V Pathological Sexuality in Its Legal Aspects
The laws of all civilized nations punish those who commit perverse sexual acts. Inasmuch as the preservation of chastity and morals is one of the most important reasons for the existence of the commonwealth, the state cannot be too careful, as a protector of morality, in the struggle against sensuality. This contest is unequal; because only a certain number of the sexual crimes can be legally combated, and the infractions of the laws by so powerful a natural instinct can be but little influenced by punishment. It also lies in the nature of the sexual crimes, that but a part of them ever reach the knowledge of the authorities. Public sentiment, in that it looks upon them as disgraceful, lends much aid.
Criminal statistics prove the sad fact that sexual crimes are progressively increasing in our modern civilization.127 This is particularly the case with immoral acts with children under the age of fourteen. The moralist sees in these sad facts nothing but the decay of general morality, and in some instances comes to the conclusion that the present mildness of the laws punishing sexual crimes, in comparison with their severity in past centuries, is in part responsible for this.
The medical investigator is driven to the conclusion that this manifestation of modern social life stands in relation to the predominating nervousness of later generations, in that it begets defective individuals, excites the sexual instinct, leads to sexual abuse, and, with continuance of lasciviousness associated with diminished sexual power, induces perverse sexual acts.
It will be clearly seen, from what follows, how such an opinion is justified, especially with respect of the increasing number of sexual crimes committed on children. It is at once evident, from what has gone before, that neuropathic, and even psychopathic, states are largely determinate for the commission of sexual crimes. Here nothing less than the responsibility of many of the men who commit such crimes is called in question.
Psychiatry cannot be denied the credit of having recognized and proved the psycho-pathological significance of numerous monstrous, paradoxical sexual acts. Law and Jurisprudence have thus far given but little attention to the facts resulting from investigations in psychopathology. Law is, in this, opposed to Medicine, and is constantly in danger of passing judgment on individuals who, in the light of science, are not responsible for their acts.
Owing to this superficial treatment of acts that deeply concern the interests and welfare of society, it becomes very easy for justice to treat a delinquent, who is as dangerous to society as a murderer or a wild beast, as a criminal, and, after punishment, release him to prey on society again; on the other hand, scientific investigation shows that a man mentally and sexually degenerate ab origine, and therefore irresponsible, must be removed from society for life, but not as a punishment.
A judge who considers only the crime, and not its perpetrator, is always in danger of injuring not only important interests of society (general morality and safety), but also those of the individual (honor).
In no domain of criminal law is co-operation of judge and medical expert so much to be desired as in that of sexual delinquencies; and here only anthropological and clinical investigation can afford light and knowledge. The nature of the act can never, in itself, determine a decision as to whether it lies within the limits of mental pathology, or within the bounds of mental physiology. The perverse act does not indicate perversion of instinct. At any rate, the most monstrous and perverse sexual acts have been committed by persons of sound mind. The perversion of feeling must be shown to be pathological. This proof is to be obtained by learning the conditions attending its development, and by proving the existence of a general neuropathic or psychopathic condition.
The species facti is important; but it allows, however, only presumptions, since the same sexual act, according as it is committed by an epileptic, paralytic, or a man of sound mind, takes on other features and peculiarities, in accordance with the manner in which it is done.
Periodical recurrence of the act under identical circumstances, and an impulsive manner in carrying it out, give rise to weighty presumptions that it is of pathological significance. The decision, however, must follow after referring the act to its psychological motive (abnormalities of thought and feeling), and after showing this elementary anomaly to be but one symptom of a general neuropathic condition,—either an arrest of mental development, or a condition of psychical degeneration, or a psychosis.
The cases discussed in the portion of this work devoted to general and special pathology will certainly be useful to the medical expert, in assisting him to discover the motive of the act. To obtain the facts necessary to allow a decision of the question whether immorality or abnormality occasioned the act, a medico-legal examination is required,—an examination which is made according to the rules of science; which takes account of both the past history of the individual and the present condition,—the anthropological and clinical data.
The proof of the existence of an original, congenital anomaly of the sexual sphere is important, and points to the need of an examination in the direction of a condition of psychical degeneration. An acquired perversity, to be pathological, must be found to depend upon a neuropathic or psychopathic state.
Practically, paretic dementia and epilepsy must first come to mind. The decision concerning responsibility will depend on the demonstration of the existence of a psychopathic state in the individual convicted of a sexual crime.
This is indispensable, to avoid the danger of covering simple immorality with the cloak of disease.
Psychopathic states may lead to crimes against morality, and at the same time remove the conditions necessary to the existence of responsibility, under the following circumstances:—
1. To oppose the normal or intensified sexual desire, there may be no moral or legal notions, owing to (a) the fact that they may never have been developed (states of congenital mental weakness); or to (b) the fact that they have been lost (states of acquired mental weakness).
