priori, illi similis; nam lacum habebat, in quo insula erat altera, referta hominibus silvestribus. Erant autem multo plures mulieres hirsutis corporibus, quas interpretes Gorillas (Γορίλλας) vocabant. Nos persequentes viros quidem capere non potuimus, omnes enim effugiebant quum per præcipitia scanderent et saxis se defenderent; sed feminas cepimus tres, quæ mordentes et lacerantes ductores sequi nolebant. Atque occidimus eas et pelles detractas asportavimus Carthaginem. Neque enim ulterius navigavimus, quum annona deficeret” (Hannonis Carthaginiensis Periplus. Geographi Græci Minores, ed. C. Muelleri, vol. i.).
(2) Comp. Temminck, Esquisses zoologiques sur la cote de Guinée (Leiden, 1853), p. 3.
(3) Marc. de Serres first directed the attention of naturalists to this mosaic. Comp. Froriep, Notizen zur Natur-und Heilkunde, book 42. It has been frequently said that the original of this mosaic is in the Museum of Antiquities at Berlin. Undoubtedly the mosaic in question also consists of a landscape with hippopotami, crocodile, etc., but it cannot be compared with that of Palestrina, which is to my knowledge in the Barberini palace at Rome.
(4) See the Natural History of the younger Pliny, ii. 172; vii. 2.
(5) Regnum Congo: hoc est Vera Descriptio Regni Africani quod tam ab incolis quam Lusitanis Congus appellatur, per Philippum Pigafettam, olim ex Edoardo Lopez acromatis lingua Italica excerpta, nunc Latio sermone donata ab Aug. Cassiod. Reinio. Iconibus et imaginibus rerum memorabilium quasi vivis, opera et industria Joan. Theod. et Joan. Israelis de Bry, fratrum exornata (Francofurti, MDXCVIII.).
(6) Abhandlungen der Königl. Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (iii. cl. ix. div. 1).
(7) A voyage to Congo and several other countries in Southern Africa, Church collection of voyages and travels (London, 1744), i. 651.
(8) Relation d’un voyage fait en 1695–97 aux côtes d’Afrique, etc. (Paris, 1699).
(9) Nouveau voyage en Guinée, p. 74.
(10) Observationes Medicæ (Amsterdam), § 56. I have recently had occasion to doubt whether Tulpe’s representation of an ape is not founded on that of an orang-utan of average size. At any rate, the head of the animal given by this anatomist reminds me more of an orang than of a chimpanzee.
(11) The Anatomy of a Pygmy, compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man. With an Essay concerning the Pygmies, etc., of the Ancients (edit. i., London, 1699; edit. ii., 1751).
(12) Purchas, His Pilgrims. I have made use of the edition published in London in 1625 (vol. ii. 982).
(13) Beschryvinge des Afrikaensche gewesten van Egypten, Barbaryen, Lybien, Biledulgerid, Negrosland, Ethiopien, Abyssinie, etc. (Amsterdam, 1688; edit. ii. 1679). I have made use of the German version of 1760.
(14) The name Quojas Morrou is also used by Tulpe. A living specimen of these animals was given by Dapper to Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, and is perhaps the one described by Tulpe.
(15) Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashanti (London, 1819: trans. Weimar, 1820; Vienna, 1826). I have made use of the latter translation.
(16) Trans. of the Zoolog. Soc., vol. iii., 1848: On a new species of Chimpanzee, by Professor Owen.
(17) A description of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes Gorilla, by Ph. S. Savage, and of the osteology of the same, by Jeffreys Wyman (Journal of Nat. Hist., Boston, 1847, vol. v.).
(18) Th. Savage: Notice of Troglodytes Gorilla, a new species of Orang on the Gaboon (Boston, 1847). Comp. Kneeland in Proc. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1850, 1852.
(19) Ostéographie (Paris, 1839–64). Atlas, vol. iv., Mammifères, plate i.
(20) Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, vol. x.
(21) Ibid., vol. viii.
(22) An impression on steel: A mode of photographic illustration used by Nièpce de St. Victor, which has since been materially improved.
(23) Der Gorilla, etc. A coloured illustration by G. Mützel, plate i.
(24) Adventures and explorations in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861). A journey to Ashango Land (London, 1867). The country of the Dwarfs (London, 1872).
