P. J. van Beneden

CONTENTS.
	page
INTRODUCTION.
Adaptation of Food to Animals—Animal Manufacturers—Brigands—Messmates—Mutualists—Theory of Spontaneous Generation	xiii
CHAPTER I.
ANIMAL MESSMATES.
Definition—Free Messmates—Fixed Messmates	1
CHAPTER II.
FREE MESSMATES.
Found in all Classes—Fierasfers in Holothuridæ—Pilot Fish—Remora—Crustacean Messmates—Poisoning by Mussels—Pearl Mussel and small Crab—Dromiæ—Turtle Crabs—Macrourous Decapods—Hermit Crabs—Friendship of Pagurus and Anemone—Isopods—Messmates on Whales—Molluscan Messmates—Lerneans—Distomes—Messmates of the Echinodermata—Of Sponges—Infusorial Messmates	4
CHAPTER III.
FIXED MESSMATES.
Cirrhipedes—Importance of Embryology—Recurrent Development—Messmates, characteristic of the various Species of Whales—Cirrhipedes on Sharks—Crustaceans, Messmates on other Crustaceans—Cirrhipedes on Molluscs—Bryozoa—Fossil Messmates—Messmates on Sponges—Spicules of Hyalonema—Ophiodendrum	53
CHAPTER IV.
MUTUALISTS.
Definition—Ricinidæ—Trichodectes of Dog harbouring Larva of Tænia—Arguli—Caliguli—Ancei—Pranizæ—Cyami—Nematode Mutualists—Strange form of Histriobdellæ—Egyptian Distome in Man	68
CHAPTER V.
PARASITES.
Distinction between Parasites and Carnivora—Parasites found on all Classes of Animals—Males dependent on Females—Parasites on Man—Abundant Parasites in Stork—All the Organs nourish Parasites—Different size of Male and Female—Lerneans—Diplozoa—Migration of Parasites—Corresponding Changes of Form—Parasites restricted to certain Regions—Former Theory of Spontaneous Generation	85
CHAPTER VI.
PARASITES FREE DURING THEIR WHOLE LIFE.
Leeches—Vampires—Cylicobdellæ—Branchellions—Gnats—Blackflies—Mosquitoes—Gnats in high Latitudes—Tsetse—Ox-flies—Pteropti—Nycteribiæ—Bugs—Lice—Fleas—Itch Insect—Acari on Beetles and Bees—Cheyletus eruditus	107
CHAPTER VII.
PARASITES FREE WHILE YOUNG.
Isopod Parasites—Chigoe—Ticks—Pigeon-mite—Bopyridæ—Ichthoxenus—Peltogasters—Tracheliastes—Penellæ—Lerneans—Guinea-worm—Leptodera of Snail—Nematodes in Bones—Lichnophoræ—Gregarinæ	138
CHAPTER VIII.
PARASITES THAT ARE FREE WHEN OLD.
Utility of Ichneumons—Scoliæ of Tan-beetles—Scolyti of Seychelles Cocoa-nut Trees—Elms at Brussels destroyed by Scolyti—Polynema in Eggs of Dragon-fly—Sphex—Platygaster— Horse-fly—Livingstone—Animals in Paraguay destroyed by Hippobosci—Dipterous Parasites on Sheep and Stag—Gordius—Shower of Worms—Eels in Ears of Corn	162
CHAPTER IX.
PARASITES THAT MIGRATE AND UNDERGO METAMORPHOSES.
Nostosites—Xenosites—Hosts serving as a Crèche, a Vehicle, or a Lying-in Hospital—Lamarck on Spontaneous Generation—Trematodes—Monostomes—Sporocysts and Cercariæ—Passage from one Host to another—Distomes—Flukes—Hemistomes—Amphistomes—Tæniæ of the Dog and Wolf—Hydatids—Tænia solium in Man—Cysticercus of Pig—Cysticercus of Rabbit and Hare passing into Dog—Cœnurus of Sheep—Bothriocephalus—Linguatula in Negro—Strongyli—Trichinæ—Panic in Germany—Vibriones in Corn—Echinorrhynchus—Dicyema	183
CHAPTER X.
PARASITES DURING THEIR WHOLE LIFE.
Strepsitera—Stylops—Rhipiptera—Tristomidæ—Epibdella—Diplozoon, two Individuals—Polystomum of Frog—Gyrodactyles—Cochineal Insect—Aphides—Phylloxera of Vine—An Acaris, its Mortal Enemy—Ant-Cows—Bonnet’s Theory of Germs—The Reduvius personatus, a valuable enemy to the Bed-bug	255

