Rousseau and Romanticism

Bibliography

My only justification for these very unsystematic bibliographical notes is that, bringing together as they do under one cover material somewhat scattered and inaccessible to most readers, they may help to add to the number, now unfortunately very small, of those who have earned the right to have an opinion about romanticism as an international movement. A list of this kind is a fragment of a fragment. I have given, for example, only a fraction of the books on Rousseau and scarcely any of the books, thousands in numbers, which without being chiefly on Rousseau, contain important passages on him. I may cite almost at random as instances of this latter class, the comparison between Burke and Rousseau in the fifth volume of Lecky’s History of the Eighteenth Century; the stanzas on Rousseau in the third canto of Childe Harold; the passage on Rousseau in Hazlitt’s essay on the Past and Future (Table Talk).

The only period that I have covered with any attempt at fullness is that from about 1795 to 1840. Books that seem to me to possess literary distinction or to deal authoritatively with some aspect of the subject I have marked with a star. I make no claim, however, to have read all the books I have listed, and my rating will no doubt often be questioned in the case of those I have read.

I have not as a rule mentioned articles in periodicals. The files of the following special publications may often be consulted with profit. Those that have current bibliographies I have marked with a dagger.

† Revue d’Histoire littéraire de la France.—† Annales romantiques.—† Revue germanique (Eng. and German).

† Englische Studien—Anglia.—† Mitteilungen über Englische Sprache und Literatur (Beiblatt zur Anglia).—† Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen (Herrigs Archiv).—† Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur—Kritischer Jahresbericht der romanischen Philologie—Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift—Euphorion (German lit.).—† Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur.

Publications of the Modern Language Association of America.—† Modern Language Notes (Baltimore).—Modern Philology (Chicago).—The Journal of English and Germanic Philology (Urbana, Ill.).—† Studies in Philology (Univ. of North Car.).—† The Modern Language Review (Cambridge, Eng.).

Works that are international in scope and that fall either wholly or in part in the romantic period are as follows: L. P. Betz: ✱ La Littérature Comparée, Essai bibliographique, 2^e éd. augmentée, 1904.—A. Sayous: Le XVIII^e siècle à l’étranger, 2 vols. 1861.—H. Hettner: ✱ Literaturgeschichte des 18. Jahr. 1872. 6 vols. 5th edn. 1909. (Still standard.)—G. Brandes: ✱ Main Currents in 19th Century Literature, 6 vols. 1901 ff. Originally given as lectures in Danish at the University of Copenhagen and trans. into German, 1872 ff. (Often marred by political “tendency.”)—T. Süpfle: Geschichte des deutschen Kultureinflusses auf Frankreich, 2 vols. 1886-90.—V. Rossel: Hist. de la litt. fr. hors de France. 2^e éd. 1897.—C. E. Vaughan: The Romantic Revolt, 1900.—T. S. Omond: The Romantic Triumph, 1900. (A somewhat colorless book.)

English Field

✱ The Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. X, XI, XII, 1913 ff. (Excellent bibliographies.)—See also articles and bibliographies in ✱ Dictionary of National Biography, Chambers Encyclopædia of English Literature (new edn.) and Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edn.).

L. Stephen: ✱ History of English Thought in the 18th Century, 1876. (To be consulted for the deistic prelude to emotional naturalism. The author’s horizons are often limited by his utilitarian outlook.)—T. S. Seccombe: The Age of Johnson, 1900.—E. Bernbaum’s English Poets of the 18th Century, 1918. (An anthology so arranged as to illustrate the growth of sentimentalism.)—W. L. Phelps: The Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement, 1893.—H. A. Beers: A History of English Romanticism in the 18th Century, 1898. A History of English Romanticism in the 19th Century, 1901. (Both vols. are agreeably written but start from a very inadequate definition of romanticism.)—C. H. Herford: The Age of Wordsworth, 1897.—G. Saintsbury: Nineteenth Century Literature, 1896.—A. Symons: The Romantic Movement in English Poetry, 1909. (Ultra-romantic in outlook.)—W. J. Courthope: History of English Poetry, vols. V and VI, 1911.—O. Elton: ✱ A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830, 1912. (A distinguished treatment of the period, at once scholarly and literary. The point of view is on the whole romantic, as appears in the use of such general terms as “beauty” and the “infinite.”)—H. Richter: Geschichte der englischen Romantik, 1911 ff.—W. A. Neilson: The Essentials of Poetry, 1912. (The point of view appears in a passage like the following, pp. 192-93: According to Arnold high seriousness “is the final criterion of a great poet. One might suggest it as a more fit criterion for a great divine. … The element for which Arnold was groping when he seized on the σπουδή of Aristotle was not seriousness but intensity.”)—P. E. More: ✱ The Drift of Romanticism (Shelburne Essays, Eighth Series), 1913. (Deals also with the international aspects of the movement, especially in the essay on Nietzsche. The point of view has much in common with my own.)

George Lillo: The London Merchant; or The History of George Barnwell, 1731. Fatal Curiosity, 1737. Both plays ed. with intro. by A. W. Ward, 1906. (Bibliography.)—E. Bernbaum: The Drama of Sensibility, 1696-1780, 1915.

S. Richardson, 1689-1761: Novels, ed. L. Stephen, 12 vols. 1883.

D. Diderot: Eloge de R., 1761. Reprinted in Œuvres complètes, vol. v.—J. Jusserand: Le Roman Anglais, 1886.—J. O. E. Donner: R. in der deutschen Romantik, 1896.—W. L. Cross: The Development of the English Novel (chap. II, “The 18th Century Realists”), 1899.—J. Texte: ✱ J.-J. Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire. Eng. trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1899.—C. L. Thomson: Samuel Richardson: a Biographical and Critical Study, 1900.—A. Dobson: S. R., 1902.

L. Sterne, 1713-68: Collected Works, ed. G. Saintsbury, 6 vols. 1894. Ed. W. L. Cross, 12 vols. 1904.

P. Fitzgerald: Life of S., 2 vols. 1864. 3d edn. 1906.—P. Stapfer: Laurence Sterne, 1870.—H. D. Traill: Sterne, 1882.—L. Stephen: Sterne. Hours in a Library, vol. III, 1892.—J. Czerny: Sterne, Hippel, und Jean Paul, 1904.—H. W. Thayer: L. S. in Germany, 1905.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, 3d Series, 1905.—W. L. Cross: The Life and Times of L. S., 1909.—W. Sichel: ✱ Sterne, 1910.—L. Melville: The Life and Letters of L. S., 2 vols. 1911.—F. B. Barton: Etude sur l’influence de S. en France au XVIII^e siècle, 1911.

Henry Mackenzie: The Man of Feeling, 1771.—Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto, 1765.—Clara Reeve: The Champion of Virtue, 1777. Title changed to The Old English Baron in later edns.—Thomas Amory: Life of John Buncle, Esq., 4 vols. 1756-66. New edn. (with intro. by E. A. Baker), 1904.—Henry Brooke: The Fool of Quality, 5 vols. 1766-70. Ed. E. A. Baker, 1906.—William Beckford: An Arabian Tale [Vathek], 1786. In French, 1787. Ed. R. Garnett, 1893.—L. Melville: The Life and Letters of William Beckford, 1910.—P. E. More: W. B., in The Drift of Romanticism, 1913.

Edward Young, 1683-1765: Works, 6 vols. 1757-78. Poetical Works (Aldine Poets), 1858.—George Eliot: The Poet Y., in Essays, 2d edn. 1884.—W. Thomas: Le poète E. Y., 1901.—J. L. Kind: E. Y. in Germany, 1906.—H. C. Shelley: The Life and Letters of E. Y., 1914.

James Macpherson, 1736-96: Fingal, 1762. Temora, 1763. The Works of Ossian, ed. W. Sharp, 1896.—For bibliography of Ossian and the Ossianic controversy see Lowndes’s Bibliographer’s Manual, part VI, 1861.—J. S. Smart: ✱ James Macpherson, 1905.

Thomas Percy: Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 3 vols. 1765. Ed. H. B. Wheatley, 3 vols. 1876 and 1891.—A. C. C. Gaussen: Percy, Prelate and Poet, 1908.

Thomas Chatterton, 1752-70: Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro. and bibliography by H. D. Roberts, 2 vols. 1906. Poetical Works, with intro. by Sir S. Lee, 2 vols. 1906-09.—A. de Vigny: Chatterton. Drame, 1835—D. Masson: Chatterton in Essays, 1856.—T. Watts-Dunton: Introduction to poems of C., in Ward’s English Poets.—C. E. Russell: Thomas Chatterton, 1909.—J. H. Ingram: The True Chatterton, 1910.

Thomas Warton: The History of English Poetry, 1774-88.—C. Rinaker: Thomas Warton, 1916.—Joseph Warton: Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope, 2 vols. 1756-82.—Paul-Henri Mallet: Introduction à l’Hist. de Dannemarc, 2 vols. 1755-56—F. E. Farley: Scandinavian Influence on the English Romantic Movement, 1903 (Bibliography).—R. Hurd: Letters on Chivalry and Romance, 1762; ed. E. J. Morley, 1911.

W. Godwin, 1756-1836: Political Justice, 1793. Caleb Williams, 1794.

C. K. Paul: W. G., his Friends and Contemporaries, 2 vols 1876.—W. Hazlitt: W. G., in The Spirit of the Age, 1902.—L. Stephen: W. G.’s Novels. Studies of a Biographer, vol. III, 1902.—P. Ramus: W. G. der Theoretiker des kommunistischen Anarchismus, 1907.—H. Saitzeff: W. G. und die Anfänge des Anarchismus im xviii Jahrhundert, 1907.—Helene Simon: W. G. und Mary Wollstonecraft, 1909.—H. Roussin: W. G., 1912.

R. Burns, 1759-96: The Complete Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 3 vols. 1896.—J. C. Ewing: Selected List of the Works of R. B., and of Books upon his Life and Writings, 1899.

W. Wordsworth: Letter to a Friend of R. Burns, 1816.—T. Carlyle: Burns, 1828. Rptd. 1854. On Heroes and Hero-Worship, 1841.—J. G. Lockhart: Life of R. Burns, 1828.—H. A. Taine: Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, vol. III, 1863-64.—J. C. Shairp: R. Burns, 1879.—R. L. Stevenson: Familiar Studies of Men and Books, 1882.—M. Arnold: Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—A. Angellier: ✱ R. Burns: la vie et les œuvres, 2 vols. 1893.—T. F. Henderson: R. Burns, 1904.—W. A. Neilson: Burns: How to Know Him, 1917.

W. Blake, 1759-1827: The Poetical Works, ed. with an intro. and textual notes by J. Sampson, 1913.

A. Gilchrist: Life of B., 2 vols. 1863. New edn. 1906.—A. C. Swinburne: W. B., 1868. New edn. 1906.—A. T. Story: W. B., 1893.—J. Thomson (B.V.): Essay on the Poems of W. B., in Biographical and Critical Studies, 1896.—W. B. Yeats: Ideas of Good and Evil, 1903.—F. Benoit: Un Maître de l’Art. B. le Visionnaire, 1906.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906.—P. Berger: W. B., 1907.—S. A. Brooke: Studies in Poetry, 1907.—E. J. Ellis: The Real B., a Portrait Biography, 1907.—B. de Selincourt: W. B., 1909.—G. Saintsbury: A History of English Prosody, vol. III, 1910.—J. H. Wicksteed: B.’s Vision of the Book of Job, 1910.—H. C. Beeching: B.’s Religious Lyrics, Essays and Studies by Members of the Eng. Association, vol. III, 1912.—A. G. B. Russell: The Engravings of W. B., 1912.

W. Wordsworth, 1770-1850: Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. Poems, chosen and edited by M. Arnold, 1879. Prose Works, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols. 1896. Wordsworth’s Literary Criticism, ed. N. C. Smith, 1905.

W. Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—C. Wordsworth: Memoirs of W. W., 2 vols. 1851.—T.B. Macaulay: Critical and Historical Essays, 1852.—J. R. Lowell: Among my Books, 1870.—R. H. Hutton: Essays Theological and Literary, 2 vols. 1871.—J. C. Shairp: W., 1872.—S. A. Brooke: Theology in the English Poets, 1874. 10th edn. 1907.—E. Dowden: Studies in Literature, 1878. New Studies in Literature, 1895.—W. Bagehot: Literary Studies, 1879.—F. W. H. Myers: W., 1881.—J. H. Shorthouse: On the Platonism of W., 1882.—W. A. Knight: Memorials of Coleorton, 2 vols. 1887. Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to 1855, 1907.—M. Arnold: ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—P. Bourget: Etudes et Portraits, vol. II, 1888.—W. H. Pater: Appreciations, 1889.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. II, 1892. Studies of a Biographer, vol. I, 1898.—Dorothy Wordsworth: Journals, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols, 1897.—E. Legouis: ✱ The Early Life of W., 1770-98. Trans. by J.W. Matthews, 1897.—E. Yarnall: W. and the Coleridges, 1899.—W. A. Raleigh: W., 1903.—K. Bömig: W. W. im Urteile seiner Zeit, 1906.—A. C. Bradley: Eng. Poetry and German Philosophy in the Age of W., 1909.—M. Reynolds: The Treatment of Nature in Eng. Poetry between Pope and W., 1909. (Bibliography.)—L. Cooper: A Concordance to the Poems of W. W., 1911.—E. S. Robertson: Wordsworthshire. An Introduction to a Poet’s Country, 1911.

W. Scott, 1771-1832: Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 1904. The Waverly Novels (Oxford edn.), 25 vols. 1912. The Miscellaneous Prose Works, 30 vols. 1834-71.

W. Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—J. G. Lockhart: ✱ Memoirs of the Life of Sir W. S. Baronet, 2 vols. 1837-38.—T. Carlyle: Sir W.S., 1838.—G. Grant: Life of Sir W. S., 1849.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. I, 1874. The Story of S.’s Ruin, Studies of a Biographer, vol. II, 1898.—R. H. Hutton: Sir W. S., 1876.—W. Bagehot: The Waverley Novels in Literary Studies, vol. II, 1879.—G. Smith: Sir W. S., in Ward’s English Poets, vol. IV, 1883.—R. L. Stevenson: A Gossip on Romance in Memories and Portraits, 1887.—J. Veitch: The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, 2 vols. 1887. Vol. II. History and Poetry of the Scottish Border. 2d edn. 2 vols. 1893.—C.D. Yonge: Life of Sir W.S. (bibliography by J.P. Anderson), 1888.—V. Waille: Le Romantisme de Manzoni, 1890.—A. Lang: Life and Letters of J.G. Lockhart, 2 vols. 1896. L. and the Border Minstrelsy, 1910.—F.T. Palgrave: Landscape in Poetry, 1896.—A.A. Jack: Essays on the Novel as illustrated by S. and Miss Austen, 1897.—G. Saintsbury: Sir W.S., 1897.—L. Maigron: ✱ Le Roman historique à l’époque romantique. Essai sur l’influence de W.S., 1898.—W.L. Cross: Development of the English Novel, 1899.—M. Dotti: Delle derivazioni nei Promessi sposi di A. Manzoni dai Romanzi di W.S., 1900.—W.H. Hudson: Sir W.S., 1901.—W.S. Crockett: The Scott Country, 1902. Footsteps of S., 1907. The Scott Originals, 1912.—A. Ainger: S. Lectures and Essays, vol. I. 1905.—A.S.G. Canning: History in S.’s Novels, 1905. Sir W.S. studied in Eight Novels, 1910.—G. Agnoli: Gli Albori del romanzo storico in Italia e i primi imitatori di W.S., 1906.—C.A. Young: The Waverley Novels, 1907.—G. Wyndham: Sir W.S., 1908.—F.A. MacCunn: Sir W.S.’s friends, 1909.

S. T. Coleridge, 1772-1831: Dramatic Works, ed. D. Coleridge, 1852. Poetical Works, ed. with biographical intro. by J.D. Campbell, 1893. Complete Poetical Works, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 2 vols. 1912. Prose Works, 6 vols. in Bohn’s Library, 1865 ff.—Biographia Literaria, ed. with his æsthetical essays by I. Shawcross, 2 vols. 1907. Anima Poetae, ed. E.H. Coleridge, 1895. C.’s Literary Criticism, with intro. by J.W. Mackail, 1908. Biographia epistalaris, ed. A. Tumbull, 2 vols. 1911.

W. Hazlitt: Mr. C., in The Spirit of the Age, 1825.—T. Allsop: Letters, Conversations, and Recollections of S.T.C., 2 vols. 1836.—T. Carlyle: Life of John Sterling (part I, chap, VIII), 1851.—Sara Coleridge: Memoirs and Letters of Sara Coleridge, 2 vols. 1873.—H.D. Traill: Coleridge, 1884.—A. Brandl: S.T.C. und die englishe Romantik, 1886. Eng. trans. by Lady Eastlake, 1887.—W. Pater: Coleridge. Appreciations, 1889.—T. De Quincey: S.T.C., 1889.—L. Stephen: Coleridge, Hours in a Library, vol. III, 1892.—J.D. Campbell: S.T.C., 1894. 2d edn.; 1896.—E. Dowden: C. as a Poet. New Studies in Literature, 1895.—E.V. Lucas: Charles Lamb and the Lloyds, 1898.—R.H. Shepherd: The Bibliography of C., 1900.—C. Cestre: La Révolution française et les poètes anglais (1789-1809), 1906.—J. Aynard: La vie d’un poète. Coleridge, 1907.—A.A. Helmholtz: The Indebtedness of S.T.C. to A.W. Schlegel, 1907.—A.A. Jack and A.C. Bradley: Short Bibliography of C., 1912.

C. Lamb, 1775-1834: Life and Works, ed. A. Ainger, 12 vols. 1899-1900. The Works of Charles and Mary L., ed. E.V. Lucas, 7 vols. 1903-05. The Works in Prose and Verse of Charles and Mary L., ed. T. Hutchinson, 2 vols. 1908. The Letters of C.L. Intro, by H.H. Harper, 5 vols. 1907. Dramatic Essays of C.L., ed. B. Matthews, 1891.