(25) Reade, Savage Life: being the narrative of a tour in Equatorial, South-Western, and North-Western Africa, etc. (London, 1863). Brehm, Thierleben, edit. i., i. 16. See also Hartmann, Der Gorilla, p. 4.
(26) Observations on Du Chaillu’s papers on the new species of mammals discovered by him in Equatorial Africa: Proceed. of the Zool. Soc., London. 1861.
(27) Proceed. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1860. See also Du Chaillu’s Adventures and Explorations, chap. 22; and Reichenbach’s Vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Affen (Dresden and Leipzig), p. 196.
(28) Description of cranium of an adult male gorilla from the River Danger, indicative of a variety of the great chimpanzee (Troglod. Gorilla): Trans. of Zoolog. Soc., London, vol. iv., 1853. Memoir on the Gorilla (London, 1865): well illustrated. Odontography (London, 1840–45). Article on Teeth, by Todd and Bowman, in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv. part ii. Lectures on the comparative anatomy and physiology of Vertebrata (London, 1866–68, vol. iii.).
(29) Burton’s Two Trips to the Gorilla land, and the cataracts of the Nile (London, 1876).
(30) Compiègne’s L’Afrique Equatoriale (Paris, 1875; Gabonais, p. 260).
(31) De Brazza’s Le Tour du Monde, Année 1878, No. 936.
(32) Lenz’s Skizzen aus Westafrika (Berlin, 1878), p. 171.
(33) Die Loango Expedition, pt. ii., by Falkenstein, p. 149.
(34) Koppenfels’ Die Gartenlaube (1877), No. 25.
(35) Zoologiska Studier, Andra Häftet. (Lund, 1857).
(36) Revue d’Anthropologie (1876), p. 1, etc.
(37) The Medical Times, 1872.
(38) Descrizione di una scimmia antropomorfa proveniente dall’ Africa centrale, in den Annali del Museo Civico di Genova, i. 53.
(39) Studii craniologici sui Cimpanzé. Ibid., iii. 3.
(40) Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences (Philadelphia, 1879), pt. iii. p. 385.
(41) On the Appendicular Skeleton of the Primates: Philosophical Transactions (1867), 299.
(41A) Macalister’s Muscular Anatomy of the Gorilla: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy of Science, 2nd series, vol. i.
(42) Ueber die Schädelform des Menschen und der Affen, Leipzig, 1867.
(43) Die Hand und der Fuss. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, vol. v.
(44) Archiv. für Anthropologie, viii. 67.
(45) Abhandl. aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgeg. vom Naturwis. Verein zu Hamburg-Altona (Hamburg, 1876), pp. 74–83.
(46) Ibid., p. 84, etc.
(47) Die anthropomorphen Affen des lübecker Museums (Lübeck, 1876).
(48) Mittheilungen aus dem königl. Zoolog. Museum zu Dresden (1877), No. 2, p. 225.
(49) Der Gorilla, mit Berücksichtigung des Unterschiedes zwischen Menschen und Affen, etc. Denkschrift des Offenbacher Vereins für Naturkunde (Offenbach, 1863).
(50) Ueber die Verschiedenheit in der Schädelbildung des Gorilla, Chimpanse und Orang-utan, etc. (München, 1867). Vergleichende anatomische Untersuchungen über die äussern weiblichen Geschlechts-und Begattungsorgane des Menschen und der Affen. Abhandl. der königl. bayrischen Akad. d. Wissensch., cl. ii. vol. xiii. plate ii. Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla. Ibid. cl. ii. vol. xiii. plate iii.
(51) Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Gorilla und Chimpanse. Abhandl. der K. Gesellsch. der Wissensch. Göttingen, vol. 28.
(52) Ueber den Schädel des jungen Gorilla. Monatsberichte der königl. Akademie der Wissensch. zu Berlin (June 7, 1880), p. 516.
(53) Studien aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissensch., plate ii. (Petersburg, 1876), v. 235.
(54) Various works on the gorilla under the following titles:—Beiträge zur Kenntniss der sogen. anthropomorphen Affen, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, series iv. 198; viii. 129; ix. 117. Ueber das Hüftgelenk der anthropoiden Affen. Sitzungsber. der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, April 17, 1877. Ueber den Torus occipitalis transversus am Hinterhauptbeine des Menschen; Ibid., Nov. 26, 1880. Die menschenähnlichen Affen, No. 247 of the Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissensch. Vorträge, by Virchow and Holtzendorff, p. 11.