2. When the sexual desire is increased (states of psychical exaltation) and consciousness simultaneously clouded, the mental mechanism is too much disturbed to allow the opposing ideas, virtually present, to exert their influence.
3. When the sexual instinct is perverse (states of psychical degeneration). It may, at the same time, be intensified.
Cases of sexual delinquency that occur outside of states of mental defect, degeneration, or disease, can never be excused on the ground of irresponsibility.
In many cases, instead of an abnormal psychical condition, a neurosis (local or general) is found. Inasmuch as the transitions from a neurosis to a psychosis are easy, and elementary psychical disturbances are frequent in the former, and constant in profound perversion of the sexual life, the neurotic affection—e.g., impotence, irritable weakness, etc.—exerts an influence on the motive of the incriminating act; and a just judge, notwithstanding the lack of legal irresponsibility due to mental defect or disease, will recognize the circumstances which ameliorate the heinousness of the crime.
For various reasons the practical jurist will, in all cases of sexual crimes, call medical experts to make a psychiatric examination.
To be sure, his own conscience and judgment must be the guides when necessity makes them his only reliance. Under the following circumstances indices are given which point to a pathological condition:—
The accused is senile. The sexual crime is committed openly, with remarkable cynicism. The manner of obtaining sexual satisfaction is silly (exhibition), or cruel (mutilation or murder), or perverse (necrophilia, etc.).
From what experience teaches, it may be said that, among the sexual acts that occur, rape, mutilation, pederasty, amor lesbicus, and bestiality may have a psycho-pathological basis.
In case of lust-murder,—in as far as it goes beyond murder itself,—and likewise in case of mutilation of corpses, psychopathic conditions are probable.
Exhibition and mutual masturbation make pathological states seem very probable. Masturbation of another and passive onanism may occur in connection with senile dementia and contrary sexual feeling, but also with mere sensuality.
Cunnilingus and fellare (penem in os mulieris arrigere) have not thus far been shown to depend upon psycho-pathological conditions.
These horrible sexual acts seem to be committed only by sensual men who have become satiated or impotent from excessive indulgence in a normal way. Pædicatio mulierum does not seem to be psychopathic, but rather a practice of married men of low morality, who wish to prevent pregnancy; and of satiated cynics in non-marital sexual indulgence.
The practical importance of the subject makes it necessary that the sexual acts threatened with punishment as sexual crimes be considered by jurists from the stand-point of the medico-legal expert. Thus there is an advantage gained, in that the psycho-pathological acts, according to circumstances, are placed in the right light by comparison with analogous acts that fall within the domain of physiological psychology.
1. Offense Against Morality in the Form of Exhibition
(Austrian Statutes, § 516; Abridgment, § 195. German Statutes, § 183.)
In man’s present condition of civilization, modesty is a characteristic and motive so firmly fixed by centuries of education that presumption of a psycho-pathological element necessarily arises when public decency is coarsely offended.
The presumption is justifiable that an individual who in this way has offended public decency and his own self-respect was incapable of moral feeling (idiots); or that it has been lost (states of acquired mental weakness); or that he has acted while in a clouded state of consciousness (transitory insanity, states of partial consciousness).
A very distinctive act which belongs here is that of exhibition (exposure). The cases thus far recorded are exclusively those of men who ostentatiously expose their genitals to persons of the opposite sex, in some instances following them, without, however, becoming aggressive.
The silly manner of this sexual activity, or really sexual demonstration, points to intellectual and moral weakness; or, at least, to temporary inhibition of the intellectual and moral functions, with excitation of libido dependent upon a decided disturbance of consciousness (abnormal unconsciousness, mental confusion); and, at the same time, the virility of these individuals is called in question. Thus there are various categories of exhibitionists.
The first category includes states of mental weakness in which, owing to the causative cerebral (or spinal) disease, consciousness is clouded, and the ethical and intellectual functions are interfered with; and in which there can be no opposition made to a sexual desire that has either always been intense, or that has been intensified by the disease-process. At the same time, impotence exists, and no longer permits expression of the sexual instinct in violent acts (rape), but only in acts that are silly.
The majority of reported cases128 fall in this category. They are those of individuals afflicted with senile dementia, paretic dementia, or mental defects due to alcoholism, epilepsy, etc.
Case 167. Z., high official, aged 60; widower; father of a family. He had excited offense in that, during fourteen days, he had repeatedly exposed his genitals at his window, to a girl of eight years who lived opposite him. After a few months, under like circumstances, this man repeated his indecent act. At his examination he acknowledged the depravity of his action, and could give no excuse for it. Death, a year later, due to cerebral disease. (Lasègue, op. cit.)