G. Gilfillan: C.L., vol. II, 1857.—B.W. Proctor: C.L., 1866.—P. Fitzgerald: C.L., 1866.—A. Ainger: C.L., a Biography, 1882. Lectures and Essays, vol. II, 1905.—W. Pater: C.L. Appreciations, 1889.—E.V. Lucas: Bernard Barton and his Friends, 1893. C.L. and the Lloyds, 1898. The Life of C.L., 2 vols. 1905.—F. Harrison: L. and Keats, 1899.—G.E. Woodberry: C.L., 1900.—H. Paul: C.L. Stray Leaves, 1906.

W. Hazlitt, 1778-1830: Works, edd. A.R. Waller and A. Glover, 12 vols. and index, 1902-06.

L. Hunt: Autobiography, 3 vols. 1850.—W. C. Hazlitt: Memoirs of W. H., 2 vols. 1867. Four Generations of a Literary Family, 2 vols. 1897. Lamb and H., 1899.—G. Saintsbury: H. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860), 1890.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. II, 1892.—A. Birrell: W. H., 1902.—P. E. More: The Shelburne Essays, Second Series, 1905.—J. Douady: Vie de W. H., 1907.—Liste chronologique des œuvres de W. H., 1906.

Lord Byron, 1788-1824: The Works of Lord B., ed. by R. H. Coleridge and R. E. Prothero, 13 vols. 1898-1904. Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro., etc., by P. E. More, 1905.—Poetry of B., chosen and arranged by M. Arnold, 1881.

S. E. Brydges: Letters on the Character and Poetical Genius of Lord B., 1824.—T. Medwin: Journal of the Conversations of Lord B., 1824.—L. Hunt: Lord B. and Some of his Contemporaries, 3 vols. 1828.—J. Galt: The Life of Lord B., 1830, 1908.—V. E. P. Chasles: Vie et influence de B. sur son époque, 1850.—T. B. Macaulay: Lord B., 1853.—H. Beyle: Lord B. en Italie, in Racine et Shakespeare, 1824.—K. Elze: Lord B., 1870.—H. von Treitschke: Lord B. und der Radicalismus, in Historische und politische Aufsätze, vol. I, 1871.—E. Castelar: Vida de Lord B., 1873.—A. C. Swinburne: B., in Essays and Studies, 1875.—C. Cant: Lord B. and his Works, 1883.—J. C. Jeaffreson: The Real Lord B., 2 vols. 1883.—M. Arnold: ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—R. Noel: Life of B. (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1890.—O. Schmidt: Rousseau und B., 1890.—S. Singheimer: Goethe und Lord B., 1894.—K. Bleibtreu: B. der Übermensch, 1897. Das Byron-Geheimnis, 1912.—R. Ackermann: Lord B., 1901.—F. Melchior: Heines Verhältnis zu Lord B., 1902.—G. K. Chesterton: The Optimism of B., in Twelve Types, 1902.—E. Koeppel: Lord B., 1903.—J. C. Collins: The Works of Lord B., in Studies in Poetry and Criticism, 1905.—W. E. Leonard: B. and Byronism in America, 1905.—M. Eimer: Lord B. und die Kunst, 1907.—E. Estève: ✱ B. et le romantisme français, 1907.—J. Calcaño: Tres Poetas pesimistas del siglo xix (Lord B., Shelley, Leopardi), 1907.—P. H. Churchman: B. and Espronoeda, 1909.—R. Edgcumbe: B.; The Last Phase, 1909.—B. Miller: Leigh Hunt’s Relations with B., 1910.—C. M. Fuess: Lord B. as a Satirist in Verse, 1912.—E. C. Mayne: B., 2 vols. 1912.

T. De Quincey, 1785-1859. Select Essays, ed. D. Masson, 2 vols. 1888. Collected Writings, ed. D. Masson, 14 vols. 1889-90. Literary Criticism, ed. H. Darbishire, 1909.

A. H. Japp: T. De Q.: His Life and Writings.. 2 vols. 1877. New edn. 1890. De Q. Memorials, 2 vols. 1891.—S. H. Hodgson: Outcast Essays, 1881.—D. Masson: T. De Q., 1881.—G. Saintsbury: De Q. Essays in English Literature (1780-1860), 1890.—L. Stephen: Hours in a Library. New edn. vol. I. 1892.—J. Hogg: De Q. and his Friends, 1895.—A. Barine: Névrosés: De Q., etc., 1898.—A. Birrell: Essays about Men, Women and Books, 1901.—H. S. Salt: De Q., 1904.—J. A. Green: T. De Q.: a Bibliography, 1908.

P. B. Shelley, 1792-1822: Complete Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. Prose Works, 4 vols. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1880. Prose Works, ed. R. H. Shepherd, 2 vols. 1888, 1912. S.’s Literary Criticism, ed. J. Shawcross, 1909. Letters to Elizabeth Hitchener, ed. B. Dobell, 1909. The Letters of S., ed. R. Ingpen, 2 vols. 1909. New edn. 1912.

L. Hunt: Lord Byron and his Contemporaries, 1828.—T. Medwin: The Shelley Papers, 1833. Life of S., 2 vols. 1847. Ed. H. B. Forman, 1913.—T. J. Hogg: Life of S., 2 vols. 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.—E. J. Trelawny: Recollections of the Last Days of S. and Byron, 1858. Ed. E. Dowden, 1906.—D. Masson: Wordsworth, S., Keats, and other Essays, 1874.—J. A. Symonds: S., 1878.—J. Todhunter: A Study of S., 1880.—Shelley Society Publications, 1884-88.—F. Rabbe: S., 1887.—J. C. Jeaffreson: The Real S., 2 vols. 1885.—E. Dowden: Life of S., 2 vols. 1886. Revised and condensed, 1896.—W. Sharp: Life of S., 1887.—M. Arnold: ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—F. S. Ellis: A Lexical Concordance to the Poetical Works of S., 1892.—W. Bagehot: Literary Studies. New edn., vol. I, 1895.—H. Richter: P. B. S., 1898.—W. B. Yeats: The Philosophy of S.’s Poetry, 1903.—S. A. Brooke: The Lyrics of S., etc. Studies in Poetry, 1907.—E. S. Bates: A Study of S.’s Drama The Cenci, 1908.—F. Thompson: S., 1909.—A. C. Bradley: S.’s View of Poetry, in Oxford Lectures on Poetry, 1909. Short Bibliography of S., English Association Leaflet, no. 23, 1912.—A. Clutton-Brock: S., the Man and the Poet, 1910.—P. E. More: S., in Shelburne Essays, Seventh Series, 1910.—A. H. Koszul: La Jeunesse de Shelley, 1910.—H. R. Angeli: S. and his Friends in Italy, 1911.—F. E. Schelling: The English Lyric, 1913.—H. N. Brailsford: S. and Godwin, 1913.—R. Ingpen: S. in England, 2 vols. 1917.

J. Keats, 1795-1821: Poetical Works, ed. with an intro., etc., by H. B. Forman, 1906. Poems, ed. Sir S. Colvin, 2 vols. 1915. Letters. Complete revised edn., ed. H. B. Forman, 1895. Keats Letters, Papers and other Relics, ed. G. C. Williamson, 1914.

M. Arnold: Selections from K.’s Poems, with Introduction, in Ward’s English Poets, vol. IV, 1880. Also in ✱ Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888.—A. C. Swinburne: Miscellanies, 1886.—W. M. Rossetti: Life of J. K. (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1887.—S. Colvin: K., 1887.—W. Watson: Excursions in Criticism, 1893.—J. Texte: K. et le neo-hellénisme dans la poésie anglaise in Etudes de littérature européenne, 1898.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906.—S. A. Brooke: Studies in Poetry, 1907.—A. E. Hancock: J. K., 1908.—A. C. Bradley: The Letters of K., in Oxford Lectures on Poetry, 1909.—L. Wolff: An Essay on K.’s Treatment of the Heroic Rhythm and Blank Verse, 1909. J. K., sa vie et son œuvre, 1910.—J. W. Mackail: Lectures on Poetry, 1912.—Sir S. Colvin: ✱ Life of J. K., 1917.

French Field

Bibliography: G. Lanson: ✱ Manuel bibliographique de la litt. fr. moderne, 1500-1900, vols. III and IV. Nouvelle éd. revue et complétée, 1915.—H. P. Thieme: Guide bibliographique de la litt. fr. de 1800-1906, 1907.—Asselineau: Bibliographie romantique, 3d edn., 1873. Histories of French Literature: D. Nisard: Histoire de la litt. fr., 4 vols. 1844-61. (For N.’s type of classicism see my Masters of Mod. Fr. Crit., pp. 87 ff.)—F. Brunetière: Manuel de l’histoire de la litt. fr., 1899.—G. Lanson: ✱ Histoire de la litt. fr. 11th edn. 1909.—C. H. C. Wright: A History of Fr. Lit. (bibliography), 1912.—C.-M. Des Granges: Histoire illustrée de la litt. fr., 1915.

Eighteenth century: F. Baldensperger: Lénore de Bürger dans la litt. fr., in Etudes d’hist. litt. 1^e série, 1907. Young et ses Nuits en France, ibid.—J. Reboul: Un grand précurseur des romantiques, Ramond (1755-1827), 1911.—D. Mornet: Le romantisme en Fr. au XVIII^e siècle, 1912.—P. van Tieghem: Ossian en Fr., 2 vols. 1917.

E. Bersot: Etudes sur le XVIII^e siècle, 1855. Hist. des idées morales et politiques en Fr. au XVIII^e siècle, 2 vols. 1865-67.—H. Taine: ✱ L’Ancien Régime, 1876. Vol. I of Les Origines de la Fr. contemporaine.—E. Faguet: ✱ XVIII^e siècle, 1892.—Rocafort: Les Doctrines litt. de l’Encyclopédie, 1890.—G. Lanson: Le Rôle de l’expérience dans la formation de la philosophie du XVIII^e siècle, 1910.

Abbé Prévost: Manon Lescaut, 1731.—Harrisse: Bibliographie et Notes pour servir à l’hist. de Manon Lescaut, 1875. L’Abbé Prévost: hist. de sa vie et de ses œuvres, 1896.—Heilborn: Abbé Prévost und seine Beziehungen zur deutschen Lit., 1897.

Œuvres complètes de Gessner, trad. par Huber, 3 vols. 1768. H. Heis: Studien aber einige Beziehungen zwischen der deutschen und der französischen Lit. im XVII. Jahr. I. Der Uebersetzer und Vermittler Huber, 1909.

G. Lanson: ✱ Nivelle de La Chaussée et la comédie larmoyante, 1887. 2d edn. 1903.—E. Lintilhac: Beaumarchais et ses œuvres, 1887.—L. Béclard: Sébastien Mercier, 1903.—Günther: L’œuvre dramatique de Sedaine, 1908.—F. Gaiffe: Etude sur le drame en Fr. au XVIII^e siècle, 1910.

J.-J. Rousseau, 1712-1778: Discours sur les sciences et les arts, 1750. Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité, 1755. Nouvelle Héloïse, 1761. Emile, 1762. Le contrat social, 1762. Ed. Dreyfus-Brisác, 1896. Ed. Beaulavon, 1903. 2 éd. revue, 1914. Confessions, 1782-88. Ed. A. van Beyer, 1914. ✱ The Political Writings of R., ed. with intro., etc. by C. E. Vaughan, 2 vols. 1915. (Excellent work on the text. The estimate of the political influence seems to me to lack penetration.) Collected works: Ed. Petitain, 22 vols. 1819-20. Ed. Musset-Pathay, 23 vols. 1823-26. Ed. Hachette, 13 vols. 1887. (No good collected ed. as yet.)

Streckeisen-Moultou: Œuvres et Correspondance inédites de J.-J. R., 1861. J.-J. R., ses amis et ses ennemis (Lettres à R.), 1865.: E. Asse: Bibliographie de J.-J. R. [no date]. For current bibliography see ✱ Annales de la Société J.-J. Rousseau, 1905 ff. Extraits de J.-J. R. publiés avec intro. p. L. Brunel. 3^e éd. 1896.—Morceaux choisis de J.-J. R. avec intro. etc., p. D. Mornet, 1911.

Studies (chiefly biographical): Musset-Pathay: Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J.-J. R., 2 vols. 1821.—Gaberel: R. et les Génevois, 1858.—H. Beaudoin: La Vie et les Œuvres de J.-J. R., 2 vols. 1891 (bibliography).—F. Mugnier: Mme. de Warens et J.-J. R., 1891.—F. Macdonald: Studies in the France of Voltaire and R., 1895. J.-J. R., a New Criticism, 2 vols. 1906. (The evidence offered as to the tampering with the memoirs of Mad. d’Epinay is of value. The work is in general uncritical.)—E. Ritter: ✱ La famille et la jeunesse de J.-J. R., 1896.—Stoppolini: Le donne nella vita di G.-G. R., 1898.—E. Rod: L’affaire J.-J. R., 1906.—Comte de Girardin: ✱ Iconographie de J.-J. R., 1908. Iconographie des Œuvres de J.-J. R., 1910.—H. Buffenoir: Les Portraits de J.-J. R.—E. Faguet: Vie de R., 1912.—G. Gran: J.-J. R., 1912.

Hume: Exposé succint de la contestation qui s’est élevée entre M. Hume et M. Rousseau, 1766.—Dussaulx: De mes rapports avec J.-J. R., 1798.—Comte d’Escherny: Mélanges de littérature, etc., 1811.—D. Guillaume: J.-J. R. à Motiers, 1865.—Metzger: J.-J. R. à l’île Saint-Pierre, 1875. La conversion de Mme. Warens, 1887. Une poignée de documents inédits sur Mme. Warens, 1888. Pensées de Mme. Warens, 1888. Les dernières années de Mme. Warens [no date]. G. Desnoiresterres: Voltaire et J.-J. R. (vol. VI of ✱ Voltaire et la société fr. au XVIII^e siècle) 2^e éd. 1875.—G. Maugras: Voltaire et J.-J. R., 1886.—F. Berthoud: J.-J. R. au Val de Travers, 1881. J.-J. R. et le pasteur de Montmollin, 1884.—T. de Saussure: J.-J. R. à Venise, notes et documents, recueillis par Victor Ceresole 1885.—P. J. Möbius: ✱ J.-J. R.’s Krankheitsgeschichte, 1889.—Chatelain: La Folie de J.-J. R., 1890.—F. Mugnier: Nouvelles Lettres de Mme. Warens, 1900.—A. de Montaigu: Démêlés du Comte Montaigu et de son secrétaire J.-J. R., 1904.—B. de Saint-Pierre: La Vie et les Ouvrages de J.-J. R., éd. critique p. par M. Souriau, 1907.—C. Collins: J.-J. R. in England, 1908.—A. Rey: J.-J. R. dans la vallée de Montmorency, 1909.—D. Cabanès: Le Cabinet secret de l’histoire, 3^e série, 1909.—F. Girardet: La Mort de J.-J. R., 1909.—P.-P. Plan: R. raconté par les gazettes de son temps, 1913.

General Studies (chiefly critical): Bersot: Etudes sur le XVIII^e siècle, t. II, 1855.—J. Morley: ✱ R., 1873. 2d edn. 2 vols., 1886—Saint-Marc Girardin: J.-J. R., sa vie et ses œuvres, 1874.—H.-F. Amiel: Caractéristique générale de R., in J.-J. R. jugé par les Génevois d’aujourd’hui, 1878.—Mahrenholtz: J.-J. R.’s Leben, 1889.—Chuquet: J.-J. R., 1893.—H. Höffding: R. und seine Philosophie, 1897.—J.-F. Nourrisson: J.-J. R. et le Rousseauisme, 1903.—Brédif: Du Caractère intellectuel et moral de J.-J. R., 1906.—J. Lemaître: J.-J. R., 1907.—L. Claretie: J.-J. R. et ses amis, 1907.—L. Ducros: J.-J. R. (1712-57), 1908. J.-J. R. (1757-65), 1917.—B. Bouvier: J.-J. R., 1912.

Special Studies (chiefly critical): Sainte-Beuve: ✱ Lundis, t. II (R. et Mme. de Franqueville), 1850; t. III (les Confessions), 1850; t. XV (Œuvres et Correspondance inédites), 1861. Nouveaux Lundis, t. IX (Mad. de Verdelin), 1865.—J. R. Lowell: R. and the Sentimentalists, in Lit. Essays, II, 1867.—Brunetière: Etudes critiques, t. III (1886) et IV (1890).—C. Borgeaud: J.-J. R.’s Religionsphilosophie, 1883.—A. Jansen: R. als Musiker, 1884. R. als Botaniker, 1885.—Espinas: Le système de R., 1895.—T. Davidson: J.-J. R. and Education according to Nature, 1898.—M. Liepmann: Die Rechtsphilosophie des J.-J. R. 1898.—F. Haymann: J.-J. R.’s Sozial-Philosophie, 1898.—P. E. Merriam: History of the Theory of Sovereignty since R., 1900.—E. Duffau: La profession de foi du Vicaire Savoyard, 1900.—J. L. Windenberger: Essai sur le Système de politique étrangère de J.-J. R., 1900.—A. Pougin: J.-J. R. musicien, 1901.—G. Schumann: Religion und Religion-Erziehung bei R., 1902.—Faguet: Politique comparée de Montesquieu, Voltaire et R., 1902.—M. Gascheau: Les Idées économiques chez quelques philosophes du XVIII^e siècle, 1903.—Grand-Carteret: La Montagne à travers les âges, 1903.—Albalat: Le Travail du Style enseigné par les corrections manuscrites des grands écrivains, 1903.—A. Geikie: Landscape in History and other Essays, 1905.—B. Lassudrie-Duchesne: J.-J. R. et le Droit des gens, 1906.—G. del Vecchio: Su la teoria del Contratto Sociale, 1906.—P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, VI (Studies in Religious Dualism), 1909.—D. Mornet: Le sentiment de la nature en France, de J.-J. R. à B. de S. Pierre, 1907.—L. Gignoux: Le théâtre de J.-J. R., 1909.—H. Rodet: Le Contrat Social et les idées politiques de J.-J. R., 1909.—A. Schinz: J.-J. R., a Forerunner of Pragmatism, 1909.—G. Fusseder: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprache R.’s, 1909.—J.-J. Tiersot: R., 1912 (Les Maîtres de la Musique).—G. Vallette: J.-J. R. Génevois, 1911.—E. Faguet: R. contre Molière, 1912. Les Amies de R., 1912. R. Artiste, 1913. R. Penseur, 1913.