(55) Vogt’s Vorlesungen über den Menschen (Giessen, 1863).
(56) L’homme et les singes. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, vol. iv. series ii., 1870.
(57) Magitot, Bulletin de la Soc. d’Ethnographie de Paris, 1872.
(58) Gesammelte Werke. A. d. Engl. von J. V. Carus, v. 1, 2 (Stuttgart, 1875).
(59) Gervais’s Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (Paris, 1854), vol. i. p. 27.
(60) Huxley’s Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals (London, 1871).
(61) Flower’s Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia (London, 1870).
(62) Giebel’s Odontographie. Vergleichende Darstellung des Zahnsystems der lebenden und fossilen Wirbelthiere (Leipzig, 1855).
(63) Proceed. of the Zoolog. Soc. (London, 1876).
(64) Hist. Nat. générale et particulière, vol. 35 (Paris).
(65) I quote here the passage which Bosman has taken from the foregoing work by Buffon: “Les singes que l’on appelle smitten (forgerons) en flamand, sont de couleur fauve, et deviennent extrêmement grands: j’en ai vu un de mes propres yeux qui avait cinq pieds de haut et de bien moins grand que l’homme. Ils sont méchants et très forts; un marchand m’a conté, que dans le voisinage du fort de Wimba, le pays est occupé par un très-grand nombre de ces singes, qui sont de force à attaquer l’homme, ce dont on citait des exemples.” Bosman goes on to speak of another species of ape in the same district, which is as hideous as those of the larger kind (Beschrijving van Guiné (1737), p. 34; Voyage de Guinée, p. 258).
(66) Comp. on this point Huxley’s very lucid remarks in his work on the position of man in nature.
(67) Le Jardin des Plantes, by Bernard, Couailhac, Gervais and Lemaout (Paris, 1842), i. 82.
(68) Ibid., p. 83, together with the illustration.
(69) Copied by Chenu, Encycl. d’Hist. Nat. Quadrumanes (Paris, 1851), plate i. fig. 36. By Gervais, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (Paris, 1854), i. 16, 22. By A. B. Reichenbach, Praktische Naturgesch. des Menschen und der Säugethiere (New edit., Leipzig), plate i. fig. 4. H. G. L. Reichenbach, Die Vollständigste Naturgesch. der Affen (Dresden and Leipzig), plate xxxiv., fig. 466; etc.
(70) J. B. Brehm’s Thierleben (Leipzig, 1876), i. 46, 68.
(71) Hartmann, Der Gorilla, etc. Woodcuts, Nos. vi., vii., viii., xiii.
(72) Beobachtungen an zwei lebenden Chimpanse, by H. Tiedemann, Philadelphia. Nach brieflichen Mittheilungen bearbeitet by L. Bischoff (Bonn, 1879).
(73) Temminck’s Esquisse Zoologique, pt. i., etc.
(74) Vrolik, Recherches d’anatomie comparée sur le Chimpanse (Amsterdam, 1841).
(75) On the muscles and nerves of a Chimpanzee, etc. (Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, series ii. 1871, p. 176).
(76) Brühl, Myologisches über die Extremitäten des Chimpanse (Wiener Medicin. Wochenschrift. Jahrg. 1817).
(77) Ontleedkundige nasporingen over de hersenen van den Chimpanse (Amsterdam, 1849).
(78) Des caractères anatomiques des grands singes pseudo-anthropomorphes, Archives du Muséum, vol. viii. Vergleichung der Anatomie des Gorilla mit derjenigen des Chimpanse: very well illustrated.
(79) Recherches sur l’anatomie du Troglodytes Aubryi (Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires, vol. ii.).
(80) Mittheilungen aus dem königl. Zoologischen Museum zu Dresden, No. 2 (Dresden, 1877).
(81) Comp. the works cited in note 54. Also Hartmann, Beiträge zur Zoologischen und Zootomischen Kenntniss der sogenannten anthropomorphen Affen. Archiv. für Anatomie, Physiologie, etc., by Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond. Series for the years 1872–76, with many plates, some of them chromo-lithographs.
