[Footnotes]
1 History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 288, 290.
2 History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 576. Niebuhr has been followed in the text, although the “nexum” is one of the vexed points of Roman law. (See Über das altrömische Schuldrecht, Savigny.) The precise form of the contract is, however, perhaps, not very important for the matter in hand, as most scholars seem agreed that it resembled a mortgage, the breach of whose condition involved not only the loss of the pledge, but the personal liberty of the debtor. See Gaius, iv. 21.
3 History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., ii. 599. But compare Aulus Gellius, xx. 1.
4 Ibid., i. 582.
5 History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 583.
6 History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 472.
7 Livy, xlv. 18.
8 History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 583.
9 Ibid., ii. 603.
10 History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., i. 574.
11 Preface to Virginia.
12 History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 484.
13 See History of Rome, Mommsen, Dickson’s trans., i. 298–9.
14 See History of Rome, Niebuhr, Hare’s trans., iii. 22, 30.
15 Preface to Virginia, Macaulay.
16 Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 38.
17 Suet. Aug., ii. 41.
18 Tacitus, Ann., ii. 48.
19 Ann., vi. 39.
20 Ibid., iv. 21.
21 Sat., iii. 164.
22 L’Invasion Germanique, Fustel de Coulanges, 146–157.
23 Diod. xxxiv. 38. On the subject of the Sicilian slavery, see Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 300 et seq.
24 Polybius, ii. 15, Shuckburgh’s trans.
25 Provinces of the Roman Empire, Mommsen, ii. 233.
26 Ibid., ii. 239.
27 Deipnosophists, v. 37.
28 Martial, Ep., xii. 76.
29 Vopiscus, Aurelianus, 35.
30 L’Invasion Germanique, Fustel de Coulanges, 190.
31 Le Colonat Romain: Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire, Fustel de Coulanges, 143.
32 Organisation Financière chez les Romains, Marquardt, 65 et seq.
33 Tacitus, Ann., Murphy’s trans., iii. 53.
34 Nat. Hist., xii. 18.
35 Vopiscus, Saturninus, 8.
36 Provinces of the Roman Empire, Mommsen, ii. 140.
37 Ann., vi. 16, 17.
38 See Geschichte des Römischen Münzwesens, Mommsen, 756.
39 Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 51, 52.
40 Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 50.
41 Geschichte des Römischen Münzwesens, Mommsen, 837.
42 Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 51, 52.
43 Pliny’s Letters, iii. 19.
44 Ibid., ix. 37.
45 Digest, xix. 2, 15, and xxxiii. 7, 20.
46 Letters, x. 24. On this whole subject see Le Colonat Romain: Recherches sur quelques Problèmes d’Histoire, Fustel de Coulanges, ch. i.
47 Code of Justinian, xi. 51, 1.
48 Le Colonat Romain, Fustel de Coulanges, 21.
49 Organisation Financière chez les Romains, Marquardt, 240; Les Manieurs d’Argent à Rome, Deloume, 377.
50 See Decline and Fall, ch. xvii.
51 In C. Verrem, IV. lxxxix.
52 Cicero’s Letters, Ad Att. vi. 2; also Ad Att. v. 21, and vi. 1.
53 Diod. xxxvi. 3. See also Histoire de l’Esclavage, Wallon, ii. 42, 44.
54 Satire, viii. 89, 90.
55 Letters, viii. 24.
56 Dio Cassius, lxii. 2.
57 Nat. Hist., xiv., Proœmium.
58 Decline and Fall, ch. xvii.
59 Morals, Trans. of 1718, 4, 11.
60 Histoire de l’Esclavage, iii. 268.
61 Decline and Fall, ch. xii.
62 L’Invasion Germanique, 200, 204, 223.
63 Dio Cassius, lvi. 7.
64 Dio Cassius, lvi. 5–8.
65 Ann., iii. 25.
66 Ibid., xxviii. Latin literature is full of references to these famous laws. Tacitus, Pliny, Juvenal, and Martial constantly speak of them. There were also many commentaries on them by Roman jurists.
