Chapter XXXIV Miscellaneous
472. Societies, Law.—Religious societies organized in connection with a church or congregation are in law civil societies and not ecclesiastical corporations, and are governed by the law of the land. Therefore, the law of fraternities fully covers all questions that arise in such societies. The subject is too comprehensive to be treated at any length here.831
473. Society, Bishop.—A society may expel a member on due notice and a fair trial. The refusal of the bishop to recognize a fraternity organized as a Roman Catholic society, does not prevent the society and its officers from exercising the powers of a religious corporation conferred by law nor prohibit its members from maintaining their religious worship.832
474. Priest, Doorkeeper, Policemen, Arrest.—A priest who was in charge of a parish and had control of the temporalities consisting of pew-rents, Sunday and other collections, graveyard, church, school, fees, and donations, on account of disorderly behavior of members issued tickets to those to be admitted and ordered a doorkeeper to prevent others from entering the church. A woman without a ticket and talking loudly, endeavored to force her way into the church, although there were several policemen on duty who attempted to stop her. She was arrested and her husband brought suit for false imprisonment. The court held that a clergyman has a right to keep disturbers out of the church and that the doorkeepers have a right to use sufficient force to carry out the orders of the priest; but when a doorkeeper went beyond those orders by causing the arrest of the woman, he was not acting within the apparent scope of his employment and the priest was not liable.833
475. Saloon, Church, License.—A man owned premises that had been occupied as a saloon from 1894. In 1896 the New York law prohibiting saloons to be licensed within 200 feet of a church, except places where liquor traffic had been carried on prior to that time, was passed. In 1898 a church was built within 200 feet of the saloon in question. After the building of the church, the saloon was vacated for about ten days during a change of saloonkeepers, and an action was brought to revoke the license of the new saloonkeeper. The court held that the incidental interruption of the business did not bring the place within the prohibition of the law, and that the license could not be revoked.834
476. Y. M. C. A.—The Y. M. C. A. on account of giving lunches, lectures, and having a gymnasium, for which charges are made, is not a charitable institution so as to be exempt from liability in case of negligence. Property is exempt only when used for exempt purposes exclusively.835
477. Students, Vote, Residence.—Students at a seminary studying for the priesthood do not thereby lose their residence at their homes and are not entitled to vote where a college is located. The fact that they intend to remain for four years, become clergymen, and then go to wherever they may be called, does not give them the right of residence, and there is no distinction between them and any other students away from home at school.836 However, a student of full age might become a voter in the college precinct if he has no other fixed domicile.837
478. “My Wife, Anna Jones,” Divorce, Insurance.—A bequest or devise to “my wife, Anna Jones,” is not changed by a divorce without some evidence to prove that the testator did not intend his divorced wife to share in his estate, unless the judgment of divorce made a division of the property. The same is true of a policy of insurance or benefit certificate. However, there are exceptions that weaken the rule and make its application in some States uncertain.838
479. Bells, Sick, Injunction.—On the complaint of an injured person, a court will issue an injunction restraining the ringing of church, convent, or other bells, at unusual hours or when their noise is injurious to the sick, or when their vibration affects other premises. As the law of nuisances applies in such cases, an exact statement of when the court should issue the injunction or whether the injunction should be temporary or perpetual, can not be given; but when the personal or property rights of others are affected, an injunction may be granted. The fact that the bells are chimes or part of a clock does not change the rule.839
480. Marriage, Impediments, Recording.—Legal marriage may be contracted only between unmarried persons not related within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity or affinity, of lawful age and sufficient mental and physical capacity. Statutes vary greatly. In some States affinity is not considered a legal objection and first cousins may marry; in others, both are prohibited and other limitations of relationship, race, and color are fixed, and registration of the clergymen and licenses to wed are required. Also, the clergyman must report the marriage promptly to the proper office. Fines, penalties, and imprisonment are usually provided for violating the law. Informal marriages may or may not be voidable or void.840
481. Charivari, Wedding Pranks.—Charivari, assaults, and disorderly conduct are unlawful at all times, and can not be justified by custom.841 A newly wedded man who was serenaded (charivaried) by his neighbors by firing guns, blowing horns, beating pans, rattling horse-fiddles, etc., after ordering the rioters off fired into the crowd and wounded one of them. On trial for assault with intent to kill, the groom was acquitted. Shooting might not be justifiable in cases where less potent agencies, such as a horsewhip or dogs, are sufficient, or where the immediate protection of person or property does not call for it. The law should be invoked when no exigency for force exists.842
482. Infallibility of Courts.—When a question of law at issue in a case is duly presented to a supreme court which is the court of last resort, its decision thereon becomes “the law of the case” and is thereafter binding upon the court itself and all the courts inferior to it; and no matter how often that identical case may come before the court on subsequent appeals, the questions already decided therein will not be reconsidered. It is interesting to compare this principle of our courts with Papal infallibility.843 Courts do not always adhere to the rule.844
483. Money Stolen, Bailed or Loaned, Insolvency, Gifts.—Property stolen by A. or left with him as bailee to be returned in specie, can not be given away by him for charity. Also, when a man is insolvent he has no right to give away any of his property.845 That has been the rule of law since Coke laid down the maxim: “A man must be just before he is generous.” One is insolvent when his debts exceed the value of his unexempt property.846 When an insolvent debtor makes a gift, a creditor may sue and recover from the donee; or in a proper case the creditor may force the debtor into bankruptcy to recover the gift.847 The want of knowledge or good faith of the donee is immaterial and no defense to an action to recover the property.848
Footnotes
1 U. S. Constitution, Amendments, art. i, art. xiv, sec. 1.
2 Lives of the Popes, Montor, vol. i, p. 94; Life of Leo XIII, “Philippine Question.”
3 The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 506; Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 328.
4 Ancient Egypt, Rawlinson, vol. i, p. 323.
5 Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, pp. 98, 164, 274; History of England, Lingard, vol. i, c. vii; The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 506.
6 Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 257.
7 Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 271.
8 The Beginnings of Christianity, Shahan, 90.
9 Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, Smith.
10 Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 387; Justinian, Sandar, p. 21.
11 The Beginnings of Christianity, Shahan.
12 Universal Church History, Alzog.
13 Law Dictionary, Bouvier, “Benefit of Clergy,” “Canon Law”; Blackstone, vol. i, p. 460, vol. iii, p. 61.
14 Blackstone, vol. i, p. 461.
15 Justinian, Sandar, p. 21; Cyc, vol. viii, p. 366, vol. xiv, p. 1228; Eq. Jurisprudence, Pomeroy, vol. i, p. 1; The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 255 et seq; Blackstone, vol. i, pp. 18-20, 63; Kent, vol. i, p. 10; English Constitution, Creasy.
16 Blackstone, vol. i, p. 82, vol. iv, c. 33; The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 337; Conflict of Laws, Wharton, sec. 172.
17 The American Cyclopedia, “Bologna.”
18 The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 238.
19 Blackstone, vol. i, pp. 18-20, 79, vol. iv, c. 33.
20 Commentaries, Kent, vol. i, c. xi, pp. 342, 473, 515, 525-544, vol. ii, p. 27; Origin and Nature of the Constitution and Government of U. S., U. S. Sup. Ct. Reps., 9 L. Ed., 873.
21 Commentaries, Kent, vol. i, p. 472; Blackstone, vol. i, p. 107.
22 Commentaries, Kent, vol. ii, pp. 35-37; Conflict of Laws, Wharton (3rd ed.), vol. ii, pp. 1327-8.
23 Law of Fraternities, Scanlan, ch. xxiv; Conflict of Laws, Wharton, sec. 109; Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667; Morris v. Dart, 67 S. C, 338; 45 S. E., 753; 100 Am. St. R., 734; Terrett v. Taylor, 13 U. S., 43; 3 L. Ed., 650.
24 Weld v. May, 9 Cushing, Mass., 181.
25 Martin v. State, 65 Tenn., 234.
26 A Manual of Catholic Theology, Wilhelm and Scannell, p. xvii, et seq.
27 A Catholic Dictionary, Addis and Arnold, “Dogma.”
28 In re St. Louis Inst. of Christian Science, 27 Mo. App., 633.
29 Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.
30 State v. Trustees, 7 Ohio St., 58.
31 Kniskern v. Lutheran Church, 1 Sandford, N. Y., Ch. 439.
32 State v. Hallock, 16 Nev., 373.
33 Stephenson v. Hanyon, 7 Dist. Ct. Rep. Pa., 585.
34 State v. Board, 134 Mo., 296; 35 S. W., 617.
35 Synod v. State, 2 S. Dak., 366; 50 N. W., 632; 14 L. R. A., 418.
36 Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pick., Mass., 172.
37 State v. District Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 20 Am. St. Rep., 41; 7 L. R. A., 330.
38 Hackett v. Brooksville, 27 Ky. L., 1021; 87 N. W., 792; 69 L. R. A., 592.
39 State v. Board, 134 Mo., 296; 35 S. W., 617; 56 Am. St. Rep., 503.
40 County v. Industrial School, 125 Ill., 540; 18 N. E., 183; 1 L. R. A., 437; 8 Am. St. Rep., 386.
41 “Wis. Industrial School for Girls,” Wisconsin Blue Book. Session Laws of Wis., 1907, p. 1416 (index to Acts). Wis. Industrial School for Girls v. Clark Co., 103 Wis., 651; 79 N. W., 422.
42 O’Connor v. Hendrick, 184 N. Y., 421; 77 N. E., 612.
43 Hysong v. Gallitzen, 164 Pa., 629; 30 At., 482; 44 Am. St. Rep., 623; 26 L. R. A., 203; Dorner v. School Dist., 118 N. W., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908). A good résumé of the subject is given in a footnote in 105 Am. St. R., 151.
44 Stafford v. State, 45 So., 673. A Protestant Dictionary, Wright & Neil, and Webster’s Dictionary, “Worship.” A Catholic Dictionary, Addis and Arnold, “Latria.”