Sources: Dom Cajot: Les Plagiats de J.-J. R. de Genève sur l’Education, 1765.—J. Vuy: Origine des ideés politiques de J.-J. R., 1878.—G. Krüger: Emprunts de J.-J. R. dans son premier Discours, 1891.—J. Texte: ✱ J.-J. R. et les origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire au XVIII^e siècle, 1895.—C. Culcasi: Degli influssi italiani nell’ opera di J.-J. R.—G. Chinni: Le fonti dell’ Emile de J.-J. R., 1908.—D. Villey: L’influence de Montaigne sur les idées pédagogiques de Locke et de R., 1911.

Reputation and Influence: Mme. de Staël: Lettres sur le caractère et les ouvrages de J.-J. R., 1788.—Mercier: De J.-J. R. considéré comme l’un des premiers auteurs de la Révolution, 1791.—Kramer: A.-H. Francke, J.-J. R., H. Pestalozzi, 1854.—E. Schmidt: Richardson, Rousseau und Goethe, 1875.—Dietrich: Kant et R., 1878.—Nolen: Kant et J.-J. R., 1880.—O. Schmidt: R. et Byron, 1887.—Pinloche: La réforme de l’éducation en Allemagne au XVIII^e siècle, Basedow et le philanthropinisme, 1889. Pestalozzi et l’éducation populaire moderne, 1891.—Lévy-Bruhl: L’Allemagne depuis Leibnitz, 1890. La Philosophie de Jacobi, 1894.—J. Grand-Carteret: J.-J. R. jugé par les Français d’aujourd’hui, 1890.—R. Fester: R. und die deutsche Geschichtsphilosophie, 1890.—H. Gössgen: R. und Basedow, 1891.—C. H. Lincoln: J.-J. R. and the French Revolution, 1898.—A. Chalybans: J.-J. R.’s Einfluss auf die französische Revolution und die Socialdemokratie, 1899.—V. Delbos: Essai sur la formation de la philosophie pratique de Kant, 1903.—C. Cestre: La Révolution française et les Poètes anglais, 1906.—P. Lasserre: ✱ Le Romantisme français, 1907.—Natorp: Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Sozialpädagogik, erste Abteilung: Historisches (Pestalozzi et R.), 1907.—M. Schiff: Editions et traductions italiennes des œuvres de J.-J. R., 1908.—H. Buffenoir: Le Prestige de J.-J. R., 1909.—E. Champion: J.-J. R. et la Révolution française, 1910 (superficial).—A. Meynier: J.-J. R. révolutionnaire, 1913 (superficial).—Revue de métaphysique et de morale, May, 1912. Symposium on R. and his influence by E. Boutroux, B. Bosanquet, J. Jaurès, etc. For similar symposium (by G. Lanson, H. Höffding, E. Gosse, etc.) see Annales de la Soc. J.-J. R., VIII (1912). For symposium by Italian writers see Per il II^o centenario di G. G. R. (Studi pubblicati dalla Rivista pedagogica), 1913.—P. M. Masson: ✱ La Religion de J.-J. R., 3 vols. 1917. (A storehouse of information for the growth of deism and religious sentimentalism in France in the 18th century. Unfortunately the author is himself confused as to the difference between genuine religion and mere religiosity.)

D. Diderot, 1713-84: Œuvres, p. par Assézat et Tourneux, 20 vols. 1875-79. Diderot. Extraits, avec intro., etc., par J. Texte, 1909 (excellent). Pages choisies de D., p. avec intro. par G. Pellissier, 1909 (excellent).

Naigeon: Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de D., 1798. Mémoires de Mme. de Vandeul, 1830.—Sainte-Beuve: Portraits litt., I (1830). Lundis, III, (1851).—Rosenkranz: D.’s Leben und Werke, 2 vols. 1866.—E. Scherer: ✱ D., 1880.—Caro: La fin du Dix-huitième Siècle, t. I, 1880.—E. Faguet: Dix-huitième Siècle, 1892.—J. Morley: ✱ Diderot and the Encyclopædists, 2 vols. 1891.—L. Ducros: D., l’homme et l’écrivain, 1894.—J. Reinach: D., 1894.—A. Collignon: D., sa vie, ses œuvres, sa correspondance, 1895.—Bersot: Etudes sur le Dix-huitième Siècle, t. II, 1855.—Brunetière: Etudes critiques, t. II. Les Salons de D., 1880.—J. Bédier: Le Paradoxe sur le Comédien est-il de D.? Etudes Critiques, 1903.

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, 1737-1814: Etudes de la nature, 3 vols. 1784; 4 vols. 1787 (4th vol. contains Paul et Virginie); éd. augmentée, 5 vols. 1792. œuvres complètes, p. par Aimé Martin, 12 vols. 1818-20. Supplément, 1823. Correspondance, p. par A. Martin, 3 vols. 1826.—A. Barine: B. de Saint-Pierre, 1891.—F. Maury: Etude sur la vie et les œuvres de B. de Saint-Pierre, 1892.

Nineteenth Century: A. Nettement: Histoire de la litt. fr. sous le gouvernement de juillet, 2 vols. 1854.—A. Michiels: Histoire des idées lit. en Fr., 2 vols. 1842.—G. Pellissier: ✱ Le mouvement litt. au XIX^e siècle. (Eng. trans.) 6th edn. 1900.—E. Faguet: Le XIX^e siècle, 1887. ✱ Politiques et Moralistes du XIX^e siècle, 3 vols. 1891-99.—F. Brunetière: ✱ L’Evolution de la poésie lyrique en Fr. au XIX^e siècle, 2 vols. 1894.—C. Le Goffie: La Litt. fr. au XIX^e siècle, 1910.—F. Strowski: Histoire de la litt. fr. au XIX^e siècle, 1911. Important material bearing on the romantic period will also be found in the critical essays of G. Planche, D. Nisard, Sainte-Beuve, A. Vinet, E. Scherer, Barbey d’Aurevilly, H. Taine, E. Montégut, F. Brunetière, P. Bourget, E. Biré, E. Faguet, J. Lemaître, G. Larroumet, G. Pellissier, R. Doumic, etc. For fuller information see bibliography of my Masters of Mod. Fr. Crit., 395 ff. For tables of contents of the different volumes of these and other critics see Thieme: Guide bibliographique, 499 ff.

History, Critical Studies and Special Topics: Stendhal: Racine et Shakespeare, 1823.—D. Sauvageot: Le Romantisme (t. VIII de L’Hist. de la Litt. fr., publiée sous la direction de Petit de Julleville).—T. Gautier: Hist. du Romantisme, 1874.—Fournier: Souvenirs poétiques de l’Ecole Romantique, 1880.—R. Bazin: Victor Pavie, 1886.—T. Pavie: Victor Pavie, sa jeunesse, ses relations littéraires, 1887.—L. Derôme: Les éditions originales des romantiques, 2 vols. 1887.—G. Allais: Quelques vues générales sur le Romantisme fr. 1897.—J. Texte: L’influence allemande dans le Romantisme fr., in Etudes de litt. européenne, 1898.—E. Asse: Les petits romantiques, 1900.—E. Dubedout: Le sentiment chrétien dans la poésie romantique, 1901.—Le Roy: L’Aube du théâtre romantique, 1902.—R. Canat: Du sentiment de la solitude morale chez les romantiques et les parnassiens, 1904.—E. Barat: Le style poétique et la révolution romantique, 1904.—H. Lardanchet: Les enfants perdus du romantisme, 1905.—A. Cassagne: La théorie de l’art pour l’art en France, 1906.—E. Kircher: Philosophie der Romantik, 1906.—E. Estève: ✱ Byron et le Romantisme fr., 1907.—Lasserre: ✱ Le Romantisme fr., 1907. (A very drastic attack on Rousseau and the whole Rousseauistic tendency.)—L. Séché: Le Cénacle de La Muse Fr. (1823-27), 1908.—E. Seillière: Le Mal romantique, essai sur l’impérialisme irrationnel, 1908. (One of about 18 vols. in which S. attacks the underlying postulates of the Rousseauist. Like the other leaders of the crusade against romanticism in France, S. seems to me unsound on the constructive side.)—A. Pavie: Médaillons romantiques, 1909.—W. Küchler: Französische Romantik, 1909.—C. Lecigne: Le Fléau romantique, 1909.—P. Lafond: L’Aube romantique, 1910.—L. Maigron: ✱ Le Romantisme et les mœurs, 1910. Le Romantisme et la mode, 1911.—G. Michaut: Sur le Romantisme, une poignée de définitions (extraits du Globe) in Pages de critique et d’hist. litt., 1910.—J. Marsan: La Bataille romantique, 1912.—P. van Tieghem: Le Mouvement romantique, 1912.—G. Pellissier: Le Réalisme du romantisme, 1912.—A. Bisi: L’Italie et le romantisme français, 1914.—C. Maurras: L’Avenir de l’intelligence. 2^e éd. 1917.—L. Rosenthal: Du Romantisme au réalisme, 1918.

A. Jullien: Le Romantisme et l’éditeur Renduel, 1897.—P. Nebout: Le Drame romantique, 1897.—F. Baldensperger: ✱ Goethe en France, 1904. Bibliographie critique de Goethe en France, 1907.—C. Latreille: La Fin du théâtre romantique et François Ponsard, 1899.—R. Canat: La renaissance de la Grèce antique (1820-50), 1911.—G. Gendarme de Bévotte: La Légende de Don Juan, 2 vols. 1911.—L. Séché: Le Cénacle de Joseph Delorme, 2 vols. 1912.—J. L. Borgerhoff: Le théâtre anglais à Paris sous la Restauration, 1913.—M. Souriau: De la convention dans la tragédie classique et dans le drame romantique, 1885.

Anthologies: Anthologie des poètes fr. du XIX^e siècle (Lemerre), 4 vols. 1887-88.—French Lyrics of the Nineteenth Century, ed. by G. N. Henning, 1913. (An excellent selection.)—The Romantic Movement in French Literature, traced by a series of texts selected and edited by H. F. Stewart and A. Tilley, 1910.

The Press: La Muse Française, 1823-24. Reprinted with intro. by J. Marsan, 2 vols. 1907-09.—P. F. Dubois: Fragments litt., articles extraits du Globe, 2 vols. 1879.—T. Ziessing: “Le Globe” de 1824 à 1830, considéré dans ses rapports avec l’école romantique, 1881.—F. Davis: French Romanticism and the Press, “The Globe”, 1906.—C. M. Desgranges: ✱ Le Romantisme et la critique, la presse litt. sous la Restauration, 1907.

B. Constant: Adolphe, 1816; avec préface de Sainte-Beuve, 1867; de P. Bourget, 1888; d’A. France, 1889.—Sainte-Beuve: Portraits litt., 1844. Lundis, XI (sur Adolphe); Nouveaux Lundis, I, 1862.—E. Faguet: Politiques et Moralistes, 1^re série, 1891.—G. Rudler: La jeunesse de B. Constant (1767-94), 1909. Bibliographie critique des œuvres de B. C., 1908.—J. Ettlinger: B. C., der Roman eines Lebens, 1909.

Madame de Staël, 1766-1817: De la littérature, 1801. Delphine, 1802. Corinne, 1807. De l’Allemagne, 1814. Œuvres complètes, 3 vols. 1836.

Biography: Mme. Necker de Saussure: Notice en tête de l’édition des Œuvres, 1820.—Mme. Lenormant: Mme. de S. et la grande duchesse Louise, 1862. Mme. Récamier, 1872.—A. Stevens: Mme. de S., 2 vols. 1881.—D’Haussonville: Le Salon de Mme. Necker, 1882.—Lady Blennerhassett: ✱ Mme. de S. et son temps, traduit de l’allemand p. A. Dietrich, 3 vols. 1890.—A. Sorel: Mme. de S., 1890.—Dejob: Mme. de S. et l’Italie, 1890.—E. Ritter: Notes sur Mme. de S., 1899.—P. Gautier: Mme. de S. et Napoléon, 1903.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: Portraits Littéraires, t. III, 1836. Portraits de Femmes, 1844. Nouveaux Lundis, t. II, 1862.—Vinet: Etudes sur la litt. française. Mme. de S. et Chateaubriand, 1849. New edn. published by P. Sirven, 1911.—Faguet: Politiques et Moralistes, 1891.—F. Brunetière: Evolution de la Critique, 1892.—U. Mengin: L’Italie des Romantiques, 1902.—Maria-Teresa Porta: Mme. de S. e l’Italia (bibliographia), 1909.—G. Muoni: Ludovico di Breme e le prime polemiche intorno a Mme. de S. ed al Romanticismo in Italia.—E. G. Jaeck: Mme. de S. and the Spread of German Literature, 1915.—P. Kohler: Mme. de S. et la Suisse, 1916.—R. C. Whitford: Mme. de S.’s Reputation in England, 1918.

François René de Chateaubriand, 1768-1848. Essai sur les Révolutions, 1797.—Atala, 1801. Le Génie du Christianisme, 1802. René, 1802. Les Martyrs, 1809. Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, 1849-50; éd. Biré, 6 vols. 1898-1901. œuvres complètes, 12 vols. 1859-61. Correspondance générale, p. par L. Thomas, vols. I-IV, 1912-13.—Rocheblave: Pages choisies de C., 1896.—V. Giraud: Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe: Pages choisies, 1912.

Biography: Vinet: Etudes sur la litt. française. Mme. de Staël et C., 1849. New edn. published by P. Sirven, 1911.—A. France: Lucile de Chateaubriand, 1879.—A. Bardoux: Mme. de Beaumont, 1884. Mme. de Custine, 1888. Mme. de Duras, 1898.—F. Saulnier: Lucile de Chateaubriand, 1885.—G. Pailhès: Mme. de C., 1887. Mme. de C., lettres inédites à Clausel de Coussergues, 1888. C., sa femme et ses amis, 1896. Du nouveau sur Joubert, C., etc., 1900.—J. Bédier: C. en Amérique, 1899. Etudes critiques, 1903.—E. Biré: Les dernières années de C. (1830-48), 1902.—A. Le Braz: Au pays d’exil de C., 1909.—A. Beaunier: Trois amies de C., 1910.—A. Cassagne: La vie politique de C., 1911.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: Portraits Contemporains, t. I, 1834, 1844. Lundis, ts. I, II, 1850; X, 1854. Nouveaux Lundis, t. III, 1862. ✱ C. et son groupe littéraire sous l’Empire, 1848.

Villemain: C., 1853.—Comte de Marcellus: C. et son temps, 1859.—P. Bourget: C., in Etudes et Portraits, 1889.—C. Maurras: Trois idées politiques (C., Michelet, Sainte-Beuve), 1898.—F. Gansen: Le rapport de V. Hugo à C., 1900.—Lady Blennerhassett: Die Romantik und die Restaurationsepoche in Frankreich, C., 1903.—E. Dick: Plagiats de C., 1905.—G. Daub: Der Parallelismus zwischen C. und Lamartine, 1909.—E. Michel: C., interprétation médico-psychologique de son caractère, 1911.—Portiquet: C. et l’hystérie, 1911.—V. Giraud: Nouvelles études sur C., 1912.—J. Lemaître: C., 1912.—G. Chinard: ✱ L’Exotisme américain dans l’œuvre de C., 1918. (This volume with its two predecessors: L’Exotisme américain au XVI^e siècle (1911), and L’Amérique et le rêve exotique au XVII^e et au XVIII^e siècle (1913) is an important repertory of material for the legend of the “noble savage” and allied topics.)

E. P. de Senancour, 1770-1846: Rêveries, 1798, 1800. Ed. critique, pub. par J. Merlant, vol. I, 1911. Obermann, 1804, 2d edn. with preface by Sainte-Beuve, 1833.—J. Levallois: Un précurseur, Senancour, 1897.—A. S. Tornudd: S., 1898—J. Troubat: Essais critiques, 1902.—J. Merlant: S., poète, penseur religieux et publiciste, 1907.—R. Bouyer: Un contemporain de Beethoven, Obermann précurseur et musicien, 1907.—G. Michaut: S., ses amis et ses ennemis, 1909.

Charles Nodier, 1783-1844: Œuvres, 13 vols. 1832-41 (incomplete).—S. de Lovenjoul: Bibliographie et critique, 1902. Œuvres choisies de N. Notices p. A. Cazes, 1914.—Sainte-Beuve: Portraits littér., I, 1840.—P. Mérimée: Portraits histor. et littér., 1874.—E. Montégut: Nos morts contemp., I, II, 1884.—M. Salomon: C. N. et le groupe romantique d’après des documents inédits, 1908.—J. Marsan: Notes sur C. N., documents inédits, lettres, 1912.

Alphonse de Lamartine, 1790-1869: Méditations poétiques, 1820. Nouvelles méditations poétiques, 1823. Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, 1832. Jocelyn, 1836. Œuvres complètes, 41 vols. 1860-66. Œuvres (éd. Lemerre), 12 vols. 1885-87. Correspondance, p. par V. de Lamartine, 6 vols. 1872-75.

