Chapter XIII Summary
It seems neither practicable nor desirable to recapitulate minutely in this final chapter the rather numerous distinctive features of the present work; but attention may properly be directed to some of its salient conclusions. In stating them positively as below, here or elsewhere, I do not mean to be offensively dogmatic but to present concisely my own deductions from evidence which I have been at some pains to gather.
Atlantis was a creation of philosophic romance, incited and aided by miscellaneous data out of history, tradition, and known physical phenomena, especially by rumors of the weed-encumbered windless dead waters of the Sargasso Sea. There never was any such gorgeous and dominant Atlantic power as the Atlantis of Plato, able to overrun and conquer more than half of the Mediterranean and contend with Athens in a struggle of life and death.
St. Brendan did not cross the Atlantic nor discover any island in its remoter reaches, where some maps show islands bearing his name. He seems, however, to have visited divers eastern Atlantic islands, now well known; and it is quite likely that most of the portolan maps of the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries are right in linking his name especially to Madeira and her neighbors.
Brazil Island is a conspicuously complex problem. Probably it represents the region around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, brought on the same parallel unduly near the Irish shore. Thus understood, it would be, presumably, but not necessarily, the cartographic record of some early Irish voyage far to the westward. It does not appear on any extant map before 1325, but maps showing the Atlantic and its remoter islands (apart from the hopeless distortions of Edrisi and certain monks) can hardly be said to have existed earlier.
Man, or Mayda, is frequently a more southern and western companion of Brazil Island on the old maps and may stand for Bermuda or for some jutting point, like Cape Cod, on the American coast. Some indications connect it with the Bretons, some with the Arabs. It has borne divers names. We cannot tell who first found and reported it.
The Island of the Seven Cities derived its name from a very credible Spanish and Portuguese tradition of escape from the Moors by sea early in the eighth century. It may first have been localized as St. Michaels of the Azores, where a valley still bears the name. Afterward it was confused for a long time with Antillia and still later was distributed rather widely over sea and land, the Seven Cities not always insisting on being insular but appearing now just back of the American Atlantic coast line, now in the far and arid Southwest.
Of the Norse discoveries in America at the opening of the eleventh century, Helluland represents the northern treeless waste of upper Labrador and beyond; Markland represents the forested zone next below, notably Newfoundland, with probably southern Labrador supplying only timber and game; and Vinland, or Wineland, represents all that immense region where the climate was milder and wine grapes grew. Straumey was Grand Manan Island; Straumfiord, Passamaquoddy Bay with Grand Manan Channel; Hop, Mount Hope Bay, R. I., or some bay of the eastern front of southern New England; the Wonderstrands, some part of the prevalent American coastal front of unending strand and dune. It is needless to particularize further.
Antillia is Cuba; Reylla, Jamaica; Salvagio, or Satanaxio, Florida; I in Mar, one or more of the Bahamas. Early in the fifteenth century some Iberian navigator, probably Portuguese, visited these islands and made the report that resulted in the addition of these islands to divers maps. They, in turn, were among the inciting causes of the undertaking of Columbus.
Footnotes
1 The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in 15 Books, to which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus, transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2 vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 3, Ch. 4, p. 195, and Bk. 4, Ch. 1, pp. 235 and 243.
2 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 131.
3 I Kings, 10: 22.
4 Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Entitled Chu-fan-chï, transl. and annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, St. Petersburg, 1911, p. 142.
5 W. H. Holmes: Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities, Bur. of Amer. Ethnology, Bull. 60, Part I, Smithsonian Instn., Washington, D. C., 1919, p. 27.
6 Historical Library, Vol. 1, Bk. 5, Ch. 2, p. 309.
7 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913. See also: Recent History and Present Status of the Vinland Problem, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 265–282.
8 Edrisi’s “Geography,” in two versions, the first based on two, the second on four manuscripts, viz.: (1) P. A. Jaubert (translator): Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’Arabe en Français, 2 vols. (Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6), Paris, 1836 and 1840; reference in Vol. 2, p. 27; (2) R. Dozy and M. J. De Goeje (translators): Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne par Edrisi: Texte arabe publié pour la première fois d’après les man. de Paris et d’Oxford, Leiden, 1866.
9 M. d’Avezac: Notice des découvertes faites au Moyen Age dans l’Océan Atlantique antérieurement aux grandes explorations portugaises du quinzième siècle, Paris, 1845, p. 23.
10 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
11 Henry Vignaud: The Columbian Tradition on the Discovery of America and of the Part Played Therein by the Astronomer Toscanelli, Oxford, 1920.