(82) Description de l’espèce de singe aussi singulier que très rare, nommé Orang-Outang, de l’isle de Borneo. Apporté vivant dans la ménagerie de M. le Prince d’Orange. Description d’un recueil exquis d’animaux rares, etc. (Amsterdam, 1804). The plates, representing the orang, which accompany this work are not badly done.
(83) Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap. Tweede Deel. (Derde Druk, 1826).
(84) Beschrijving van der groote Borneosche Orang-outang of de Oostindische Pongo. Ibid. Also Briefe des Herrn v. Wurmb und des Herrn Baron v. Wollzogen (Gotha, 1794).
(85) General and particular descriptions of the vertebrated animals; order quadrumana (London, 1831): with coloured plates.
(86) Monographies de Mammalogie, vol. ii.
(87) Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche besittingen (1839–45). Zoologie, p. 1.
(88) Description des mammifères nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Muséum d’histoire naturelle. Nouv. Archives du Muséum, etc., ii. 485.
(89) Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1842), ix. 54.
(90) Calcutta Government Gazette, Jan. 13, 1853. Asiatic Researches, xv. 489, 491.
(91) Wallace’s Malay Archipelago.
(92) Naturgeschichte des Orang-Utan und einiger anderer Affenarten. Herbell (Düsseldorf, 1791).
(93) On the Comparative Osteology of the Orang-utan and Chimpanzee: London and Edinburgh Philosoph. Magazine, vi. 457; x. 259. Trans. of the Zoolog. Soc. of London, i. pt. iv.
(94) Archiv. für Anatomie, Physiologie, etc., 1836, p. 46; 1839, p. 209.
(95) L. s. cit.
(96) Vier Abbildungen des Schädels der Simia Satyrus von verschiedenem Alter zur Aufklärung der Fabel vom Orañ-Utañ (Marburg, 1838).
(97) Note sur les métamorphoses du crâne de l’Orang-Outang, Bulletins de l’Académie de Bruxelles (1838). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (1839), p. 56.
(98) Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes und der Orangarten (Wien, 1856).
(99) Die Muskulatur der Extremitäten als Grundlage einer vergleichend-myologischen Untersuchung.
(100) L. s. c., Fig. 42, plate vii.
(101) L. s. c., plate i. p. 30 (left figure).
(102) Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (1876), vol. 15. Brehm’s Thierleben, i. 83.
(103) Copied in Cassell’s Natural History, i. 8 (52), with the erroneous title, “Sick Chimpanzee.”
(104) Naturhistorische Früchte der ersten kais. russischen Erdumsegelung (Petersburg, 1813), p. 130.
(105) Le règne animal (nouv. edit.), i. 88.
(106) Is. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire et F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des mammifères (Paris, 1819–35), plate iii. fig. 4.
(107) Wanderings in New South Wales (London, 1834), vol. ii. chap. viii.
(108) Man and Monkeys (London, 1840), p. 423.
(109) Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., i.
(110) See work cited in note 83.
(111) See work cited in note 63, p. 140.
(112) Hist. Nat. des Singes (Paris, an. ix.), p. 154.
(113) Archives du Muséum d’Hist. Nat., v. 529.
(114) Blyth in Journal of the Asiatic Soc., 1846, xv. 172; Ibid., 1847, xvi. 730.
(115) Proceed. of the Zoolog. Soc. of London, xiv. 11.
(116) Beiträge zur Anatomie des Hylobates leuciscus. From the Proceedings of the Bavarian Academy of Science, 2nd series, vol. x. plate iii.
Footnotes
2 Vorträge über Viehzucht und Rassenkenntniss, i. 61: Berlin, 1872.
3 Comp. Is. Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire, table v.; also Hartmann, Der Gorilla, p. 14, Anm. 4.
4 Owen, Memoir, etc., plate ii.; Brehm, Thierleben, i. 56.
5 Comp. Hartmann, Der Gorilla, fig. 8. This is undoubtedly one of the most successful illustrations of the chimpanzee, its habits, expression, and disposition.
6 Comp. Hartmann, Der Gorilla, fig. 27, representing the Hamburg animal in middle age. Fig. 6 gives the wild Paulina of the German Loango expedition. The inscription, by an error of the press, states that it is a male, not a female chimpanzee.