Biographical and General Studies: F. Falconnet: A. de L., 1840.—Chapuys-Montlaville: L., 1843.—E. de Mirecourt: L., 1853.—E. Ollivier: L., 1874.—H. de Lacretelle: L. et ses amis, 1878.—P. Bourget: L., in Etudes et Portraits, 1889.—De Pomairols: L., 1889.—Baron de Chamborand de Périssat: L. inconnu, 1891.—F. Reyssié: La jeunesse de L., 1892.—Deschanel: L., 1893.—A. France: L’Elvire de L., 1893.—R. Doumic: Elvire à Aix-les-Bains, in Etudes sur la litt. française, 6^e série, 1909. L., 1912.—Zyromski: L. poète lyrique, 1897.—Larroumet: L., in Nouvelles études de litt. et d’art, 1899.—L. Séché: L. de 1816 à 1830, 1905. Le Roman d’Elvire, 1909. Les amitiés de L., 1^re série, 1911.—E. Sugier: L., 1910.—P.-M. Masson: L., 1911.—P. de Lacretelle: Les origines et la jeunesse de L., 1911.

Critical Studies: G. Planche: Portraits littéraires, t. I, 1836. Nouveaux Portraits, 1854.—Sainte-Beuve: ✱ Lundis, ts. I, IV, X, 1849-54. Portraits contemporains, t. I, 1832-39.—J. Lemaître: Les Contemporains, 6^e série, 1896.—E. Faguet: XIX^e siècle, 1897—Brunetière: L’évolution de la poésie lyrique en France au XIX^e siècle, 1894.—A. Roux: La question de Jocelyn, 1897.—M. Citoleux: La poésie philosophique au XIX^e siècle, L., 1905.—C. Maréchal: Le véritable Voyage en Orient de L., 1908.—P. de Lacretelle: Les origines et la jeunesse de L., 1911.—L. Séché: Les Amitiés de L., 1912.—R. Doumic: L., 1912.—H. R. Whitehouse: The Life of L., 2 vols. 1918.

Alfred de Vigny, 1797-1863: Eloa, 1824. Poèmes antiques et modernes, 1826. Cinq-Mars, 1826. Chatterton, 1835. Les Destinées, 1864. Œuvres (Lemerre), 8 vols. 1883-85. Le Journal d’un poète, p. par L. Ratisbonne, 1867. La Correspondance d’A. de V., 1906 (incomplete).—S. de Lovenjoul: Les Lundis d’un chercheur, 1894.—E. Asse: A. de V. et les éditions originales de ses poésies, 1895.—J. Langlais: Essai de bibliographie de A. de V., 1905.

Biography: L. Séché: A. de V. et son temps [no date].—E. Dupuy: La Jeunesse des Romantiques, 1905. A. de V., ses amitiés, son rôle littéraire, 2 vols. 1912.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: Portraits littéraires, t. III, 1844. Nouveaux Lundis, t. VI, 1863.—Barbey d’Aurevilly: Les Œuvres et les Hommes, III, 1862.—A. France: A. de V., 1868.—P. Bourget: Etudes et Portraits, 1889.—Brunetière: L’évolution de la poésie lyrique, 1894.—Faguet: XIX^e siècle, 1897.—Paléologue: A. de V., 1891.—Dorison: A. de V. poète, philosophe, 1891.—J. Lemaître: Contemporains, VII, 1899.—E. Sakellaridès: A. de V., auteur dramatique, 1902.—Marabail: De l’influence de l’esprit militaire sur A. de V., 1905.—H. Schmack: A. de V.’s Stello und Chatterton, 1905.—P.-M. Masson: A. de V., 1908.—P. Buhle: A. de V.’s biblische Gedichte und ihre Quellen, 1909.—E. Lauvrière: A. de V., 1910.—F. Baldensperger: A. de V., 1912.—L. Séché: A. de V., 2 vols. 1914.—A. Desvoyes: A. de V. d’après son œuvre, 1914.—J. Aicard: A. de V. 1914.

Victor Hugo, 1802-85: Œuvres complètes, ed. ne varietur d’après les manuscrits originaux, 48 vols. 1880-85. Œuvres inédites, 14 vols. 1886-1902. Correspondence (1815-84), 2 vols. 1896. Lettres à la fiancée (1820-22), 1901.

Biography: Mme. Victor Hugo: V. H. raconté par un témoin de sa vie, 2 vols. 1863.—E. Biré: V. H. avant 1830, 1883. V. H. après 1830, 2 vols. 1891. V. H. après 1852, 1894.—G. Larroumet: La maison de V. H., impressions de Guernsey, 1895.—A. Jullien: Le Romantisme et l’éditeur Renduel, 1897.—A. Barbou: La Vie de V. H., 1902.—G. Simon: L’Enfance de V. H., 1904.—E. Dupuy: La Jeunesse des Romantiques, 1905.—C. Maréchal: Lamennais et V. H., 1906.—L. Séché: Le Cénacle de Joseph Delorme. I, V. H. et les Poètes. II, V. H. et les artistes, 1912.—L. Guimbaud: V. H. et Juliette Drouet, 1914.

Critical Studies: G. Planche: Portraits littéraires, ts. I, II, 1836. Nouveaux Portraits littéraires, t. I, 1854.—Barbey d’Aurevilly: Les Misérables de M. Victor Hugo, 1862.—Sainte-Beuve: Portraits litt., t, I (1827); t. II (1840); t. III (1829); Portraits contemporains, t. I (1830-35).—Rémusat: Critiques et études littéraires du passé et du présent, 2^e éd., 1857.—E. Zola: Nos auteurs dramatiques, 1881. Documents littéraires, 1881.—A. C. Swinburne: Essay on V. H., 1886.—E. Dupuy: V. H., l’homme et le poète, 1887.—G. Duval: Dictionnaire des métaphores de V. H., 1888.—P. Bourget: V. H., in Etudes et Portraits, 1889.—Nisard: Essais sur l’école Romantique, 1891.—L. Mabilleau: V. H., 1893.—C. Renouvier: V. H., le poète, 1893. V. H., le philosophe, 1900.—A. Ricard: Mgr. de Miollis, évêque de Digne, 1893.—Brunetière: L’évolution de la poésie lyrique, 1894. Les époques du théâtre français, 1892.—A. Blanchard: Le théâtre de V. H. et la parodie, 1894.—Morel Fatio: L’Histoire dans Ruy Blas, in Etudes sur l’Espagne, 1^re série, 1895.—A. J. Theys: Métrique de V. H., 1896.—M. Souriau: La préface de Cromwell, 1897. Les idées morales de V. H., 1908.—A. Rochette: L’Alexandrin chez V. H., 1899 and 1911.—F. Ganser: Beiträge zur Beurteilung des Verhältnisses von V. H. zu Chateaubriand, 1900.—E. Rigal: V. H. poète épique, 1900.—P. Stapfer: V. H. et la grande poésie satirique en France, 1901.—T. Gautier: V.H., 1902.—P. and V. Glachant: Essai critique sur le théâtre de V. H., Drames en vers. Drames en prose, 2 vols., 1902 and 1903.—P. Levin: V. H., 1902.—Leçons faites à l’Ecole Normale sous la direction de F. Brunetière, 2 vols. 1902.—F. Gregh: Etude sur V. H., 1902.—H. Peltier: La philosophie de V. H., 1904.—H. Galletti: L’opera di V.H. nella letteratura italiana, 1904.—E. Huguet: La couleur, la lumière et l’ombre dans les métaphores de V. H., 1905.—L. Lucchetti: Les images dans les œuvres de V. H., 1907.—P. Bastier: V. H. und seine Zeit., 1908.—Maria Valente: V. H. e la lirica italiana, 1908.—A. Guiard: La fonction du poète, étude sur V. H., 1910. Virgile et V. H., 1910.—C. Grillet: La Bible dans V. H., 1910.—P. Berret: Le moyen âge européen dans La Légende des Siècles, 1911.—A. Rochette: L’Alexandrin chez V. H., 1911.—P. Dubois: V. H. Ses Idées religieuses de 1802-25, 1913.

H. Berlioz: Correspondance inédite (1819-68), pub. par D. Bernard, 1879. Lettres intimes, pub. par Ch. Gounod, 1882. Berlioz; les années romantiques (1819-42), Correspondance, pub. par J. Tiersot, 1907.—A. Boschot: La Jeunesse d’un romantique, H. Berlioz (1803-31), 1906. Un romantique sous Louis Philippe, Berlioz (1831-42), 1908. Le Crépuscule d’un romantique, Berlioz (1842-69), 1913.

Alexandre Dumas, 1803-70: Henri III et sa cour, 1829. Antony, 1831. Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844. Le Comte de Monte Cristo, 1844-45.

J. Janin: A.D., 1871.—B. Matthews: In Fr. Dramatists of the 19th cent., 1881.—B. de Bury: A. D., 1885.—E. Courmeaux: A. D., 1886.—J. J. Weiss: Le théâtre et les mœurs, 3^e éd. 1889.—H. Parigot: Le drame d’ A. D., 1898. A. D., 1901.—H. Lecomte: A. D., 1903.—J. Lemaître: Impressions de théâtre, t. III (1890), IV (’95), VIII (’95), IX (’96).—R. Doumic: De Scribe à Ibsen, 1896; also in Hommes et idées du XIX^e Siècle, 1903.

George Sand, 1804-76: Indiana, 1832. Lélia, 1833. Jacques, 1834. Consuelo, 1842-43. La petite Fadette, 1849. Histoire de ma vie, 4 vols. 1854-55.—Correspondance, 6 vols. 1882-84. Correspondance de G. S. et d’ A. de Musset, p. par F. Decori, 1904. Œuvres complètes (éd. C. Lévy), 105 vols.—S. de Lovenjoul: Etude bibliographique sur les œuvres de G. S., 1868.

Biography: H. Lapaire and F. Roz: La bonne dame de Nohant, 1897.—Ageorges: G. S. paysan, 1901.—A. Le Roy: G. S. et ses amis, 1903.—H. Harrisse: Derniers moments et obsèques de G. S., souvenirs d’un ami, 1905.—A. Séché and J. Bertaut: La vie anecdotique et pittoresque des grands écrivains, G. S., 1909.

Critical Studies: G. Planche: Portraits littéraires, t. II, 1836. Nouveaux Portraits littéraires, t. II, 1854.—Sainte-Beuve: ✱ Lundis, t. I, 1850. Portraits Contemporains, 1832.—E. Caro: G. S., 1887.—P. Bourget: Etudes et Portraits, 1889.—J. Lemaître: Les Contemporains, t. IV, 1889. Impressions de théâtre, ts. I, IV, 1888-92.—Marillier: La sensibilité et l’imagination chez G. S., 1896.—W. Karénine: G. S., 3 vols. 1899-1912.—R. Doumic: G. S., 1909.—L. Buis: Les théories sociales de G. S., 1910.—E. Moselly: G. S., 1911.

Gérard de Nerval, 1808-55: Œuvres compl., 5 vols. 1868. M. Tourneux: G. de N., 1867.—T. Gautier: Portr. et souvenirs littér., 1875.—Arvède Barine: Les Névrosés, 1898.—Mlle. Cartier: Un intermédiaire entre la France et l’Allemagne, G. de N., 1904.—Gauthier-Ferrières: G. de N., la vie et l’œuvre, 1906.—J. Marsan: G. de N., lettres inédites, 1909.—Correspondance (1830-55), p. par J. Marsan, 1911.—A. Marie: G. de N., 1915.

Alfred de Musset, 1810-57: Œuvres Complètes (Charpentier), 10 vols. 1866, 10 vols. (Lemerre), 1886. 9 vols. p. par E. Biré, 1907-08.—Rocheblave: Lettres de George Sand à Musset et à Sainte-Beuve, 1897.—Correspondance de George Sand et d’A. de M., p. par F. Decori, 1904.—Correspondance d’A. de M., p. par L. Séché, 1907.—S. de Lovenjoul: Etude critique et bibliographique des œuvres d’A. de M., 1867.—M. Clouard: Bibliographie des œuvres d’A. de M., 1883.

Biography: G. Sand: Elle et Lui, 1859.—P. de Musset: Lui et Elle, 1859. Biographie d’A. de M., 1877.—Louise Colet: Lui, 1859.—S. de Lovenjoul: La véritable histoire de Elle et Lui, 1897.—P. Mariéton: Une histoire d’amour, George Sand et A. de M., 1897.—E. Lefébure: L’état psychique d’A. de M., 1897.—E. Faguet: Amours d’hommes de lettres, 1906.—L. Séché: A. de M., 1907. La Jeunesse dorée sous Louis-Philippe, 1910.

Critical Studies: Sainte-Beuve: Portraits Contemporains, t. II, 1833. ✱ Lundis, I., 1850, XIII, 1857.—D. Nisard: Etudes d’hist. et de lit., 1859. Mélanges d’hist. et de lit., 1868.—P. Lindau: A. de M., 1876.—H. James: Fr. Poets and Novelists, 1878.—D’Ancona: A. de M. e l’Italia, in Varieta Storiche e Letterarie, 2 vols. 1883-85.—J. Lemaître: Impr. de théâtre, I, II (’88), VII (’93), IX (’96), X (’98).—Arvède Barine: A. de M., 1893.—L. P. Betz: H. Heine und A. de M., 1897.—L. Lafoscade: Le théâtre d’A. de M., 1901.—G. Crugnola: A. de M. e la sua opera, 2 vols. 1902-03.—J. d’Aquitaine: A. de M., l’œuvre, le poète, 1907.—Gauthier-Ferrières: M., la vie de M., l’œuvre, M. et son temps, 1909.—M. Donnay: A. de M., 1914.—C. L. Maurras: ✱ Les Amants de Venise, Nou. éd., 1917.

Théophile Gautier, 1811-72: Les Jeune-France, 1833. Mlle. de Maupin, 1836-36. Emaux et Camées, 1852. Histoire du romantisme, 1874. Œuvres Compl. (éd. Charpentier). 37 vols. 1883.—M. Tourneux: T. G., sa bibliographie, 1876.—S. de Lovenjoul: Histoire des œuvres de T. G., 2 vols. 1887.

Sainte-Beuve: Premiers Lundis, t. II, 1838. Portraits Contemporains, II. 1846. Nouveaux Lundis, VI, 1863.—Barbey d’Aurevilly: Les Œuvres et les Hommes, 1865.—Baudelaire: L’Art romantique, 1874.—E. Feydeau: T. G., souvenirs intimes, 1874.—H. James: Fr. Poets and Novelists, 1878.—E. Bergerat: T. G., 1880.—M. Du Camp: T. G., 1890.—E. Richet: T. G., l’homme, la vie et l’œuvre, 1893.

German Field

Bibliography: Goedeke: ✱ Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, 2 edn. vol. VI, 1898.—R. M. Meyer: Grundriss der neuren deutschen Literaturgeschichte, 2 edn. 1907.—A. Bartels: Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Literatur, 2 edn. 1909.—Jahresberichte für neuere deutsche Literaturgeschichte, 1892 ff. (bibliographical notes on romanticism by O. F. Walzel).

General Studies: H. Heine: ✱ Die romantische Schule, 1836. Eng. trans, in Bohn’s Library. (Filled with political “tendency.” A brilliant attack on romanticism by a romanticist.)—J. v. Eichendorff: Ueber die ethische und religiöse Bedeutung der neuren romantischen Poesie in Deutschland, 1847.—J. Schmidt: Geschichte der Romantik im Zeitalter der Reformation und der Revolution, 2 vols. 1848-50.—H. Hettner: ✱ Die romantische Schule in ihrem inneren Zusammenhange mit Goethe und Schiller.—R. Haym: ✱ Die romantische Schule, 1870. Unrevised reprint, 1902. (Heavy reading but still the standard treatment.)—Ricarda Huch: ✱ Blütezeit der Romantik, 1899. ✱ Ausbreitung und Verfall der Romantik, 1902. (Attractively written. The point of view, like that of practically all Germans, is very romantic.)—Marie Joachimi: Die Weltanschauung der deutschen Romantik, 1905.—O. F. Walzel: ✱ Deutsche Romantik, 3 edn. 1912.—R. M. Wernaer: Romanticism and the Romantic School in Germany, 1909. (The outlook, which professes to be humanistic, seems to me in the main that of the beautiful soul.)—A. Farinelli: Il romanticismo in Germania, 1911. (Simply reeks with the “infinite” in the romantic sense. “Sono, ahimè, stoffa di ribelle anch’io.” Useful bibliographical notes.)—A. W. Porterfield: An Outline of German Romanticism, 1914. (Of no importance from the point of view of ideas. The bibliography is useful.)—J. Bab: Fortinbras, oder der Kampf des 19. Jahr. mil dem Geist der Romantik, 1912. (An attack on romanticism.)

See also A. Kobersteim: Geschichte der deutschen Nationalliteratur, vol. IV, pp. 543-955, 1873.—G. G. Gervinus: Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung, vol. V, pp. 631-816, 1874.—R. M. Meyer: Die deutsche Literatur des 19. Jahr., pp. 1-243, 1898.—R. v. Gottschall: Die deutsche Nationalliteratur des 19. Jahr., vol. I, 1901.—K. Francke: A History of German Literature, 1901. (The point of view is sociological rather than literary.)—W. Scherer: Geschichte der deutschen Literatur, pp. 614-720, 1908.—C. Thomas: A History of German Literature, pp. 328-76, 1909.—J. G. Robertson: Outlines of the History of German Literature, pp. 178-253, 1911.—A. Biese: Deutsche Literaturgeschichte, vol. II, pp. 288-693, 1912.

Anthologies: Stürmer und Dränger. An anthology ed. by A. Sauer. Deutsche Nat. Lit., vols. 79, 80, 81, 1883.—Sturm und Drang. Dichtungen aus der Geniezeit, ed. by Karl Freye.—A. Spiess: Die deutschen Romantiker, 1903. (Poetry and prose.)—F. Oppeln-Bronikowski and L. Jacobowski: Die blaue Blume. Eine Anthologie romantischer Lyrik, 1908.