12 Benjamin Jowett: The Dialogues of Plato, Translated into English with Analyses and Introductions, 3rd edit., 5 vols., London and New York, 1892; reference in Vol. 3, p. 534.
13 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edit., Vol. 21, p. 823.
14 Atlantis, the “Lost” Continent: A Review of Termier’s Evidence, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 3, 1917, pp. 61–66; reference on p. 62.
15 Pierre Termier: Atlantis (transl. from Bull. l’Inst. Océanogr. No. 256, Monaco), Ann. Rept. Smithsonian Instn. for 1915, Washington, D. C., pp. 219–234; reference on p. 222.
16 Ibid., pp. 220–221.
17 The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian in 15 Books, to which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus, transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2 vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 4, Ch. 1, p. 234.
18 Ibid., Vol. 1, Bk. 3, Ch. 4, p. 195.
19 Jowett, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 536–539.
20 Termier, pp. 228–229.
21 Ibid., pp. 230, 231.
22 Geogr. Rev., Vol. 3, 1917, p. 65.
23 Termier, pp. 231 and 232.
24 R. F. Scharff: Some Remarks on the Atlantis Problem, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 24. Section B, 1903, pp. 268–302; reference on p. 297.
25 Idem: European Animals: Their Geological History and Geographical Distribution, London and New York, 1907, pp. 102 and 104.
26 L. F. Navarro: Nuevas consideraciones sobre el problema de la Atlantis, Madrid, 1917, pp. 6 and 15 (extract from Rev. Real Acad. de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid, Vol. 15, 1917, pp. 537–552).
27 Termier, pp. 226 and 227.
28 Geogr. Rev., Vol. 3, 1917, p. 66.
29 Sir John Murray: The Ocean: A General Account of the Science of the Sea (Home University Library of Modern Knowledge, No. 76), New York, 1913, p. 33.
30 T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260; reference on p. 249.
31 E. L. Stevenson: Portolan Charts, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 82, New York, 1911, pp. 5–6.
32 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, p. 8.
33 Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols., New York, 1911; reference in Vol. 1, p. 38.
34 Ibid., pp. 40–41.
35 Nansen, In Northern Mists, p. 41.
36 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
37 J. C. Soley: Circulation of the North Atlantic in February and in August [sheet of text with charts on the reverse]. Supplement to the Pilot Chart of the North Atlantic Ocean for 1912, Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C.
Otto Krümmel: Die nordatlantische Sargassosee, Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 37, 1891, pp. 129–141, with map.
Gerhard Schott: Géographie des Atlantischen Ozeans, Hamburg, 1912, pp. 162–164 and 268–269, Pls. 16 and 26.
38 Krümmel (paper cited in footnote 26) suggests applying the name Sargasso Sea to the area limited by the curve of 5 per cent probability of occurrence on his map (our Fig. 1). This area amounts to 4,500,000 square kilometers, or somewhat less than half the area of Europe. Schott (see footnote 26), p. 140, gives 8,635,000 square kilometers as the area of his natural region Sargasso Sea, which is based not only on the occurrence of gulfweed but also on the prevailing absence of currents and on the relatively high temperature of the water in all depths.—Edit. Note.
39 T. A. Janvier: In the Sargasso Sea, New York, 1896, p. 26.
40 Ibid., p. 27.
41 Murray, pp. 140–141.
42 Soley, column 2, lines 3–5.
43 Reprint of Hydrographic Information: Questions and Answers, No. 2, June 2, 1910, Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C., p. 17.
44 Anecdota Exoniensia: Lives of the Saints, from the Book of Lismore, edited, with a translation, notes, and indices, by Whitley Stokes, Oxford, 1890, p. 252.
45 T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260; reference on p. 230.
46 Westropp, Brasil, p. 229.
47 The Anglo-Norman Trouvères of the 12th and 13th Centuries, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Mag., Vol. 39, 1836, pp. 806–820; reference on p. 808.
48 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 166.
49 R. D. Benedict: The Hereford Map and the Legend of St. Brandan, Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc., Vol. 24, 1892, pp. 321–365; reference on p. 344.
50 Edrisi’s “Geography,” in two versions, the first based on two, the second on four manuscripts, viz.: (1) P. A. Jaubert (translator): Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’Arabe en Français, 2 vols. (Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6), Paris, 1836 and 1840; reference in Vol. 2, p. 27; (2) R. Dozy and M. J. De Goeje (translators): Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne par Edrisi: Texte arabe publié pour la première fois d’après les man. de Paris et d’Oxford, Leiden, 1866.
