Appendix151
Additional Observations Relative to the Physiology of Sleep
Since the chapter on the Physiology of Sleep was written, I have, by additional experiments, satisfied myself that the theory then enunciated is correct in every essential particular.
By means of an instrument adapted to show the extent of cerebral pressure, and which I first described nearly two years ago, I have been enabled to arrive at very positive results. In every instance the pressure was lessened during sleep and was increased during wakefulness. The experiments were performed upon dogs and rabbits. Briefly, the instrument consists of a brass tube, which is screwed into a round hole made in the skull with a trephine. Both ends of this tube are open, but into the upper is screwed another brass tube, the lower end of which is closed by a piece of very thin sheet india-rubber, and the upper end with a brass cap, into which is fastened a glass tube. This inner arrangement contains colored water, and to the glass tube a scale is affixed.
This second brass tube is screwed into the first, till the thin rubber presses upon the dura mater and the level of the colored water stands at 0, which is in the middle of the scale. Now, when the animal goes to sleep, the liquid falls in the tube, showing that the cerebral pressure has been diminished,—an event which can only take place in consequence of a reduction in the quantity of blood circulating through the brain. As soon as the animal awakes, the liquid rises at once. Nothing can exceed the conclusiveness of experiments of this character. No mere theorizing can avail against them.
Footnotes
1 See the author’s Treatise on Hygiene, page 92.
2 La Théorie des Songes. Paris, 1766, p. 206.
3 On Obscure Diseases of the Brain, etc. London, 1860, p. 604, note.
4 Physiologie de la Pensée. Recherche Critique des Rapports du Corps à l’Esprit. Deuxième édition. Paris, 1862, t. ii. p. 440.
5 Du Sommeil, des Rêves et du Somnambulisme, etc. Lyon, 1857, p. 14.
6 Observations in Medicine. Second Series, p. 27.
7 Art. Sleep. Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv. part 1, p. 681.
8 Chapters on Mental Physiology. London, 1852, p. 105.
9 Essays on Life, Sleep, Pain, etc. Philadelphia, 1852, pp. 63 and 64.
10 Epilepsy and Epileptiform Seizures. London, 1858, p. 123.
11 Nouveaux Éléments de la Science de l’Homme. 3me édition. Paris, 1858, vol. ii. p. 7, et seq.
12 Rapports du Physique et du Morale de l’Homme. Paris, 1824, p. 379.
13 The Physiology of Common Life. New York, 1860, vol. ii. p. 305.
14 Philosophy of Sleep. Second edition, 1850, p. 5.
15 The Haven of Health, chiefly made for the comfort of Students, and consequently for all those that have a care for their health, etc. By Thomas Cogan, Master of Arts and Batchelor of Physic. London, 1612, p. 332.
16 Sketches of the Philosophy of Life. London, 1819, p. 262.
17 Elements of Physiology. Translated by John Elliotson, M.D., etc. 4th edition. London, 1828, p. 191.
18 Op. cit. p. 282, et seq.
19 Northern Journal of Medicine, No. 1, 1844, p. 34.
20 The Philosophy of Mystery. London, 1841, p. 283.
21 British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, Am. ed., April, 1855, p. 404.
22 American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1860, p. 399.
23 The Physiology of Sleep. By Arthur E. Durham. Guy’s Hospital Reports, 3d Series, vol. vi. 1860, p. 149.
24 Recherches sur la Système Nerveux Cerebro-Spinal, sa Structure, ses Fonctions et ses Maladies. Paris, 1865, p. 448.
25 Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine, article Cold.
26 Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iv., part 1, p. 681, article Sleep.