Case 168. Z., aged 78; seaman. He had repeatedly exhibited his genitals on children’s play-grounds, and in the neighborhood of girls’ schools. This was the only way in which he was active sexually. He was married, and the father of ten children. Twelve years before, he had suffered a severe head-injury, since which he had had a deep scar, which indented the bone. Pressure on this scar caused pain; at the same time his face would flush, his expression become fixed, and he would grow somnolent, with convulsive movements in the right upper extremity (apparently epileptoid state in connection with cortical disease). Besides, there was senile dementia and advanced senium. It is not reported whether the exhibition coincided with epileptoid attacks or not. Senile dementia proved; pardoned. (Dr. Schuchardt, op. cit.)
Pelanda (op. cit.) has reported a number of cases of this kind:—
1. Paralytic, aged 60. At the age of fifty-eight he began to exhibit himself to women and children. In the asylum at Verona, for a long time thereafter, he was lascivious and also attempted fellatio.
2. A drinker, aged 66, suffering with folie circulaire. His exhibition was first noticed in church during divine service. His brother was likewise an exhibitionist.
3. A drinker, predisposed, aged 49. He was always very excitable sexually; in an asylum on account of chronic alcoholism. He exhibited himself whenever he saw a woman.
4. A man, aged 64; married; father of fourteen children. Great predisposition. Rachitic, microcephalic head. For years he had been an exhibitionist, in spite of repeated punishment.
Case 169. X., merchant, born in 1833; single. He had repeatedly exhibited himself to children, or even urinated at the same time; once, under these circumstances, he had kissed a little girl, driving her away. Twenty years previously X. had had a severe attack of mental disease, lasting two years, in which he is said to have had an apoplectic attack. Later, after loss of his fortune, he gave himself to drink, and of late years had often appeared absent-minded. His condition was that of alcoholism, senium præcox, and mental weakness. Penis small; phimosis; testicles atrophic. Proof of mental disease; pardoned. (Dr. Schuchardt, op. cit.)
Such cases recall the lasciviousness of youthful, sexuallyexcited persons that are still more or less boyish; but also that of many mature cynics of low morality, who find pleasure in defiling the walls of public closets, etc., with drawings of male and female genitals,—a kind of ideal exhibition which, however, is still widely separated from actual exhibition.
Another category of exhibitionists is made up of epileptics. This category is essentially to be distinguished from the foregoing, in that a conscious motive for the exhibition is wanting; and it appears much more like an impulsive act which, without any consideration of external circumstances, is performed as if it were an abnormal organic necessity.
At the time of the act there is always a state of imperfect consciousness; and thus is explained the fact that the unfortunate individual, without consciousness of the meaning of his act, or, at least, without cynicism, does it in obedience to a blind impulse. On regaining consciousness, he regrets and abhors it if there is not permanent mental weakness.
The prime motive in this state of imperfect consciousness, as with other impulsive acts, is a feeling of apprehensive oppression. If a sexual feeling become associated with it, then the ideas are given a certain direction in the sense of a corresponding (sexual) act.
How sexual ideas very easily arise temporarily in epileptics may be understood from the discussion under “Epilepsy.”
If, however, such an association has once been formed; if a particular act has taken place in an attack,—it is the more easily repeated in every subsequent attack; for, so to speak, a known tract has been established in the path of motivity.
The feeling of anxiety, with the state of imperfect consciousness, causes the associated sexual impulse to appear as a command,—an inner force, which is acted upon in a purely impulsive manner and in a state of absolute irresponsibility.
Case 170. K., a subordinate official, aged 29; of neuropathic family; living in happy marriage, and the father of one child. He has repeatedly, especially at dusk, exhibited himself to servant-girls. K. is tall, slim, pale, nervous, and hasty in manner. There is imperfect memory of the crimes. Since childhood there have been frequent severe congestive attacks, with intense flushing of the face, a rapid, tense pulse, and a fixed, absent stare. At the same time there were, now and then, confusion and vertigo. In this (epileptic) exceptional state K. would answer only after repeated questioning, and then it was as if he were waking from a dream. K. states that he has always felt excited and restless for some hours before his criminal acts, and experienced a feeling of fear, with oppression, and congestion of the head. In this condition he had often been giddy, and experienced an indistinct feeling of sexual excitement. At the height of such states he had left the house, without any purpose in view, and exposed his genitals anywhere. When he had reached home again, he had had but a dreamy remembrance of what had occurred, and felt very weak and depressed. It is also remarkable that, while exhibiting his genitals, he had used lighted matches to make them visible. The opinion was to the effect that the criminal acts depended upon epilepsy, and were imperative impulses; but he was, nevertheless, sentenced, with the assumption of extenuating circumstances. (Dr. Schuchardt, op. cit.).