45 Gass’s App., 73 Pa., 46; 13 Am. Rep., 726; State v. Norris, 59 N. H., 536.
46 St. Joseph’s Church v. Assessors, 12 R. I., 19; 34 Am. R., 597; Gerke v. Purcell, 25 Ohio, 229; Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., “Worship.”
48 Catholic Catechism.
49 Sherman v. Baker, 20 R. I., 446; 40 At., 11; 40 L. R. A., 717.
50 Webster v. Surghow, 69 N. H., 380; 45 At., 139; 48 L. R. A., 100.
51 Coleman v. O’Leary, 114 Ky., 388; 70 S. W., 1068.
52 McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633.
53 American and English Encyclopedia of Law, “Parishoner.”
54 Ibid., “Minister”; 7 Cyc, 189, “Clergy.”
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Davies v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; 33 L. Ed., 637.
58 Simpson v. Welcome, 72 Me., 496.
59 Board v. Minor, 23 Ohio St., 250.
60 Baxter v. Langley, 38 L. J., M. C., 1.
61 Art. vi.
62 Ex parte Garland, 4 Wallace, 333; 18 L. Ed., 366.
63 Church of Latter-Day Saints v. U. S., 136 U. S., 1; 34 L. Ed., 478; 140 U. S., 665; 35 L. Ed., 592.
64 Reynolds v. United States, 8 Otto, 145; 25 L. Ed., 244.
65 Church of Latter-Day Saints v. U. S., 136 U. S., 1; 34 L. Ed., 478; 140 U. S., 665; 35 L. Ed., 592.
66 Davis v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; 33 L. Ed., 637.
67 Fenelon v. Girard, 2 Howard, 127; 11 L. Ed., 205.
68 State v. Marble, 72 Ohio St., 21; 73 N. E., 1063; State v. Chenoweth, 163 Ind., 94; 71 N. E., 197; People v. Reetz, 127 Mich, 87; 86 N. W., 396; 59 Cen. L. J., 202; 68 L. R. A., 432.
69 Thaxter v. Jones, 4 Mass., 570.
70 Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.
71 Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson.
72 Bradford v. Roberts, 175 U. S., 291; 44 L. Ed., 168; 20 Sup. Ct. R., 121; Municipality of Ponce v. The Roman Catholic Apostolic Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737 (1908).
73 Terrett v. Taylor, 9 Cranch, 43; 3 L. Ed., 650; Municipality, etc., v. Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737.
74 Millard v. Board, 19 Ill., 48; Dorner v. Dist., 118 N. W., 353.
75 Ashby v. Wellington, 25 Mass., 524.
76 Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson, p. 139; Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.
77 State v. Trustees, 11 Ohio, 24.
78 First v. Leach, 35 Vt., 108.
79 Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson, p. 139.
80 State v. District, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 20 Am. St. R., 41; 7 L. R. A., 330.
81 Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W. (Tex.), 1025; Millard v. Board, 121 Ill., 297; 10 N. E., 669; Hackett v. Brooksville, 27 Ky. L., 1021; 87 S. W., 792; 69 L. R. A., 592; 61 C. L. J., 49.
82 Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W., 1025.
83 Moore v. Monroe, 64 Ia., 367; 20 N. W., 475; 66 L. R. A., 166; 52 Am. R., 444; Pfeiffer v. Board, 118 Mich., 560; 77 N. W., 250; 42 L. R. A., 536.
84 Hysong v. Gallitzin Borough School, 164 Pa. St., 629; 30 At., 482; 26 L. R. A., 203; Dorner v. School District, 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).
85 O’Connor v. Hendricks, 96 N. Y. S., 161.
86 Ch. 723, L. 1895.
87 West v. Otteson, 80 Wis., 62; 49 N. W., 24; Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 23 Ill., 456; 31 Ill., 25.
88 Gitzhoffen v. Sisters, 88 Pac., 691; 32 Utah, 46; Trustees v. B. P. O. E., 122 Wis., 452; 100 N. W., 837.
89 Hermits v. County, 7 Pa. L. J., 124.
90 Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.
91 In re Van Horn, 18 R. I., 389.
92 Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob, La., 51.
93 Rutherford v. Hill, 22 Or., 218; 29 Pac., 546; 17 L. R. A., 549; 56 Cen. L. J., 221; Wechselberg v. Flour, 64 F., 90.
94 Jewett v. Thames Bank, 16 Conn., 511.
95 Jeffts v. York, 10 Cushing, 392.
96 Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255; Sawyer v. Methodist, 18 Vt., 405.
97 Wise v. Perpetual Trustees, House of Lords, 57 C. L. J., 104.
98 Sheehy v. Blake, 77 Wis., 394; 46 N. W., 537; 69 L. R. A., 255.
99 Clark v. O’Rourke, 111 Mich., 108; 69 N. W., 147.
100 Bradford v. Cary, 5 Me., 339; Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402; In re St. Luke’s, 17 Philadelphia, 261.
101 Addison v. Brock, 3 Me., 243.
102 Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pickering, 172.
103 Municipality of Ponce v. Roman Catholic Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737; 6 Cyc, 915.
104 Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25; Mason v. Muncaster, 9 Wheaton, 468; 6 L. Ed., 131.
105 Wheaton v. Gates, 18 N. Y., 395.
106 South v. Yates, 1 Hoff. N. Y., 142; Miller v. Chittendon, 42 Ia., 252; Newmarket v. Smart, 45 N. H., 87; Evangelical Appeal, 35 Pa. St., 316.
107 Congregational Society v. Swan, 2 Vt., 222.
108 Horton v. Baptist Church, 34 Vt., 309.
109 Associated Reform Church v. Theological Seminary, 4 N. J. Eq., 77.
110 Taylor v. Edison, 4 Cushing, 522.
111 Laws of 1895, ch. 723; Religious Corporations, Cummings and Gilbert.
112 Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 463.
113 Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.
114 Christian C. v. C., 219 Ill., 503; 76 N. E., 703.
115 Jackson v. Legate, 9 Wendell, N. Y., 377.
116 10 Cyc, 235-244.
117 Atty-Gen. v. Dutch, 36 N. Y., 452.
118 Methodist v. Pickett, 23 Barber, 436.
119 Sutton v. Cole, 8 Mass., 96.
120 Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317.
121 Enos v. Church, 187 Mass., 40; 72 N. E., 253.
122 Baptist v. Wetherell, 3 Paige, N. Y., 296; In re Williams, 105 N. Y. S., 1105; Contra: First R. P. Ch. v. Bowden, 10 Abb., N. C., 1.
123 Bellports v. Tooker, 29 Barber, N. Y., 256.
124 Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.
125 Atwater v. Woodbridge, 6 Conn., 223.
126 Wardens v. Hall, 22 Conn., 125.
127 Beach, Private Corporations, vol. i, p. 608.
128 Free Ch. of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House of Lords, 1904; Winnebrenner v. Colder, 43 Pa. St., 244.
129 Rules of Order, Scanlan, c. iii.
130 Christ’s Ev. L. C., 5 Pa. Co. Court, 121.
131 In re Zion, 8 Kulp. Pa., 239.
132 In re Hebron, 9 Phil., 609.
133 U. S. v. Church, 5 Utah, 361, 394, and 538; 15 Pac., 473; 16 Pac., 723; 18 Pac., 35.
134 Neil v. Vestry, 8 Gill., 116.
135 Madison v. Baptist, 26 N. Y., 570; Stokes v. Phelps, 47 Hun., 570.
136 German, etc., 9 Pa. Co. C., 12.
137 Evenson v. Ellingson, 72 Wis., 242; 39 N. W., 330.
138 Toby v. Wareham, 54 Mass., 440.
139 Weber v. Zimmerman, 22 Md., 156; Wyncoop v. Cong., 10 La., 185.
140 Magie v. German, 13 N. J. Eq., 77.
141 Esterbrook v. Tillinghast, 71 Mass., 17.
142 South v. Clapp, 18 Barber, N. Y., 35.
143 Tilden v. Metcalf, 2 Day, Conn., 259; Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 518.
144 Keller v. Tracy, 11 Ia., 530.
145 Verrian v. Methodist, 44 Abbott Pr., 424.
146 Trustees v. Hoessli, 13 Wis., 348.
147 Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis., 118; 81 N. W., 1014.
148 Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.
149 Mormon v. United States, 136 U. S., 1; 33 L. Ed., 639.
150 In re Methodist, 67 Hun., 86.
151 In re Union, 6 Abb., N. C., 398.
152 First v. Brownell, 5 Hun., 464.
153 Evenson v. Ellingson, 72 Wis., 242; 39 N. W., 330.
154 Rules of Order, Scanlan, 20; Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 328; Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.
155 Rose v. Vertin, 46 Mich., 457; 9 N. W., 491; Tuigg v. Sheehan, 101 Pa. St., 363.
156 Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., “Religious Societies.”
157 Den. v. Bolton, 12 N. J. L., 206.
158 Bonacum v. Murphy, 65 Neb., 831, and 71 Neb., 463; 98 N. W., 1030; 102 N. W., 267, and 104 N. W., 180.
159 Bonacum v. Murphy, 71 Neb., 463; 104 N. W., 180; Bowden v. MacLeod, 1 Edw., N. Y., 588.
160 Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., La., 62.
161 Fitzgerald v. Robinson, 112 Mass., 371; Grosvenor v. United States, 118 Mass., 78; Post, 132.
162 Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., La., 51.
163 Bowldin v. Alexander, 82 U. S., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69.
164 Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.
165 Appeal of McAuley, 77 Pa., 397.
166 Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.
167 Skilton v. Webster, Bright, Pa., 203; Mt. Helena Bp. Ch., 79 Miss., 488; 30 So. Rep., 714.
168 Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.
169 Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323; Papalion v. Manusos, 113 Ill. App., 316.
170 People v. Steele, 2 Barber, 397.
171 Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pickering, 172.
172 Elizabeth City v. Kennedy, Bush, 44, N. C. Law, 89.
173 Diffendorf v. Reformed Church, 20 Johns., N. Y., 12.
174 Sutton v. Trustees, 42 Pa., 503.
175 Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667.