27 Essays on Life, Sleep, and Pain. Philadelphia, 1852, p. 87.
28 The Doctor, etc., edited by Rev. John Wood Warter. London.
29 Op. cit., p. 5.
30 Rapports du Physique et du Morale de l’Homme. Paris, 1825, tome ii. p. 381.
31 Medicina Statica; or Rules of Health, etc. London, 1676, p. 106 et seq.
32 Op. cit., p. 6.
33 Op. cit., tome ii. p. 385.
34 An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Book ii. sect. 17.
35 Encyclopedia Americana,—Philadelphia, 1832, vol. xii. p. 143, art. Tartini; and L’Imagination considérée dans ses Effets directs sur l’Homme et les Animaux, etc. Par J. B. Demangeon. Seconde édition. Paris, 1829, p. 161.
36 The Soul and the Future Life. Appendix viii. Quoted by Seafield in “The Literature and Curiosities of Dreams,” etc. London, 1865. Vol. ii. p. 229.
37 Confessions of an English Opium-eater. Boston, 1866, p. 109.
38 Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology. July, 1859, p. 44.
39 Inquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth. Tenth edition. London, 1840, p. 304.
40 History of Dreams, Visions, Apparitions, etc. Philadelphia, 1855, p. 184.
41 Macario, Du Sommeil, des Rêves et du Somnambulisme. Paris, 1857, p. 59.
42 Op. cit., tome ii. p. 395.
43 Ancient Metaphysics. Quoted in Dr. Forbes Winslow’s Medical Critic and Psychological Journal. No. vi., April, 1862, p. 206.
44 Op. cit., p. 283.
45 Dream Thought and Dream Life. Medical Critic and Psychological Journal, No. vi., April, 1862, p. 199.
46 Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid, D.D., p. cxliv., prefixed to Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind. By Thomas Reid, D.D., etc. Edinburgh, 1803, vol. i.
47 Dissertations, Moral and Critical. London, 1783, art. Dreaming, p. 222.
48 Syntagma Philosophicum. Pars 71, Lib. viii. Opera Omnia, tome i. Lugduni, 1658.
49 Philosophy of Mystery. London, 1841, p. 208.
50 Op. cit., p. 286.
51 Psychologie; oder der Wissenschaft von Subjectiven Geist. 2ten Auflage. Ebberfeld, 1843, p. 144.
52 The Principles of Medical Psychology, etc. Sydenham Society Translation, p. 167.
53 Elements of Physiology. Translated from the German, with Notes, by William Baly, M.D., etc. London, 1842, vol. ii. p. 1417.
54 Op. cit., p. 1418.
55 Psychological Inquiries. Part i. London, 1856, p. 153.
56 Du Sommeil—Mélanges Philosophiques. Seconde édition. Paris, 1838, p. 301.
57 Sleep Psychologically considered with reference to Sensation and Memory. New York, 1850, p. 74.
58 An Inquiry into the Nature of Sleep and Death. London, 1834, p. 152. (Reprinted from the Philosophical Transactions for 1833.)
59 Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life. Am. ed., vol. i. Philadelphia, 1818, p. 153.
60 Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. Am. ed. Boston, 1818, vol. i. p. 184.
61 Op. cit., t. ii. p. 376, et seq. Article Du Sommeil en particulier.
62 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, chapter xxi. section 30.
63 Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind, vol. iii. Edinburgh, 1803, p. 77.
64 Op. cit., p. 155.
65 An Essay Concerning the Human Understanding, book ii. section 17.
66 Op. et loc. cit., section 11.
67 Historia Naturalis, lib. x. cap. lxxv., “De Somno Animalium.”
68 De defectu oraculorum.
69 De Vita, xii. Cæsarum, Nero, cap. xlvi.
70 Op. cit., p. 63.
71 Lectures on Metaphysics, vol. i. p. 323.
72 Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth. Tenth edition. London, 1840, p. 283.
73 Op. cit., p. 10.
74 Quoted in Dendy’s Philosophy of Mystery. London, 1841, p. 225.
75 The Principles of Medical Psychology, etc. Sydenham Society Translation. London, 1847, p. 163.
76 Op. cit., book ii. sec. 17.
77 Cited by M. l’Abbé Richard in La Théorie des Songes. Paris, 1766, p. 32.
78 De Rerum Natura, l. iv. v. 959.
79 Satyricon. Bohn’s edition. London, 1854, p. 307.
80 In the above quotation I have slightly altered Kelly’s version in Bohn’s edition of Petronius. The original Latin is fully as forcible and true to nature as the translation.