7 While writing these words I obtained a dried specimen, Hylobates lenciscus (Kuhl), injected with Wickersheiner’s fluid; a large Hylobates of the same species, preserved in spirits of wine; another Hylobates albimanus (Is. Geoffr. Saint-Hilaire), preserved in the same way; and the skeletons of Hylobates syndactylus (F. Cuvier), and of Hylobates agilis.
8 A very good illustration of this animal may be seen in Ed. Poeppig’s Illustrirter Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, vol. i. fig. 24 (Leipzig, 1847), which is taken from some English source with which I am not acquainted. Another woodcut of this animal is in Bock’s Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 342: Jena, 1882.
9 A specimen of Hylobates leucogenys (Ogilby) may be seen in the British Museum. Comp. J. E. Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, etc.: London, 1870.
10 A good woodcut of Hylobates pileatus (J. E. Gray) appears in Huxley’s work, Man’s Place in Nature.
11 A very good coloured illustration of Hylobates funereus, probably taken from life by Werner, may be seen in Is. Geoff. Saint-Hilaire’s Description des mammifères nouveaux, ou imparfaitement connus de la collection du Muséum d’histoire naturelle. Archives du Muséum, v. 26.
12 The coronal crest has attained to a quite unusual height in the fine specimen of the skull of an aged male gorilla, No. 92, in the Natural History Museum in Paris.
13 Ethnologische Schriften, nach dem Tode des Verfassers gesammelt von dessen Sohne Professor Gustav Retzius, p. 33: Stockholm, 1864.
14 Zur Kenntniss des Orangskopfes, etc., p. 3. Virchow observes (Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, March 18, 1876): “The fact that the gibbon, as well as the orang-utan, is brachycephalous is of great geographical interest.”
15 Monthly report of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin, June 7, 1880.
16 Virchow, Ueber einige Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen am Schädel, p. 41: Berlin, 1875. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xii. 23: 1880. Monatsbericht der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 523: 1880. The os epiptericum may be observed in cranium No. 92 of the Paris collection. It is plainly seen in Fig. 4, p. 127, in Darwinismus und Thierproduction (Munich, 1876), in which I refer to this skull. See also Bischoff, Schädelwerk.
17 This illustration is from Duvernoy’s Des caractères anatomiques des grandes singes pseudo-anthropomorphes, plate ii. It is an excellent illustration of the characteristic spinous processes of the vertebral column, and of the relative position of the limbs.
18 Duvernoy, table vi. fig. B.
19 Brühl, Zur Kenntniss des Orangkopfes, pp. 2, 3.
20 “The Missing Link,” Engineering and Mining Journal, xx. 3: New York.
21 Report of Anthropological Society, Berlin, April 16, 1881.
22 Darwin’s Descent of Man, p. 21.
23 Virchow’s Archiv. für Pathologische Anatomie, liii. 485: 1871.
24 Report of Anthropological Society, Berlin, March 9, 1878.
25 Darwin’s Descent of Man, vol. i. p. 192.
26 Geologische Bilder zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner, ii. 120: Leipzig, 1851–53.
27 Voyage pittoresque dans le Brésil: Paris, 1839.
28 Anthropogenie, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874.
29 It appears to be very common among Japanese apes (Inuus speciosus).
30 Brühl has noted the intermittent occurrence of a connection between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone.
31 Archiv. für Anthropologie, p. 121: 1878.
32 Schlocker, Ueber die Anomalien des Pterion. Inaugural dissertation. Dorpat, 1879.
33 Zur Kraniologie der Mongoloiden: Beobachtungen und Messungen, p. 56. Dissertation. Heidelburg, Berlin, 1882.
34 Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, iv. fig. 305.
35 Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, p. 164: 1872.
36 Die vierte allgemeine Versammlung der deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, p. 49.
37 Die Urbevölkerung Europas, p. 46.
38 Quarterly Journal of Science, January, 1864. Comp, also Fuhlrott, Der fossile Mensch aus dem Neanderthal: Duisburg, 1865.