176 Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., 51.
177 Young v. Ransom, 31 Barb., 49.
178 Perry v. Wheeler, 75 Ky., 541.
179 Sheldon v. Easton, 4 Mass., 281; Congregation v. Peres, 42 Tenn., 620; Thompson v. Catholic, 22 Mass., 469.
180 Proprietors v. Proprietors, 48 Mass., 496.
181 Dempsey v. North, 98 Mich., 444; 57 N. W., 267.
182 Hackett v. Mt. Pleasant, 46 Ark., 291.
183 Chatard v. O’Donovan, 80 Ind., 20.
184 Brestor v. Burr, 120 N. Y., 427; 8 L. R. A., 710; 24 N. E., 937.
185 Walker v. Wainwright, 16 Barb., 486.
186 O’Hara v. Stack, 90 Pa., 477.
187 Stack v. O’Hara, 98 Pa. St., 213.
188 Cooper v. McKenna, 104 Mass., 284.
189 Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345.
190 State v. Winkle, 14 N. H., 480.
191 Methodist v. Sherman, 36 Wis., 404.
192 Baldwin v. McKlinch, 1 Me., 102.
193 Elizabeth City v. Kennedy, 44 N. C., 89.
194 Calkins v. Cheney, 92 Ill., 463.
195 St. Patrick’s v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76; 4 N. E., 241.
196 Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., La., 62.
197 Meyer v. Baptist, 38 Vt., 614.
198 Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., 62.
199 Whittmore v. Fourth, 68 Mass., 306.
200 St. Patrick’s v. Daly, 4 N. E., 241; 116 Ill., 76.
201 Tuigg v. Treacy, 104 Pa., 493.
202 Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.
203 Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276, 278; Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.
204 Weckerly v. Geyer, 11 Ser. R. Pa., 35.
205 Weinbrenner v. Colder, 43 Pa. St., 244.
206 People v. Tuthil, 31 N. Y., 550.
207 Price v. Lyon, 14 Conn., 280.
208 Suter v. Spangler, 4 Phil., 331.
209 Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 36; 32 L. R. A., 836; 33 N. E., 777.
210 McGuire v. Trustees, 54 Hun., 207.
211 Church v. Halverson, 42 Minn., 503; 44 N. W., 563; Day v. Bolton, 12 N. J. L., 206; Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.
212 Osgood v. Bradley, 7 Me., 411.
213 Baptist v. Witherell, 24 Am. Dec., 223; 3 The Catholic Cyclopedia, 755; Contra: First R. P. Ch. v. Bowden, 10 Abb., N. C, 1. See post 134, 156.
214 Jewett v. Thames, 16 Conn., 511.
215 Chick v. Trevett, 20 Me., 462; Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255.
216 Sheehy v. Blake, 72 Wis., 411; 39 N. W., 479; 9 L. R. A., 564.
217 Chase v. Merrimac, 34 Mass., 564; Bigelow v. Congregation, 15 Vt., 370.
218 Richardson v. Butterfield, 60 Mass., 191.
219 State v. Hebrew, 31 La. Ann., 205; 33 Am. Rep., 217; Grosvenor v. United States, 118 Mass., 78; Watson v. Garbin, 54 Mo., 358.
220 State v. Getty, 69 Conn., 286; 37 At., 188.
221 Free Church of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House of Lords, 1904; Fuchs v. Meisel, 102 Mich., 357; 32 L. R. A., 92; 60 N. W., 773.
222 Methodist v. Wood, 5 Ohio, 12.
223 McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Pa. St., 9.
224 German v. Seibert, 3 Pa. St., 282.
225 Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.
226 Miller v. Gable, 2 Den., N. Y., 492; Eis v. Croze, 149 Mich., 62; 112 N. W., 943; Dressen v. Brameier, 56 Ia., 756; 9 N. W., 193; Amish v. Gelhaus, 71 Ia., 170; 32 N. W., 318.
227 Lamm v. Cain, 129 Ind., 486; 14 L. R. A., 518.
228 Fernald v. Lewis, 6 Me., 264.
229 Trustees v. Henschell, 48 Minn., 494; 51 N. W., 477.
230 Perry v. Tupper, 74 N. C., 722.
231 Wanner v. Emanuel, 174 Pa., 466.
232 West v. Ottesen, 80 Wis., 62; 49 N. W., 24.
233 Second v. First, 23 Conn., 255.
234 Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.
235 Nelson v. Benson, 69 Ill., 27; Brown v. Porter, 10 Mass., 93.
236 Page v. Crosby, 41 Mass., 211.
237 Harper v. Straws, 53 Ky., 48; Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9; Wiswell v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31; Reorganized v. Church, 60 Fed., 937; 32 L. R. A., 838; Fernstler v. Seibert, 114 Pa., 196; 6 At., 165.
238 Shannon v. First, 42 Ky., 253.
239 Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292; McGrath v. Finn, 16 Alb. L. J., 186; Morasse v. Borchee, 151 Mass., 567; 25 N. E., 74.
240 Farnsworth v. Storrs, 59 Mass., 412.
241 Bowldin v. Alexander, 15 Wall., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69; Ante, sec. 116, post 156.
242 In re Paulson’s will, 127 Wis., 612; 107 N. W., 484.
243 Barry v. C. K. of W., 119 Wis., 362; 96 N. W., 797.
244 In re Knox, 25 Ch. Div., 542.
245 Harden v. Baptist, 51 Mich., 137; 16 N. W., 311.
246 Taylor v. Edison, 58 Mass., 522; Gray v. Christian, 137 Mass., 329.
247 Fulbright v. Higgenbotham, 133 Mo., 668; 34 S. W., 875.
248 Jones v. State, 28 Neb., 495; 44 N. W., 658; 7 L. R. A., 325.
249 Hamel v. German, 1 Weekly Note Cases, 411.
250 State v. Hebrew, 31 La. Ann., 205; 33 Am. Rep., 217.
251 Deadrick v. Lampson, 58 Tenn., 523.
252 Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 32 L. R. A., 838.
253 Lucas v. Case, 9 Bush, Ky., 297.
254 Grosvenor v. U. S., 118 Mass., 78.
255 Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317; 10 Cyc, 320-328; Rules of Order, Scanlan, 17.
256 State v. Crowell, 9 N. J. L., 391; Commonwealth v. Cain, 5 Ser. & R., Pa., 510.
257 Wegerle v. Geyer, 11 Ser. & R., Pa., 35.
258 Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa. St., 484; St. Luke’s v. Matthews, 4 Desau, S. C., 578; State v. Crowell, 9 N. J. L., 391.
259 People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.
260 Rules of Order, Scanlan, 18, 20; 10 Cyc, 329.
261 Madison v. Baptist, 32 Howard’s Pr., 335.
262 People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.
263 Hart v. Harvey, 32 Barb., N. Y., 55.
264 Alexander v. Bowers, 79 S. W., 342.
265 Rules of Order, Scanlan, 18, 20, 23; People v. Peck, 11 Wend., N. Y., 604.
266 Rules of Order, Scanlan, 9; Gipson v. Morris, 83 S. W., Tex., 226; McCrary’s Am. L. of Elections, secs. 298-300.
267 Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa., 484.
268 Rules of Order, Scanlan, 23-27; Wardens v. Pope, 8 Gray, Mass., 140.
269 Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.
270 Vestry v. Matthews, 4 Desau, S. C., 578.
271 Cooley’s Con. Lim., 619; McCrary’s Am. L. of Elections, sec. 197; Rules of Order, Scanlan, 24-27.
272 Commonwealth v. Woelper, 3 Ser. & R., Pa., 29.
273 In re Peters, 112 N. Y. Sup., 339.
274 Gram v. Prussia, 36 N. Y., 161.
275 Wall v. Johnson, 140 Ind., 445; 39 N. E., 251; Simmons v. Allison, 118 N. C., 763.
276 People v. St. Anthony, 109 N. Y., 512; 17 N. E., 408.
277 Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., 62; Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., 51; St. Andrew’s Ch. v. Schaugnessy, 63 Neb., 792; 89 N. W., 261.
278 Enos v. Church, 187 Mass., 40; 72 N. E., 253.
279 Ross v. Crockett, 14 La. Ann., 811.
280 Laight v. Noe, 12 Howard’s Pr., 497; Contra: In re Williams, 105 N. Y. S., 1105; Ante, 116, 134.
281 People v. Lacoste, 37 N. Y., 192; Fadness v. Braunberg, 73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84; McCrary on Am. L. of Elections, secs. 209, 264; 10 Cyc, 347; People v. Nappa, 89 Mich., 232; 50 N. W., 846.
282 Hendrickson v. Shotwell, 1 N. J. Eq., 577.
283 Congregation v. Sperry, 10 Conn., 200; 10 Cyc, 319.
284 Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.
285 Smith v. Erb, 5 Gill., Md., 437.
286 People v. Peck, 11 Wend., N. Y., 604.
287 Catron v. First, 46 Ia., 106; People v. St. Anthony’s, 109 N. Y., 512; 17 N. E., 408.
288 Columbia v. Gospel, 127 N. Y., 361.
289 First v. Caughey, 85 Pa., 271.
290 San Antonia v. Adams, 87 Tex., 125; 26 S. W., 1040; Hill v. Rich, 119 Mo., 9; 24 S. W., 223.
291 Hewitt v. Wheeler, 22 Conn., 577; Devos v. Gray, 22 Ohio, 159; Klopp v. Moore, 6 Kan., 27; Neil v. Spencer, 5 Ill. App., 461; United v. Vandusen, 37 Wis., 54.
292 Miller v. Church, 4 Phil., 48.
293 Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 32 Ill., 183.
294 N. Baptist v. Parker, 36 Barb., N. Y., 171.
295 Dennison v. Austin, 15 Wis., 334.
296 United v. Vandusen, 37 Wis., 54; MacLaury v. Hart, 121 N. Y., 636; 24 N. E., 1013.
297 Vestry v. Barksdale, 1 Strobb. Eq., S. C., 197.
298 New v. Gress, 89 Ga., 125.
299 10 Cyc, 776-9; In re Denny, 156 Ind., 104; 59 N. E., 359; 51 L. R. A., 722.