67 L’Organisation Militaire chez les Romains, Marquardt, 143.
68 Dio Cassius, lxxiv. 2.
69 Monnaies Byzantines, Sabatier, i. 50.
70 History of the Byzantine Empire, Finlay, 9.
71 Vopiscus, Tacitus, 10.
72 Greece under the Romans, George Finlay, 214.
73 Byzantine Empire, Finlay, 256.
74 Byzantine Architecture, Texier, 24.
75 Decline and Fall, ch. lii.
76 Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, trans. from the Hebrew by Asher, 54.
77 Monnaies Byzantines, i. 26.
78 See treaty with Bohemund. Anna Comnena, xiii. 7.
79 L’Art Byzantin, Bayet, 16, 17.
80 Theb., iii. 661.
81 Decline and Fall, ch. xx.
82 Mark v. 28, 30.
83 Chronicles, ii. 124.
84 Anglican Schism, Sander, trans. by Lewis, 143.
85 A Relation, or rather a True Account of the Island of England, Camden Soc. 30.
86 Cal. x. No. 364. References to the calendar of State papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner will be made by this word only.
87 Histoire du Sacrament de l’Eucharistie, Corblet, i. 474. See also on this subject Cæsarii Dialogus Miraculorum; De Corpore Christi.
88 Hist. Lit. de la France, xxii. 119.
89 Les Moines d’Occident, Montalembert, vi. 34.
90 Histoire de la Grande-Sauve, ii. 13.
91 Monasticon, v. 628, Ed. 1846.
92 Les Moines d’Occident, Montalembert, vi. 101.
93 Sacerdotal Celibacy, Lea, 129.
94 Annales Lauressenses, Perz, i. 188.
95 Recueil des Chartes de l’Abbaye de Cluny, Bruel, i. 124.
96 Bull. Clun., p. 2, col. 1. Also Manuel des Institutions Françaises, Luchaire, 93, 95, where the authorities are collected.
97 Annales Ecclesiastici, Baronius, year 1076.
98 Migne, cxlviii. 790.
99 Decline and Fall, ch. lx.
100 Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, v. 50.
101 Annales Ecclesiastici, Baronius, year 1095.
102 Les Familles d’Outre-Mer, ed. Rey, 3.
103 Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, viii. 108.
104 L’Art Arabe, 111 et seq.
105 L’Art Arabe, 203.
106 Mélanges, 458.
107 See Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, Viollet-le-Duc, vi. 446.
108 See Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, Vogüé, 217; Notre Dame de Noyon; Études sur l’Histoire de l’Art, Vitet, ii. 122; Dictionnaire de L’Architecture, Viollet-le-Duc, ii. 301.
109 Hist. des Croisades, xii. 7.
110 See, on the Syrian castles, Étude sur les Monuments de l’Architecture Militaire des Croisés en Syrie, Rey.
111 Letter 363, ed. 1877, Paris.
112 Sancti Bernardi, Vita et Res Gestae, Auctore Guillelmo, 1–3.
113 Secunda Vita S. Bernardi Auctore Alano, vi.
114 Exordium Magnum Cisterciense, viii.
115 Nos. 363 and 423, ed. of 1877, Paris.
116 Letter 363.
117 De Vita S. Bernardi, Auctore Gaufrido, iv. 5.
118 Letter 256, ed. of 1877, Paris.
119 Hist. des Croisades, xvi. 25.
120 Hist. des Croisades, xvi. 27.
121 De Consideratione, ii. 1.
122 Willam of Tyre, xvi. 11, 12.
123 Les Familles d’Outre-Mer, Du Cange, 405.
124 Histoire de la Commerce de la France, 132.
125 Histoire du Commerce du Levant, Heyd, French trans., i. 163.
126 Histoire du Levant, Heyd, French trans., i. 95.
127 See, on this question of cheaper money in the Carlovingian period, Nouveau Manuel de Numismatique, Blanchet, i. 101; also Histoire du Commerce de la France, Pigeonneau, 87 et seq.
