Appendix B — Bibliography of Mazzini’s Writings
[The following is a list of the materials, which (with few exceptions) have been used in compiling this volume. It is, I believe, a complete list of writings of any importance by or concerning Mazzini, except some, which contain purely political references. For some of the minor references I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Signor Canestrelli’s bibliography, published with his translation of von Schack’s Giuseppe Mazzini e l’unità italiana (Rome, 1892).]
Writings.
The bulk of Mazzini’s writings have been collected in Scritti editi e inediti di Giuseppe Mazzini, 18 vols. (Milan and Rome, 1861-1891). There is an excellent selection, edited by Madame Mario, as Scritti scelti di Giuseppe Mazzini (Florence, 1901).
A good many of Mazzini’s less important journalistic articles have not been included in the Scritti editi e inediti. There are several more notable omissions:—
Una notte di Rimini, said to be Mazzini’s first strictly political writing, republished in Madame Mario’s life.
Due adunanze degli accademici pitagorici, and Di Vittor Hugo e dell’Angelo tiranno, published in Il Subalpino, 1839, and reprinted in Donaver, Vita di G. Mazzini.
Byron e Goethe (very important for Mazzini’s literary views), published in Scritti letterari d’un italiano vivente (Lugano, 1847), republished in Madame Mario’s Scritti scelti, and badly translated in the Life and Writings, vol. ii.
Sulla pittura in Italia, published in Scritti letterari.
Macchiavelli, published in ditto.
Victor Hugo, published in British and Foreign Review, 1838, and republished in Life and Writings, vol. ii.
Lamartine, published in British and Foreign Review, 1839, and republished in Life and Writings, vol. ii.
Letters on the state and prospects of Italy, published in Monthly Chronicle, May-Sept. 1839.
George Sand, published in Monthly Chronicle, July 1839; extracts republished in Life and Writings, vol. vi.
Thiers, published in Monthly Chronicle, July 1839.
Review of C. Balbo’s Vita di Dante, published in The European, Jan. 1840, and translated in A. von Schack, Joseph Mazzini und die italienische Einheit.
Italian Art, published in Westminster Review, April 1841. [There is no direct evidence that this was written by Mazzini, but the internal evidence is rather strong. I believe that it was translated into or from the Révue républicaine.]
Introduction and notes to Foscolo’s edition of the Divina Commedia (see above, p. 94).
Pensieri sulla storia d’Italia, published in l’Educatore (London, 1843).
Sull’educazione, published in ditto, and republished in l’Emancipazione (Rome), Oct. 5, 1872.
A prayer for the planters, published for the first time in this volume, pp. 349-352.
Address of the People’s International League, republished in Life and Writings, vol. vi. (see above, note to p. 303).
Notes for an answer to the Irish Repealers, published in Scottish Leader, July, 1888 (see above, p. 107).
George Sand, published in People’s Journal; extracts republished in Life and Writings, vol. vi.
Non-intervention, published as a tract by the “Friends of Italy,” and republished in Life and Writings, vol. vi.
Rest, published privately by the Pen and Pencil Club, and republished in this volume, pp. 363-365.
Italy and the Republic, published in Fortnightly Review, March 1, 1871.
The Franco-German War and the Commune, published in Contemporary Review, April and June, 1871.
[Signor Cagnacci in his Giuseppe Mazzini e i fratelli Ruffini publishes a rhapsodical Aux jeunes italiens and a short poem Addio dalle Alpi, which he believes to be from Mazzini’s pen; he gives, however, no evidence whatever in support of his theory. For Mazzini’s supposed youthful poetry see Donaver, Uomini e libri, 77, 119, and Vita di G. Mazzini, 29 n., 431, and Canestrelli’s bibliography, pp. 290, 291, 305, 308-9, 311.]
Translations.