Case 171. L., aged 39; single; tailor. His father was probably a drinker; he had two epileptic brothers, one of whom was insane. The patient himself has slight epileptic attacks, and from time to time states of imperfect consciousness, in which he runs about aimlessly, and thereafter does not know where he has been. He was considered a moral man, but he is now accused of having exhibited and played with his genitals in a strange house five or six times. His memory of these acts was very imperfect.
On account of repeated desertion from the army (probably likewise in epileptic states of imperfect consciousness), L. had been severely punished. In imprisonment he became insane with “epileptic insanity,” was sent to the Charité, and from there discharged “cured.” As far as the criminal acts were concerned, cynicism and wantonness could be excluded. That they were committed in a state of imperfect consciousness is probable from the fact, among other things, that to the policeman who arrested him, the “imbecile,” who was then in a cloudy state of consciousness, was in a remarkable mental state. (Liman, Vierteljahrsschrift f. ger. Med., N. F. xxxviii, H. 2.)
Case 172. L., aged 37. From October 15th to November 2d, he had many times given offense, by exhibiting himself to girls in daylight on the open street, and even in schools, into which he forced himself. It happened occasionally that he wanted the girls to perform manustupration or allow coitus, and, when refused, he performed masturbation before them. In G., in a public-house, he rapped on the window, with his penis exposed, so that the children and servant-girl in the kitchen were forced to see it.
After his arrest it was ascertained that since 1876 L. had very frequently caused trouble by exhibitions, but had always escaped punishment, owing to the demonstration of mental disease by physicians. On the other hand, he had been punished for desertion and theft in the army, and, later, once, as a civilian, for stealing cigars. L. had repeatedly been in asylums on account of insanity (attacks of insanity). Besides, he was often remarkable on account of his changeable, quarrelsome character, occasional excitement, and inconstancy.
L.’s brother died of paralysis. He himself presents no degenerative signs; no epileptic antecedents. During the time of observation he is neither insane nor mentally weakened. He behaves himself very well, and expresses great regret for his sexual crimes. About himself he states that, though no drinker, he occasionally has an impulse to drink. Soon after beginning, congestion of the head, vertigo, restlessness, anxiety, and oppression come on. He then passes into a dreamy state. An irresistible impulse now forces him to expose himself; and he then experiences a feeling of relief and breathes more easily. When he has once exposed himself, he knows nothing more of what he does. As precursors of such attacks, he had often, a short time before, had flames before the eyes, and vertigo. For the time of his clouded state of consciousness, he had but a clouded, dreamy memory.
It was only after a time that sexual ideas and impulses had become associated with these apprehensive, cloudy states of consciousness. Years ago, in such states, without motive and with great danger, he had deserted; once he had jumped from a third-story window; on another occasion he had left a good position to wander about aimlessly in a neighboring country, where he was at once arrested for exhibition.
When, outside of his abnormal periods, L. once became intoxicated, there was no exhibition. In the lucid state his sexual feeling and intercourse are perfectly normal. (Dr. Hotzen, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1890, H. 6). For other instances, vide Cases 153, 155.
A clinical group that very nearly approaches the epileptic exhibitionists is made up of certain neurasthenic individuals, in whom, likewise, there may occur attacks (epileptoid?) of imperfect consciousness129 in connection with a feeling of apprehensive oppression; and with this sexual impulses may be associated, resulting in acts of exhibition having an impulsive character.
Case 173. Dr. S., academic teacher, had aroused public indignation by being seen repeatedly running about in the Zoological Garden at Berlin, before ladies and children, with his genitals hanging out. S. admitted this, but denied all thought or consciousness of causing public offense, and excused himself by saying that his running about with exposed genitals afforded him relief from nervous excitement. Mother’s father was insane, and died by suicide; his mother was constitutionally neuropathic, a somnambulist, and had been temporarily insane. The culprit was neuropathic, had been a somnambulist, and had had continuous aversion to sexual intercourse with females. In his youth he practiced onanism. He was a neurasthenic man, shy, torpid, and easily became embarrassed and confused. He was sexually always much excited. Frequently he dreamed that he was running about with exposed genitals, or that, dressed only in a shirt, he hung from a fence with his head downward, so that the shirt fell down, exposing his erected penis. His dreams would induce pollution, and he would then have rest for a few days or an entire week.