128 Le Monete di Venezia, Papadopoli, 73.
129 Ville-Hardouin, ed. Wailly, xiv. 65.
130 Ibid.
131 Historiens de la France, xix. 23.
132 Patrologiæ Cursus Completus, Migne, ccxiv. 1180.
133 Historiens de la France, xix. 421.
134 Chronique, ed. Buchon, 44.
135 Ville-Hardouin, ed. Buchon, 51.
136 Chronique de Ville-Hardouin, ed. Buchon, 69.
137 Chronique, ed. Wailly, xxxvii. 178.
138 Chronique, ed. Wailly, lii. 239.
139 Chronique, ed. Buchon, 96.
140 Chronique, ed. Buchon, 99.
141 Patrologiæ Cursus Completus, Migne, ccxv. 454.
142 Migne, ccxv. 712.
143 Historia Captæ a Latinis Constantinopoleos, Migne, ccxii. 19.
144 Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 3d series, ii. 353.
145 Histoire del’Abbaye de Saint Denis, D’Ayzac, i. 361–9.
146 Vie de Louis le Gros, Suger, ed. Molinier, 61, 62.
147 Vie de Louis le Gros, Suger, ed. Molinier, 70.
148 Ibid., 18.
149 Suger, ed. Molinier, 18.
150 Ibid.
151 Études sur les origines de la commune de Saint Quentin, Giry, 9.
152 See Études sur les Faires de Champagne, Bourquelot, 72, 74; and generally on this subject.
153 Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 221–225.
154 Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 85.
155 Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 233–234.
156 Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 260.
157 Documents sur les Relations de la Royauté avec les Villes de France, Giry, 59, 61.
158 Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 189.