51 Konrad Miller: Die Weltkarte des Beatus (776 n. Chr.), with facsimile of one derivative, Heft 1 of his “Mappaemundi: Die ältesten Weltkarten,” Stuttgart, 1895. The 9 other derivatives on Pls. 2–9 of Heft 2 (Atlas von 16 Lichtdrucktafeln, Stuttgart, 1895).
52 The Guanches of Tenerife: The Holy Image of Our Lady of Candelaria and the Spanish Conquest and Settlement, by the Friar Alonso de Espinosa of the Order of Preachers, translated and edited, with notes and an introduction, by Sir Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 2nd Ser., Vol. 21, London, 1907, p. 29.
53 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 8.
54 The Geography of Strabo, literally translated with notes: the first six books by H. C. Hamilton, the remainder by W. Falconer, 3 vols., H. C. Bohn, London, 1854–57; reference in Vol. 1, p. 226.
55 The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in 15 Books, to which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus; transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2 vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 5, Ch. 2, pp. 308–309.
56 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
57 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
58 Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877, translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912; reference on p. 29.
59 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell’anno 1426), Pl. 4.
60 First published by the author in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, Pl. 1, facing p. 40.
61 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).
62 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 5.
63 Ibid., atlas, Pl. 4.
64 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915, [Smithsonian Institution], Washington, D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
65 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pls. 3 and 4.
66 Ibid., Portfolio 13, Pl. 5.
67 E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim, His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 59.
68 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 7.
69 S. E. Dawson: The Voyages of the Cabots in 1497 and 1498; With an Attempt to Determine Their Landfall and to Identify Their Island of St. John, Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Vol. 12, Section II, 1894; map on p. 86. The map is also reproduced by Jomard, in the work cited in footnote 13.
70 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 46.
71 Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: idem: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla storia della cartografia mediovale, Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenzi dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and idem: Angellinus de Dalorco (sic), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, Riv. Geogr. Italiana, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
72 James Hardiman: The History of the Town and County of Galway from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Dublin, 1820, p. 2.
73 [M. F.] Santarem: Atlas composé de mappemondes, de portulans, et de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VIe jusqu’au XVIIe siècle... devant servir de preuves à l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le Moyen Age..., Paris, 1842–53, Pls. 43–48 (Quaritch’s notation); reference on Pl. 46.
74 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39.; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 216–223. See also Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols, New York. 1911; reference in Vol. 2, p. 229.
75 L. A. Muratori: Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi, 6 vols., Milan, 1738–42; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 891 and 894.
76 Sir Henry Yule: The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, 3rd edit., revised... by Henri Cordier, 2 vols., London, 1903; reference in Vol. 2, p. 299. See also pp. 306, 313, and 315 (note 4).
77 Antonio de Capmany: Memorias historicas sobre la marina, comercio, y artes de la antigua ciudad de Barcelona, 4 vols., Madrid, 1779–92; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 4, 17, and 20.
78 T. J. Westropp: Early Italian Maps of Ireland from 1300 to 1600. With Notes on Foreign Settlers and Trade, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 361–428; reference on p. 393.
79 Humboldt, Examen critique, Vol. 2, p. 223.
80 See Soncino’s second letter to the Duke of Milan, published in many works on John Cabot; e. g. in “The Northmen, Columbus, and Cabot, 985–1503,” edited by J. E. Olsen and E. G. Bourne (Series: Original Narratives of Early American History), New York, 1906; reference on p. 426.
81 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
82 Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877, translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912, p. 29.
83 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 22.
84 Ibid., Pl. 26.
85 Ibid., Pl. 15.
86 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 11 (Facsimile della Carta nautica de Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1448), Pl. 3.
87 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 8.
88 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 5.
89 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915 [Smithsonian Institution], Washington, D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
90 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426), Pl. 5.
91 The section of which the author has a photograph (first published in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, opposite p. 40, and here reproduced, Fig. 3, somewhat curtailed) does not extend far enough to show the island of Brazil.
92 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).
93 In the Kohl collection of maps relating to America, No. 17, in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
94 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20; Theobald Fischer, Portfolio II, Pl. 3.
95 Original in Majorca. A good copy is owned by T. Solberg, Register of Copyrights, Washington, D. C.
96 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 5.
97 E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104, New York, 1916, Pl. 2.
98 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.
99 Ibid., Pl. 7.
100 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus. Pl. 11.
101 Ibid., p. 164.
102 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 8.
103 Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac, Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700. With Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston and New York, 1894; reference on p. 28.
104 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.
105 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 29.
106 Nansen, In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 228.
107 T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260.
108 Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac. p. 60.
109 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 27.