300 Rules of Order, Scanlan, 21; U. S. v. Balm, 144 U. S., 1; 12 Sup. Ct. R., 507; 36 L. Ed., 321; The Catholic Cyclopedia, vol. i, 289.
301 Cicotte v. Anciaux, 53 Mich., 227; 18 N. W., 793.
302 Trustees v. Halverson, 42 Minn., 503; 44 N. W., 663.
303 Skinner v. Richardson, 76 Wis., 464; 45 N. W., 318; Dennison v. Auston, 15 Wis., 334.
304 Vestry v. Barksdale, 1 Strobb. S. C. Eq., 197.
305 State v. Ahnapee, 99 Wis., 322; 74 N. W., 783.
306 Bowldin v. Alexander, 82 U. S., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69; The Catholic Cyclopedia, vol. iii, 755, 756.
307 Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345; 6 N. E., 78.
308 People v. Runkel, 8 Johnson, N. Y., 464.
309 Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345.
310 Rose v. Vertin, 46 Mich., 457; 9 N. W., 491; Tuigg v. Sheehan, 101 Pa., 363.
311 Freeport v. Egan, 146 Pa., 106; 23 At., 390.
312 Scott v. Thompson, 21 Ia., 599.
313 Emonds v. Termehr, 60 Ia., 92; 14 N. W., 197.
314 Wojcienchowski v. Johnknowski, 16 Pa. Sup. Ct., 444.
315 Chiniqui v. Delaire, 37 Ill., 237.
316 St. Patrick’s v. Abst., 76 Ill., 252.
317 First v. Prior, 23 Hun., 271.
318 Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653; Rules of Order, Scanlan, 15-18.
319 German v. Pressler, 17 La. Ann., 127.
320 Appeal of McAuley, 77 Pa., 397.
321 Bethany v. Sperry, 10 Conn., 200.
322 Weber v. Zimmermann, 22 Md., 156.
323 Downs v. Bowdoin, 149 Mass., 135; 21 N. E., 294.
324 Smith v. Erb., 4 Gill., Md., 437.
325 Helbig v. Rosenberg, 86 Ia., 159; 53 N. W., 111.
326 Dahl v. Palache, 68 Cal., 248.
327 People v. Runkel, 9 Johnson, 147.
328 First v. Hillary, 51 Cal., 155.
329 Tuttle v. Cary, 7 Me., 426.
330 State v. Steward, 6 Houst., Del., 9.
331 Jones v. Cary, 6 Me., 448; Rules of Order, Scanlan, 29-30.
332 State v. Steward, 6 Houst., Del., 359.
333 Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa., 484; McIlvain v. Christ’s Church, 8 Phil., 507.
334 Livingston v. Trinity Church, 45 N. J. L., 230.
335 People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.
336 Madison v. Baptist, 46 N. Y., 131.
337 Moore v. St. Thomas’ Church, 4 Abb., N. Y., 51.
338 Commonwealth v. Woelper, 3 Ser. & R., 29.
339 Wardens v. Pope, 74 Mass., 140.
340 Oakes v. Hill, 6 Weekly Notes, Cas., 346.
341 Hartt v. Harvey, 32 Barb., 55.
342 Weckerly v. Geyer, 11 Ser. & R., 35.
343 People v. Church, 48 Barb., 603.
344 Allen v. Gray, 11 Conn., 95.
345 Arthur v. Norfield, 49 At., 241; 73 Conn., 718.
346 Pepin v. Societies, 23 R. I., 81; 60 L. R. A., 626.
347 Lahiff v. St. Joseph’s T. A. B. S., 76 Conn., 648; 65 L. R. A., 92.
348 10 Cyc, 1067.
349 17 Cyc, 405; 2 Jones on Ev., secs. 522, 523; Conflict of L., Wharton, vol. ii, sec. 761, pp. 1496-8; Collins v. German, Am. M. I. Ass., 112 Mo. App., 209; 86 S. W., 891; Layton v. Kraft, 98 N. Y., 996.
350 Collins v. German, 112 Mo. App., 209; Sandberg v. The State, 113 Wis., 578; 89 N. W., 504.
351 Sawyer v. Baldwin, 11 Pickering, 492.
352 Finher v. Hanegen, 59 Ark., 151; 24 L. R. A., 543.
353 Mt. Zion v. Whitmore, 83 Ia., 138; 49 N. W., 846; 13 L. R. A., 198.
354 Bonacum v. Murphy, 65 Neb., 831; 98 N. W., 1030; 71 Neb., 463; 102 N. W., 267; 104 ib., 180; Nance v. Busby, 91 Tenn., 303; 18 S. W., 874; 15 L. R. A., 801.
355 Bonacum v. Harrington, 65 Neb., 831; 91 N. W., 886.
356 Tubbs v. Lynch, 4 Harr., Del., 521.
357 Sterns v. Bedford, 21 Pickering, 114.
358 O’Donovan v. Chatard, 97 Ind., 421.
359 Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667.
360 Gibbs v. Gilead, 38 Conn., 153.
361 Stack v. O’Hara, 98 Pa., 213.
362 29 Cyc, 204, and “Religious Societies”; Am. & Eng. Cyc. of L., “Religious Societies” and “Beneficial Societies”; 2 Benefit Societies & L. Insurance, Bacon, secs. 400a and 450a.
363 Farnsworth v. Storrs, 59 Mass., 412.
364 Hatfield v. Delong, 24 Ind. App., 343; 51 L. R. A., 751; Ryan v. Cudahy, 157 Ill., 108; 41 N. E., 760; 49 L. R. A., 353.
365 Sampsell v. Esher, 26 Weekly Law Bulletin, Ohio, 156.
366 Day v. Robinson, 12 N. J. L., 206.
367 Diffendorf v. Reformed Church, 20 Johnson, N. Y., 12.
368 Chase v. Cheney, 58 Ill., 509.
369 Catholic Dictionary, Addis & Arnold, “Prescription.”
370 Legal Formulary, Baart, 462.
371 Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa. St., 484.
372 Beers v. Arkansas, 20 How., U. S., 527; 15 L. Ed., 991.
373 See “Benefit of the Clergy” and “Forum Ecclesiasticum,” in The Catholic Cyclopedia and in the Catholic Dictionary.
374 Kuns v. Robinson, 154 Ill., 394; 40 N. E., 343; Brundage v. Deardorf, 55 Fed., 839; Watson v. Jones, 80 U. S., 679; 20 L. Ed., 666; Bird v. St. Mark’s, 62 Ia., 567; 17 N. W., 747; Perry v. Wheeler, 75 Ky., 541; Powers v. Bundy, 45 Neb., 208; 63 N. W., 476; Connit v. Reformed, 54 N. Y., 551; Harrison v. Hoyle, 24 Ohio St., 254; Krecker v. Shirey, 163 Pa., 534; 30 At., 540.
375 Watson v. Jones, 80 U. S., 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.
376 Prickett v. Wells, 117 Mo., 502; 24 S. W., 52; Pounder v. Ash, 36 Neb., 564; 54 N. W., 847.
377 Atty-Gen. v. Fed., 69 Mass., 1.
378 Mt. Helen v. Jones, 79 Miss., 488; 30 So., 714.
379 Prickett v. Wells, 117 Mo., 502; 24 S. W., 52.
380 Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25.
381 Garten v. Penick, 68 Ky., 110.
382 Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 31 Ill., 183.
383 Lawson v. Kolbenson, 61 Ill., 405.
384 Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.
385 Papalion v. Manusos, 113 Ill. App., 316.
386 Avery v. Baker, 27 Neb., 388; 43 N. W., 174.
387 Trustees v. Trustees, 4 N. J. Eq., 77.
388 Nash v. Sutton, 117 N. C., 231; 23 S. E., 178; Wiswell v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31.
389 Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St., 102.
390 Baker v. Ducker, 79 Cal., 365; 21 Pac., 764.
391 Morris v. Dart, 67 S. C., 338; 45 S. E., 753; 100 Am. St. Rep., 734.
392 Phipps v. Jones, 20 Pa., 260.
393 Dolan v. City, 4 Gill., 394.
394 Shakers v. Watson, 68 Fed., 730.
395 61 Cen. L. J., 49 and 55; 57 C. L. J., 201.
396 Owens v. Frank, 7 Wyoming, 457; 53 Pac., 282; 47 Cen. L. J., 221.
397 Evidence, Jones, vol. iii, p. 776.
398 Gillooley v. State, 58 Ind., 182.
399 Knight v. Lee, 80 Ind., 201.
400 Colbert v. State, 125 Wis., 423; 104 N. W., 61.
401 Hills v. State, 61 Neb., 589; 85 N. W., 836.
402 Bevins v. Kline, 21 Ind., 37.
403 In re Thomas, 54 Cal., 509.
404 Rex. v. Hoy, 2 F. & F., 4.
405 Rex. v. Griffen, 6 Cox, C. C., 219.
406 Mutual v. Robinson, 19 U. S. App., 266; State v. Morgan, 196 Mo., 177; 95 S. W., 402.
407 Katzer v. City, 104 Wis., 16; 79 N. W., 745; 80 N. W., 41.
408 Vasconcellos v. Ferraria, 27 Ill., 237.
409 Foley v. Brocksmit, 119 Ia., 457; 93 N. W., 344; 97 Am. St. R., 324; 60 L. R. A., 571; 18 Cyc, 437-9.
410 Harriman v. First, 63 Ga., 186.
411 Methodist v. Sherman, 36 Wis., 404.
412 St. Patrick’s v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76; 4 N. E., 241.
413 Eager v. Inhabitants, 10 Mass., 430.
414 Barnes v. Perrine, 9 Barb., N. Y., 202; Sheehy v. Blake, 77 Wis., 394; 46 N. W., 537; 69 L. R. A., 255; Cutler v. Thomas, 25 Vt., 13; Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255 Note.