159 Manuel des Institutions Françaises, Luchaire, 535.
160 Les Communes Françaises, Luchaire, 283.
161 Mémoires du Duc de Saint-Simon, ed. 1874, xii. 19.
162 Le Commerce de Marseille au Moyen Age, Blancard, 3.
163 La Libertà delle Banche a Venezia, Lattes, 26.
164 Les Grandes Compagnies de Commerce, Bonnassieux, 23.
165 La Rapport entre l’or et l’argent au Temps de Saint Louis, Marchéville, 22, 33.
166 Ibid., 42.
167 Les Communes Françaises, 200, 201.
168 The documents relating to the controversy are printed in the Histoire du Differend, Dupuy.
169 Dupuy, 48.
170 Ibid., 44.
171 See letters of Beauvais and Laon, of 1303, Documents, Giry, 160.
172 Dupuy, 55.
173 Dupuy, 351. Articles presented June, 1303.
174 See Cronica di Villani, viii. 63.
175 Cronica di Villani, viii. 80. Also Ann. Eccl., Baronius, year 1305.
176 Documents Inédits sur l’Histoire de France, Procès des Templiers, Michelet, i. 166.
177 Procès des Templiers, Michelet, i. 37.
178 Ibid., 264.
179 Ibid., 75.
180 Cronica di Villani, viii. 92.
181 Continuatio Chronici Guilelmi de Nangiaco, mcccxiii.
182 La Maison du Temple, Curzon, 200, 204.
183 A History of Agriculture and Prices, J. E. Thorold Rogers, iv. 72.
184 On Justification, Works, i. 60.
185 On Justification, Works, i. 51.
186 Institutes, I. vii. 1 and 5.
187 Zwinglis Theologie, August Baur, 319, 320.
188 Institutes, IV. viii. 9.
189 John Wicliffe and his English Precursors, Lechler, Eng. trans., 302.
190 Lechler, 349, note 1.
191 Lechler, 348, note. Extract from De Eucharistia.
192 Acts and Monuments, iii. 204, 205.
193 The Praise of Folie, 1541. Englished by Sir Thomas Challoner.
194 Parl. Hist., Cobbett, i. 295.
195 Ibid., 310.
196 A Supplicacyon for Beggers, 2. Early Eng. Text Soc.
197 Acts and Monuments, v. 404.
198 Ibid., iii. 218.
199 Acts and Monuments, iv. 196.
200 Agriculture and Prices, iv. 18.
201 Reformation of the Church of England, Blunt, ii. 222.
202 Acts and Monuments, iv. 706.
203 Industrial and Commercial History of England, Rogers, 48.
204 Agriculture and Prices, iv. 715.
205 Agriculture and Prices, iv. 454.
206 Ibid., iv. 200. For the average prices of grain see tables in vol. i. 245, and iv. 292.
207 Agriculture and Prices, iv. 734.
208 Chapuys to Granville, Cal. ix. No. 862. The State Papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner are referred to by the word “Cal.”
209 Acts and Monuments, v. 365.
210 State Papers, ii. 552.
211 Chronicles, 1, clxvii.
212 Chapuys to Perrenot, Cal. x. No. 901.
213 See Anne Boleyn, Friedmann, i. 43, and elsewhere.
214 Cal. x. No. 908.
215 Burleigh and his Times, Essays.
216 Cal. vii. No. 296.
217 Ibid., xi. No. 576, Chapuys to Charles.
218 Ibid., xi. No. 576.
219 Ibid., xi. No. 864.
220 Cal. xi. No. 1045.
221 Cal. xi. No. 729.
222 Ibid., xi. No. 826.
223 Ibid., xii. pt. i. No. 698.
224 Cal. xii. pt. i. No. 976.
225 Marillac au Connétable, Kaulek, 211.
226 Acts and Monuments, v. 180.
227 Cal. viii. No. 726.
228 Sander, Lewis’ trans., 119.
229 State Papers, i. 538.
230 Cal. xii. pt. i. No. 498.
231 Kaulek, 193, 194.
232 Ibid., 82.
233 Cal. x. No. 909.
234 Kaulek, 274; Sander, Lewis, 162, and note 2.
235 Kaulek, 50.
236 Lettres de Henri VIII à Anne Boleyn, Crapelet, Lettre 3.
237 Kaulek, 199.
238 Acts and Monuments, v. 229.
239 History of England, chap. 1.
240 Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, Sander, trans. by Lewis, 161.
241 Chapuys to Charles, Cal. vi. No. 1510, date Dec., 1533.
242 The Homilies, Corrie, 49.
243 The Homilies, Corrie, 56, 58.
244 31 Henry VIII., c. 14.
245 Acts and Monuments, v. 368, 369.
246 Cal. x. pref. xliii.
247 See citations to the original authorities in Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries, Gasquet, i. 454, and note.
248 Cal. ix. No. 622. In the Calendar the letter is condensed. The extract is given in full in Gasquet, i. 261, 262.
249 Ibid., No. 630. In full in Gasquet, i. 263.
250 Ibid., No. 630.
251 Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries, i. 439.
252 Cal. ix. No. 42.
253 Cal. x. pref. xlv. note.
254 Ibid., ix. No. 1005.
255 Ibid., ix. No. 1005.
256 Cal. x. No. 364.
257 Ibid., No. 1191.
258 Ibid., No. 364.
259 Ibid., No. 1191.
260 Rites of Durham, Surtees Soc., 86.
261 Wright, 260.
262 Ellis, 1st Series, ii. 99.
263 Wright, 261, 262.
264 Ellis, 1st Series, ii. 99.
265 Agriculture and Prices, iv. 64.
266 6 Henry VIII., c. 5; 7 Henry VIII., c. 1.
267 Jewel of Joy, Becon. Also England in the Reign of Henry VIII., Early Eng. Text Soc., Extra Ser., No. xxxii. p. 75.
268 First Sermon before Edward VI. Sermons of Bishop Latimer, ed. of Parker Soc., 100, 101.
269 22 Henry VIII., c. 12.
270 27 Henry VIII., c. 25.
271 1 Edward VI., c. 3.