110 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
111 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi. Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen’s “In Northern Mists,” Vol. 2, p. 280, and in T. J. Westropp’s “Brasil.” Pl. 20, facing p. 260.
112 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus. p. 90; also discussed by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, and London, 1903.
113 Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac, p. II.
114 See Ayala’s letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, copied in many Cabot narratives; e. g. in the work cited above in footnote 10, p. 430, and at the beginning of the next chapter.
115 G. E. Weare: Cabot’s Discovery of North America, London, 1897, p. 59.
116 Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: idem: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla storia della cartografia mediovale, Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenze dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and idem: Angellinus de Dalorco (sic), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, Riv. Geogr. Italiana, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
117 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 2.
118 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4, map 8.
119 E. g. by Nordenskiöld, op. cit., p. 164.
120 Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 512.
121 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
122 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).
123 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.
124 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915, [Smithsonian Institution], Washington, D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
125 E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 77.
126 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 65 and Pl. 32.
127 Ferdinand Columbus, p. 514.
128 Antonio Galvano: The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Series, Vol. 30, London, 1862, p. 72.
129 Manuel de Faria y Sousa: The History of Portugal, transl. by Capt. John Stevens, London, 1698; reference in Bk. 2, Ch. 6, p. 112.
130 Manuel de Faria y Sousa: Epitome de las Historias Portuguesas, 2 vols., Madrid, 1628; reference in Part II, Ch. 7, p. 257.
131 E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81, New York, 1911, folio 1b.
132 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.
133 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
134 Ibid., Pl. 47.
135 A. S. Brown: Guide to Madeira and the Canary Islands (with notes on the Azores), 5th edit., London, 1898, p. 148.
136 N. Buache: Recherches sur l’ile Antillia et sur l’époque de découverte d’Amérique, Mémoires de l’Institut des Sciences, Lettres, et Arts, Vol. 6, 1806, pp. 1–29, following p. 84 of Section entitled “Histoire” and appended list. See p. 13.
137 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 281.
138 Joseph Bullar and Henry Bullar: A Winter in the Azores and a Summer in the Baths of the Furnas, 2 vols., London, 1841; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 242–247.
139 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 163.
140 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 12, map 1.
141 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales.... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
142 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 11 (Facsimile della carta nautica di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1448), Pl. 3. See also Kretschmer, text, p. 184.
143 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 8.
144 Ibid., Pl. 11.
145 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.
146 Listed as No. 17 in Justin Winsor: The Kohl Collection (now in the Library of Congress) of Maps Relating to America, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., 1904, p. 27.
147 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 15.
148 Ibid., Pl. 18.
149 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426).
150 The section of which the author has a photograph (first published in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, opposite p. 40, and here reproduced, Fig. 3, somewhat curtailed) does not extend far enough to show the island.
151 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).
152 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20.; Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.
153 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 33.
154 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 1.
155 E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104, New York, 1916, Pl. 2.
156 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington, D. C., 1917, pp. 469–478; map on p. 476.
157 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 22.
158 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 9, map 3; also in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 32.
159 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 14, map 5.
160 Ibid., Pl. 15.
161 Ibid., Pl. 12, map 2.
162 Ibid., Pl. 4, map 5.
163 Ibid., Pl. 17; also A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 51.
164 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 27.
165 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
166 Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston and New York, 1894, p. 60.
167 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Fig. 76, p. 163.
168 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
169 Ibid., Pl. 47.
170 Copy in map collection of American Geographical Society.
171 Atlas universel, par M. Robert, Géographe ordinaire du Roy, et par M. Robert de Vaugondy, son fils,... Paris, 1757, Pl. 13.
172 [E. M.] Blunt’s New Chart of the Atlantic or Western Ocean, New York, 1814.
173 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
174 Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877, translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912, p. 29.
175 Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, 2 vols., New York, 1911; reference in Vol. 1, pp. 192 and 194.
176 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 14, map 5.
177 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen (Vol. 2, p. 285), and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable, Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260; see Pl. 20, opp. p. 260.
178 Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706; Tabula I, facing p. 20.
179 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 13.
180 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 27.
181 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
182 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 67.
183 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.
184 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
185 Ibid., Pl. 47.
186 Quoted by Nansen in his “In Northern Mists,” Vol. 1, p. 260.
187 Henry Rink: Danish Greenland, Its People and Its Products, London, 1877, pp. 306–312 and passim.
188 William Hovgaard: The Voyages of the Norsemen to America (Scandinavian Monographs, Vol. 1), American-Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1914, pp. 25 and 26.
189 Finnur Jónsson: Grönlands gamle Topografi efter Kilderne: Österbygden og Vesterbygden, Meddelelser on Grönland, Vol. 20 (text, pp. 267–329), Pls. 2 and 3, 1899.