Also, in his waking state, the impulse would often come upon him, just as in his dreams, to run about with exposed genitals. As he was about to expose himself, he would become very hot, and then he would run aimlessly about. The member would become moist with secretion, but pollution was never induced. Finally, when it had become flaccid, he would put it up, and then come to himself, glad if no one had seen him. In such conditions of excitement he seemed to be in a dream; as if intoxicated. He had never had the intention to offend women. S. was not epileptic. His declarations had the impress of truth. He had actually never followed or spoken to women while in this condition. Frivolity and coarseness were excluded. In agreement with Westphal, the author regards S. as belonging “to a class of individuals of peculiar hypochondriacal tendencies, in whom the attention is constantly directed, in an abnormal way, to certain bodily sensations and processes; who brood over these, connecting all kinds of peculiar conceptions with them, at last making use of quite as strange means to combat the bodily sensations and ideas.” At least, S.’s act was due to pathological sensation and idea, and S. was in a condition of pathological disturbance of mental action at the time of the commission of his acts. In the case of this exhibitionist, the manner of satisfaction of the sexual instinct may be considered as peculiar to the individual. (Liman, Vierteljahrsschrift für gerichtel. Med., N. F. xxxviii, Heft 2.)
Case 174. X., aged 38; married; father of one child. Always sullen and silent. Suffers frequently with headache. Very neurasthenic, though not insane. He is troubled much at night by pollutions. He has repeatedly followed shop-girls, for whom he had lain in wait, exposing and handling his genitals. In one case he even followed a girl into a shop. (Trochon, Arch. de l’anthropologie criminelle, iii, p. 256.)
In the following case the exhibition seems subsidiary to the impulsive desire to satisfy sudden, intense libido, by means of masturbation:—
Case 175. R., coachman, aged 49, Vienna; married since 1866; childless. Father neuropathic and given to sexual excesses; died of cerebral disease. He presents no degenerative signs.
At the age of twenty-nine he suffered a severe concussion by falling from a height. Up to that time the vita sexualis had been normal. Since that time, every three or four months, he has been seized with very painful sexual excitement, accompanied by an intense desire to masturbate. A feeling of weariness and discomfort, with a desire for alcoholic indulgence, precedes this. In the intervals he is sexually cold, and has but very infrequent desire for his wife, who, moreover, for five years has been sick, and incapable of cohabitation. He gives the assurance that, as a young man, he never masturbated, and that, in the intervals between his attacks, he has never thought of satisfying himself sexually in this way.
The impulse to masturbation during the attack is always excited by certain feminine charms,—short cloak, pretty foot and ankle, elegant appearance. Age makes no difference; even little girls excite him. The impulse is sudden and unconquerable. R. describes the situation and act as characteristically impulsive. He had often tried to resist it; but then he would grow hot, terribly frightened, his head would burn, and he would seem to be in a fog; but he never lost consciousness. At the same time he would have violent, darting pain in the testicles and spermatic cords. He regretted it, but had to confess that the impulse was stronger than his will. In such a situation it forced him to masturbate, no matter where he might be. After ejaculation he would become calm, and regain his self-control. He regarded it as a terrible affliction. Defense shows that R. has been punished six times for similar offenses—exhibition and masturbation in the open street.
On November 4, 1889, R., while in his worst condition, happened to be in the street as a crowd of school-girls went by. This awakened his unconquerable impulse. There was not time to run to a closet, he was so excited. There was immediate exhibition, masturbation in front of a house,—great scandal and immediate arrest. R. is not weak-minded, and has no ethical defect. He bemoans his fate, deeply regrets his act, and fears new attacks. He regards his condition as abnormal,—as a fate against which he is powerless.
He thinks himself still virile. Penis abnormally large. Cremasteric reflex present; patellar reflex increased. Weakness of the sphincter of the bladder, that has existed for some years. Various neurasthenic difficulties.
The opinion showed that R. was subject to the influence of abnormal conditions, and had acted impulsively. Patient was sent to an asylum, from which he was discharged after a few months.
In the foregoing case the important point, clinically, lies not in the neurosis that is present, but rather in the impulsive character of the act (exhibition dependent on masturbation).
With the enumeration of the categories of imbeciles, of mentally weakened individuals, and of the exhibitionists that are in a neurotic (epileptic or neurasthenic) state of imperfect consciousness, apparently the clinical and forensic side of this phenomenon is still unexhausted; in addition to these, there is another class, the representatives of which, owing to deep hereditary taint (hereditary degenerative neurosis?), are impelled to periodical and very impulsive exhibition.
With reference to these conditions of psychopathia sexualis periodica (comp. “Periodical Insanity”), in which the accidentally-awakened impulse to exhibition is but a partial manifestation of a clinical whole, like dipsomania periodica, Magnan, from whom I borrow the following instructive cases, justly lays the greatest stress upon the impulsive, periodical feature of these abnormal impulses; and no less upon the fact that they are often accompanied by terrible anxiety, which, after the realization of the impulse, gives place to a feeling of relief.
These facts, and no less, the clinical picture of degeneracy that, for the most part, is referable to injurious conditions that are hereditary, or that exercise an injurious effect on the development of brain in early years (rachitis, etc.), are, medicolegally, of decisive importance [with reference to the question of responsibility].