81 Op. cit., p. 275, et seq.
82 Journal of Psychological Medicine. July, 1856.
83 Le Sommeil et les Rêves; Études Psychologiques, etc. Troisième édition. Paris, 1865.
84 Sermon on the Office of the Holy Angels toward the Faithful, quoted by Seafield. Op. cit., vol. i. p. 157.
85 Op. cit., p. 86.
86 Op. cit., p. 88, et seq.
87 On Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Disorders of the Mind, etc., London, 1860, p. 611, et seq.
88 Anatomie Comparée du Système Nerveux, etc. Par MM. Leuret et Gratiolet. Paris, 1839-1857, t. ii. 517, et seq.
89 Art. Rêves, in Grand Dictionnaire de Médecine.
90 Des Maladies Mentales et des Asiles d’Aliénés, etc., Paris, 1864, p. 221.
91 Traité des Maladies Mentales, Paris, 1860, p. 457.
92 On Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Disorders of the Mind, etc., London, 1860, p. 614.
93 The Principles of Medical Psychology. Being the Outlines of a Course of Lectures, by Baron Ernst von Feuchtersleben, M.D. Sydenham Society Translation, p. 198.
94 Medical Press and Circular; also Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence, vol. i. p. 276.
95 Medical Investigator; also Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine, etc., April, 1868, p. 405.
96 Op. cit., art. Rêves.
97 Op. cit., p. 95.
98 Rapports du Physique et du Morale de l’Homme. Paris, 1824, tome second, p. 359.
99 Chapters on Mental Physiology. London, 1852, p. 126.
100 B. D. S. Opera Posthuma, 1677, Epistola xxx. p. 471. In the course of this letter to his friend, Peter Balling, Spinoza says:
“Quum quodam mane, lucesente jam cælo, ex somnio gravissima evigilarem imagines, quæ mihi in somnio occurrerant, tam vividè ob oculos versabantur, ac si res finissent veræ, et præsertim cujusdam nigri et scabiosi Brasiliani, quem nunquam antea videram. Hæc imago partem maximam disparebat, quando, ut me alia re oblectarem, oculus in librum, vel aliud quid defigibam; quamprimium verò oculos à tali objecto rursus avertebam, sine attentione in aliquid oculos defigendo, mihi eadem ejusdem Æthiopis imago eâdem vividètate, et per vices apparebat, donec paulatim circa caput disparetet.”
101 Elements of Physiology, translated by Baly, vol. ii. p. 1394.
102 Op. cit., p. 93.
103 Περὶ ἱερῆς νοσο.
104 Quoted from I. Franck by Macario, op. cit., p. 100.
105 De quelques Phénomènes du Sommeil. Œuvres Complets, tome v. p. 170-175.
106 Grand Dictionnaire de Médecine, t. xxxiv., art. Incubi, par M. Parent.
107 Nouveau Dictionnaire de Médecine et de Chirurgie Pratiques, tome sixième, Paris, 1867, art. Cauchemar.
108 Gazette Médicale de Lyon, 15 Mai, 1856; also Macario, op. cit., p. 104.
109 British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, April, 1845, vol. xix. p. 441.
110 Traité du Somnambulisme et des différentes Modifications qu’il présente. Paris, 1823.
111 Op. cit., p. 117.
112 Op. cit., p. 2.
113 Quoted by Bertrand, op. cit., p. 15.
114 Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine. American edition, vol. iv. p. 196, article Somnambulism.
115 Della Forza della Fantasia Umana. Venezia, 1766.
116 Op. cit., p. 127.
117 Article Somnambulism, in the Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, vol. iv. p 198, American edition.
118 Bertrand, op. cit., p. 17.
119 Op. cit., p. 18.
120 Op. cit., p. 132.
121 The Scenery and Poetry of the English Lakes. By Charles Mackay, LL.D.
122 Life of Sir Isaac Newton. By Sir David Brewster, vol ii. p. 240.
123 On Obscure Diseases of the Brain, etc. London, 1860, p. 609.
124 Sur l’Influence Pathologique de l’Insomnie. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 3me Série, t. iii. p. 384, et seq.