415 9 Cyc, 331.
416 45 Cent. Dig., 7.
417 45 Cent. Dig., 38.
418 45 Cent. Dig., 14.
419 45 Cent. Dig., 1-54; Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, “Subscriptions.”
420 Legal Maxims, Broom, 745; Hodges v. Nalty, 104 Wis., 464; 80 N. W., 726.
421 Hodges v. Nalty, 113 Wis., 557; 89 N. W., 535; Hodges v. O’Brien, 113 Wis., 97; 88 N. W., 901.
422 Barnes v. Perine, 9 Bar., N. Y., 202.
423 Macon v. Shepard, 2 Humphrey, Tenn., 335.
424 O’Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.
425 Bates v. Sperrell, 10 Mass., 323; Hodges v. Green, 28 Vt., 358; Pres. v. Andrus, 21 N. J. L., 225.
426 Church v. Wells, 24 Pa., 249.
427 O’Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.
428 Proprietors v. Roswell, 66 Me., 400; Sohier v. Trinity, 109 Mass., 1; Aylward v. O’Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 L. R. A., 206.
429 Aylward v. O’Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 L. R. A., 206; O’Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.
430 Smith v. Bonhoff, 2 Mich., 115.
431 Vorhees v. Presbyterian, 8 Barb., 135.
432 Price v. Lyon, 14 Conn., 280.
433 Baptist v. Witherell, 3 Paige, N. Y., 296; 24 Am. Dec., 223.
434 Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.
435 French v. Old, 106 Mass., 479.
436 Curry v. First, 2 Pittsburg, 105.
437 Succession of Gambla, 23 La. Ann., 9.
438 First v. Braydon, 91 Mass., 248.
439 Downs v. Bowdoin, 149 Mass., 135; 21 N. E., 294.
440 Trustees v. Quackenbush, 10 Johnson, 217.
441 Kellogg v. Dickenson, 18 Vt., 266.
442 Jackson v. Rounsville, 5 Metcalf, Mass., 127.
443 Murray v. Cargill, 32 Me., 517; Gay v. Baker, 17 Mass., 435; Shaw v. Beveridge, 3 Hill, N. Y., 26; Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.
444 Vanhorn v. Tailmadge, 8 N. J. Eq., 108.
445 Fassett v. Boylston, 19 Pickering, Mass., 361.
446 Kimball v. Rowley, 24 Pickering, Mass., 347.
447 Aylward v. O’Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 L. R. A., 206; Van Houten v. Trustees, 17 N. J. Eq., 126.
448 Howard v. Stevens, 47 Vt., 262.
449 Stoddard v. Vestry, 2 Gill. & J., Md., 227.
450 City v. McIntyre, 8 Rob., La., 467.
451 Sargent v. Pierce, 43 Mass., 80.
452 Perrin v. Leverett, 13 Mass., 128.
453 Crowley v. Miller, 19 N. Y. Weekly Dig., 262.
454 Sheldon v. Vail, 28 Hun., 354.
455 Price v. Lyons, 14 Conn., 280.
456 Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.
457 Commonwealth v. Cain, 5 Srg. & R., Pa., 510.
458 In re Bullock, 6 Dem. Sur., 335; Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276; Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis., 238.
459 Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis., 238; Goesele v. Bimeler, 55 U. S., 589; 14 L. Ed., 554; Van Houten v. Trustees, 17 N. J. Eq., 126.
460 Winnepesaukee v. Gordon, 63 N. H., 505; 3 At., 426.
461 Bethel v. Carmack, 2 Md., Ch., 143; Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.
462 Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402.
463 Enos v. Chestnut, 88 Ill., 590.
464 Walwrath v. Camel, 28 Mich., 111.
465 Harpending v. Reformed, 41 U. S., 455; 10 L. Ed., 1029.
466 Inhabitants v. Catholics, 40 Mass., 139; People v. Trinity, 22 N. Y., 44.
467 Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402; Eggleston v. Doolittle, 33 Conn., 396.
468 Tomlin v. Blunt, 31 Ill. App., 234.
469 Centenary v. Parker, 43 N. J. Eq., 307; 12 At., 142.
470 Levasseur v. Martin, 11 La. Ann., 684.
471 O’Donnell v. Holden, 21 Weekly Law Bulletin, 254.
472 Walwrath v. Camel, 28 Mich., 111.
473 Fitzpatrick v. Fitzgerald, 79 Mass., 400.
474 Hubbard v. German, 34 Ia., 31.
475 In re First, 106 N. Y., 251; 12 N. E., 626; Wiswell v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31.
476 Scott v. First, 50 Mich., 528; 15 N. W., 891.
477 In re First, 106 N. Y., 251; 12 N. E., 626.
478 Katzer v. City of Milwaukee, 104 Wis., 16; 79 N. W., 745; 80 N. W., 41.
479 Beckwith v. St. Phillip’s Parish, 69 Ga., 564.
480 Miller v. Chittenden, 2 Ia., 315; 4 Ia., 252; Schenectady v. Veeder, 4 Wendell, N. Y., 494.
481 St. Patrick’s v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76.
482 Nobilli v. Redman, 6 Cal., 325.
483 San Antonio v. Odin, 15 Tex., 539.
484 Blair v. Odin, 3 Tex., 288.
485 Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 463.
486 Santillan v. Moses, 1 Cal., 92.
487 Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276.
488 Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.
489 Hennessey v. Walsh, 55 N. H., 515.
490 Pawlet v. Clarke, 13 U. S., 292; 3 L. Ed., 735.
491 Cheever v. Pierson, 33 Mass., 266.
492 Amish v. Gelhaus, 71 Ia., 170; 32 N. W., 318.
493 Cushman v. Church, 162 Pa., 280; 29 At., 472.
494 Kulinsky v. Dambrowski, 29 Wis., 109.
495 Reed v. Church, 6 Pa. Co. Ct., 76.
496 Fulbright v. Higgenbotham, 133 Mo., 668; 34 S. W., 875; People v. Runkel, 9 Johnson, 147; Central v. Patterson, 30 N. Y. Supp., 248; Unangst v. Shortz, 5 Horton, Pa., 506.
497 Bowden v. MacLeod, 1 Edw., N. Y., 588; Gable v. Miller, 10 Paige, N. Y., 627; Wilson v. Johns, 2 Rich., S. C., Eq., 192; Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25.
498 Antones v. Eslava’s heirs, 9 Port., 527.
499 Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25; Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 32 Ill., 183.
500 Organ v. Seaford, 1 Dev., N. C. Eq., 453; Post 290, 319.
501 Gram v. Prussia, 36 N. Y., 161; Reformed v. Draper, 97 Mass., 349.
502 Dochkus v. Lithuanian, 206 Pa., 25; 55 At., 779.
503 Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38.
504 Thompson v. West, 59 Neb., 677; 82 N. W., 13; 49 L. R. A., 337.
505 Morgan v. Leslie, Wright, O., 144.
506 Consistory v. Brandow, 52 Barb., N. Y., 228.
507 Grisson v. Hill, 17 Ark., 483.
508 Scott v. Stipe, 12 Ind., 74; Mills v. Davison, 54 N. J. Eq., 659; 35 At., 1072; 35 L. R. A., 113.
509 Appeal of Tappen, 52 Conn., 412.
510 Neely v. Hoskins, 84 Me., 386; 24 At., 882.
511 Second v. Dugan, 65 Md., 460; 5 At., 415.
512 Craig v. Inhabitants, 58 Me., 479.
513 Beckwith v. St. Phillip’s Church, 68 Ga., 564.
514 Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St., 102; 19 N. E., 572; 2 L. R. A., 753.
515 Draper v. Minor, 36 Mo., 290.
516 Burton’s Appeal, 57 Pa. St., 213.
517 Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 33 N. E., 777; 44 N. E., 363; 32 L. R. A., 838.
518 Free Ch. of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House of Lords, 1904; McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Pa. St., 9; Ante, 278.
519 First v. Rauss, 21 Conn., 160; Watson v. Jones, 13 Wallace, 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.
520 App. v. Lutheran, 6 Pa. St., 201.
521 Keller v. Tracy, 11 Ia., 530; Happy v. Morton, 33 Ill., 398; Leftwig v. Thornton, 18 Ia., 56.
522 Watson v. Jones, 13 Wallace, 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.
523 Dolan v. Mayor, 4 Gill., Md., 394.
524 Goode v. McPherson, 51 Mo., 126.
525 Olcott v. Gabert, 86 Tex., 121; 23 S. W., 985.
526 Strong v. Doty, 32 Wis., 381.
527 Fadness v. Braunburg, 73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84.
528 Weld v. May, 9 Cushing, Mass., 181.
529 Field v. Field, 9 Wendell, N. Y., 394; Stokes v. Dale, 14 N. Y., 901.
530 Hendrickson v. Shotwell, 1 N. J. Eq., 577; Calkins v. Cheney, 92 Ill., 463; Park v. Chaplain, 96 Ia., 55; 64 N. W., 674.
531 Beech v. Allen, 7 Hun., 441.
532 Catholic v. Gibbons, 3 Weekly Law Bulletin, 581.
533 Lyons v. Planters, 86 Ga., 485.
534 African v. Duru, 19 La. Ann., 302; Harrisburg v. Washburn, 29 Oregon, 150; 44 Pac., 390.
535 Lynn v. Carson, 32 Grat., Va., 170.
536 Proprietor v. Butler, 56 Mass., 597.
537 DeRuyter v. St. Peter’s, 3 N. Y., 238.
538 Perrian v. Methodist, 4 Abbot’s Pr., N. Y., 424; Unangst v. Shortz, 5 Horton, Pa. St., 506; Trustees v. Hoessli, 13 Wis., 348.
539 Miller v. Chittenden, 2 Ia., 315; Church v. Grace, 68 N. Y., 570; Gilmer v. Stone, 120 U. S., 586; 30 L. Ed., 734; Kinney v. Kinney’s Executors, 86 Ky., 610; 6 S. W., 593.