Philosophy: L. Noack: Schelling und die Philosophie der Romantik, 2 vols. 1859.—E. Grucker: François Hemsterhuis, sa vie et ses œuvres, 1866.—E. Meyer: Der Philosoph F. Hemsterhuis, 1893.—W. Dilthey: ✱ Leben Schleiermachers, 1870.—J. Royce: The Spirit of Modern Philosophy, 1892.—L. Lévy-Bruhl: La Philosophie de Jacobi, 1894.—H. Höffding: A History of Modern Philosophy (bk. VIII: The Philosophy of Romanticism), 1900.—R. Burck: H. Steffens, Ein Beitrag zur Philosophie der Romantik, 1906.—W. Windelband: Geschichte der neuren Philosophie, 4 edn. 2 vols. 1907 (Eng. trans.).

Music and painting: H. Riemann: ✱ Geschichte der Musik seit Beethoven, 1800-1900, pp. 106-356, 1901.—D. G. Mason: The Romantic Composers, 1906.—E. Istel: ✱ Die Blütezeit der musikalischen Romantik in Deutschland, 1909.—✱ The Oxford History of Music, vol. VI (The Romantic Period, 1905).—C. Gurlitt: Die deutsche Kunst des 19. Jahr., especially pp. 180-279, 1899.—A. Aubert: Runge und die Romantik, 1909.—R. Muther: Geschichte der Malerei, 3 vols. (vol. III for romantic period in Germany and other countries), 1909.

Special Topics (18th and 19th Centuries): L. Friedländer: Ueber die Entstehung und Entwickelung des Gefühls für das Romantische in der Natur, 1873.—J. Minor: J. G. Hamann in seiner Bedeutung für die Sturm und Drangperiode, 1881. Das Schicksalsdrama. Deutsche Nation. Lit., vol. 151. Die Schicksalstragödie in ihren Hauptvertretern, 1883.—R. Unger: ✱ Hamann und die Aufklärung, 1911.—G. Bonet-Maury: Bürger et les origines anglaises de la ballade littéraire en Allemagne, 1890.—S. Lublinski: Die Frühzeit der Romantik, 1899.—T. S. Baker: The Influence of L. Sterne upon German Literature in Americana Germanica, vol. II, 1900.—R. Tombo: Ossian in Germany, 1902 (bibliography).—E. Ederheimer: Jakob Boehme und die Romantiker, 1904.—L. Hirzel: Wieland’s Beziehungen zu den deutschen Romantikern, 1904.—K. Joel: Nietzsche und die Romantik, 1904.—S. Schultze: Die Entwickelung des Naturgefühls in der deutschen Literatur des 19. Jahr. 1906.—M. Joachimi-Dege: Deutsche Shakespeare-Probleme im 18. Jahr. und im Zeitalter der Romantik, 1907.—E. Vierling: Z. Werner: La conversion d’un romantique, 1908.—E. Glöckner: Studien zur romantischen Psychologie der Musik, 1909.—R. Benz: Märchen-Dichtung der Romantiker, 1909.—F. Brüggemann: Die Ironie als entwicklungsgeschichtliches Moment, 1909.—O. F. Walzel: Das Prometheussymbol von Shaftesbury zu Goethe, 1910.—F. Strich: Die Mythologie in der deutschen Literatur von Klopstock bis Wagner, 1910.—F. G. Shneider: Die Freimaurerei und ihr Einfluss auf die geistige Kultur in Deutschland am Ende des 18. Jahr. 1909.—R. Buchmann: Helden und Mächte des romantischen Kunstmärchens, 1910.—K. G. Wendriner: Das romantische Drama, 1909.—O. F. Walzel and H. Hub: ✱ Zeitschriften der Romantik, 1904.—J. Bobeth: Die Zeitschriften der Romantik, 1910.—J. E. Spenlé: Rahel, Mme. Varnhagen v. Ense. Histoire d’un salon romantique en Allemagne, 1910.—P. Wächtler: E. A. Poe und die deutsche Romantik, 1910.—W. Brecht: Heinse und das ästhetische Immoralismus, 1911.—E. Mürmig: Calderon und die ältere deutsche Romantik, 1912.—G. Gabetti: Il dramma di Z. Werner, 1917.—J. J. A. Bertrand: Cervantes et le Romantisme allemand, 1917.

J. G. Herder, 1744-1803: Fragmente über die neuere deutsche Literatur, 1767. Kritische Wälder, 1769. Volkslieder, 1778. Vom Geist der Ebräischen Poesie, 1782. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, 1784-85. Sämt. Werke, ed. B. Suphan, 32 vols. 1877-99.—Joret: Herder, 1876.—R. Haym: Herder nach seinem Leben und seinen Werken dargestellt, 2 vols. 1885.—E. Kühnemann: Herder, 2 edn. 1907.

J. W. v. Goethe, 1749-1832: Götz von Berlichingen, 1773. Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, 1774. Faust: Ein Fragment, 1790. Collected Works (Jubiläums Ausgabe), ed. E. von der Hellen, 40 vols. 1902-12.—T. Carlyle: Essays on G. in Critical and Mis. Essays, vols. I, IV, 1828-32.—J. W. Appell: ✱ Werther und seine Zeit., 1855. 4 edn. 1896.—E. Schmidt: Richardson, Rousseau und G., 1875.—A. Brandl: Die Aufnahme von G.’s Jugendwerken in England. Goethe-Jahrb., vol. III, 1883.—R. Steig: G. und die Gebrüder Grimm, 1892.—J. O. E. Donner: Der Einfluss Wilhelm Meisters auf den Roman der Romantiker, 1893.—E. Oswald: G. in England and America, 1899.—A. Brandl: Ueber das Verhältnis G.’s zu Lord Byron. Goethe-Jahrb., vol. 20, 1900.—K. Schüddekopf and O. F. Walzel: ✱ Goethe und die Romantik, Briefe mit Erläuterungen, vols. 13 and 14 of the pub. of the Goethegesellschaft, 1893-94.—S. Waetzold: G. und die Romantik, 2 edn. 1903.—O. Baumgarten: Carlyle und G., 1906.—H. Röhl: Die älteste Romantik und die Kunst des jungen G., 1909.

J. C. F. Schiller, 1759-1805: Die Räuber, 1781. Briefe über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen, 1795. Ueber naïve u. sentimentalische Dichtung, 1795-96. (Trans. of these and other æsthetic treatises of S. in Bohn’s Library.) Collected works, ed. E. von der Hellen, 16 vols. 1904-05.—C. Alt: S. und die Brüder Schlegel, 1904.—E. Spenlé: Schiller et Novalis, in Etudes sur Schiller publiées pour le Centenaire, 1905.—A. Ludwig: ✱ Schiller und die deutsche Nachwelt (especially pp. 52-202), 1909.

J. P. F. Richter, 1763-1825: Titan, 1803. Flegeljahre, 1804. Die Vorschule der Æsthetik, 1804. Selected works with intro. by R. Steiner, 8 vols. (Cotta, no date).—P. Nerrlich: Jean Paul und seine Zeitgenossen, 1876. Jean Paul; sein Leben und seine Werke, 1889.—J. Müller: Jean Paul und seine Bedeutung für die Gegenwart, 1894. Jean Paul-Studien, 1900.—W. Hoppe: Das Verhältnis Jean Pauls zur Philosophie seiner Zeit, 1901.—H. Plath: Rousseau’s Einfluss auf Jean Paul’s “Levana”, 1903.

J. C. F. Hölderlin, 1770-1843: Gesammelte Dichtungen. Int. by B. Litzmann, 2 vols. (Cotta, no date). Werke, ed. M. Joachimi-Dege, 1913. Hölderlin’s Leben in Briefen von und an Hölderlin, ed. K. K. T. Litzmann, 1890.—C. Müller-Rastatt: F. H. Sein Leben und seine Dichtungen, 1894.—W. Dilthey: ✱ Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung, pp. 330-455, 1907.—E. Bauer: H. und Schiller, 1908.—L. Bohme: Die Landschaft in den Werken H.’s und Jean Pauls, 1908.

Friedrich Leopold, Freiherr von Hardenberg (Novalis), 1772-1801: Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs, 1798. Die Christenheit oder Europa, 1799. Heinrich von Ofterdingen, 1800. Hymnen an die Nacht, 1800. Schriften, ed. E. Heilborn, 3 vols. 1901. Schriften, ed. J. Minor, 4 vols. 1907. Werke, ed. H. Friedemann [1913].—Carlyle: N., in Crit. Essays, vol. II, 1829.—Friedrich v. Hardenberg. A collection of documents from the family archives by a member of the family, 1873.—J. Bing: Novalis, 1893.—C. Busse: N.’s Lyrik, 1898.—E. Heilborn: N., der Romantiker, 1901.—E. Spenlé: ✱ Novalis, 1904.—W. Olshausen: F. v. Hardenbergs Beziehungen zur Naturwissenschaft seiner Zeit, 1905.—W. Dilthey: ✱ Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung, pp. 201-82, 1906.—H. Lichtenberger: ✱ Novalis, 1912.

A. W. v. Schlegel, 1767-1845: Vorlesungen über dramatische Kunst und Literatur, 1809-11. Eng. trans. 1814. Fr. trans. 1815. Ital. trans. 1817. Sämtliche Werke, 12 vols. 1846-47; also œuvres écrites en français, 3 vols. and Opera latine scripta, 1 vol. 1846.—Vorlesungen über schöne Literatur und Kunst (1801-03), ed. with intro. by J. Minor in Literaturdenkmäler des 18. und 19. Jahrs. nos. 17-19, 1884.—Selections with intro. by O. F. Walzel in Deutsche Nat. lit., vol. 143.—M. Bernays: Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Schlegelschen Shakespeare, 1872.—E. Sulger-Gebing: Die Brüder A. W. und F. Schlegel in ihrem Verhältnisse zur bildenden Kunst, 1897.

Friedrich v. Schlegel, 1772-1829: Lucinde, 1799. Ueber die Weisheit und Sprache der Indier, 1808. Sämt. Werke, 15 vols. 1847. ✱ Jugendschriften (1794-1802), ed. J. Minor, 1906. F. Schlegels Philosophische Vorlesungen aus den Jahren 1804 bis 1806. Aus dem Nachlass, von C. F. H. Windischmann, 2 vols. 1836-37.—✱ F. Schlegel’s Briefe an seinen Brüder August Wilhelm, ed. O. F. Walzel, 1890. Schleiermacher: Vertraute Briefe über die Lucinde, 1800. (New edn. ed. by R. Frank, 1907.)—I. Rouge: F. Schlegel et la genèse du Romantisme allemand, 1904.—Dorothea und F. Schlegel. Briefe an die Familie Paulus, ed. R. Unger, 1913.—C. Enders: F. Schlegel. Die Quellen seines Wesens und Werdens, 1913. (Attaches great importance to the influence on S. of Hemsterhuis, a philosopher of Neo-Platonic and Rousseauistic tendency.)—H. Horwitz: Das Ich-Problem der Romantik. Die historische Stellung F. S.’s innerhalb der modernen Geistesgeschichte, 1916.

J. L. Tieck, 1773-1853: William Lovell, 1796. Der blonde Eckbert, 1796. Prinz Zerbino, 1798. Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen, 1798. Leben und Tod der heiligen Genoveva, 1799. Schriften, 28 vols. 1828-54. Ausgewählte Werke, ed. H. Welti, 8 vols. 1888. Two of the tales trans. in Carlyle’s German Romance, 1841. ✱ Briefe an Ludwig Tieck, selected and edited by K. von Holtei, 4 vols. 1864.—H. Petrich: Drei Kapitel vom romantischen Stil, 1878.—J. Minor: T. als Novellendichter, in Akademische Blätter, pp. 128-61 and 193-220, 1884.—J. Ranftl: L. T.’s Genoveva als romantische Dichtung betrachtet, 1899.—K. Hassler: L. T.’s Jugendroman William Lovell und der Paysan perverti, 1902.—H. Günther: Romantische Kritik und Satire bei L. T., 1907.—G. H. Danton: The Nature Sense in the Writings of L. T., 1907.—F. Brüggemann: Die Ironie in T.’s William Lovell und seinen Vorläufern, 1909.—S. Krebs: Philipp Otto Runge und L. T., 1909.—W. Steinert: L. T. und das Farbenempfinden der romantischen Dichtung, 1910.—E. Schönebeck: T. und Solger, 1910.

W. H. Wackenroder, 1773-98: Herzensergiessungen eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders, 1797, ed. by K. D. Jessen, 1904. Tieck und Wackenroder (Phantasien über die Kunst), ed. J. Minor in Deutsche Nat. Lit., vol. 145.—P. Koldewey: Wackenroder und sein Einfluss auf Tieck, 1903.

Friedrich Baron de La Motte Fouqué, 1777-1843: Undine, 1811. Lebensgeschichte des Baron F. de La M. Fouqué, ausgezeichnet durch ihn selbst, 1840. Ausgewählte Werke, 12 vols. 1841.—W. Pfeiffer: Ueber Fouqués Undine, 1903.—L. Jeuthe: Fouqué als Erzähler, 1910.

E. T. A. Hoffmann, 1776-1822: Sämt. Werke. Intro. by E. Grisebach, 15 vols. 1899. Ausgewählte Erzählungen. Bücher der Rose series, vol. 6, 1911. Contes fantastiques, trad. par Loève-Veimars, 20 vols. 1829-33. G. Ellinger: E. T. A. H.: sein Leben und seine Werke, 1894.—G. Thurau: H.’s Erzählungen in Frankreich, 1896.—A. Barine: Poètes et Névrosés, pp. 1-58, 1908.—P. Cobb: The Influence of H. on the Tales of E. A. Poe, 1908.—A. Sakheim: Hoffmann: Studien zu seiner Persönlichkeit und seinen Werken, 1908.—C. Schaeffer: Die Bedeutung des Musikalischen und Akustischen in H.’s literarischen Schaffen, 1909.—E. Kroll: H.’s musikalische Anschauungen, 1909.—P. Sucher: Les sources du merveilleux chez H., 1912.

Heinrich v. Kleist, 1777-1811: Sämt. Werke, ed. F. Muncker, 4 vols. 1893. Werke, ed. E. Schmidt [1905].—A. Wilbrandt: H. v. K., 1863.—R. Bonafous: H. de K. Sa vie et ses œuvres, 1894.—G. Minde-Pouet: H. v. K. Seine Sprache und sein Stil, 1897.—R. Steig: K.’s Berliner Kämpfe, 1901.—S. Rahmer: Das Kleist-Problem, 1903. H. v. K. als Mensch und Dichter, 1909.—M. Lex: Die Idee im Drama bei Goethe, Schiller, Grillparzer, K., 1904.—E. Kayka: K. und die Romantik, 1906.—W. Herzog: H. v. K. Sein Leben und seine Werke, 1911.—H. Meyer-Benfey: Das Drama H. v. K.’s, 2 vols. 1911-13.—K. Günther: Die Entwickelung der novellistischen Kompositionstechnik K.’s bis zur Meisterschaft, 1911.—W. Kühn: H. v. K. und das deutsche Theater, 1912.

C. M. Brentano, 1778-1842: Gesammelte Schriften, 9 vols. 1852-55. Godwi, ed. A. Ruest, 1906.—A. Kerr: Godwi; ein Kapitel deutscher Romantik, 1898.

A. v. Chamisso, 1781-38: Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte, 1814. Gesammelte Werke, ed. M. Koch, 4 vols. 1883. Werke, ed. O. F. Walzel. Deutsche Nat. Lit., vol. 148, 1892. Werke, ed. M. Sydow, 2 vols. 1912. Aus Chamisso’s Frühzeit. Ungedruckte Briefe, ed. L. Geiger, 1905.—K. Fulda: Chamisso und seine Zeit., 1881.—X. Brun: A. de Chamisso de Boncourt, 1896.

Achim v. Arnim, 1781-1831: Des Knaben Wunderhorn (first 3 vols.), 1808. Werke, ed. M. Jacobs, 2 vols. 1910. Arnims Tröst Einsamkeit, ed. F. Pfaff, 1883.—R. Steig and H. Grimm: ✱ A. v. Arnim und die ihm nahe standen, 3 vols. 1894-1904.—F. Rieser: Des Knaben Wunderhorn und seine Quellen, 1908.—K. Bode: Die Bearbeitung der Vorlagen in des Knaben Wunderhorn, 1909.

J. L. Uhland, 1787-1862: Werke, ed. H. Fischer, 6 vols. 1892. Gedichte, ed. E. Schmidt and J. Hartmann, 2 vols. 1898.—F. Notter: L. U.; seine Leben und seiner Dichtungen, 1863.—K. Mayer: L. U.; seine Freunde und Zeitgenossen, 1867.—A. v. Keller: U. als Dramatiker, 1877.—G. Schmidt U.’s Poetik, 1906.—W. Reinhöhl: U. als Politiker, 1911.

J. v. Eichendorff, 1788-1857: Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts, 1826. Werke, ed. R. v. Gottschall, 4 vols. [no date].—J. Nadler: Eichendorff’s Lyrik und ihre Geschichte, 1908.