39 Archiv. für Anthropologie, viii. fig. 63.
40 Zeugnisse, etc., 157.
41 Crania Ethnica, plate xxvi.; Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, series 12, plate viii. fig. 2.
42 Crania Ethnica, plate xxxvi.
43 Ten Kate, loc. cit. pp. 17, 42. Virchow is of opinion that the facts are not sufficiently clear to enable us to judge how far this formation affects men (Monatsbericht der Akademie der Wissenschaft zu Berlin, p. 258: 1881). The detachment of the malar bone from the spheno-maxillary fissure of the orbit has up to this time been too rarely observed in anthropoids to merit serious consideration in this work.
44 Joly, Man before Metals: London.
45 Gaudry, Les enchainements du monde animal, p. 232: Paris, 1878.
46 Hartmann, Der Gorilla, pp. 68, 109.
47 Correspondenzblatt der Deutscher Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 148, with illustration: 1878.
48 Zur Morphologie des Gesichtsschädel, pp. 73, 85, 89: Stuttgart, 1877.
49 Welcker on His und Braune, Archiv. für Anatomie, 1881. Rosenberg, Gegenbaur’s Morphologisches Jahrbuch, i. 172.
50 Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe, p. 161.
51 Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, lxxxv. fig. 1: 1882.
52 Hartmann in Archiv. für Anatomie, etc., by Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond, pp. 639–643: 1876.
53 Wiedersheim, Morphologisches Jahrbuch, ii. 421.
54 Archiv. für Anthropologie, p. 463: 1880.
55 Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel. Aus der Abhandlungen der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 47: 1882.
56 Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft: April 17, 1880.
57 See Spengel’s Caves and Primitive Inhabitants of Europe.
58 Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, p. 481: London, 1871.
59 An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 310: London, 1870.
60 On the Anatomy of the Vertebrates, ii. 551. Also see my own works in Archiv. für Anatomie, p. 648: 1876.
61 Studien aus dem Gebiete du Naturwissenschaften, ii. 316: St. Petersburg, 1876.
62 Hartmann in Archiv. für Anatomie, etc., p. 653: 1876.
63 Welcker in His and Braune’s Archiv. Jahrg., i. p. 71.
64 Camper, Œuvres, i. 152; Naturgeschichte des Orang-utan, etc.; Owen, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, i. 365–368; Ibid., v. 15; Welcker in His and Braune’s Archiv. Jahrg., ii. p. 106.
65 Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, p. 4: 1871.
66 Duchenne’s Mécanisme de la physiognomie humaine. Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions. Gamba’s Lezioni di anatomo-fisiologia applicata alle arti belle.
67 Macalister, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vii. 342 (1871), asserts that he was unable to distinguish the corrugator from the orbicular muscle, and I have been equally unsuccessful.
68 Darwin’s Expression of the Emotions.
69 Darwin, Expression of the Emotions.
70 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1879. Revue d’Anthropologie, 1873, 1874.
71 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1879.
72 Hartmann in Archiv. für Anatomie, by Reichart and Du Bois-Reymond, p. 743 (1875); p. 636 (1876).
73 Halford, Not like man, bimanous and biped, nor yet quadrumanous, but cheiropodus: Melbourne, 1863. Lines of demarcation between Man, the Gorilla, and the Macaca: Melbourne, 1863. I only know these two treatises from Bischoff’s quotation. Anatomie, etc., des Hylobates leuciscus, pp. 23, 24.
74 Ruge also considers this muscle to be part of the extensor longus digitorum.
75 Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Gorilla und Chimpanse, p. 32, plate ii. fig. 3.
76 Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris (1869), pp. 83, 113.
77 As, for example, in Hylobates syndactylus. Comp. Giobel, Odontographia, p. 2: Leipzig, 1855.
78 Ortleetkundige Beschryving van een volvassen Orang Oetan. Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Neederlandsche Bezittingen: Leiden, 1840. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, iv. pp. 368–371: 1869.
79 Comp. Aeby, Der Bronchialbaum der Säugethiere und des Menschen, p. 7, table v. fig. 11: Leipzig, 1880.
80 The Brain as an Organ of Mind. International Scientific Series.
81 Pansch writes of a gorilla’s brain: “The cerebellum ought, in a horizontal position, to be somewhat overlapped by the cerebrum.” I do not understand what he means by the expression ought.
82 Natural History Review, p. 201: 1861.
83 Sitzung der Mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der königl. bairischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, p. 100: Feb. 4, 1871.
84 Gratiolet, Mém. sur les plis cérébraux de l’homme et des primates.
85 Correspondenzblatt der deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 133: 1878.
86 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1877.