540 St. Peter’s v. German, 104 Ill., 440.
541 Kinney v. Kinney’s Executors, 86 Ky., 610; 6 S. W., 593.
542 Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.
543 Morgan v. Leslie, Wright, 144.
544 U. S. v. Church, 5 Utah, 361; 15 Pac., 473.
545 In re Ticknor’s estate, 13 Mich., 44; Levy v. Levy, 33 N. Y., 97.
546 Trustees v. Hilkin, 84 Md., 170; 35 At., 9.
547 Hamsher v. Hamsher, 132 Ill., 273; 23 N. E., 1123; 8 L. R. A., 556.
548 Hanson v. Little Sisters, 79 Md., 434; 32 At., 1052; Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.
549 Church v. Grace, 68 N. Y., 570.
550 Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.
551 Trinitarian v. Union, 61 N. H., 384.
552 Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 44 N. E., 363; 32 L. R. A., 838.
553 Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317.
554 Petot v. Tucker, 21 N. Y., 267.
555 Ludlam v. Higbee, 11 N. J. Eq., 342.
556 Happy v. Morton, 33 Ill., 398.
557 Sutor v. Spangler, 4 Phil., 331.
558 Scott v. Stipe, 12 Ind., 74.
559 Commonwealth v. Dougherty, 107 Mass., 243.
560 In re Wright’s estate, Myr. Prob., 213 Cal.
561 Green v. Dennis, 6 Conn., 293; Ferguson v. Hedges, 1 Harr., 524.
562 Murphy v. Dallam, 1 Bland, 529.
563 Festorazzi v. St. Joseph’s, 104 Ala., 327; 18 So., 394; 25 L. R. A., 360; Ex parte Schuler, 134 Mass., 436; Seiber’s Appeal, 9 At., Pa., 863; Holland v. Alcock, 108 N. Y., 312; 16 N. E., 305.
564 Festorazzi v. St. Joseph’s, 104 Ala., 327; 18 So., 394; 25 L. R. A., 360.
565 McHugh v. McCole, 97 Wis., 166; 72 N. W., 352.
566 Wilson v. Perry, 29 W. Va., 169; 1 S. E., 302.
567 Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.
568 Good v. Zook, 116 Ia., 582; 88 N. W., 376.
569 Trustees v. Sturgeon, 9 Pa. St., 321.
570 Scott v. Curle, 9 B. Mon., 17; Ante, 278, 290.
571 In re Paulson’s will, 127 Wis., 612; 107 N. W., 484.
572 Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.
573 62 Cen. L. J., 167.
574 Ould v. Washington, 95 U. S., 303; 24 L. Ed., 450.
575 Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.
576 Darcy v. Kelley, 153 Mass., 433; 26 N. E., 1110.
577 Bronson v. Strouse, 57 Conn., 147; 17 At., 699.
578 Tichenor v. Brewer’s, 98 Ky., 349; 33 S. W., 86.
579 Banker v. Phelan, 4 Barb., 80.
580 Bowers v. Fromm, Add., Pa., 362.
581 Germania v. Baltes, 113 Ill., 29.
582 McDonald v. Shaw, 98 S. W., 952.
583 Beaty v. Kurtz, 27 U. S., 566; 7 L. Ed., 521.
584 Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276; Fadness v. Braunburg, 73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84.
585 Coe v. Washington, 149 Mass., 543; 21 N. E., 966.
586 Clark v. Brown, 108 S. W., 421, Tex.
587 Parker v. Quinn, 23 Utah, 332; 64 Pac., 961.
588 All Saints v. Brookline, 59 N. E., 1003, Mass.
589 Green v. Outagamie, 76 Wis., 587; 45 N. W., 536.
590 Katzer v. City, 104 Wis., 16; 80 N. W., 41.
591 St. Joseph Hospital v. Ashland, 96 Wis., 636; 72 N. W., 43.
592 Ramsey v. Church, 45 Minn., 229; 47 N. W., 783.
593 Gray v. Lafayette, 65 Wis., 567; 27 N. W., 311.
594 Newport v. Masonic, 108 Ky., 333; 56 S. W., 405; 49 L. R. A., 252.
595 Trustees v. City, 122 Wis., 452; 100 N. W., 837.
596 Dahl v. Kimball, 6 Me., 171.
597 Turner v. Inhabitants, 16 Mass., 208; Goodell Mfg. Co. v. Trask, 28 Mass., 514.
598 Muzzy v. Wilkins, Smith, 1; Ebau v. Hendell, 5 Watts, 43; 30 Am. Dec., 291.
599 Miller v. Board, 19 Ill. App., 48; Municipality of Ponce v. R. C. A. Ch., 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737; Reuben Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Repr., 690; Dorner v. Dist., 118 N. W., 353.
600 53 Cen. L. J., 224.
601 Hewitt v. Woman’s, 73 N. H., 556; 64 At., 190.
602 Collins v. New York, 69 N. Y. Supp., 106.
603 Louisville v. Hammock, 106 S. W., Ky., 219; 14 L. R. A., N. S., 784.
604 Indianapolis v. Grant, 25 Ind., 518.
605 Newport v. Masonic, 108 Ky., 333; 56 S. W., 405; 49 L. R. A., 252.
606 McGee v. German, 13 N. J. Eq., 77.
607 Miller v. Lerch, Wall. Jr., Pa., 210.
608 St. Mary’s Industrial School for Boys v. Brown, 45 Md., 310.
609 White v. Price, 108 N. Y., 661; 15 N. E., 427.
610 Sec. 5, Ky. Constitution; Contra: N. H. Constitution, art. 6.
611 Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 376; State v. Baily, 157 Ind., 324; 61 N. E., 730; 54 Cen. L. J., 142.
612 St. Patrick’s v. Rochester, 34 How. Pr., 227.
613 People v. Board, 13 Barb., N. Y., 400.
614 Synod v. State, 2 S. Dak., 366; 50 N. W., 632; 14 L. R. A., 418.
615 State v. Hallock, 16 Nev., 373; Dorner v. School Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).
616 Jenkins v. Andover, 103 Mass., 94.
617 Millard v. Board, 121 Ill., 297; 10 N. E., 669; Dorner v. School Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353.
618 Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W., Tex., 1025; Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 379; 56 C. L. J., 81.
619 State v. Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 7 L. R. A., 330; 53 Am. R., 282; 14 L. R. A., 419; Dorner v. School Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).
620 Billard v. Board, 69 Kan., 53; 76 Pac., 422; 66 L. R. A., 166.
621 Stevenson v. Hanyon, 7 Pa. Co. Ct., 585; State v. Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 7 L. R. A., 330; State v. Scheve, 65 Neb., 853; 91 N. W., 846; 59 L. R. A., 927.
622 Dorner v. School District, 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908); County v. Industrial School, 125 Ill., 540; 18 N. E., 183; 1 L. R. A., 437; 8 Am. St. Rep., 386; O’Connor v. Hendrick, 184 N. Y., 421; 77 N. E., 612.
623 Board v. Minor, 23 Ohio, 250; Campanas v. Calderhead, 17 Mont., 548; 44 Pac., 83; 36 L. R. A., 277.
624 Spiller v. Woburn, 12 Allen, Mass., 127.
625 School Commissioners v. State Board, 26 Md., 505.
626 Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 379; 56 Cen. L. J., 81.
627 Scofield v. State, 27 Conn., 499.
628 School v. Arnold, 21 Wis., 657.
629 Sherman v. Charleston, 8 Cushing, Mass., 160; State v. Board, 116 N. W., 232; 67 Cen. L. J., 241.
630 Guernsey v. Pitkin, 32 Vt., 224.
631 Wood v. Morrow, 35 Wis., 59.
632 Anderson v. State, 3 Head, Tenn., 455.
633 Lander v. Seaver, 32 Vt., 114.
634 Stevens v. Fassett, 27 Me., 266.
635 Draper v. Cambridge, 20 Ind., 268.
636 Lane v. Baker, 12 Ohio St., 237; State v. City, 19 Ohio, 178; Van Camp v. Board, 9 Ohio St., 406.
637 Ex parte Plessy, 45 La. Ann., 80; 11 So., 948; 16 Sup. Ct. R., 1138; 163 U. S., 537; 41 L. Ed., 256; 18 L. R. A., 639.
638 State v. School Directors, 10 Ohio St., 448.
639 Jackson v. Hampden, 16 Me., 184.
640 Markwell v. Pereles, 95 Wis., 406 and 424; 69 N. W., 798 and 984.
641 Perry v. State, 113 Ga., 936; 39 S. E., 315.
642 Aycock v. Harrington, 84 Miss., 204; 36 So., 245; 65 L. R. A., 689.
643 Wright v. Bennett, 7 Ill., 587.
644 Graham v. Bennett, 2 Cal., 503.
645 State v. Harris, 63 N. C., 1.
646 Rex. v. Canon, 7 Car. and P., 438.
647 Rex. v. Griffen, 6 Cox. C. C., 402.
648 F. v. F., 1 Ch. (1902), 688.
649 In re Jacques, 82 N. Y. Sup., 986.
650 In re Marshall, 33 N. Y. S., 104.
651 Kennedy v. Borah, 226 Ill., 243; 80 N. E., 767.
652 Prieto v. Alphonso, 52 La. Ann., 631; 27 So., 153.
653 Clarkson v. Hatton, 143 Mo., 47; 44 S. W., 761; 65 Am. St. R., 635; Matter of Johnson, 98 Cal., 531; 33 Pac., 260; 21 L. R. A., 380; Schlitz v. Roenitz, 86 Wis., 31; 56 N. W., 194; 39 Am. St. R., 873; 21 L. R. A., 482; Markwell v. Pereles, 95 Wis., 406; 69 N. W., 798; 67 Cen. L. J., 197.
654 Elliott v. Elliott, 77 Wis., 634; 46 N. W., 806; 57 L. R. A., 155; 10 L. R. A., 568.
655 Cole v. State, 75 S. W., 527; 45 Tex.; Cr. App., 225; 57 Cen. L. J., 341.
656 Mutter v. Senibbs, 79 N. E., 762, Mass.
657 Commonwealth v. McAfee, 108 Mass., 458.
658 Tuttle v. Sutts, 96 Pac., 260.
659 Gleason v. Gleason, 4 Wis., 64; 14 Cyc, 846.
660 32 St. At. L., 636 and 645.