Case 176. G., aged 29, waiter in a café. In 1888, while standing under a church-door, he exhibited himself to several girls working opposite. He confessed the act, and also that, many times, in the same place and at the same time of day, he had been guilty of the same crime, having been punished for it, the year before, with imprisonment for one month.
G. has very nervous parents. His father is mentally unstable and very irascible. His mother is at times insane, and suffers with severe nervous disease.
G. has always had nervous twitching of the face, and constant alternation of causeless depression, with tædium vitæ, and periods of elation. At the ages of ten and fifteen, for slight cause, he wished to commit suicide. When excited, he has similar twitching of the extremities. He presents constant general analgesia. In prison he was at first beside himself with shame about the disgrace he had brought on his family, and said he was the worst of men, deserving the severest punishment.
Until his nineteenth year G. had satisfied himself with solitary and mutual masturbation, and, on one occasion, he had practiced onanism with a girl. From that time, working in a café, the female customers had excited him so intensely that ejaculation was often induced. He suffered with almost constant priapism, and, as his wife stated, in spite of coitus, it often disturbed his rest at night. For seven years he had repeatedly exhibited himself at his window, and also exposed himself naked to female neighbors living opposite.
In 1883 he married out of desire. Marital intercourse did not satisfy his needs. At times his sexual excitement was so intense that he had headache, and seemed confused, like one drunk, strange, and incapable of work.
Case 177. B., aged 27; of neuropathic mother and alcoholic father. He has one brother who is a drinker; and an hysterical sister.
After his eleventh year, onanism, solitary or mutual. After his fifteenth year, impulses to exhibition. He attempted it at a street-urinal; he felt pleasure in it, but also immediately twinges of conscience. If he attempted to oppose his impulse thereafter, he became apprehensive, and had a feeling of oppression in his chest. When a soldier, he was often impelled to expose himself, under various pretexts, to his comrades.
After his seventeenth year he had sexual congress with women. It gave him great pleasure to show himself naked before them. He continued his exhibition on the street. Since he could but infrequently count on female spectators at urinals, he changed his place to churches. In order to exhibit himself at such places, he always had to strengthen his courage by drinking. Under the influence of spirits, the impulse, at other times controllable with difficulty, became irresistible. He was not sentenced. He lost his position, and then drank more. Not long after, he was again arrested for exhibition and masturbation in a church.
Case 178. X., aged 35; barber’s assistant. Repeatedly punished for offense against decency, he is again arrested; for, during three weeks, he had been hanging around girls’ schools, trying to attract the attention of the pupils, and, when he had succeeded in this, had exhibited himself. Occasionally he had promised them money, with the words, “Habeo mentulam pulcherrimam, venite ad me ut eam lambatis.” At his examination X. confessed everything, but did not know how it had come about. He was the most reasonable of men in other respects, but had the impulse to commit this crime, and could not overcome it.
In 1879, when in the army, he was once out on leave, and had run around exhibiting himself to children: imprisonment for a year. The same crime in 1881. He chased the crying children, and “stared” at them: imprisonment of one year and three months. Two days after his discharge, he said to two little girls: “If you want to see my tail, come with me to this (market) booth.” He denied these words, and claimed drunkenness: imprisonment for three months.
In 1883, renewed exhibition; during the act he said nothing. At his examination he stated that, since a severe illness, eight years previously, he had suffered with such excitations: imprisonment for one month.
In 1884, exhibition before girls in a church-yard; again in 1885. He declared: “I understand my crime, but it is like a disease. When it comes over me, I cannot keep from such acts. It sometimes happens that, for quite a long time, I am free from these inclinations.” Imprisonment for six months.
Discharged on August 12, 1885, he had a relapse on August 15. The same excuse was given. This time he underwent medical examination. The examination revealed no mental disturbance. Sentenced to three years. After discharge, a series of new exhibitions. On this occasion, examination revealed the following:—
His father suffered with chronic alcoholism, and is said to have been guilty of the same crime. Mother and sister nervously ill, and the whole family of excitable temperament.
From his seventh to his eighteenth year X. suffered with epileptic convulsions. First cohabitation at sixteen; later, gonorrhœa and, it is stated, syphilis. After that, normal sexual intercourse until his twenty-first year. At that time he often had to pass a play-ground, and he occasionally had to urinate there; and it happened that the children looked at him, out of curiosity.
He noticed, occasionally, that this looking at him caused him sexual excitement, and induced erection, and even ejaculation. He now found more pleasure in this kind of sexual gratification, and became indifferent about coitus, satisfying himself only in this manner. He felt that all his thought was ruled by this, and he dreamed only of exhibitions, with pollutions. His attempts to control his impulse became more and more ineffectual. It came over him with such force that he noticed nothing around him, and saw and heard nothing, and was like one “devoid of reason,”—like “a bull trying to butt his head through a wall.”