The greater portion of the first seven volumes of the Scritti editi e inediti, with some additional matter, was translated into English as Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini, 6 vols. (London, 1870). The Duties of Man and Democracy in Europe (alias The Systems and the Democracy, the early chapters of which were written originally in English) have been translated by Madame Venturi and were published by H. S. King in 1877 and later by Alexander and Shepherd. From the Pope to the Council (alias Letter to the Oecumenical Council) and Lamennais have been translated by Mme. Venturi. Faith and the Future and other essays have been translated by Mr T. Okey and published by Dent. Together with From the Council to God, The Duties of Man, and To the Italian Working-man, they have been published by Dent in “Everyman’s Library.” Various extracts have been collected by the Bishop of Truro and published by Fisher Unwin. There is a volume of translations in the Camelot Classics. Several earlier translations of separate essays have been published.
There are two volumes of a German translation, published by Hoffmann u. Campe (Hamburg, 1868). The Duties of Man and Democracy in Europe are published in French by Charpentier (Paris, 1881).
Journalism.
Mazzini’s papers were—
La Giovine Italia. Marseilles and Switzerland. 1832-1836. [Reprinted in the Biblioteca storica del risorgimento italiano.]
La Jeune Suisse. Bienne. 1835-1836.
L’Apostolato Popolare. London. 1840-1843.
L’Italia del Popolo. Milan, 1848; Rome, 1849; Lausanne and Lugano, 1849-1851.
Pensiero ed Azione. London. 1858-1860.
La Roma del Popolo. Rome. 1870-1872.
He contributed largely to—
L’Indicatore Genovese. Genoa. 1828.
L’Indicatore Livornese. Leghorn. 1829.
L’Italiano. Paris. 1836. [7 articles, signed “E. J.”]
L’Educatore. London. 1843.
Italia e Popolo. Genoa. 1855-1856.
L’Unità italiana. Genoa. 1860-1865.
Letters.
The following collections have been published:—
Giuseppe Mazzini e i fratelli Ruffini, by C. Cagnacci (Porto Maurizio, 1893). Contains his letters to Madame Ruffini (1837-1841), a few letters to A. and G. Ruffini, and extracts from his letters to Elia Benza.
Lettres intimes de Joseph Mazzini, publiées par D. Melegari (Paris, 1895). Contains letters to L. A. Melegari and Madame de Mandrot (mostly 1836-1843).
La Giovine Italia e la giovine Europa (Milan, 1906). Contains letters to L. A. Melegari (chiefly 1833).
Lettere inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini, pubblicate da L. Ordoño de Rosales (Turin, 1898). Contains letters to Gaspare de Rosales (mostly 1834-1836).
Duecento lettere inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini con proemio e note di D. Giuriati (Turin, 1887). Contains letters to G. Lamberti (mostly 1837-1844).
Lettere di G. Mazzini ad A. Giannelli (Prato and Pistoia, 1888-1892) (letters of 1859-1870).
Lettres de Joseph Mazzini à Daniel Stern [Vicomtesse d’Agoult] (Paris, 1873) (letters of 1864-1872).
Corrispondenza inedita di Giuseppe Mazzini con... (Milan, 1872). [This is the correspondence in 1863-1864 with Signor Diamilla-Müller, who was the intermediary between Mazzini and Victor Emmanuel. It has been republished in Politica segreta italiana (Turin, 1880).]
A very imperfect collection of Mazzini’s correspondence is now being published under the editorship of Signor Ernesto Nathan, as Epistolario di Giuseppe Mazzini (Florence, 1902). Two volumes only have as yet appeared; their most important feature is Mazzini’s correspondence with his mother.