661 Chap. 1402, U. S. Laws of 1904.
662 Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep., 690 (1908).
663 Sec. 2045, U. S. Statutes.
664 Secs. 2071 and 2072, U. S. Statutes, and Chap. 188, Laws of 1895.
665 26 St. At. L., 1014.
666 Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Repr., 690; 27 St. L., 628 and 635.
667 In re Lehah-puc-ka-chee, 98 Fed., 429.
668 Chap. 503, Laws of 1888.
669 Chap. 3, Laws of 1897.
670 61 Cen. L. J., 101, 289; 62 Cen. L. J., 215, 219.
671 McCann v. County, 6 Mont., 297.
672 Hubbard v. Railway, 104 Wis., 160; 80 N. W., 454.
673 Hochheimer on Custody of Infants, sec. 54; People v. Turner, 55 Ill., 280; People v. Park, 41 N. Y., 21, 33.
674 Kleizer v. Symes, 40 Ind., 562; Etchison v, Pergeson, 88 Ga., 620; 15 S. E., 680; Lucas v. Case, 72 (9 Bush) Ky., 297; York v. Pease, 68 Mass., 288; Piper v. Woolman, 43 Neb., 280; 61 N. W., 588; O’Donahue v. McGovern, 23 Wendell, N. Y., 26; Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292.
675 Combes v. Rose, 8 Blackf., 155; Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292; Etchison v. Pergeson, 88 Ga., 620; 15 S. E., 680.
676 Gardener v. Anderson, Fed. Case, 5220; Rector v. Smith, 11 Ia., 302.
677 See “Excommunication,” ante. Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292; 11 L. R. A., 592.
678 Shelton v. Nause, 46 Ky., 128.
679 Fawcett v. Charles, 13 Wendell, 473.
680 54 Cen. L. J., 313.
681 Hellstern v. Katzer, 103 Wis., 391; 79 N. W., 429.
682 Hills v. State, 61 Neb., 589; 85 N. W., 836.
683 Konkle v. Haven, 140 Mich., 472; 103 N. W., 850.
684 Klos v. Zahorik, 113 Ia., 161; 84 N. W., 1046.
685 Libel and Slander, Townsend, secs. 233, 234; 25 Cyc, 390, 398, 411.
686 Grace v. Dempsey, 75 Wis., 313; 43 N. W., 1127; Grace v. McArthur, 76 Wis., 641; 45 N. W., 518.
687 25 Cyc, 390, 398.
688 62 Cen. L. J., 180.
689 Libel and Slander, Townsend, p. 182 (notes).
690 Libel and Slander, Townsend, sec. 177; 25 Cyc, 398; Edwards v. Bell, 8 Moore, 467.
691 Remington v. Congdon, 2 Pickering, 315; Bradley v. Heath, 12 Pickering, 163.
692 McConckle v. Binns, 5 Binns, Pa., 340.
693 MacBride v. Allis, 9 Rich., S. C., 313.
694 State v. Riggs, 22 Vt., 322.
695 Commonwealth v. Batchelder, Thach., Mass., Cr. Cas., 191.
696 Shoe & L. v. Thompson, 18 Abbot’s Pr., N. Y., 413.
697 Sans v. Joerris, 14 Wis., 663.
698 5 Cyc, 715; “Disorderly Conduct,” 14 Cyc, 467.
699 14 Cyc, 540.
700 Williams v. State, 83 Ala., 78; 3 So., 616.
701 Hull v. State, 120 Ind., 153; 22 N. E., 117.
702 Hunt v. State, 3 Tex., 116.
703 State v. Kirby, 108 N. C., 772; 12 S. E., 1045.
704 Commonwealth v. Sigman, 2 Clark, Pa., 36.
705 State v. Wright, 41 Ark., 410; Tanner v. State, 126 Ga., 77; 54 S. E., 914.
706 State v. Shepherd, 54 S. C., 178; 32 S. E., 146; 14 Cyc, 467, 540.
707 Martin v. State, 65 Tenn., 234.
708 State v. Leighton, 35 Me., 195.
709 Marvin v. State, 19 Ind., 181.
710 Brown v. State, 46 Ala., 175.
711 State v. Turkhaw, 69 N. C., 215.
712 Richardson v. State, 5 Tex. App., 470.
713 U. S. v. Brooks, 4 Cranch, C. C., 427.
714 People v. Crowley, 23 Hun., 412; McLane v. Mallock, 7 Ind., 525.
715 Kinney v. State, 38 Ala., 224; State v. Lusk, 68 Ind., 264; State v. Edwards, 32 Mo., 548; Tanner v. State, 126 Ga., 77; 54 S. E., 914.
716 MacLean v. Mallock, 7 Ind., 525.
717 Wall v. Lee, 34 N. Y., 141.
718 Meyer v. Baker, 120 Ill., 567; 12 N. E., 79; Commonwealth v. Bearse, 132 Mass., 542; 42 Am. R., 450; West v. State, 28 Tenn., 66; Cramer v. Marks, 64 Pa. St., 151.
719 5 Cyc, 713; Commonwealth v. Linn, 158 Pa., 22; 27 At., 843; 22 L. R. A., 353.
720 Gaines v. State, 75 Tenn., 410; Holcombe v. Cornish, 8 Conn., 375; Bodenheimer v. State, 60 Ark., 10; 28 S. W., 507.
721 State v. Chandler, 2 Har., Del., 553.
722 Commonwealth v. Kneeland, 37 Mass. (20 Pick), 206.
723 People v. Ruggles, 8 Johnson, 225.
724 State v. Chandler, 2 Harr., Del., 553.
725 State v. Pepper, 68 N. C., 259.
726 Odell v. Garnett, 4 Blackf., Ind., 549.
727 People v. Porter, 2 Park, N. Y. Cr., 14.
728 State v. Chandler, 2 Harr., Del., 553; Commonwealth v. Kneeland, Thach., Mass. Cr. Cas., 346.
729 Miller v. State, 76 Ind., 310.
730 Petty v. State, 58 Ark., 1; 22 S. W., 654.
731 Splane v. Commonwealth, 12 At., Pa., 431.
732 Commonwealth v. Keiten, 1 Monag., 368.
733 Cain v. Daly, 74 S. C, 480; 55 S. E., 110.
734 Ex parte Jentisch, 112 Cal., 468; 44 Pac., 803.
735 State v. Lorey, 66 Tenn., 95.
736 State v. Krech, 10 Wash., 166; 38 Pac., 1001.
737 People v. Havenor, 149 N. Y., 195; 43 N. E., 541; 3 L. R. A., 689; State v. Dolan, 13 Idaho, 693; 92 Pac., 995; 14 L. R. A., N. S., 1259.
738 Flag v. Inhabitants, 58 Mass., 243; Doyle v. Lynn, 118 Mass., 195.
739 Hayden v. Mitchell, 103 Ga., 431; 30 S. E., 287.
740 Roth v. Hacks, 68 Mo. App., 283.
741 Hofer v. Cowan, 55 Cen. L. J., 290.
742 Byrant v. Watson, 127 Ind., 42; 26 N. E., 687; Allen v. Duffy, 43 Mich., 1; 4 N. W., 427; 11 L. R. A., 63; Dale v. Knapp, 98 Pa., 389.
743 Society v. Commonwealth, 52 Pa., 125; Parker v. State, 84 Tenn., 476.
744 McCabe v. Father Matthews, 24 Hun., 149; People v. Young, 67 Barb., 357.
745 Philadelphia v. Lehman, 56 Md., 209; Kroer v. People, 78 Ill., 294.
746 Fox v. Abel, 2 Conn., 541.
747 Bryant v. Inhabitants, 30 Me., 193; Tracy v. Jenks, 32 Mass., 465.
748 Carpenter v. Crane, 1 Root, Conn., 98.
749 Judefinde v. State, 78 Md., 510; 28 At., 405; 22 L. R. A., 721, note.
750 55 Cen. L. J., 44; 56 Cen. L. J., 261; State v. Cheneworth, 163 Ind., 94; 71 N. E., 197; 59 Cen. L. J., 202.
751 Speed v. Tomlinson, 73 N. H., 46; 59 At., 376; 68 L. R. A., 432.
752 State v. Rodgers, 128 N. C., 576; 38 S. E., 34.
753 U. S. v. Moore, 104 Fed., 78.
754 Constant v. Rector, 4 Daly, 1.
755 Frederickson v. W. R. Cem. Ass., 133 Wis., 502; 113 N. W., 1023.
756 14 Op. Atty-Gen., 27; secs. 4780-4782, U. S. Statutes; 16 Op. Atty-Gen., 13.
757 20 St. at L., 281.
758 Sohier v. Trinity Ch., 109 Mass., 1; City v. Town, 82 Wis., 374; 52 N. W., 425.
759 Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.
760 Porch v. St. Bridget’s, 81 Wis., 599; 51 N. W., 1007.
761 In re Highland, 4 Pa. Dist. Rep., 653.
762 Commonwealth v. Fisher, 7 Phil., 264; Bourland v. Springdale, 158 Ill., 458; 42 N. E., 86.
763 City v. Watson, 56 N. J. L., 667; 24 L. R. A., 843; 49 Cen. L. J., 307.
764 Coates v. City, 7 Cowan, N. Y., 585; Humphrey v. Frost, 109 N. C., 132; 13 S. E., 793; City v. Austin, 87 Tex., 330; 28 S. W., 528; 47 Am. St. R., 114.