X. has an abnormally broad head. Small penis; the left testicle deformed. Patellar reflex absent. Symptoms of neurasthenia, especially cerebral. Frequent pollutions. For the most part, his dreams are about normal coitus, only infrequently about exhibition before little girls.
With reference to his sexual acts, he states that the impulse to seek and approach little girls is primary; only when he has succeeded in attracting their attention to his exposed genitals do erection and ejaculation occur. He does not lose consciousness in the act. After it he is troubled about his deed, and, if undiscovered, says to himself, “Once more I have escaped the authorities.”
In prison he did not have the impulse; there, he was troubled only with dreams and pollutions. In freedom he had daily sought opportunity to satisfy himself with exhibition. He would give ten years of his life to be free from the thing; “this life of constant anxiety, this alternation between freedom and imprisonment, is unendurable.”
The opinion assumed a congenital (?) perversity of the sexual instinct, with unmistakable hereditary taint, neuropathic constitution, asymmetry of cranium, and defective development of the genitals.
It is also worthy of remark that the exhibition began when the epilepsy ceased; so that one might think of a vicarious phenomenon.
The sexual perversity developed, with predisposition, through accidental association of ideas of sexual content (children looking at him while urinating) with an act that, in itself, was purposeless.
The patient was not sentenced, but sent to an asylum. (Dr. Freyer, Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte, 3 Jahrg., No. 8.)
Case 179. At 9 o’clock at night, in the spring of 1891, a lady, in great trepidation, came to the policeman in the city park of X., with the statement that a man, absolutely naked in front, had approached her from the bushes, and she had run away, frightened. The officer went at once to the place indicated, and found a man, who exposed ventrem et genitalia nuda. He attempted to escape, but was overtaken and arrested. He stated that he had been sexually excited by alcohol, and had been on the point of going to a prostitute. On his way through the park, however, he recalled the fact that exhibition gave him much greater pleasure than was afforded him by coitus, in which he seldom, and only faute de mieux, indulged. After drawing up his shirt, he posted himself in the bushes, and, when two women came up the path, he approached them with exposed genitals. In such exhibition he had a pleasurable feeling of warmth, and the blood mounted to his head.
The accused works in a manufactory, and his employer states that he is faithful, saving, sober, and intelligent.
In 1886 B. had been punished because he had twice exhibited himself publicly,—once in broad daylight, and once at night, under a lamp.
B., aged 37, single, makes a peculiar impression, owing to his dandified dress and affected manner. His eyes have a neuropathic, languishing expression; around his mouth plays a smile of self-satisfaction. He is said to come of healthy parents. A sister of his father, and one of his mother, were insane. Others of their relatives were thought religiously eccentric.
B. has never had any severe illness. From childhood he was eccentric and imaginative. He loved romances about knights and others, was entirely absorbed by them, and even went so far as to identify himself in fancy with the heroes. He always thought himself a little better than others, and thought much of elegant dress and ornament; and when he strutted about on Sundays, he imagined himself a high official.
B. has never had epileptic symptoms. In youth, moderate indulgence in masturbation; later, moderate indulgence in coitus. Previously, never any perverse sexual feelings or impulses. Retired manner of life; in leisure hours, reading (popular novels, heroic tales, Dumas, and others). B. was no drinker. Exceptionally he made himself a kind of punch, by which he was always excited sexually.
For some years, with marked decrease of libido, after such alcoholic indulgence, he had had “accursedly silly thoughts,” and developed the desire genitalia adspectui feminarum publice exhibere.
If he got into this state, he felt warm, his heart beat violently, blood rushed to his head, and he could then no longer resist his impulse. He heard and saw nothing more, and was absolutely absorbed in his lust. Afterward he had often pounded his crazy head with his fists, and firmly resolved never to do such a thing again; but the crazy ideas had always returned.
In his exhibition his penis became only half-erected, and ejaculation never occurred; even in coitus it was always tardy. In exhibition he was satisfied with genitalia sua adspicere, and he had the lustful thought that this sight must be very pleasant to women, since he liked so much to see genitalia feminarum. He was capable of coitus only when the puella showed herself very partial to him; without this, he preferred rather to pay and go without doing anything. In his dreams he exhibited himself to young, voluptuous women.