125 Le Sommeil et les Rêves. 3me éd. Paris, 1865, p. 9.
126 Mental Hygiene. Boston, 1863, p. 97.
127 A Manual of Psychological Medicine, etc. London, 1858, p. 375.
128 Psychological Inquiries. Third edition, London, 1856, p. 141.
129 Op. cit. p. 142.
130 On Obscure Diseases of the Brain, etc. By Forbes Winslow, M.D. London, 1860, p. 604.
131 Medical Logic, p. 81, quoted in Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, vol iv. part i. p. 686.
132 Clinical Observations on Functional Nervous Disorders. London, 1864, p. 284.
133 A History of Dreams, Visions, Apparitions, etc. American edition. Philadelphia, 1855.
134 The Philosophy of Mystery. By Walter Cooper Dendy. London, 1841, page 290.
135 It is perhaps scarcely necessary to call attention to the fact that Mr. Dendy has altogether mistaken the signification of the words in the above quotation from Tissot, printed in italics. He appears to think they mean being put on his head, a translation which would make very great nonsense out of the whole extract. The words will be found in Tissot’s Avis aux Gens de Lettres et aux Personnes sédentaires sur leur Santé, Paris, 1768, p. 28, and in English, in a translation entitled “A Treatise on the Diseases of Literary and Sedentary Persons,” Edinburgh, 1772, p. 26. The work is well worthy of attention even at this day, as containing many most interesting facts and important suggestions.
136 On Obscure Diseases of the Brain, etc., p. 607.
137 The word assassin is derived from the word hashish, from the fact that a sect in the East called Assassins made use of hashish to induce the temporary insanity during which their crimes were perpetrated. See History of the Assassins, by the Chevalier Joseph von Hammer, translated from the German by O. C. Wood, M.D., London, 1835, p. 233, note.
138 Physiological Memoirs, 1863, p. 24, et seq.
139 On Functional Nervous Disorders. London, 1864, p. 282.
140 Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine, vol. iv., art. Wakefulness.
141 Therapeutics and Materia Medica, 2d edition, Philadelphia, 1864, vol. ii. page 659.
142 The instance alluded to, that of Admiral Fitzroy, is thus commented upon by the Spectator of May 6th, 1865:
“Admiral Fitzroy, the well-known meteorologist, committed suicide on Monday morning at his own house. He had overworked himself of late; found that he was losing his memory; became sleepless, and resorted to opium to obtain ease, which aggravated his symptoms. His doctor had warned him that he ran great risk of paralysis, but from a false tenderness did not at once compel him to give up labor.”
The London Review of the same date says: “He (Admiral Fitzroy) acquired that terrible inability to sleep, which is one of the most dreadful of those means by which nature avenges the abuse of the mental powers, and he was forced to take opium at night; at one time to an extent which threatened serious consequences.”
143 Journal of an African Cruiser, quoted in Curiosities of Modern Travel, London, 1846, p. 239.
144 Gazette des Hôpitaux, Oct. 13, 1868.
145 Wonders of the Little World, etc., London, 1806, vol. ii. p. 394; quoted from Universal Magazine, vol. viii. p. 312.
146 Op. cit.
147 New York Medical Journal, December, 1867.
148 A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence, Philadelphia, 1855, p. 120.
149 Médecine légale relative aux Aliénés et aux Sourds-Muets, ou les Lois appliquées aux Désordres de l’Intelligence. Traduit de l’Allemande par A. M. Chambeyron, avec des Notes par MM. Esquirol et Itard. Paris, 1827, p. 256.
150 The Literature and Curiosities of Dreams, etc., London, 1865, vol. ii. p. 332.
151 See New York Medical Gazette and Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence, January, 1869, p. 47.