190 Op. cit., p. 27.
191 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 49. Also copied by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, p. 70.
192 Joseph Fischer, Pls. 1–8. See also the map of Henricus Martillus Germanus (1489) in E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim, His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 67. The name Greenland does not appear on the latter map, but the peninsula is there.
193 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 4; better facsimile reproductions in the works by Major and Lucas cited in footnotes 1 and 2, Ch. IX.
194 Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio. Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. Also reproduced by Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, Mémoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370 (map on p. 333); by Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 7; and by W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, map facing p. 62; by Hovgaard, op. cit., opp. p. 118. These are two versions, the one appearing in Torfaeus (1706), reproduced herewith (Fig. 18) and by Nansen, the other a copy of about 1670 belonging to Bishop Thordr Thorláksson, now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen (Old Collection, No. 2881, 4to), of Stefánsson’s original map, which was lost. The earlier version is reproduced by Storm, Babcock, and Hovgaard.
195 Hovgaard. p. 39.
196 Often quoted, e. g. by Hovgaard, p. 37.
197 Pp. 69–124 in Gustav Storm: Monumenta historica Norvegiae, Christiania, 1880; reference on p. 76. In English, e. g. in Hovgaard, p. 167.
198 Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano, 1351; see Pl. 5 of facsimile in Portfolio 5 of Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–1886.
Catalan atlas, 1375, Pls. 11–14 in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897.
Pareto map, 1455, Pl. 5 in atlas accompanying Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892 (our Fig. 21).
199 M. A. P. d’Avezac: Notice des découvertes faites au Moyen-Age dans l’Océan Atlantique antérieurement aux grandes explorations portugaises du quinzième siècle, Paris, 1845, pp. 8–9. See “I de Madera” on Benincasa map, 1482, in Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4 (our Fig. 22).
200 Fully set forth in A. M. Reeves: The Finding of Wineland the Good, London, 1890; summarized in W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, pp. 64 et seq.
201 Reeves, pp. 42 et seq. This work gives facsimiles of the pages in Hauk’s Book dealing with the saga of Eric the Red, as well as the printed text in Icelandic, also a translation and notes distinguishing slight divergencies of Arna Magnæan MS. 557. I have followed the latter as slightly preferable and equally authentic and archaic in substance. William Hovgaard (The Voyages of the Norsemen to America, New York, 1914, p. 103) translates a little differently from Reeves in details but gives much the same purport.
202 For example by Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America, With Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 7–8.
203 Thus quoted in Reeves, p. 15. See also Hovgaard, p. 79, where the obscure phrase in quotation marks above is rendered “Karlsefni cut wood for a house ornament.”
204 Thormodus Torfaeus: Gronlandia Antiqua, seu veteris Gronlandiae descriptio, Copenhagen, 1706, Tabula II, after p. 20. See also footnote 20, Chapter VII.
205 Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times, transl. by A. G. Chater, New York, 1911, 2 vols.: reference in Vol. 1, p. 323. Cf. R. Whitbourne: A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland, London, 1622.
206 E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick, N. J., 1906; reference in Portfolio 1.
207 E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New York, 1907–08.
208 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till nordens äldsta kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5. Also (reduced) in Nansen: In Northern Mists, Vol. 2, p. 280, and in T. J. Westropp: Brasil and the Legendary Islands of the North Atlantic: Their History and Fable (Proc. Royal Irish Acad., Vol. 30, Section C, 1912–13, pp. 223–260), Pl. 20, facing p. 260.
209 Alberto Maghaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: idem: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo alla storia della cartografia mediovale, Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenze dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and idem: Angellinus de Dalorco (sic), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, Riv. Geogr. Italiana, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
210 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus, Pl. 27.
211 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
212 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 11, Pl. 3.
213 R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth Century, etc., Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873; and F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898—representing opposite sides of the discussion.
214 George Cartwright: Journal of Transactions and Events During a Residence of Nearly Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador, 3 vols., Newark (Engl.), 1792. Republished as “Captain Cartwright and His Labrador Journal,” with an introduction by W. T. Grenfell, Boston. 1911; reference on pp. 16–25.
215 R. H. Major, transl. and edit.: The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, to the Northern Seas, in the XIVth Century, etc., Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., Vol. 50, London, 1873.
216 F. W. Lucas: The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers Nicolò and Antonio Zeno in the North Atlantic, etc., London, 1898, p. 152.