87 Ibid., p. 25: 1878.
88 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 28: 1878.
89 Archiv. für Anthropologie, p. 129: 1867.
90 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 283: 1877.
91 Correspondenzblatt der deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 134: 1877. H. Gerhartz, Ueber die Ursachen der Microcephalie. Inaugural dissertation. Bonn, 1874.
92 Anatomische Untersuchung eines Microcephalen Knaben. Reprint of a paper written for the celebration of the three hundredth year of the University of Wurzburg, p. 27.
93 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, p. 248: 1877.
94 Das peripherische Nerversystem der Wirbelthiere, p. 219: Leipzig, 1878.
95 Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, p. 1: 1877.
96 Die Vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Affen, p. 191: Leipzig and Dresden.
97 See Chenu, Encyclopédie d’Historie Naturelle, Quadrumanes, p. 34.
98 Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the British Museum. Appendix, p. 127: London, 1870.
99 For example, the ears are represented as somewhat too small. Although the growth of hair on the crown of the head makes them look larger, the want of proportion must be admitted. It might easily have been altered, but I preferred to reproduce the original sketch as it stood.
100 Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild., by C. Vogt and Specht, p. 11: Munich, 1882.
101 Mafoca Betreffendes. Reprinted from the reports of the Gesellschaft für Natur und Heilkunde zu Dresden, Sitzung, xxvii. p. 9: 1876.
102 Thierleben, ii. 80, 81. Illustrirte Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, i. 11: Leipzig, 1880.
103 Der Gorilla, vi. p. 25. The inscription to this fine cut erroneously gives this as a male instead of a female specimen.
104 Series for 1876, plate vii. figs. 2, 4.
105 Livingstone’s Last Journals in Central Africa from 1865 to his death, ii. 52–55: London, 1874.
106 Die Loango Expedition, Abth. iii. p. 248: Leipzig, 1882.
107 Ibid., Abth. ii. p. 150.
108 Die Loango Expedition, Abth. i. p. 123.
109 Die Loango Expedition, p. 103.
110 The account given by H. von Koppenfels, whose early death we must all deplore, is taken from his article in the Gartenlaube (1877, No. 25); from his correspondence with his family, which I have been allowed to see; and from a long paper addressed to Professor Bastian from Adalinalonga, dated March 26, 1874.
111 Illustrirtes Thierleben, i. 17: Hildburghausen, 1864.
112 Schweinfurth, Im Herzen von Afrika, p. 335: New edition, Leipzig, 1878.
113 Duirentuin: Illustrated description of the mammals and birds kept in the Zoological Gardens, Amsterdam. Published in the Dutch language about 1862.
114 Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, etc., p. 31.
115 This illustration confirms the remark already made, that the posterior of this ape somewhat resembles the rump of a bird in structure.
116 Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen: Leiden, 1840–45.
117 Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 31.
118 Die Preussiche Expedition nach Ostasien. Zoologische Abtheilung, vol. i. p. 249: Berlin, 1876.
119 Unter der Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 327.
120 Sir Stamford Raffles saw a perfectly white specimen of this species (Transactions of the Linnæan Society, xiii. 241).
121 G. Broesike, Sitzungtbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: December 18, 1877.
122 Verhandlungen der berliner Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, March 18, 1876, p. 93.
123 See also Nissle, Die Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, pp. 56, 57: 1876.
124 Wallace’s Malay Archipelago, vol. i.
125 Unter den Kannibalen auf Borneo, p. 31.
126 Enchainements, p. 235.
127 Fraas, Wurtembergische Jahresheft, xxvi. plate iv. fig. 1: 1870.
128 Forsyth, Atti della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali, xiv.: 1872.
129 Anthropogenie, p. 482: Leipzig, 1874.
130 We do not here include the leaping and running mice.
131 Reise nach Brasilien, ii. 177: Frankfurt-am-Main, 1821.
132 Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, etc., i. 534: Leipzig, 1867.
133 Les Enchainements du monde animal, p. 240.
134 Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild, p. 49.
135 Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde, 3rd edit., i. 38: Tübingen, 1882.
136 Darwin’s Descent of Man, 1st edit., vol. ii. p. 385.
137 Darwin’s Descent of Man, i. p. 212.
138 Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild, p. 67.