Heinrich Heine, 1797-1856: Sämt. Werke, ed. E. Elster, 7 vols. 1887-90. H.’s Autobiographie, nach seinen Werken, Briefen und Gesprächen, ed. G. Karpeles, 1888. Trans. by Arthur Dexter, 1893. Erinnerungen an H. H. und seine Familie by his brother, Maximilien Heine, 1868.—A. Meissner: H. H.: Erinnerungen, 1856.—A. Strodtmann: H. H.’s Leben und Werke, 1884.—M. Arnold: ✱ H. H., in Essays in Criticism, 4th edn., 1884.—George Eliot: German Wit: H. H., in Essays, 1885.—K. R. Prölls: H. H.: Sein Lebensgang und seine Shriften, 1886.—G. Karpeles: H. H. und seine Zeitgenossen, 1888. H. H.: Aus seinem Leben und aus seiner Zeit., 1899.—A. Kohut: H. H. und die Frauen, 1888.—Wm. Sharp: Life of H. H. (bibliography by J. P. Anderson), 1888.—T. Odinga: Ueber die Einflüsse der Romantik auf H. H., 1891.—T. Gautier: Portraits et souvenirs littéraires, pp. 103-28, 1892.—L. P. Betz: Die französische Litteratur im Urteile H. H.’s., 1897. H. H. und A. de Musset, 1897.—J. Legras: H. H., Poète, 1897.—G. M. C. Brandes: Ludwig Börne und H. H., 2ⁿ ed. 1898.—O. zur Linde: H. H. und die deutsche Romantik, 1899.—F. Melchior: H. H.’s Verhältnis zu Lord Byron, 1903.—E. A. Schalles: H.’s Verhältnis zu Shakespeare, 1904.—A. W. Fischer: Ueber die volkstümlichen Elemente in den Gedichten H.’s, 1905.—W. Ochsenbein: Die Aufnahme Lord Byrons in Deutschland und sein Einfluss auf den jungen H., 1905.—R. M. Meyer: Der Dichter des Romanzero in Gestalten und Probleme, pp. 151-63, 1905.—A. Bartels: H. H.: Auch ein Denkmal, 1906.—H. Reu: H. H. und die Bibel, 1909.—C. Puetzfeld: H. H.’s Verhältnis zur Religion, 1912.

Nikolaus Lenau, 1802-50: Sämt. Werke, ed. A. Grüss [no year].—A. X. Schurz: L.’s Leben, 2 vols. 1855.—L. A. Frankl: Zur Biographie L.’s., 1885.—T. S. Baker: L. and Young Germany in America, 1897.—L. Roustan: L. et son temps, 1898.—J. Saly Stern: La vie d’un poète, essai sur L., 1902.—A. W. Ernst: L.’s Frauengestalten, 1902.—T. Gesky: L. als Naturdichter, 1902.—C. v. Klenze: Treatment of Nature in the Works of N. L., 1903.—L. Reynaud: N. L., poète lyrique, 1905.

Footnotes

1 See, for example, in vol. IX of the Annales de la Société Jean-Jacques Rousseau the bibliography (pp. 87-276) for 1912—the year of the bicentenary.

2 Literature and the American College (1908); The New Laokoon (1910); The Masters of Modern French Criticism (1912).

3 See his Oxford address On the Modern Element in Literature.

4 These two tendencies in Occidental thought go back respectively at least as far as Parmenides and Heraclitus.

5 In his World as Imagination (1916) E. D. Fawcett, though ultra-romantic and unoriental in his point of view, deals with a problem that has always been the special preoccupation of the Hindu. A Hindu, however, would have entitled a similar volume The World as Illusion (māyā). Aristotle has much to say of fiction in his Poetics but does not even use the word imagination (φαντασία). In the Psychology, where he discusses the imagination, he assigns not to it, but to mind or reason the active and creative rôle (νοῦς ποιητικός). It is especially the notion of the creative imagination that is recent. The earliest example of the phrase that I have noted in French is in Rousseau’s description of his erotic reveries at the Hermitage (Confessions, Livre IX).

6 Essay on Flaubert in Essais de Psychologie contemporaine.

7 Le Romantisme et les mœurs (1910).

8 Annales de la Société Jean-Jacques Rousseau, VIII, 30-31.

9 I should perhaps say that in the case of Buddha I have been able to consult the original Pāli documents. In the case of Confucius and the Chinese I have had to depend on translations.

10 See appendix on Chinese primitivism.

11 See, for example, Majjhima (Pāli Text Society), I, 265. Later Buddhism, especially Mahāyāna Buddhism, fell away from the positive and critical spirit of the founder into mythology and metaphysics.

12 Buddha expressed on many occasions his disdain for the Vedas, the great traditional authority of the Hindus.

13 I have explained the reasons for giving this place to Bacon in chapter II of Literature and the American College.

14 Eth. Nic., 1179 a.

15 I scarcely need remind the reader that the extant Aristotelian writings which have repelled so many by their form were almost certainly not meant for publication. For the problems raised by these writings as well as for the mystery in the method of their early transmission see R. Shute, History of the Aristotelian Writings (1888). The writings which Aristotle prepared for publication and which Cicero describes as a “golden stream of speech” (Acad. II, 38, 119) have, with the possible exception of the recently recovered Constitution of Athens, been lost.

16 See his Essai sur le genre dramatique sérieux.

17 Quoted in Grimm’s Dictionary.

18 Ex lectione quorundam romanticorum, i.e. librorum compositorum in gallico poeticorum de gestis militaribus, in quibus maxima pars fabulosa est.

19 Perhaps the most romantic lines in English are found in one of Camillo’s speeches in The Winter’s Tale (IV, 4):
a wild dedication of yourselves
To unpath’d waters, undream’d shores.

This “wild dedication” is, it should be noted, looked upon by Camillo with disfavor.

20 Pepys’s Diary, 13 June, 1666.

21 Thomas Shadwell, Preface to the Sullen Lovers, 1668.

22 Spectator, 142, by Steele.

23 Pope, 2d Epistle, Of the Character of Women.

24 Cf. Revue d’hist. litt., XVIII, 440. For the Early French history of the word, see also the article Romantique by A. François in Annales de la Soc. J.-J. Rousseau, V, 199-236.

25 First edition, 1698; second edition, 1732.

26 Cf. his Elégie à une dame.

Mon âme, imaginant, n’a point la patience
De bien polir les vers et ranger la science.
La règle me déplaît, j’écris confusément:
Jamais un bon esprit ne fait rien qu’aisément.
…
Je veux faire des vers qui ne soient pas contraints
…
Chercher des lieux secrets où rein ne me déplaise,
Méditer à loisir, rêver tout à mon aise,
Employer toute une heure à me mirer dans l’eau,
Ouïr, comme en songeant, la course d’un ruisseau.
Ecrire dans un bois, m’interrompre, me taire,
Composer un quatrain sans songer à le faire.

27 Caractères, ch. V.

28 His psychology of the memory and imagination is still Aristotelian. Cf. E. Wallace, Aristotle’s Psychology, Intr., lxxxvi-cvii.

29 An Essay upon Poetry (1682).

30 The French Academy discriminates in its Sentiments sur le Cid between two types of probability, “ordinary” and “extraordinary.” Probability in general is more especially reserved for action. In the domain of action “ordinary” probability and decorum run very close together. It is, for example, both indecorous and improbable that Chimène in the Cid should marry her father’s murderer.

31 In his Preface to Shakespeare.

32 For a similar distinction in Aristotle see Eth. Nic., 1143 b.

33 The Platonic and Aristotelian reason or mind (νοῦς) contains an element of intuition.

34 In his Lettre à d’Alembert sur les spectacles.

35 Rousseau contre Molière, 238.

36 Letters on Chivalry and Romance.

37 See verses prefixed to Congreve’s Double-Dealer.

38 Change l’état douteux dans lequel tu nous ranges,
Nature élève-nous à la clarté des anges,
Ou nous abaisse au sens des simples animaux.

Sonnet (1657?).

39 See, for example, A. Gerard’s Essay on Genius (1774), passim.

40 The English translation of this part of the Critique of Judgment, edited by J. C. Meredith, is useful for its numerous illustrative passages from these theorists (Young, Gerard, Duff, etc.).

41 Mrs. Katharine Fullerton Gerould has dealt interestingly with this point in an article in the Unpopular Review (October, 1914) entitled Tabu and Temperament.

42 See Biographia literaria, ch. XXII.

43 This message came to him in any case straight from German romanticism. See Walzel, Deutsche Romantik, 22, 151.

44 “De tous les corps et esprits, on n’en saurait tirer un mouvement de vraie charité; cela est impossible, et d’un autre ordre, surnaturel.” Penseés, Article XVII. “Charité,” one should recollect, here has its traditional meaning—the love, not of man, but of God.

45 See poem, Ce siècle avait deux ans in the Feuilles d’Automne.

46 For amusing details, see L. Maigron, Le Romantisme et la mode (1911), ch. V.

47 For Disraeli see Wilfrid Ward, Men and Matters, 54 ff. Of Bulwer-Lytton at Nice about 1850 Princess von Racowitza writes as follows in her Autobiography (p. 46): “His fame was at its zenith. He seemed to me antediluvian, with his long dyed curls and his old-fashioned dress … with long coats reaching to the ankles, knee-breeches, and long colored waistcoats. Also, he appeared always with a young lady who adored him, and who was followed by a man servant carrying a harp. She sat at his feet and appeared as he did in the costume of 1830, with long flowing curls called Anglaises. … In society, however, people ran after him tremendously, and spoilt him in every possible way. He read aloud from his own works, and, in especially poetic passages, his ‘Alice’ accompanied him with arpeggios on the harp.”

48 See essay by Kenyon Cox on The Illusion of Progress, in his Artist and Public.

49 See Creative Criticism by J. E. Spingarn, and my article on Genius and Taste, reviewing this book, in the Nation (New York), 7 Feb., 1918.

50 One should note here as elsewhere points of contact between scientific and emotional naturalism. Take, for example, the educational theory that has led to the setting up of the elective system. The general human discipline embodied in the fixed curriculum is to be discarded in order that the individual may be free to work along the lines of his bent or “genius.” In a somewhat similar way scientific naturalism encourages the individual to sacrifice the general human discipline to a specialty.

51 See his poem L’Art in Emaux et Camées.

52 Quel esprit ne bat la campagne?
Qui ne fait châteaux en Espagne?
Picrochole, Pyrrhus, la laitière, enfin tous,
 Autant les sages que les fous
Chacun songe en veillant; il n’est rien de plus doux.
Une flatteuse erreur emporte alors nos âmes;
 Tout le bien du monde est à nous,
 Tous les honneurs, toutes les femmes.
Quand je suis seul, je fais au plus brave un défi,
Je m’écarte, je vais détrôner le sophi;
 On m’élit roi, mon peuple m’aime;
Les diadèmes vont sur ma tête pleuvant:
Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-même,
 Je suis gros Jean comme devant.

53 Rasselas, ch. XLIV.

54 Nouvelle Héloïse, Pt. II, Lettre XVII.

55 Rostand has hit off this change in the Balcony Scene of his Cyrano de Bergerac.

56 Essay on Simple and Sentimental Poetry.

57 The life of Rousseau by Gerhard Gran is written from this point of view.

58 The world’s great age begins anew,
 The golden years return, etc.

Hellas, vv. 1060 ff.

59 For an excellent analysis of Shelley’s idealism see Leslie Stephen’s Godwin and Shelley in his Hours in a Library.

60 Letters, II, 292.

61 See his letter to Wordsworth, 30 January, 1801.

62 Dramatic Art and Literature, ch. I.

63 Cf. Voltaire: On ne peut désirer ce qu’on ne connaît pas. (Zaïre.)

64 Cf. Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi. XV, 371: “Le romantique a la nostalgie, comme Hamlet; il cherche ce qu’il n’a pas, et jusque par delà les nuages; il rêve, il vit dans les songes. Au dix-neuvième siècle, il adore le moyen âge; au dix-huitième, il est déjà révolutionnaire avec Rousseau,” etc. Cf. also T. Gautier as quoted in the Journal des Goncourt, II, 51: “Nous ne sommes pas Français, nous autres, nous tenons à d’autres races. Nous sommes pleins de nostalgies. Et puis quand à la nostalgie d’un pays se joint la nostalgie d’un temps … comme vous par exemple du dix-huitième siècle … comme moi de la Venise de Casanova, avec embranchement sur Chypre, oh! alors, c’est complet.”

65 See article Goût in Postscriptum de ma vie.

66 Schlegel’s Dramatic Art and Literature, Lecture XXII.

67 For a discussion of this point see I. Rouge: F. Schlegel et la Genèse du romantisme allemand, 48 ff.

68 For a development of this point of view see the essay of Novalis: Christianity or Europe.

69 Confessions, Livre IX (1756).

70 This is Goethe’s very classical definition of genius: Du nur, Genius, mehrst in der Natur die Natur.

71 Greek literature, after it had lost the secret of selection and the grand manner, as was the case during the Alexandrian period, also tended to oscillate from the pole of romance to the pole of so-called realism—from the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, let us say, to the Mimes of Herondas.

72 Emile, Livre II.

73 Etudes de la nature.

74 See, for example, Tatler, 17 November, 31 December, 1709 (by Steele).

75 See her letter to Gustavus III, King of Sweden, cited in Gustave III et la cour de France, II, 402, par A. Geffroy.

76 See Hastings Rashdall: Is Conscience an Emotion? (1914), especially ch. I. Cf. Nouvelle Héloïse. (Pt. VI, Lettre VII): “Saint-Preux fait de la conscience morale un sentiment, et non pas un jugement.”

77 Nouvelle Héloïse, Pt. V, Lettre II.

78 Ibid.

79 Ibid., Pt. IV, Lettre XII.

80 Schiller’s definition is well known: “A beautiful soul we call a state where the moral sentiment has taken possession of all the emotions to such a degree that it may unhesitatingly commit the guidance of life to instinct,” etc. (On Grace and Dignity.) Cf. Madame de Staël: “La vertu devient alors une impulsion involontaire, un mouvement qui passe dans le sang, et vous entraîne irrésistiblement comme les passions les plus impérieuses.” (De la Littérature: Discours préliminàire.)

81 Avenir de la Science, 354.

82 Ibid., 179-180.

83 Avenir de la Science, 476.

84 Madame de Warens felt the influence of German pietism in her youth. See La Jeunesse de J.-J. Rousseau par E. Ritter; ch. XIII.

85 Lettre à M. Molé (21 October, 1803).

86 Le romantisme français, 215.

87 See Les Amours de Milord Bomston at the end of La Nouvelle Héloïse.

88 Sultan Mourad in La Légende des Siècles.

89 Correspondence, III, 213 (June, 1791). The date of this letter should be noted. Several of the worst terrorists of the French Revolution began by introducing bills for the abolition of capital punishment.

90 See Burton’s Hume, II, 309 (note 2).

This sentimental trait did not escape the authors of the Anti-Jacobin:

Sweet child of sickly Fancy—Her of yore
From her lov’d France Rousseau to exile bore;
And while midst lakes and mountains wild he ran
Full of himself and shunn’d the haunts of man,
Taught her o’er each lone vale and Alpine steep
To lisp the stories of his wrongs and weep;
Taught her to cherish still in either eye
Of tender tears a plentiful supply,
And pour them in the brooks that babbled by—
Taught her to mete by rule her feelings strong,
False by degrees and delicately wrong,
For the crush’d Beetle, first—the widow’d Dove,
And all the warbled sorrows of the grove,
Next for poor suff’ring Guilt—and last of all,
For Parents, Friends, or King and Country’s fall.

91 Shepherds, dwellers in the valleys, men
Whom I already loved;—not verily
For their own sakes, but for the fields and hills
Where was their occupation and abode.

Michael

92 Once more the Ass, with motion dull,
Upon the pivot of his skull
Turned round his long left ear.

“The bard who soars to elegize an ass” and the “laureate of the long-eared kind” (English Bards and Scotch Reviewers) is, however, not Wordsworth but Coleridge. See his poem To a Young Ass, its mother being tethered near it.

93 See the poem Acte d’accusation in Les Contemplations.

94 Le Crapaud in La Légende des Siècles.

95 See Apology 31D.

96 His Language and Wisdom of the Hindus appeared in 1808.

97 See Jugendschriften, ed. by J. Minor, II, 362.

98 Dhammapada.

99 Sutta-Nipāta, v. 149 (Metta-sutta).

100 Second Dialogue.

101 Letters, II, 298. For Ruskin and Rousseau see Ibid. I, 360: “[Ruskin] said that great parts of Les Confessions were so true to himself that he felt as if Rousseau must have transmigrated into his body.”

102 “If a poet wishes an atmosphere of indistinct illusion and of moving shadow, he must use the romantic style. … Women, such as we know them, such as they are likely to be, ever prefer a delicate unreality to a true or firm art.” Essay on Pure, Ornate, and Grotesque Art in English Poetry (1864).

103 “Die Romanze auf einem Pferde” utters the following lines in the Prologue to Tieck’s Kaiser Octavianus:
Mondbeglänzte Zaubernacht,
Die den Sinn gefangen hält,
Wundervolle Märchenwelt
Steig’ auf in der alten Pracht.

A special study might be made of the rôle of the moon in Chateaubriand and Coleridge—even if one is not prepared like Carlyle to dismiss Coleridge’s philosophy as “bottled moonshine.”

104 O. Walzel points out that as soon as the women in H. von Kleist’s plays become conscious they fall into error (Deutsche Romantik, 3. Auflage, 147).

105 Byron, Sardanapalus, IV, 5. Cf. Rousseau, Neuvième Promenade: “Dominé par mes sens, quoi que je puisse faire, je n’ai jamais pu résister à leurs impressions, et, tant que l’objet agit sur eux, mon cœur ne cesse d’en être affecté.” Cf. also Musset, Rolla:
Ce n’était pas Rolla qui gouvernait sa vie,
C’étaient ses passions; il les laissait aller
Comme un pâtre assoupi regarde l’eau couler.

106 Modern Painters, Part V, ch. XX.

107 Confessions, Pt. II, Livre IX (1756).

108 With nature never do they wage
A foolish strife; they see
A happy youth and their old age
Is beautiful and free.

Wordsworth: The Fountain.