Many letters are also published in the introductions to Mazzini’s Scritti editi e inediti and in Madame Mario’s Della Vito di G. Mazzini and Scritti scelti; also in Linaker, La vita e i tempi di E. Mayer (Florence, 1898) [letters to E. Mayer]; Nuova Antologia, Dec. 1, 1884 [letters to Madame Magiotti and E. Mayer]; Ib., May 1 and 16, 1890 [letters to F. Le Monnier]; Ib., May 1, 1907; Del Cerro (pseud.), Un amore di G. Mazzini (Milan, 1895) [correspondence with Giuditta Sidoli; see above, p. 51]; Rivista d’Italia, April, 1902 [letters to N. Fabrizi and others]. Scattered letters may be found in Ramorino, Précis des derniers événemens de Savoie (Paris, 1834); Daily News, 1853 [see above, p. 169]; Orsini, Memoirs (Edinburgh, 1857); Il risorgimento italiano, Feb. 11, 1860; L’Unità italiana, Jan. 15 and 21 and June 3, 1861; Roma e Venezia, Jan. 15, 1861; Cironi, La stampa nazionale italiana (Prato, 1862); Lettere edite ed inedite di F. Orsini, G. Mazzini, etc. (Milan, 1862); The Shield, Oct. 1, 1870; Uberti, Poesie (Milan, 1871); Moncure Conway, Mazzini (London, 1872); La Gazzetta di Milano, Jan. 22, 1872; L’Emancipazione (Rome), Jan. 24, 1874; La Cecilia, Memorie storico-politiche (Rome, 1876); De Monte, Cronaca del comitato segreto di Napoli (Naples, 1877); Quattro lettere a P. Mazzoleni (Imola, 1881); Lettera a Filippo Ugoni (Rovigo, 1887); Donaver, Uomini e libri (Genoa, 1888); Carbonelli, Niccola Mignona (Naples, 1889); Fanfulla della Domenica, April 21 and 28 and May 12, 1889; Rassegna nazionale, Oct. 1, 1890; Rivista della massoneria italiana, 1890-1891 and 1891-2; The Century, Nov. 1891; Lettere inedite di G. Mazzini a N. Andreini (Imola, 1897); Rivista storica del risorgimento italiano, 1897 and 1900; Saffi, Ricordi e scritti, vol. iii. (Florence, 1898); Giornale d’Italia, March 23 and April 10, 1902; Lumbroso, Scaramucce, pp. 247, 288; Del Cerro in Rivista Moderna, 1902; Secolo, Aug. 13, 1902; Donaver, Vita di G. Mazzini (Florence, 1903); Corriere della sera, Aug. 9, 1903, and Aug. 9, 1909; Card. Capecelatro, Vita della serva di Dio, Paola Frassinetti; Mrs Fletcher’s Autobiography; Froude, Carlyle’s Life in London; Ireland, Jane Welsh Carlyle; Duncombe’s Life and Correspondence; De Amicis, Cuore (pages 222 of Ed. 8); Quinet, Œuvres completes, xi. 32, 423; Luzio, G. Mazzini (Milan, 1905); Gianelli, Brevi ricordi Mazziniani (Florence, 1905); Essays of Mazzini, translated by T. Okey; Parliamentary Papers, Correspondence affecting affairs of Italy, 1846-1849, i. 223 (probably genuine).
I have also been able to see some 350 unpublished letters,—to Mr and Mrs Peter Taylor (of the greatest value for Mazzini’s public and private life); Mr William Shaen (a large and important collection); Mrs Milner-Gibson; Mr W. Malleson; Mr W. E. Hickson (when editor of the Westminster Review); Mr Peter Stuart; and Miss Galeer.
Biographies.
Mazzini’s autobiographical notes in the earlier volumes of the Scritti editi e inediti are of course of the highest value. The completest life is Mario, Della vita di Giuseppe Mazzini (Milan, 1886), containing a mass of valuable material, but partial and including much extraneous matter. There is a much better study of Mazzini’s early life, prefixed to the same authoress’ Scritti scelti. Saffi’s introductions to several volumes of the Scritti editie e inediti are most valuable. Donaver’s Vita di G. Mazzini is useful, especially for the earlier period. There is a short memoir by Madame Venturi (née Miss Ashurst) prefixed to the English translation of the Duties of Man. I have seen no other biographies of any value.