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
fig.	page
1.	Ophiodendrum abietinum on Sertularia abietina	66
2.	Ricinus of the Pygarg	72
3.	Caligulus elegans, female: ditto, natural size	73
4.	Different forms of the Bite of a Leech	110
5.	Sucker and jaws	110
6.	Anatomy of Leech	110
7.	Antenna of Gnat	115
8.	Gnat, male and female	118
⁹, 10.	Lucilia hominivora	120
11.	Ox-fly	121
12.	Antenna of Ox-fly	121
13.	Blue-fly	121
14.	Flesh-fly	122
15.	House-fly	122
16.	Bed-bug	124
17.	Louse	125
18.	Louse—Suckers	126
19.	Ditto—Claw	126
20.	Flea (Pulex irritans)	128
21.	Itch-mite	131
22.	Ditto, female—back view	131
23.	Ditto, male—back view	132
24.	Geographical water-mite	136
25.	Book-mite	137
26.	Chigoe, male	141
27.	Ditto, head	141
28.	Ditto, female	141
29.	Phryxus Rathkei	145
30.	Tracheliastes of Cyprinidæ	149
31.	Lernea branchialis attached to Morrhua luscus	151
32.	Young Guinea-worm, showing Mouth, Tail, and section of Body	153
33.	Gregarinæ of Nemertes	160
34.	Sac with Psorospermiæ from Sepia officinalis	160
35.	Stylorhynchus Melophagus oligacanthus from Dragon-fly	161
36.	Horse-fly, showing also Anterior and Posterior Extremity	172
37.	Macaco Worm	175
38.	Melophagus of the Sheep	177
39.	Lipoptena of Stag	177
40.	Gordius aquaticus	178
41.	Monostomum verrucosum—Sporocyst with Cercariæ	191
42.	Liver fluke	198
43.	Monostomum mutabile	202
44.	Ditto, ciliated Embryo and young Cercariæ	202
45.	Cercaria of Amphistoma sub-clavatum	203
46.	Sporocyst of Amphistoma sub-clavatum	203
47.	Ditto, from Frog	205
48.	Polystomum integerrimum	205
49.	Cysticercus	206
50.	Vesicular Worm	211
51.	Tape-worm (Tænia solium), showing Scolex and Proglottides	214
52.	Ditto, Rostellum and Suckers	214
53.	Tænia medio-canellata	219
54.	Cœnurus of Sheep, and Hydatid	223
55.	Scolex of Tænia echinococcus	226
56.	Tænia echinococcus from the Pig	226
57.	Ditto, from the Dog	227
58.	Bothriocephalus latus	227
59.	Scolex of ditto	227
60.	Egg of ditto	227
61.	Tænia variabilis from Snipe	230
62.	Ditto, more highly magnified	230
63.	Tetrarhynchus appendiculatus from the Plaice	230
64.	Hook of Linguatula	232
65.	Linguatula, showing Hooks	232
66.	Strongylus gigas, female	239
67.	Ascaris lumbricoides; also Head, Tail, and Body	240
68.	Trichocephalus from Man	241
69.	Oxyuris vermicularis, natural size and magnified	241
70.	Trichina, free	243
71.	Trichina encysted in Muscle	243
72.	Echinorhynchus proteus	252
73.	Sac with Psorospermiæ from Sepia officinalis	252
74.	Gregarinæ from Nemertes Gesseriensis	253
75.	Stylorhynchus oligacanthus	253
76.	Dicyema Krohnii from Sepia officinalis	254
77.	Stylops	256
78.	Ditto, with Embryos	257
79.	Larva of Black Stylops	257
80.	Cochineal Insects, male	263
81.	Ditto, female	264
82.	Aphis	264
83.	Rose Aphis, male and female	265

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