109 The phrase imaginative insight is, I believe, true to the spirit of Plato at his best, but it is certainly not true to his terminology. Plato puts the imagination (φαντασία) not only below intuitive reason (νοῦς) and discursive reason or understanding (διάνοια), but even below outer perception (πίστις). He recognizes indeed that it may reflect the operations of the understanding and even the higher reason as well as the impressions of sense. This notion of a superior intellectual imagination was carried much further by Plotinus and the neo-Platonists. Even the intellectual imagination is, however, conceived of as passive. Perhaps no Greek thinker, not even Plato, makes as clear as he might that reason gets its intuition of reality and the One with the aid of the imagination and, as it were, through a veil of illusion, that, in Joubert’s phrase, “l’illusion est une partie inté, grante de la réalité” (Pensées, Titre XI, XXXIX). Joubert again distinguishes (ibid., Titre III, XLVII, LI) between “l’imaginative” which is passive and “l’imagination” which is active and creative (“l’œil de l’âme”). In its failure to bring out with sufficient explicitness this creative rôle of the imagination and in the stubborn intellectualism that this failure implies is to be found, if anywhere, the weak point in the cuirass of Greek philosophy.

110 See Xenophon, Memorabilia, IV, 16, 3.

111 Σωφροσύνη.

112 See his Lettre à d’Alembert.

113 Varieties of Religious Experience, 387.

114 Blütezeit der Romantik, 126.

115 “Parfaite illusion, réalité parfaite” (Alfred de Vigny). “Die Welt wird Traum, der Traum wird Welt” (Novalis). “This sort of dreaming existence is the best; he who quits it to go in search of realities generally barters repose for repeated disappointments and vain regrets” (Hazlitt).

116 Lit. Ang., IV, 130.

117 About 1885.

118 Le Théâtre en France, 304.

119 Je suis une force qui va!
Agent aveugle et sourd de mystères funèbres.

120 E.g., Lillo’s Fatal Curiosity (1736) had a marked influence on the rise of the German fate tragedy.

121 Wo ist der, der sagen dürfe,
So will ich’s, so sei’s gemacht,
Unser Taten sind nur Würfe
In des Zufalls blinde Nacht.

Die Ahnfrau.

122 “So that in the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restless desire of Power after power, that ceaseth only in Death.” Leviathan, Part I, ch. XI.

123 See Unpopular Review, October, 1915.

124 E. Seillière has been tracing, in Le Mal romantique and other volumes, the relation between Rousseauism and what he terms an “irrational imperialism.” His point of view is on the constructive side very different from mine.

125 The best account of Rousseau’s German influence is still that of H. Hettner in his Literaturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Compared with Rousseau’s German influence, says Professor Paul Hensel in his Rousseau (1907), “his influence in France seems almost trifling.” In Germany “Rousseau became the basis not of a guillotine but of a new culture (Kultur). … We have drawn his spirit over to us, we have made it our own.” (121.) See also Professor Eugen Kühnemann, Vom Weltreich des deutschen Geistes (1914), 54-62, and passim. German idealism is, according to Kühnemann, the monument that does the greatest honor to Rousseau.

126 A robin redbreast in a cage
Puts all Heaven in a rage.
…
He who shall hurt the little wren
Shall never be belov’d by men.
He who the ox to wrath has mov’d
Shall never be by woman lov’d.
…
Kill not the moth nor butterfly,
For the Last Judgment draweth nigh.

Auguries of Innocence.

127 See Hart-Leap Well.

128 Beyond Good and Evil, ch. IV.

129 “Out into distant futures, which no dream hath yet seen, into warmer souths than ever sculptor conceived. … Let this love be your new nobility,—the undiscovered in the remotest seas,” etc. (Thus Spake Zarathustra, translated by Thomas Common, 240, 248.)

130 “On trouverait, en rétablissant les anneaux intermédiaires de la chaîne, qu’à Pascal se rattachent les doctrines modernes qui font passer en première ligne la connaissance immédiate, l’intuition, la vie intérieure, comme à Descartes … se rattachent plus particulièrement les philosophies de la raison pure.” La Science française (1915), I, 17.

131 Cf. Tennyson:
Fantastic beauty, such as lurks
  In some wild poet when he works
Without a conscience or an aim—

132 Addison writes:
’Twas then great Marlbro’s mighty soul was proved,
That, in the shock of changing hosts unmoved,
Amidst confusion, horror, and despair,
Examin’d all the dreadful scenes of war;
In peaceful thought the field of death survey’d.

So far as Marlborough deserved this praise he was a general in the grand manner.

133 “Beauty resides in due proportion and order,” says Aristotle (Poetics, ch. VII).

134 A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830 (1912), II, 191.

135 Confucius and the Chinese sages were if anything even more concerned than Plato or Aristotle with the ethical quality of music.

136 Like Bishop Blougram’s his “interest’s on the dangerous edge of things.”

137 Does he take inspiration from the church,
Directly make her rule his law of life?
Not he: his own mere impulse guides the man.
…
Such is, for the Augustine that was once,
This Canon Caponsacchi we see now.

X, 1911-28.

138 See X, 1367-68.

139 Letter to Joseph d’Ortigue, January 19, 1833.

140 Here is an extreme example from Maigron’s manuscript collection (Le Romantisme et les mœurs, 153). A youth forced to be absent three weeks from the woman he loves writes to her as follows: “Trois semaines, mon amour, trois semaines loin de toi! … Oh! Dieu m’a maudit! … Hier j’ai erré toute l’après-midi comme une bête fauve, une bête traquée. … Dans la forêt, j’ai hurlé, hurlé comme un démon … je me suis roulé par terre … j’ai broyé sous mes dents des branches que mes mains avaient arrachées. … Alors, de rage, j’ai pris ma main entre mes dents; j’ai serré, serré convulsivement; le sang a jailli et j’ai craché au ciel le morceau de chair vive … j’aurais voulu lui cracher mon cœur.”

141 Maxime Du Camp asserts in his Souvenirs littéraires (I, 118) that this anæmia was due in part to the copious blood-letting to which the physicians of the time, disciples of Broussais, were addicted.

142 This perversion was not unknown to classical antiquity. Cf. Seneca, To Lucilius, XCIX: “Quid turpius quam captare in ipso luctu voluptatem; et inter lacrymas quoque, quod juvet, quærere?”

143 Nouvelle Héloïse, Pt. III, Lettre VI.

144 Confessions, Livre IV.

145 The New Laokoon, ch. V.

146 Franciscae meæ laudes, in Les Fleurs du mal.

147 Architecture and Painting, Lecture II. This diatribe may have been suggested by Byron’s Don Juan, Canto XIII, IX-XI:
Cervantes smiled Spain’s chivalry away:
A single laugh demolished the right arm
Of his own country, etc.

148 “Nondum amabam, et amare amabam, quærebam quid amarem, amans amare.”

149 Cf. Shelley’s Alastor:
Two eyes,
Two starry eyes, hung in the gloom of thought
And seemed with their serene and azure smiles
To beckon.

150 “Some of us have in a prior existence been in love with an Antigone, and that makes us find no full content in any mortal tie.” Shelley to John Gisborne, October 22, 1821.

151 Confessions, Livre XI (1761).

152 Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, November, 1817.

153 “Je me faisais une félicité de réaliser avec ma sylphide mes courses fantastiques dans les forêts du Nouveau Monde.” Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, December, 1821.

154 Peacock has in mind Childe Harold, canto IV, CXXI ff.

155 Rousseau plans to make a nympholept of his ideal pupil, Emile: “Il faut que je sois le plus maladroit des hommes si je ne le rends d’avance passionné sans savoir de quoi”, etc. Emile, Liv. IV.

156 Cf. René’s letter to Céluta in Les Natchez: “Je vous ai tenue sur ma poitrine au milieu du désert, dans les vents de l’orage, lorsque, après vous avoir portée de l’autre côté d’un torrent, j’aurais voulu vous poignarder pour fixer le bonheur dans votre sein, et pour me punir de vous avoir donné ce bonheur.”

157 The romantic lover, it should be observed, creates his dream companion even less that he may adore her than that she may adore him.

158 Walter Bagehot has made an interesting study of the romantic imagination in his essay on a figure who reminds one in some respects of Gérard de Nerval—Hartley Coleridge.

159 Don Juan bids his servant give a coin to the beggar not for the love of God but for the love of humanity.

160 Demandant aux forêts, à la mer, à la plaine,
Aux brises du matin, à toute heure, à tout lieu,
La femme de son âme et de son premier voeu!
Prenant pour fiancée un rêve, une ombre vaine,
Et fouillant dans le cœur d’une hécatombe humaine,
Prêtre désespéré, pour y trouver son Dieu.

A. de Musset, Namouna.

“Don Juan avait en lui cet amour pour la femme idéale; il a couru le monde serrant et brisant de dépit dans ses bras toutes les imparfaites images qu’il croyait un moment aimer; et il est mort épuisé de fatigue, consumé de son insatiable amour.” Prévost-Paradol, Lettres, 149.

161 See Scott’s (2d) edition of Swift, XIII, 310.

162 Aimer c’est le grand point. Qu’importe la maîtresse?
Qu’importe le flacon pourvu qu’on ait l’ivresse?

163 It has been said that in the novels of George Sand when a lady wishes to change her lover God is always there to facilitate the transfer.

164 “Tous les hommes sont menteurs, inconstants, faux, bavards, hypocrites, orgueilleux ou lâches, méprisables et sensuels; toutes les femmes sont perfides, artificieuses, vaniteuses, curieuses et dépravées; le monde n’est qu’un égout sans fond où les phoques les plus informes rampent et se tordent sur des montagnes de fange; mais il y a au monde une chose sainte et sublime, c’est l’union de deux de ces êtres si imparfaits et si affreux. On est souvent trompé en amour; souvent blessé et souvent malheureux; mais on aime et quand on est sur le bord de sa tombe, on se retourne pour regarder en arrière, et on se dit: J’ai souffert souvent, je me suis trompé quelquefois, mais j’ai aimé. C’est moi qui ai vécu, et non pas un être factice créé par mon orgueil et mon ennui.” (The last sentence is taken from a letter of George Sand to Musset.) On ne badine pas avec l’Amour, II, 5.

165 Table-Talk. On the Past and Future.

166 The Plain Speaker. On Reading Old Books.

167 The Round Table. On the Character of Rousseau.

168 “Aujourd’hui, jour de Pâques fleuries, il y a précisément cinquante ans de ma première connaissance avec Madame de Warens.”

169 Even on his death-bed the hero of Browning’s Confessions gives himself up to impassionated recollection:
How sad and bad and mad it was—
But then, how it was sweet.

In his Stances à Madame Lullin Voltaire is at least as poetical and nearer to normal experience:

Quel mortel s’est jamais flatté
D’un rendez-vous à l’agonie?

170 See especially Lyceum fragment, no. 108.

171 A well-known example of the extreme to which the romanticists pushed their Fichtean solipsism is the following from the William Lovell of the youthful Tieck: “Having gladly escaped from anxious fetters, I now advance boldly through life, absolved from those irksome duties which were the inventions of cowardly fools. Virtue is, only because I am; it is but a reflection of my inner self. What care I for forms whose dim lustre I have myself brought forth? Let vice and virtue wed. They are only shadows in the mist,” etc.

172 Beyond Good and Evil, ch. IV.

173 On Contemporary Literature, 206. The whole passage is excellent.

174 M. Legouis makes a similar remark in the Cambridge History of English Literature XI, 108.

175 I scarcely need say that Wordsworth is at times genuinely ethical, but he is even more frequently only didactic. The Excursion, as M. Legouis says, is a “long sermon against pessimism.”

176 “Quia fecisti nos ad te et inquietum est cor nostrum, donec requiescat in te.”

177 Eth. Nic., 1177 b.

178 Cf. the chapter on William Law and the Mystics in Cambridge History of English Literature, IX, 341-67; also the bibliography of Boehme, ibid., 560-74.

179 See Excursion, I, VV. 943 ff.

180 In his attitude towards sin Novalis continues Rousseau and anticipates the main positions of the Christian Scientist.

181 Prune thou thy words,
 The thoughts control
That o’er thee swell and throng.
 They will condense within the soul
And change to purpose strong.
But he who lets his feelings run
 In soft, luxurious flow,
Shrinks when hard service must be done
 And faints at every foe.

182 Wesley had no liking for Boehme and cut out from Brooke’s book the theosophy that had this origin.

183 Writing was often associated with magic formulæ. Hence γράμμα also gave Fr. “grimoire.”

184 Thus Spake Zarathustra, LXIX (The Shadow to Zarathustra).

185 Katha-Upanishad. The passage is paraphrased as follows by P. E. More in his Century of Indian Epigrams:
Seated within this body’s car
 The silent Self is driven afar,
 And the five senses at the pole
Like steeds are tugging restive of control.

 And if the driver lose his way,
 Or the reins sunder, who can say
 In what blind paths, what pits of fear
Will plunge the chargers in their mad career?

 Drive well, O mind, use all thy art,
 Thou charioteer!—O feeling Heart,
 Be thou a bridle firm and strong!
For the Lord rideth and the way is long.

186 See Brandes: The Romantic School in Germany, ch. XI.

187 Alfred de Musset saw his double in the stress of his affair with George Sand (see Nuit de Décembre), Jean Valjean (Les Misérables) sees his double in the stress of his conversion. Peter Bell also sees his double at the emotional crisis in Wordsworth’s poem of that name.

188 Thus Spake Zarathustra, LXIX.

189 F. Schlegel: Lyceumfragment, no. 42.

190 E.g., canto III, CVII-CXI.

191 Confessions, Livre XII (1765).

192 Cf. Th. Gomperz, Greek Thinkers, I, 402.

193 Wordsworth: Miscellaneous Sonnets, XII.

194 In much the same spirit the Japanese hermit, Kamo Chōmei (thirteenth century), expresses the fear that he may forget Buddha because of his fondness for the mountains and the moon.—See article on nature in Japan by M. Revon in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.

195 Confessions, Bk. X, ch. IX.

196 Cf. Cicero: “Urbem, urbem, mi Rufe, cole et in ista luce vive.” (Ad Fam., II, 22.)

197 March 23, 1646.

198 It was especially easy for the poets to go for their landscapes to the painters because according to the current theory poetry was itself a form of painting (ut pictura poesis). Thus Thomson writes in The Castle of Indolence:
Sometimes the pencil, in cool airy halls,
 Bade the gay bloom of vernal landskips rise,
 Or autumn’s varied shades embrown the walls:
 Now the black tempest strikes the astonish’d eyes;
 Now down the steep the flashing torrent flies;
 The trembling sun now plays o’er ocean blue,
 And now rude mountains frown amid the skies;
 Whate’er Lorrain light touch’d with softening hue,
Or savage Rosa dash’d, or learned Poussin drew.

(C. I, st. 38.)

199 Disparaissez, monuments du génie,
Pares, jardins immortels, que Le Nôtre a plantés;
De vos dehors pompeux l’exacte symmétrie,
Etonne vainement mes regards attristés.
 J’aime bien mieux ce désordre bizarre,
Et la variété de ces riches tableaux
Que disperse l’Anglais d’une main moins avare.

Bertin, 19^e Elégie of Les Amours.

200 Pt. IV, Lettre XI.

201 Nouvelle Héloïse, Pt. IV, Lettre XI.

202 Ibid.

203 Ibid., Pt. IV, Lettre XVII.

204 Confessions, Livre V (1732).

205 See especially Childe Harold, canto II, XXV ff.

206 Ibid., canto II, XXXVII.

207 Ibid., canto III, LXXII.

208 Ibid., canto IV, CLXXVII.

209 See La Perception du changement, 30.

210 ASIA
 My soul is an enchanted boat,
 Which like a sleeping swan, doth float
Upon the silver waves of thy sweet singing;
 And thine doth like an angel sit
 Beside a helm conducting it,
Whilst all the winds with melody are ringing.
 It seems to float ever, for ever
 Upon that many-winding river,
 Between mountains, woods, abysses,
 A paradise of wildernesses!
…
 Meanwhile thy spirit lifts its pinions
 In music’s most serene dominions;
Catching the winds that fan that happy heaven.
 And we sail on away, afar,
 Without a course, without a star,
 But by the instinct of sweet music driven;
 Till through Elysian garden islets
 By thee, most beautiful of pilots,
 Where never mortal pinnace glided
 The boat of my desire is guided;
 Realms where the air we breathe is love—

Prometheus Unbound, Act II, Sc. V.

211 “Si tu souffres plus qu’un autre des choses de la vie, il ne faut pas t’en étonner; une grande âme doit contenir plus de douleurs qu’une petite.”

212 Cf. Shelley, Julian and Maddalo:
I love all waste
And solitary places; where we taste
The pleasure of believing what we see
Is boundless, as we wish our souls to be.

213 Cf. for example, the passage of Rousseau in the seventh Promenade (“Je sens des extases, des ravissements inexprimables à me fondre pour ainsi dire dans le système des êtres,” etc.) with the revery described by Wordsworth in The Excursion, I, 200-218.

214 O belles, craignez le fond des bois, et leur vaste silence.

215 Faust (Miss Swanwick’s translation).

216 Artist and Public, 134 ff.

217 Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies

Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves, etc.

Cf. Lamartine:

Quand la feuille des bois tombe dans la prairie,
Le vent du soir s’élève et l’arrache aux vallons;
Et moi, je suis semblable à la feuille flétrie;
Emportez-moi comme elle, orageux aquilons.

L’Isolement.

218 Cf. Hettner, Romantische Schule, 156.

219 See appendix on Chinese primitivism.

220 G. Duval has written a Dictionnaire des métaphores de Victor Hugo, and G. Lucchetti a work on Les Images dans les œuvres de Victor Hugo. So far as the ethical values are concerned, the latter title is alone justified. Hugo is, next to Chateaubriand, the great imagist.

221 The French like to think of the symbolists as having rendered certain services to their versification. Let us hope that they did, though few things are more perilous than this transfer of the idea of progress to the literary and artistic domain. Decadent Rome, as we learn from the younger Pliny and others, simply swarmed with poets who also no doubt indulged in many strange experiments. All this poetical activity, as we can see only too plainly at this distance, led nowhere.