Notices and Studies.
There is a life-like portrait of Mazzini and much information about his early life in G. Ruffini, Lorenzo Benoni (Edinburgh, 1853); a valuable sketch, largely based on conversations with Madame Mazzini, by Mr William Shaen in The Public Good, 1851; and some useful information in Donaver, Uomini e libri. There are studies of more or less value in Cantimori, Saggio sull’idealismo di G. Mazzini (Faenza, 1904); Linaker, La Vita italiana nel risorgimento (Florence, 1899); Nencioni, Saggi critici di letteratura italiana (Florence, 1898); Oxilia, Giuseppe Mazzini, uomo e letterato (Florence, 1902); F. Myers in Fortnightly Review, 1878; De Sanctis, La letteratura italiana nel secola XIX. (Naples, 1902); D’Ancona e Bacci, Manuale della lettaratura italiana, vol. v. (Florence, 1901); Mazzini: Conferenze tenute in Genova (Genova, 1906). There are valuable analyses of Mazzini’s economic position in Bozzino, Il socialismo e la dottrina sociale di Mazzini (Genoa, 1895), and Bertacchi, Il pensiero sociale di Giuseppe Mazzini (Milan, 1900). Hostile studies in Bianchi, Vicende del Mazzinianismo (Savona, 1854) and Grüber, Massoneria e Rivoluzione (Rome, 1901), the latter of small value.
There are notices in Mrs Carlyle’s Letters and Memorials; Carlyle’s Reminiscences; Froude, Carlyle’s Life in London; Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson; Mrs Fletcher’s Autobiography; W. J. Linton, European Republicans and Memories; T. S. Cooper, Autobiography; Gabriel Rossetti, Versified Autobiography; Clough, Prose Remains and Amours de Voyage; Margaret Fuller Ossoli, Memoirs; Fagan, Life of Panizzi; Gustavo Modena, Epistolario (Rome, 1888); Giurati, Memorie d’emigrazione (Milan, 1897); Badii, Antologia Mazziniana (Pitigliano, 1898); Pensiero ed azione nel risorgimento italiano (Città di Castello, 1898); Faldella, I fratelli Ruffini (Turin, 1900); Lumbroso, Scaramucce e Avvisaglie (Frascati, 1902); Cironi in Il Bruscolo, March 9, 1902; Tracts of the Society of the Friends of Italy; Saffi, Ricordi e scritti, vol. iii.; Felix Moscheles, Fragments of an Autobiography; articles by Matilde Blind in Fortnightly, May, 1891; articles by Karl Blind in Fraser’s, August-September, 1882; article by Professor Masson in Macmillan’s, 1871; article by Madame Venturi in The Century, November, 1891; the privately published Life of Miss Catherine Winkworth; Jowett’s Letters; letter by C. E. Maurice to The Spectator, March 6, 1872; Barbiera, Figure e figurine (Milan, 1899) and Memorie di un editore; Lloyd Garrison’s introduction to his edition of some of Mazzini’s Essays; T. S. Cooper, A Paradise of Martyrs; G. J. Holyoake, Bygones; Caroline Fox, Memories; Madame Adams, Memoirs; De Lesseps, Ma Mission à Rome; Rusconi, Repubblica Romana; Diamilla-Müller, Roma e Venezia; Stillman, Union of Italy; Zini, Storia d’Italia, Documenti I.
Footnotes
1 So Madame Mario, who probably had it from Mazzini’s mother, and Madame Venturi on the authority of a college friend. The memoir by another fellow-student in Epistolario di G. Mazzini, I. xxix. says that he thought that a doctor was not free to express his opinions for fear of offending his patients, and that he therefore never studied medicine; so too Donaver, Uomini e libri, 70. But see his Vita di G. Mazzini, 13, on apparently good evidence.