217 Ibid., Pls. 13 (Mercator’s large-scale world map, 1569) and 14 (Ortelius’ large-scale world map, 1570). Ortelius’ small-scale world map, 1570, of a section of which our Fig. 10 is a reproduction, is facsimiled in A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 46.
218 Major, pp. 19–24.
219 Recently on exhibition, but not accessible at present.
220 Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy. 1877, p. 90.
221 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.
222 A. M. Reeves: The finding of Wineland the Good. London, 1890, pp. 94–95.
223 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 27.
224 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 19, map 3.
225 Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in Its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston, 1894, pp. 60–61.
226 Lucas, p. 124.
227 Lucas, p. 74.
228 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, text maps 34 and 35, on pp. 85 and 87, and Pl. 32; idem: Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 30. The first three maps are also reproduced in idem: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pls. 3, 1, 2.
229 Joseph Fischer: The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America with Special Relation to Their Early Cartographical Representation, transl. by B. H. Soulsby, London, 1903, pp. 71 and 72 and Pls. 1–6.
230 J. G. Kohl: A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North America, Particularly the Coast of Maine, from the Northmen in 990 to the Charter of Gilbert in 1578 (Documentary History of the State of Maine, Vol. 1). Colls. Maine Hist. Soc., 2d Ser., Portland, 1869, p. 105.
231 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4, map 5.
232 [M. F.] Santarem: Atlas composé de mappemondes, de portulans, et de cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VIe jusqu’au XVIIe siècle... devant servir de preuves à l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le Moyen Age..., Paris. 1842–53, Pl. 9 (Quaritch’s notation).
233 E. L. Stevenson: Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America, 1502–1530, Reproduced by Photography from the Original Manuscripts, text and 12 portfolios, New Brunswick. N. J., 1906; reference in Portfolio 1.
234 Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 507.
235 E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81, New York, 1911, folios 1b and 8b.
236 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Bidrag till Nordens äldsta Kartografi, Stockholm, 1892, Pl. 5.
237 E. g. in [Henry Harrisse]: Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima: Additions, Paris, 1872, pp. xvi-xviii; and Ferdinand Columbus: The History of the Life and Actions of Adm. Christopher Columbus, and of His Discovery of the West-Indies, Call’d the New World, Now in Possession of His Catholic Majesty. Written by His Own Son, transl. from the Italian and contained in “A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now First Published in English,” by Awnsham Churchill and John Churchill (6 vols., London, 1732), Vol. 2, pp. 501–628; reference on p. 512.
238 Henry Vignaud: The Columbian Tradition on the Discovery of America and of the Part Played Therein by the Astronomer Toscanelli, Oxford, 1920, pp. 9–10; and idem: Le vrai Christophe Colomb et la légende, Paris, 1921, Ch. IX.
239 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, p. 177.
240 E. G. Ravenstein: Martin Behaim: His Life and His Globe, London, 1908, p. 77.
241 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, p. 65 and Pl. 32.
242 Pietro Martyr d’Anghiera: The Decades of the New World or West India, transl. by Rycharde Eden, London, 1597, First Decade, p. 6. For a modern edition of this work see “De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D’Anghera,” transl. by F. A. MacNutt, 2 vols., New York, 1912.
243 E. L. Stevenson: Marine World Chart of Nicolo de Canerio Januensis, 1502 (circa), 2 vols. (text, 1908, and facsimile in portfolio, 1907), Amer. Geogr. Soc. and Hispanic Soc. of Amer., New York, 1907–08.
244 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; see atlas, Pl. 8, map 2.
245 Friedrich Kunstmann: Ueber einige der ältesten Karten Amerikas, pp. 125–151 in his “Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den ältesten Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt,” with an atlas: Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof-und Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner, Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859; reference on Pl. 4 of atlas.
246 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 13 (Facsimile del planisfero del mondo conosciuto, in lingua catalana, del xv secolo), Pl. 5.
247 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1. In Santarem’s atlas (cf. Ch. IX, footnote 18), Pl. 31, the name is interpreted as “Atullis.”
248 E. L. Stevenson: Atlas of Portolan Charts: Facsimile of Manuscript in British Museum, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 81, New York, 1911, folio 9a.
249 Ibid., folio 1b.
250 Vicenzio Formaleoni: Description de deux cartes anciennes tirées de la Bibliothèque de St. Marc à Venise, pp. 91–168 of the same author’s “Essai sur la marine ancienne des Vénitiens,” transl. by the Chevalier d’Henin, Venice, 1788; reference on p. 122 and Pl. III.
251 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent, et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 193. The other mentions of Humboldt in this chapter refer to the same volume, pp. 178–211, except allusions to his correspondence with the Weimar librarian.