765 Stockton v. City, 42 N. J. Eq., 531; 9 At., 203; First v. Meyers, 5 Okla., 819; 50 Pac., 70; 38 L. R. A., 329.
766 Steams v. Manchester, 63 N. H., 390; Henry v. Trustees, 48 Ohio, 671; 30 N. E., 1122.
767 Upjohn v. Board, 46 Mich., 542; 9 N. W., 845.
768 Edwards v. Stonington, 20 Conn., 466.
769 Oakland v. People, 93 Tex., 569; 57 S. W., 27; 55 L. R. A., 503.
770 Louisville v. Nevin, 73 Ky., 549; First v. Hazel, 63 Neb., 844; 89 N. W., 378.
771 Page v. Simons, 63 N. H., 17.
772 Wygant v. McLaughlin, 39 Or., 429; 64 Pac., 867; 54 L. R. A., 636; 53 Cen. L. J., 48.
773 Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599; Close v. Glenwood, 107 U. S., 466; 2 Sup. Ct. R., 267; 27 L. Ed., 408; Matter of Bd. of Street Opening, 133 N. Y., 329; 31 N. E., 102; 28 Am. St. R., 640; 16 L. R. A., 180.
774 In re Waldron, 26 R. I., 84; 58 At., 453; 67 L. R. A., 118; Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94; 52 L. R. A., 621.
775 Perkins v. Mass., 138 Mass., 361.
776 Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94.
777 People v. Trustees, 21 Hun., 184; McGuire v. St. Pat. C. C., 3 N. Y. Sup., 781; Baltimore v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.
778 Palmer v. Cypress, 122 N. Y., 429; 25 N. E., 983.
779 Conger v. Weyant, 55 Hun., 605.
780 Baltimore v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.
781 Went v. Methodist, 80 Hun., 266; Adams v. First, 148 Mich., 140; 111 N. W., 757; 11 L. R. A., N. S., 509.
782 Lakin v. Ames, 64 Mass., 198.
783 Donnelly v. Boston, 146 Mass., 163; 15 N. E., 505.
784 Rawson v. School, 89 Mass., 299.
785 St. Johns v. Haans, 31 Pa. St., 9.
786 Dangerfield v. Williams, 26 App., S. C., 508.
787 Silverwood v. Latrobe, 68 Md., 620; 13 At., 161.
788 Bessimer v. Jenkins, 111 Ala., 135; 18 So., 565; 66 Am. St. R., 26.
789 Davidson v. Reed, 111 Ill., 167; 53 Am. R., 613; Boyce v. Kalbough, 47 Md., 334.
790 Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38; Seymour v. Page, 33 Conn., 61; Perkins v. Mass., 138 Mass., 361.
791 Hyde Park v. Oakwoods, 119 Ill., 141; 7 N. E., 627; Matter of Bd. of Street Opening, 133 N.Y., 329; 31 N. E., 102; 28 Am. St. E., 640 L. R. A., 180.
792 Eastern v. City of Louisville, 13 Ky. L. Rep., 279; 15 S. W., 1117.
793 Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38; Appeal of Gumbert, 110 Pa. St., 496; 1 At, 437.
794 In re Reformed, 7 Howard’s Pr., 476; Scoville v. MacMahon, 62 Conn., 378; 26 At., 479.
795 Antrim v. Malsbury, 43 N.J. Eq., 288; 13 At., 180.
796 Hertle v. Riddell, Ky., 106 S. W., 282; 15 L. R. A., N. S., 796.
797 Lewis v. Walker, 165 Pa. St., 30; 30 At., 500.
798 State v. Wilson, 94 N. C., 1015.
799 Farelly v. Metairie, 42 La. Ann., 28; 10 So., 386; Commonwealth v. Maria, 2 Weekly Notes Cases, 244.
800 Hullman v. Honcomp, 5 Ohio St., 237.
801 MacGuire v. St. Patrick’s, 54 Hun., 207.
802 Dwenger v. Geary, 113 Ind., 106; 14 N. E., 903; Nance v. Busby, 91 Tenn., 303; 15 L. R. A., 801.
803 Mt. Maria v. Commonwealth, 81 Pa. St., 235; 22 Am. Rep., 743; Cemetery Co. v. Walker, 29 Ky. L. R., 1252; 97 S. W., 34; 7 L. R. A., N. S., 155.
804 Larson v. Chase, 47 Minn., 307; 50 N. W., 238; 14 L. R. A., 85; 28 Am. St. R., 370; Pettigrew v. P., 207 Pa., 313; 56 At., 878; 64 L. R. A., 179.
805 McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633; 66 L. R. A., 440.
806 Hook v. Joyce, 94 Ky., 450; 22 S. W., 651; 21 L. R. A., 96.
807 Columbus v. C., 82 Wis., 334; 52 N. W., 425; 16 L. R. A., 695; Mt. Hope v. Boston, 158 Mass., 509; 33 N. E., 695; 35 Am. St. R., 515; Kincaid’s Appeal, 66 Pa. St., 411; 5 Am. R., 377; Bessimer v. Jenkins, 111 Ala., 135; 56 Am. St. R., 26; 18 So., 565.
808 Wilson v. Reed, 68 At., 37, N. H.; Wormley v. Wormley, 207 Ill., 411; 60 N. E., 865; 3 L. R. A., N. S., 481.
809 Thirkfield v. Mountain, 12 Utah, 76; 41 Pac., 564; Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94; 52 L. R. A., 621.
810 Toppin v. Moriarty, 59 N. J. Eq., 115; 44 At., 469; 50 Cen. L. J., 21.
811 Cohen v. Cong., 99 N. Y. S., 732.
812 Feeley v. Andrews, 191 Mass., 313; 77 N. E., 766; State v. McLean, 121 N. C., 589; 28 S. E., 140; 42 L. R. A., 721.
813 McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633; 66 L. R. A., 440.
814 Mutual, etc., v. Griesa, 156 F., 398.
815 Hayes v. State, 112 Wis., 304; 87 N. W., 1076.
816 14 L. R. A., 85; Young v. College of Physicians, 81 Md., 358; 32 At., 177; 31 L. R. A., 540; Meyers v. Clarke, 28 Ky. L., 1000; 90 S. W., 1049; 5 L. R. A., N. S., 727.
817 Lindh v. Ry., 99 Minn., 408; 109 N. W., 823; 7 L. R. A., N. S., 1018.
818 Long v. Ry., 15 Oklahoma, 512; 86 Pac., 289; 6 L. R. A., N. S., 883; Griffith v. Charlotte, 23 S. C., 25; 55 Am. Rep., 1.
819 Koerber v. Patek, 123 Wis., 453; 102 N. W., 40; Thompson v. State, 105 Tenn., 177; 58 S. W., 213; 80 Am. St. R., 875; 51 L. R. A., 883.
820 Williams v. Williams, 20 Ch. Div., 659.
821 Reg. v. Fox, 2 Q. B., 246.
822 52 Cen. L. J., 141.
823 O’Donnell v. Slack, 123 Cal., 285; 55 Pacific, 906; 43 L. R. A., 388; Neighbors v. Neighbors, 23 Ky. L., 1433; 65 S. W., 607; Larson v. Chase, 47 Minn., 307; 50 N. W., 238; 14 L. R. A., 85.
824 Enos v. Snyder, 131 Cal., 68; 63 Pac., 170; 82 Am. St. R., 330; 53 L. R. A., 21.
825 Thompson v. Deeds, 93 Ia., 228; 61 N. W., 842.
826 Durrell v. Haywood, 75 Mass., 248.
827 Boham v. Loeb, 107 Ala., 604; 18 So., 300; Hamilton v. State, 30 Ind., 482; Partridge v. First, 39 Md., 631; Fletcher v. Evans, 140 Mass., 24; 2 N. E., 837.
828 Commonwealth v. Viall, 84 Mass., 512.
829 Donnelly v. Boston, 146 Mass., 163; 15 N. E., 505.
830 Houston v. Drew, 13 Tex. Cir. App., 536; 36 S. W., 802.
831 Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.
832 Canadian v. Palmenter, 180 Mass., 415; 62 N. E., 740.
833 Barabasz v. Kabat, 86 Md., 23; 37 At., 720.
834 In re Hawkins, 165 N. Y., 188; 58 N. E., 884.
835 Chapin v. Holyoke, 165 Mass., 280; 42 N. E., 1130; Am. & Eng. Cyc. of L., “Taxation.”
836 In re Barry, 164 N. Y., 18; 58 N. E., 12.
837 American Law of Electors, McCrary, sec. 41.
838 Lansing v. Haynes, 95 Mich., 16; 54 N. W., 699; Baacke v. Baacke, 50 Neb., 18; 69 N., 303; Jones, Jr., estate, 211 Pa., 364; 60 At., 915; 69 L. R. A., 940; White v. B. of A. Y., 124 Ia., 293; 99 N. W., 1071; 66 L. R. A., 164.
839 Rogers v. Elliott, 146 Mass., 349; 15 N. E., 768; Davis v. Sawyer, 133 Mass., 289; 43 Am. R., 519; Harrison v. St. Mark’s, 12 Phil., 259; Soltau v. DeHeld, 9 Eng. L. & E., 104; Leete v. Pilgrim Cong. Ch., 14 Mo. App., 590.
840 Osborne v. Osborne, New York, Sept. 12, 1908; Landry v. Bellanger, 45 So., 956; 15 L. R. A., N. S., 463; Lawson v. Lawson, 30 Tex. Civ. App., 43; 69 S. W., 246; Schmitt v. Schneider, 109 Ga., 628; 35 S. E., 145.
841 14 Cyc, 466.
842 Minagham v. State, 77 Wis., 643; 46 N. W., 894; Gilmore v. Fuller, 198 Ill., 130; 65 N. E., 84.
843 Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., “Stara decisis,” “Res judicata”; 67 Central L. Journal, 255; Pautz v. Plankinton, 126 Wis., 37; 105 N. W., 482; Whittaker v. Mich. M. L. Ins. Co., 83 N. E., 899.
844 Bonacum v. Murphy, 71 Neb., 463; 104 N. W., 180.
845 U. S. Bankruptcy Act, sec. 1, sub-sec. 25.
846 20 Cyc, 457.
847 20 Cyc, 1243; Insolvent Corporations, Wait, sec. 637.
848 20 Cyc, 469.