2 He seems never to have learnt to read German easily; at all events he could not do so till comparatively late in life.
3 See pp. 325-327.
4 This description was given to, and published by Mr W. Shaen. There is reason for thinking it was written by Enrico Mayer, the Tuscan educationalist.
5 See below, p. 104.
6 See below, p. 68.
7 For Gallenga’s plot to assassinate the King, see below, c. ix.
8 Her niece, Mademoiselle Dora Melegari, tells me that her aunt’s real name was not Madeleine, as given in the Lettres Intimes; what it was, Mademoiselle Melegari does not at present feel justified in disclosing.
9 For once his knowledge of Dante seems to have failed him. Many years after he quotes the expression to “Daniel Stern,” but owns that he cannot refer to the verse.
10 He subsequently discovered that it was a loan, and insisted on repaying it shortly before his death.
11 The only evidence for this is contained in Cagnacci, Giuseppe Mazzini e i fratelli Ruffini, pp. 287, 290, from which it seems probable that Mazzini saw Madame Ruffini between June and November, 1844, and therefore, almost certainly, was at Genoa. Signor Donaver thinks it doubtful whether la Cugina of the Ruffinis’ letters refers to Mazzini, but the internal evidence seems to me to favour the identification. Signor Cagnacci’s note on p. 290 seems to imply that he has seen a memorandum by Elia Benza to the effect that Benza saw him at Porto Maurizio about this time disguised as a Capucin.
12 Carlyle’s statement (Reminiscences, ii. 182) that he “once or twice” talked with Mazzini is rather startlingly inaccurate. See Carlyle’s Life in London, i. 488.
13 There are some interesting descriptions of the Carlyles in Giovanni Ruffini’s letters to his mother. See Cagnacci, op. cit.
14 Madame Mario says in her Della vita di Mazzini, in the middle of 1838; but I think it is quite clear from Lettres intimes, 197 and 205; Giurati, op. cit., 11-12; Cagnacci, op. cit., 447 that 1839 is the true date.
15 See below, p. 127.
16 According to Madame Venturi (English Edition of Mazzini, V. 96) the King offered him the premiership; but neither Mazzini himself, nor, so far as I know, any of the memoirs of the time mention it. For other overtures from the government see Donaver in Rassegna Nazionale, Dec. 1, 1898.
17 See below, c. xvii.
18 I owe these particulars to one who knew him well, and to a contemporary description in a private letter.
19 It has often been supposed that Browning had Mazzini in mind, when he wrote The Italian in England. I know of no evidence for or against this; but the poem was written in 1845, when the letter-opening affair had made Mazzini prominently public. Mazzini is said to have made a translation of it.
20 See below, pp. 359-360.
21 Walter Savage Landor wrote to one of Mazzini’s friends, promising £95 for the family “of the first patriot, who asserts the dignity and fulfils the duty of tyrannicide.”
22 Alias Luigi Mariotti, writer of Italian grammar books for English schools.
23 For some of the evidence on these cases, I may refer to my History of Italian Unity, II. 385-387. See also Uccellini, Memorie, 209-210; Mazzini, Lettere ad A. Giannelli, 301, 437. Signor Dagnino tells me from his personal knowledge that in 1864 Mazzini stopped a plot to blow up the Austrian Viceroy of Venetia.
24 Mazzini’s and Kossuth’s letters on the subject are in the Daily News of February 19, March 2 and 4, 1853. See also Mazzini, Scritti, VIII. 283-4. He seems to have made a disingenuous use of another proclamation by Kossuth later in the year: see Bianchi, Vicende del Mazzinianismo, 85. I hardly think that Mr Stillman’s statement in his Union of Italy, p. 275, can stand against Kossuth’s plain statement in the Daily News. Mr Stillman too is wrong as to Mazzini’s share in the rising. I am inclined on the whole to think that he was justified in using Agostino’s name; see Daily News, February 17 and 20, 1853.