252 Ibid., p. 211.
253 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
254 Periplus, p. 177.
255 W. H. Babcock: Indications of Visits of White Men to America before Columbus, Proc. 19th Internatl. Congr. of Americanists, Held at Washington, Dec. 27–31, 1915, [Smithsonian Institution,] Washington, D. C., 1917. map on p. 476.
256 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).
257 E. L. Stevenson: Facsimiles of Portolan Charts Belonging to the Hispanic Society of America, Publs. Hispanic Soc. of Amer. No. 104, New York, 1916, Pl. 2.
258 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 20. Cf. also Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4. map 2.
259 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.
260 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 4.
261 See footnotes 18 and 19.
262 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, p. 73, map in text.
263 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 8 (Facsimile del Portolano di Giacomo Giraldi di Venezia dell’ anno 1426).
264 Original in Majorca. A good copy is owned by T. Solberg, Register of Copyrights, Washington, D. C.
265 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 15 (Facsimile del Mappamondo di Fra Mauro dell’ anno 1457 [1459]).
266 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 7.
267 Book of the Knowledge of All the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships That Are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of Each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords Who Possess Them, written by a Spanish Franciscan in the middle of the 14th century, published for the first time with notes by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1877, translated and edited by Sir Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 2nd Ser., Vol. 29, London, 1912; reference on p. 29.
268 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
269 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 11. Our reproduction (Fig. 5) does not extend far enough south to show the islands.
270 Edrisi’s “Geography,” in two versions, the first based on two, the second on four manuscripts, viz.: (1) P. A. Jaubert (translator): Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’Arabe en Français, 2 vols. (Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6), Paris, 1836 and 1840; reference in Vol. 1, p. 201; (2) R. Dozy et M. J. De Goeje (translators): Description de l’Afrique et de L’Espagne par Edrisi: Texte arabe publié pour la première fois d’après les man. de Paris et d’Oxford, Leiden, 1866, pp. 63–64.
271 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1. Also W. H. Babcock: Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913, Pls. 1 and 2.
272 The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in 15 Books: to which are added the fragments of Diodorus, and those published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus, transl. by G. Booth, Esq., 2 vols., London, 1814; reference in Vol. 1, Bk. 5, Ch. 2, pp. 308–309.
273 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, pp. 237–240.
274 Det Götheborgska Wetenskaps och Witterhets Samhällets Handlingar, Vol. 1, 1778, pp. 106–108, and Pl. 6. See also Moedas phenicias e cyrenaicas encontradas em 1749 na ilha do Corvo, Archivo dos Açores, Vol. 3, pp. 11–113.
275 Conrad Malte-Brun: Précis de géographie universelle, 8 vols., Paris, 1810–29; reference in Vol. 1 of that edition, constituting “L’Histoire de la Géographie,” 1810, p. 596.
276 Edrisi, (Dozy and De Goeje), p. 1.
277 S. Morewood: Philosophic and Statistical History of Inventions and Customs,... Inebriating Liquors, Dublin, 1838, p. 322.
278 Humboldt, Examen critique, Vol. 2, p. 227.
279 André Thevet: La cosmographie universelle, 2 vols., Paris, 1575; reference in Vol. 2, p. 1022.
280 The Geography of Strabo, transl. by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer (Bohn’s Classical Library), 3 vols., London, 1854; reference in Vol. 1, pp. 255–257.
281 Captain Boid: A Description of the Azores, or Western Islands, London, 1834, pp. 316–317.
282 Borges de F. Henriques: A Trip to the Azores or Western Islands, Boston, 1867, pp. 35–36.
283 Theobald Fischer, Portfolio 5, Pl. 4.
284 Idem, Portfolio 7, Pl. 4.
285 A. E. Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 11 (not shown on Fig. 5).
286 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates). Also Babcock, Early Norse Visits to North America, Pl. 4. See our Fig. 20.
287 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 4. See our Fig. 22.
288 Borges de F. Henriques, pp. 35–36.
289 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, transl. by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889, Pl. 32.
290 E. J. Payne, edit.: Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America: Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations of Hakluyt, Ser. 1, Hawkins, Frobisher, Drake, 2d edit., Oxford, 1893, p. 183. Cf. also E. W. Dahlgren’s note in Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci., Vol. 11, 1902–06, p. 551.
291 Miller Christy: On “Busse Island,” in C. C. A. Gosch: Danish Arctic Expeditions 1605 to 1620, Bk. I: Expeditions to Greenland, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Series, Vol. 96, London, 1897, Appendix B, pp. 164–202; reference on p. 167.
