IV Adder’s Tongue Family Ophioglossàceæ
Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In Ophioglóssum the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated and the sporangia in a simple spike. In Botrýchium the sterile segment is more or less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound or rarely simple spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow.
ADDER’S TONGUE. Ophioglóssum vulgàtum
Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing one smooth, entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the sporangia, coherent in two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek meaning the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of the sporangia.)
In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. “Overlooked rather than rare.” New England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows in company with the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as “adder’s speare ointment” had the adder’s tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and is said to be still used for wounds in English villages.
“For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
He seeketh out a herb that’s called adder’s tongue.”
Var. minus, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy ground, New Hampshire to New Jersey.
Var. Engelmánni. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and westward.
Var. arenàrium. (From the Latin, arèna, meaning sand, being found in a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of Ophióglossum vulgàtum and about half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor soil at Holly Beach, New Jersey.