272 Brit. Mus., Cole MS. xii. 41. Cited in Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries, Gasquet, ii. 514, note.
273 Eccl. Mem., ii. pt. 1, 260.
274 Sermon on Rebellion, Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters, 194–6.
275 Sermon on Rebellion, Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings and Letters, 195, 196.
276 Cal. ix. No. 193.
277 Eccl. Mem., ii. pt. 1, 152.
278 5 and 6 Edw. VI., c. 2.
279 Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, Carlyle, Speech XI.
280 Raleigh to Burleigh, Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, Edwards, ii. 76, letter xxxiv.
281 The Reformation of the Church of England, ii. 68.
282 History of England, v. 432.
283 Gorham’s Reformation Gleanings, 61.
284 Ridley’s disputation at Oxford in 1554, Acts and Monuments, vi. 474.
285 A Godly Letter to the Faithful, Works, iii. 176.
286 Ibid., 177.
287 A Faithful Admonition, Works, iii. 283.
288 Ibid., iii. 281, 282.
289 On True Obedience, Heywood’s ed., 73.
290 The Institution of a Christian Man, Preface, Formularies of Faith of Henry VIII., Lloyd, 26.
291 See Burnet’s History of the Reformation, Records, part I. book iii. quest. 9.
292 S. P. Dom. Eliz. vol. 176, No. 69.
293 Zurich Letters, 1st Series, 287.
294 Towchinge the bill and the booke exhibited in the Parliament 1586 for a further reformation of the Churche, S. P. Dom. Eliz. 199, No. 1.
295 History of the Non-jurors, Lathbury, 50.
296 See History of the Reformation, Burnet, Pocock’s ed. Records, part I. book iii. quest 9.
297 History of England, ch. 1.
298 History of England, ch. iii.
299 Ibid., ch. vi.
300 History of England, ch. xiv.
301 Queen’s conference upon Graunt of a Subsedy, etc., 1584. State Papers, Dom. Eliz., 176, No. 69.
302 History of England, ch. iii.
303 Cal. x., No. 570.
304 Ambassades, v. 150. Quotation from History of the Church of England, Dixon, iv. 450.
305 Pretended Divorce of Henry VIII., Harpsfield, Camden Society, 291.
306 Burnet’s History of the Reformation, Pocock’s ed., i. 428.
307 Ibid., iii. 376.
308 Blunt’s Reformation, i. 475.
309 Anglican Schism, Sander, Lewis’ trans., 181. Also Pretended Divorce of Henry VIII., Harpsfield, 290.
310 Acts and Monuments, v. 230.
311 Agriculture and Prices, Rogers, v. 804.
312 History of England, viii. 425.
313 Influence of the Sea Power upon History, Mahan, 41.
314 English Seamen of the Sixteenth Century, 6.
315 Anderson’s History of Commerce, i. 400.
316 S. P. Dom. Eliz., 53.
317 Wealth of Nations, book 4, ch. i.
318 Discourse of Trade, Child, ed. 1775, 8.
319 History of England, ch. iii.
320 Discourse of Trade, Josiah Child, ed. 1775, 8, 9, 10.
321 Ibid., Pref. xxxi.
322 Ibid., 41.
323 American Biography, Sparks, ii. 388.
324 Wealth of Nations, bk. iv. c. 3, pt. 1.
325 Thurloe’s State Papers, v. 433, 434.
326 Annals of the Coinage of Britain, Ruding, iii. 378.
327 Annals of the Coinage, Ruding, iii. 470.
328 Investigations in Currency and Finance, Jevons, 140.
329 Annals of the Coinage, Ruding, iv. 26.
330 Wealth of Nations, bk. iv. c. 1.
331 Wealth of Nations, bk. ii. c. 2.
332 Lord Clive.
333 Macaulay’s essays have been the subject of much recent adverse criticism; but, in regard to the plundering of Hindostan, nothing of consequence has been brought forward against him. All recent historical work relating to India must be taken with suspicion. The whole official influence has been turned to distorting evidence in order to make a case for the government.