25 Mr W. R. Thayer has kindly ascertained for me that there is absolutely nothing in Sanders’ correspondence in the U.S.A. Bureau of Rolls, that relates either to Mazzini or Kossuth; but Saffi, who tells the story of the dinner, was present at it himself. See Mazzini, Scritti, IX. xciv, 60.
26 The following letter from Garibaldi has, I believe, not been published: I have translated it.
Caprera, March 27, ’60.
Dear Mazzini,—I am thinking of leaving for Genoa on April 1, from there I shall go to Nice, where I am summoned by my fellow-citizens, who are afraid of falling into the wolf’s mouth. I enclose two lines for McAdam [Mr John McAdam of Glasgow]. If you come, let me know.—Your brother, Giuseppe.
P.S.—Mr Adam of Glasgow will send Mr William Ashurst a sum for the Million Rifles Fund; please spend it in the purchase of the rifles in question.—G. Garibaldi.
27 Rival funds for Mazzini and Garibaldi were collected in England and there was some strong feeling between their respective backers.
28 According to a letter from Mazzini to Brofferio, published in Roma e Venezia, January 15, 1861, (the full text of which I have not seen), the King seems to have asked for an interview with him, and he had “no shadow of difficulty in principle” to it.
29 Where Mr Stansfeld had his brewery and sometimes lived.
30 Reconnaissant ceux que j’aime; one suspects an omission of à.
31 Otherwise entitled A Letter to the Oecumenical Council.
32 I have some doubts, though, whether this Wolff is identical with the Wolff of the journey to Sicily. See Lettere ad A. Giannelli, 503.
33 Will not some Italian artist paint the scene?
34 See below, pp. 288, 289.
35 Conscienza; in Mazzini’s use of the word, it covers both ‘consciousness’ and ‘conscience.’ Mazzini himself translated it by ‘conscience’ (see below, p. 362), where ‘consciousness’ would be more accurate.
36 Pascal.
37 In the undated letter, quoted by Signor Donaver in the Rassegna Nazionale, Oct. 1, 1890, he speaks of a reformed Catholic church becoming “the guide of the State and not its servant”; but I think he says rather more than he really felt in order to conciliate an old clerical friend, to whom the letter seems to be addressed.
38 Mr Peter Taylor in the Newcastle election, 1859.
39 See below, pp. 292-294.
40 In the letter referred to on p. 246 note, he calls it “religious education,” but it is clear that he did not intend the expression in its usual sense.
41 Mazzini’s views are perhaps most clearly stated in his speech to the Roman Assembly of March 9, 1849 (before he became Triumvir). See also Scritti editi e inediti, XVI. 14. In the second and perhaps the first of these passages popolo seems used as equivalent to parliament. In the second, governo is obviously not the executive. See also above, p. 247.
42 He was once arguing with Sir James Stansfeld as to the possibility of communism. Stansfeld said, “Why should not all property be vested in society?” Mazzini replied, “Because that is nonsense. Society abstractedly is nothing, really a collection of individuals. Individuals do the work, therefore individuals get the property; they may give it away if they like, but the right to it is in themselves.” The spirit of the argument is curiously inconsistent with his usual position.
43 The first address of the People’s International League, from which these words are quoted, was written by W. J. Linton, but was based on Mazzini’s rough draft.
44 M. Novicow in his Missione d’Italia has recently expressed the same belief, almost in Mazzini’s words. [But the Tripoli business has changed all this.—1911.]
45 Cf. Richard Wagner’s Prose Works (Eng. trans.), pp. 122-123.
46 Mazzini’s Philosophy of Music was written in 1836; Wagner’s Artwork of the Future in 1849.
47 This is inaccurate. See Linaker, Vita di Enrico Mayer, I. 124-125.
48 From Byron’s Journal.
49 See above, p. 168.
50 Query. The word was illegible in the original.
51 See above, p. 186.
52 A favourite expression of Mazzini, as the equivalent of quaggiù.
53 The Gladstone Ministry of December 1868.
54 Mrs Stansfeld.