292 Miller Christy, pp. 171 and 173.
293 Nieuwe wassende zee caart van de Noord-Oceaen, med een gedeelte van de Atlantische, etc., Amsterdam, 1745 (as cited by Miller Christy, op. cit., p. 178, footnote 1).
294 H. S. Poole: The Sunken Land of Bus, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci., Vol. 11, 1902–06, pp. 193–198. See also: Sir John Murray and R. E. Peake: On Recent Contributions to the Knowledge of the Floor of the Atlantic Ocean, Royal Geogr. Soc., London, 1904; references on pp. 8 and 10 and inset “Soundings Taken by S. S. Minia, 1903” of the accompanying chart.
295 A. E. Nordenskiöld: Periplus: An Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions, transl. in F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897, Pl. 20.
296 Justin Winsor: Cartier to Frontenac: Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America In its Historical Relations, 1534–1700, with Full Cartographical Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, Boston and New York, 1894, pp. 60–61.
297 Konrad Kretschmer: Die Entdeckung Amerika’s in ihrer Bedeutung für die Geschichte des Weltbildes, 2 vols. (text and atlas), Berlin, 1892; reference in atlas, Pl. 16.
298 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 23.
299 Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, Pl. 46.
300 Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator: Europa—Britische Inseln—Weltkarte: Facsimile-Lichtdruck nach den Originalen der Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau, Geogr. Soc., Berlin, 1891; reference on Weltkarte, Pls. 3 and 9. See also: [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales..., Paris, [1842–62], Pl. XXI, 2.
301 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 17.
302 Friedrich Kunstmann: Die Entdeckung Amerikas, nach den ältesten Quellen geschichtlich dargestellt, with an atlas: Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, aus Handschriften der K. Hof-und Staats-Bibliothek, der K. Universitaet und des Hauptconservatoriums der K. B. Armee herausgegeben von Friedrich Kunstmann, Karl von Spruner, Georg M. Thomas, Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1859; reference in atlas, Pl. 13.
303 Alberto Magnaghi: La carta nautica costruita nel 1325 da Angelino Dalorto, with facsimile, Florence, 1898 (published on the occasion of the Third Italian Geographical Congress). Cf. also: idem: Il mappamondo del genovese Angellinus de Dalorto (1325): Contributo all storia della cartografia mediovale, Atti del Terzo Congr. Geogr. Italiano, tenuto in Firenzi dal 12 al 17 Aprile, 1898, Florence, 1899, Vol. 2, pp. 506–543; and idem: Angellinus de Dalorco (sic), cartografo italiano della prima metà del secolo XIV, Riv. Geogr. Italiana, Vol. 4, 1897, pp. 282–294 and 361–369.
304 Nordenskiöld, Periplus, Pl. 8.
305 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 5 (Facsimile del Portolano Laurenziano-Gaddiano dell’ anno 1351), Pl. 4.
306 [E. F.] Jomard: Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes européennes et orientales.... Paris, [1842–62], Pl. X, 1.
307 Kretschmer, atlas, Pl. 5.
308 Gustavo Uzielli: Mappamondi, carte nautiche e portolani del medioevo e dei secoli delle grandi scoperte marittime construiti da italiani o trovati nelle biblioteche d’Italia, Part II (pp. 280–390) of “Studi Bibliografici e Biografici sulla Storia della Geografia in Italia,” published on the occasion of the Second International Geographical Congress, Paris, 1875, by the Società Geografica Italiana, Rome, 1875; reference on Pl. 8 (the second edition, Rome, 1882, does not contain the plates).
309 Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator, Berlin, 1891; reference on Weltkarte, Pl. 13.
310 Nordenskiöld, Facsimile-Atlas, map 82 on p. 131.
311 Ibid., Pl. 49.
312 Early Norse Visits to North America, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 59, No. 19, Washington, D. C., 1913; Recent History and Present Status of the Vinland Problem, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 265–282; and Chapters VII and VIII, above.
313 Eugène Beauvois: La découverte du nouveau monde par les irlandais, Nancy, 1875.
314 Gustav Storm: Studies on the Vineland Voyages, Mémoires Soc. Royale des Antiquaires du Nord (Copenhagen), N. S., 1884–89, pp. 307–370.
315 Alexander von Humboldt: Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent et des progrès de l’astronomie nautique aux quinzième et seizième siècles, 5 vols., Paris, 1836–39; reference in Vol. 2, p. 107.
316 Theobald Fischer: Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt-und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs, 1 vol. of text and 17 portfolios containing photographs of maps, Venice, 1877–86; reference in Portfolio 9 (Facsimile dell’ Atlante di Andrea Bianco dell’ anno 1436), Pl. 7.