334 Lord Clive.
335 Lord Clive.
336 Warren Hastings.
337 History of the Cotton Manufacture, 115.
338 A Tour Thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain, ed. 1753, iii. 136, 137.
339 Lives of Boulton and Watt, Smiles, 484.
340 First Letter on a Regicide Peace.
341 Theory and Practice of Banking, i. 507.
342 Considerations of the Lowering of Interests. Works, ed. 1823, v. 49.
343 The Rothschilds, Reeves, 51.
344 The Rothschilds, Reeves, 192, 199.
345 Ibid., 200.
346 Wherever reference is made to comparative prices of commodities, the authority used has been the tables published by W. S. Jevons in Investigations in Currency and Finance, 144.
347 Annals of the Coinage, Ruding, iv. 37.
348 Overstone Tracts, 49.
349 History of Prices, i. 158.
350 Political Life of Sir Robert Peel, Doubleday, i. 218, note.
351 Theory and Practice of Banking, Macleod, ed. 1893, ii. 103.
352 See Hansard, New Series, viii. 189.
353 History of the Bank of England, i. 348.
354 History of the Bank of England, i. 347.
355 History of the Currency, Maclaren, 161.
356 Theory and Practice of Banking, Macleod, ii. 117, 118.
357 Overstone Tracts, 325.
358 Ibid., 191.
359 Ibid., 318.
360 Theory and Practice of Banking, ii. 147.
361 Overstone Tracts, 573, 574.
362 Cobden and the League, Ashworth, 174.
363 Theory and Practice of Banking, Macleod, ii. 169, 170.
364 Hansard, Third Series, xcv. 399.
365 Theory and Practice of Banking, ii. 170.
366 Hansard, Third Series, xcv. 398.
367 Overstone Tracts, 319.
368 See Journal of Roy. Stat. Soc., liv. 464.
369 Dénombrement de 1891, 261.
370 Annuaire de l’Économie Politique, 1894, Block, 18.
371 La Population Française, ii. 214.
372 Report of the Commission appointed in India to enquire into the Causes of the Riots which took place in the year 1875, in the Poona and Ahmednagar Districts of the Bombay Presidency, 12.
373 Report Of The Commission Appointed In India To Enquire Into The Causes Of The Riots Which Took Place In The Year 1875, In The Poona And Ahmednagar Districts Of The Bombay Presidency, 159.
374 Report of the Commission, etc., 25, 26.
375 Ibid., 167.
376 Report of the Commission, etc., 168.
377 See Musalmans and Money-lenders in the Punjab, Thorburn.
378 Report of the Commission, etc., 168.
379 See Brief History of the Indian Peoples, Hunter, 50.
380 See History of the Romans, ed. of 1852, Merivale, ii. 81, where the authorities are collected.
381 Plutarch’s Lives, Clough’s trans., iv. 123.
382 Ibid., 298.
383 Ibid., 142.
384 Genesis xxxiv. 11, 12.
385 Aristotle, Pol., ii. 9.
386 Plutarch’s Lives, Clough’s trans., iv. 507.
387 Faery Queene, Spenser, iv. 5, 1.
388 Entretiens sur l’Architecture, i. 102.
389 Ann., xv. 44.
390 Ann., xv. 44.
391 Marc-Aurèle, Renan, 600.
392 Tertullian, Ad Scapulam, 5.
393 L’Antechrist, 163 et seq.
394 Études sur l’Histoire de l’Art, Vitet, i. 200.
395 L’Art de Batir chez les Byzantins, Choisy, 5, 6.
396 Recherches pour servir à l’Histoire de la Peinture et de la Sculpture Chrétiennes en Orient, Bayet, 99.
397 Ibid., 99.
398 Buildings of Justinian, Procopius, trans. by Stewart, i. 1.
399 Ibid.
400 Dictionnaire de l’Architecture, Art. “Peinture.”
401 Entretiens, i. 102.