222 Grant Allen writes of the laws of nature in Magdalen Tower:
They care not any whit for pain or pleasure,
That seems to us the sum and end of all,
Dumb force and barren number are their measure,
What shall be shall be, tho’ the great earth fall,
They take no heed of man or man’s deserving,
Reck not what happy lives they make or mar,
Work out their fatal will unswerv’d, unswerving,
And know not that they are!

223 Fragment de l’Art de jouir, quoted by P.-M. Masson in La Religion de J.-J. Rousseau, II, 228.

224 If nature merely reflects back to a man his own image, it follows that Coleridge’s celebrated distinction between fancy and imagination has little value, inasmuch as he rests his proof of the unifying power of the imagination, in itself a sound idea, on the union the imagination effects between man and outer nature—and this union is on his own showing fanciful.

225 If I had had this consecration Wordsworth says, addressing Peele Castle,
I would have planted thee, thou hoary Pile,
Amid a world how different from this!
Beside a sea that could not cease to smile;
On tranquil land, beneath a sky of bliss.
…
A Picture had it been of lasting ease,
Elysian quiet, without toil or strife, etc.
Elegiac Stanzas suggested by a picture of Peele Castle in a storm.

226 Cf. Doudan, Lettres, IV, 216: “J’ai parcouru le Saint-Paul de Renan. Je n’ai jamais vu dans un théologien une si grande connaissance de la flore orientale. C’est un paysagiste bien supérieur à Saint-Augustin et à Bossuet. Il sème des résédas, des anémones, des pâquerettes pour recueillir l’incrédulité.”

227 In his Mal romantique (1908) E. Seillière labels the generations that have elapsed since the rise of Rousseauism as follows:

1. Sensibility (Nouvelle Héloïse, 1761).

2. Weltschmerz (Schiller’s Æsthetic Letters, 1795).

3. Mal du siècle (Hugo’s Hernani, 1830).

4. Pessimism (vogue of Schopenhauer and Stendhal, 1865).

5. Neurasthenia (culmination of fin de siècle movement, 1900).

228 Eckermann, September 24, 1827.

229 See La Nuit de Mai.

230 These lines are inscribed on the statue of Musset in front of the Théâtre Français. Cf. Shelley:

Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.

231 Translation by J. E. Sandys of fragment cited in Stobæus, Flor. CIX, I.

232 Pythian Odes, III, 20 ff.

233 Pythian Odes, III, 81-82.

234 Song of the Banjo, in the Seven Seas.

235 XVII, 446-47.

236 A brief survey of melancholy among the Greeks will be found in Professor S. H. Butcher’s Some Aspects of the Greek Genius.

237 The exasperated quest of novelty is one of the main traits both of the ancient and the modern victim of ennui. See Seneca, De Tranquillitate animi: “Fastidio illis esse cœpit vita, et ipse mundus; et subit illud rabidorum deliciarum: quousque eadem?” (Cf. La Fontaine: Il me faut du nouveau, n’en fût-il plus au monde.)

238 “A quoi bon m’avoir fait naître avec des facultés exquises pour les laisser jusqu’à la fin sans emploi? Le sentiment de mon prix interne en me donnant celui de cette injustice m’en dédommageait en quelque sorte, et me faisait verser des larmes que j’aimais a laisser couler.” Confessions. Livre IX (1756).

239 Nouvelle Héloise, Pt. VI, Lettre VIII.

240 “Encore enfant par la tête, vous êtes déjà vieux par le cœur.” Ibid.

241 See the examples quoted in Arnold: Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 305-06.

242 This is the thought of Keats’s Ode to Melancholy:
Ay, in the very temple of Delight
 Veil’d Melancholy has her sovran shrine,
Though seen of none save him whose strenuous tongue
 Can burst Joy’s grape against his palate fine.

Cf. Chateaubriand: Essai sur les Révolutions, Pt. II, ch. LVIII: “Ces jouissances sont trop poignantes: telle est notre faiblesse, que les plaisirs exquis deviennent des douleurs,” etc.

243 See his sonnet Les Montreurs. This type of Rousseauist is anticipated by “Milord” Bomston in La Nouvelle Héloïse. Rousseau directed the engraver to depict him with “un maintien grave et stoïque sous lequel il cache avec peine une extrême sensibilité.”

244 “Qui es-tu? À coup sûr tu n’es pas un être pétri du même limon et animé de la même vie que nous! Tu es un ange ou un démon mais tu n’es pas une créature humaine. … Pourquoi habiter parmi nous, qui ne pouvons te suffire ni te comprendre?” G. Sand, Lélia, I, 11.

245 See p. 51.

246 See Lara, XVIII, XIX, perhaps the best passage that can be quoted for the Byronic hero.

247 Cf. Gautier, Histoire du romantisme: “Il était de mode alors dans l’école romantique d’être pâle, livide, verdâtre, un peu cadavéreux, s’il était possible. Cela donnait l’air fatal, byronien, giaour, dévoré par les passions et les remords.”

248 Hugo, Hernani.

249 Lorsque, par un décret des puissances suprêmes,
Le Poète apparaît dans ce monde ennuyé,
Sa mère épouvantée et pleine de blasphèmes
Crispe ses poings vers Dieu, qui la prend en pitié.

Fleurs du mal: Bénédiction.

Cf. Nouvelle Héloïse, Pt. III, Lettre XXVI:

“Ciel inexorable! … O ma mère, pourquoi vous donna-t-il un fils dans sa colère?”

250 Coleridge has a side that relates him to the author of Les Fleurs du mal. In his Pains of Sleep he describes a dream in which he felt

Desire with loathing strangely mix’d,
On wild or hateful objects fix’d.

251 Keats according to Shelley was an example of the poète maudit. “The poor fellow” he says “was literally hooted from the stage of life.” Keats was as a matter of fact too sturdy to be snuffed out by an article and had less of the quivering Rousseauistic sensibility than Shelley himself. Cf. letter of Shelley to Mrs. Shelley (Aug. 7, 1820): “Imagine my despair of good, imagine how it is possible that one of so weak and sensitive a nature as mine can run further the gauntlet through this hellish society of men.”

252 Euripides speaks of the Χάρις γόων in his Ἱκέτιδες (Latin, “dolendi voluptas”; German, “die Wonne der Wehmut”).

253 Chesterton is anticipated in this paradox by Wordsworth:
In youth we love the darksome lawn
Brushed by the owlet’s wing.
Then Twilight is preferred to Dawn
And autumn to the spring.
Sad fancies do we then affect
In luxury of disrespect
To our own prodigal excess
Of too familiar happiness.

Ode to Lycoris.

254 Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse, 329-30.

255 “[Villiers] était de cette famille des néo-catholiques littéraires dont Chateaubriand est le père commun, et qui a produit Barbey d’Aurevilly, Baudelaire et plus récemment M. Joséphin Peladan. Ceux-là ont goûté par-dessus tout dans la religion les charmes du péché, la grandeur du sacrilège, et leur sensualisme a caressé les dogmes qui ajoutaient aux voluptés la suprême volupté de se perdre.” A. France, Vie Littéraire, III, 121.

256 Première Promenade.

257 Ibid.

258 E.g., Hölderlin and Jean Polonius.

259 A striking passage on solitude will be found in the Laws of Manu, IV, 240-42. (“Alone a being is born: alone he goes down to death.” His kin forsake him at the grave; his only hope then is in the companionship of the Law of righteousness [Dharma]. “With the Law as his companion he crosses the darkness difficult to cross.”)

260 “Be good and you will be lonely.”

261 In the poem by the Swiss poet C. Didier from which Longfellow’s poem seems to be derived, the youth who persists in scaling the heights in spite of all warnings is Byron!

Et Byron … disparaît aux yeux du pâtre épouvanté.

(See E. Estève, Byron en France, 147).

262 In the Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe Chateaubriand quotes from the jottings of Napoleon on the island of Elba. “Mon cœur se refuse aux joies communes comme à la douleur ordinaire.” He says of Napoleon elsewhere in the same work: “Au fond il ne tenait à rien: homme solitaire, il se suffisait; le malheur ne fit que le rendre au désert de sa vie.”

263 The solitude of the “genius” is already marked in Blake:
O! why was I born with a different face?
Why was I not born like the rest of my race?
When I look, each one starts; when I speak, I offend;
Then I’m silent and passive and lose every friend.

264 Froude’s Carlyle, II, 377.

265 No finer lines on solitude are found in English than those in which Wordsworth relates how from his room at Cambridge he could look out on

The antechapel where the statue stood
Of Newton with his prism and silent face,
The marble index of a mind for ever
Voyaging through strange seas of thought alone.

(Prelude III, 61-63.)

Cf. also the line in the Sonnet on Milton:

His soul was like a star and dwelt apart.

266 Eth. Nic., 1109 b.

267 James Thomson in The City of Dreadful Night says that he would have entered hell

    gratified to gain
That positive eternity of pain
Instead of this insufferable inane.

268 R. Canat has taken this phrase as the title of his treatment of the subject: La Solitude morale dans le mouvement romantique.

269 Decadent Rome had the equivalent of Des Esseintes. Seneca (To Lucilius, CXXII) speaks of those who seek to affirm their originality and attract attention to themselves by doing everything differently from other people and, “ut ita dicam, retro vivunt.”

270 Tennyson has traced this change of the æsthetic dream into a nightmare in his Palace of Art.

[271] Contemporains, I, 332.

272 Génie du Christianisme, Pt. II, Livre III, ch. IX.

273 L’orage est dans ma voix, l’éclair est sur ma bouche;
Aussi, loin de m’aimer, voilà qu’ils tremblent tous,
Et quand j’ouvre les bras, on tombe à mes genoux.

274 Que vous ai-je donc fait pour être votre élu?
…
Hélas! je suis, Seigneur, puissant et solitaire,
Laissez-moi m’endormir du sommeil de la terre!

275 Le juste opposera le dédain à l’absence
Et ne répondra plus que par un froid silence
Au silence éternel de la Divinité.

276 See Sainte-Beuve’s poetical epistle A. M. Villemain (Pensées d’Août 1837).

277 See Masters of Modern French Criticism, 233, 238.

278 Wordsworth writes

 A piteous lot it were to flee from man
Yet not rejoice in Nature.

(Excursion, IV, 514.)

This lot was Vigny’s:

Ne me laisse jamais seul avec la Nature
Car je la connais trop pour n’en avoir pas peur.

279 Madame Dorval.

280 La Maison du Berger. Note that in Wordsworth the “still sad music of humanity” is very closely associated with nature.

281 La Bouteille à la Mer.

282 See Book IX of the Nicomachean Ethics.

283 “All salutary conditions have their root in strenuousness” (appamāda), says Buddha.

284 See Masters of Modern French Criticism, Essay on Taine, passim. Paul Bourget in his Essais de Psychologie contemporaine (2 vols.) has followed out during this period the survivals of the older romantic melancholy and their reinforcement by scientific determinism.

285 “Le pauvre M. Arago, revenant un jour de l’Hôtel de Ville en 1848 après une épouvantable émeute, disait tristement à l’un de ses aides de camp au ministère de la marine: ‘En vérité ces gens-là ne sont pas raisonnables.’” Doudan, Lettres, IV, 338.

286 See Preface (pp. viii-ix) to his Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse and my comment in The New Laokoon, 207-08.

287 Most of the political implications of the point of view I am developing I am reserving for a volume I have in preparation to be entitled Democracy and Imperialism. Some of my conclusions will be found in two articles in the (New York) Nation: The Breakdown of Internationalism (June 17 and 24, 1915), and The Political Influence of Rousseau (Jan. 18, 1917).

288 Reden an die deutsche Nation, XII.

289 I should perhaps allow for the happiness that may be experienced in moments of supernormal consciousness—something quite distinct from emotional or other intoxication. Fairly consistent testimony as to moments of this kind is found in the records of the past from the early Buddhists down to Tennyson.

290 I scarcely need say that I am speaking of the man of science only in so far as he is purely naturalistic in his point of view. There may enter into the total personality of Edison or any particular man of science other and very different elements.

291 M. René Berthelot has written a book on pragmatism and similar tendencies in contemporary philosophy entitled Un Romantisme utilitaire. I have not read it but the title alone is worth more than most books on the subject I have read.

292 Dedication of the Æneis (1697).

293 Adventure of one Hans Pfaal.

294 His attempt to rewrite Hyperion from a humanitarian point of view is a dismal failure.

295 There is also a strong idyllic element in Paradise Lost as Rousseau (Emile, V) and Schiller (Essay on Naïve and Sentimental Poetry) were among the first to point out. Critics may be found even to-day who, like Tennyson, prefer the passages which show a richly pastoral imagination to the passages where the ethical imagination is required but where it does not seem to prevail sufficiently over theology.

296 XII, 74.

297 Three Philosophical Poets, 188.

298 After telling of the days when “il n’y avait pour moi ni passé ni avenir et je goûtais à la fois les délices de mille siècles,” Saint-Preux concludes: “Hélas! vous avez disparu comme un éclair. Cette éternité de bonheur ne fut qu’un instant de ma vie. Le temps a repris sa lenteur dans les moments de mon désespoir, et l’ennui mesure par longues années le reste infortuné de mes jours” (Nouvelle Héloïse, Pt. III, Lettre VI).

299 The Church, so far as it has become humanitarian, has itself succumbed to naturalism.

300 Sutta of the Great Decease.

301 If a man recognizes the supreme rôle of fiction or illusion in life while proceeding in other respects on Kantian principles, he will reach results similar to the “As-if Philosophy” (Philosophie des Als Ob) of Vaihinger, a leading authority on Kant and co-editor of the Kantstudien. This work, though not published until 1911, was composed, the author tells us in his preface, as early as 1875-78. It will be found to anticipate very strikingly pragmatism and various other isms in which philosophy has been proclaiming so loudly of late its own bankruptcy.

302 “C’est en vain qu’on voudrait assigner à la vie un but, au sens humain du mot.” L’Evolution créatrice, 55.

303 Metaphysics, 1078 b.

304 In the beginning was the Word! To seek to substitute, like Faust, the Deed for the Word is to throw discrimination to the winds. The failure to discriminate as to the quality of the deed is responsible for the central sophistry of Faust (see p. 331) and perhaps of our modern life in general.

305 “J’adore la liberté; j’abhorre la gêne, la peine, l’assujettissement.” Confessions, Livre I.

306 Analects, XI, CXI. Cf. ibid., VI, CXX: “To give one’s self earnestly to the duties due to men, and while respecting spiritual beings, to keep aloof from them, may be called wisdom.” Much that has passed current as religion in all ages has made its chief appeal, not to awe but to wonder; and like many humanists Confucius was somewhat indifferent to the marvellous. “The subjects on which the Master did not talk were: extraordinary things, feats of strength, disorder and spiritual beings” (ibid., VII, CXX).

307 One of the last Chinese, I am told, to measure up to the Confucian standard was Tsêng Kuo-fan (1811-1872) who issued forth from poverty, trained a peasant soldiery and, more than any other one person, put down the Taiping Rebellion.

308 See J. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire’s Introduction to his translation of the Nicomachean Ethics, p. cxlix.

309 Eth. Nic., 1122-25.

310 I have in mind such passages as P., VIII, 76-78, 92-96; N., VI, 1-4; N., XI, 13-16.

311 “II n’y eut jamais pour moi d’intermédiaire entre tout et rien.” Confessions, Livre VII.

312 Some wag, it will be remembered, suggested as an alternative title for this work: Wild Religions I have known.

313 Letters, II, 298; cf. ibid., 291: “I have never known a life less wisely controlled or less helped by the wisdom of others than his. The whole retrospect of it is pathetic; waste, confusion, ruin of one of the most gifted and sweetest natures the world ever knew.”

314 Nic. Eth., 1145 b. The opposition between Socrates or Plato and Aristotle, when put thus baldly, is a bit misleading. Socrates emphasized the importance of practice (μελέτη) in the acquisition of virtue, and Plato has made much of habit in the Laws.

315 Analects, II, CIV.

316 This belief the Oriental has embodied in the doctrine of Karma.

317 “La seule habitude qu’on doit laisser prendre à l’enfant est de n’en contractor aucune.” Emile, Livre I.

318 Emile was to be trained to be a cabinet-maker.

319 Eth. Nic., 1172 b.

320 Doctrine of the Mean (c. XXXIII, v. 2).

321 See his poem Ibo in Les Contemplations.

322 La. 55, p. 51. (In my references La. stands for Lao-tzŭ, Li. for Lieh-tzŭ, Ch. for Chuang-tzŭ. The first number gives the chapter; the second number the page in Wieger’s edition.)

323 Ch. 22 C, p. 391.

324 Ch. 12 n, p. 305.

325 Ch. 11 D, p. 291. Ibid. 15, p. 331. See also Li. 31, p. 113.

326 Ch. 19 B, p. 357.

327 Ch. 19 L, p. 365.

328 Ch. 10, pp. 279-80.

329 Ch. 9, pp. 274-75.

330 Ch. 29, pp. 467 ff.

331 Ch. 2, p. 223.

332 La. 27, p. 37.

333 Ch. 8 A, p. 271.

334 Li. 5, p. 143.

335 Ch. 14 C, p. 321.

336 For an extreme form of Epicureanism see the ideas of Yang-chu, Li. 7, pp. 165 ff. For stoical apathy see Ch. 6 C., p. 253. For fate see Li. 6, p. 165, Ch. 6 K, p. 263.

337 Ch. 33, pp. 499 ff.

338 Ch. 33 C, p. 503.

339 Bk. III, Part 2, ch. 9.

340 Li. 3, p. 111. Ch. 24, pp. 225-27.

341 Ch. 6 E, p. 255.

342 See The Religion of the Samurai: a Study of Zen Philosophy (1913) by Kaiten Nukariya (himself a Zenist), p. 23.