The medico-legal opinion recognized the hereditary psychopathic character of the culprit, and the perverse, impulsive desire to perform the incriminating acts; and pointed out, further, the remarkable fact that in B., who was otherwise sober and saving, the impulses to indulge in alcohol depended on abnormal conditions that recurred periodically, and forced him to indulge. That, during his attacks, B. was in an exceptional psychical state, in a kind of mental confusion, and absolutely absorbed in his perverse sexual fancy, is clearly shown by the species facti. Thus is explained the fact that he became aware of the approach of the police only when it was too late to try to escape. In this hereditary and degenerate impulsive exhibitionism, it is interesting to note how the perverse sexual impulse is awakened from its latency by the influence of alcohol.
A forensically important variety of exhibition, which, clinically, certainly rests upon a similar neurotic and degenerate foundation, and which expresses itself in a peculiar act, conditioned by violent libido (hyperæsthesia sexualis), associated with diminished virility, is made up of the so-called frotteurs.
The three following cases, borrowed from Magnan (op. cit.), are typical:—
Case 180. D., aged 44, hereditarily predisposed, drinker, and suffering with lead poisoning. Until the last year he had masturbated much, and often drawn pornographic pictures, and shown them to his acquaintances. He had repeatedly dressed himself as a woman in secret. For two years, since becoming impotent, he had felt desire, while in crowds at dusk, mentulam denudare eamque ad nates mulieris crassissimæ terere. Once, when discovered in the act, he had been sentenced to imprisonment for four months.
His wife kept a milk-shop. Iterum iterumque sibi temperare non potuit quin genitalia in ollam lacte completam mergeret. In the act he felt lustful pleasure, “as if touched with velvet.” He was cynical enough to use this milk for himself and the customers. During imprisonment alcoholic persecutory insanity developed in him.
Case 181. M., aged 31; married six years; father of four children; badly predisposed; subject to melancholia at times. Three years before, he was discovered by his wife with a silk dress on, masturbating. One day he was discovered, in a store, in the act of frottage on a lady. He was very repentant, and asked to be severely punished for his irresistible impulse.
Case 182. G., aged 33; badly predisposed hereditarily. At an omnibus-station he was discovered in the act of frottage with his penis on a lady. Deep repentance; but he stated that at the sight of a noticeable posteriora of a lady, he was irresistibly impelled to practice frottage, and that he became confused and knew not what he did. Sent to an asylum.
Case 183. A frotteur. Z., born in 1850; of blameless life previously; of good family; private official. He is well-to-do financially; untainted. After a short married life he became a widower, in 1873. For some time he had attracted attention in churches, because he crowded up behind women, both old and young indifferently, and toyed with their tournures. He was watched, and one day he was arrested in the act. Z. was terribly frightened, and in despair about his situation; and, in making a full confession, he begged for pardon, for nothing but suicide remained for him.
For two years he had been subject to the unhappy impulse to go in crowds of people,—in churches, at box-offices of theatres, etc,—and press up behind females and manipulate the prominent portion of their dresses, having orgasm and ejaculation during the act.
Z. states that he was never given to masturbation, and had never been in any way perverse sexually. Since the early death of his wife, he had gratified his great sexual desire in temporary love-affairs, having always had an aversion for prostitutes and brothels. The impulse to frottage had suddenly seized him, two years before, while he happened to be in church. Though he was conscious that it was wrong, he could not help yielding to it immediately. Since then he had been excitable to the posteriora of females, and had been actually impelled to seek opportunity for frottage. The only thing on women that excited him was the tournure; every other part of the body and attire was a matter of indifference to him; and it made no difference to him whether the woman was old or young, beautiful or ugly. Since this began, he had had no more inclination for natural gratification. Of late frottage scenes had appeared in his dreams. During his acts he was fully conscious of his situation and the act, and tried to perform it in such a way as to attract as little attention as possible. After his act he was always ashamed of what he had done.
The medical examination revealed no sign of mental disease or mental weakness, but symptoms of neurasthenia sexualis,—ex abstinentia libidinosi (?),—which was also proved by the circumstance that even simple touching of the fetich with the unexposed genitals sufficed to induce ejaculation. Apparently Z., weakened sexually and distrusting his virility, and yet libidinous, had come to practice frottage by having the sight of posteriora feminæ fall together accidentally with sexual excitement; and this associative combination of a perception with a feeling permitted the former to attain the significance of a fetich.
As an act which offends public morals, and which is, therefore, punishable, the violation of statues—a whole series of cases of which Moreau (op. cit.) has collected from ancient and modern times—may be enumerated here. They are, unfortunately, given too much like anecdotes to allow satisfactory judgment of them. They always give the impression of being pathological,—like the story of a young man (related by Lucianus and St. Clemens, of Alexandria) who made use of a Venus of Praxiteles for the gratification of his lust; and the case of Clisyphus, who violated the statue of a goddess in the Temple of Samos, after having placed a piece of meat on a certain part. In modern times, the Journal L’événement of March 4, 1877, relates the story of a gardener who fell in love with a statue of the Venus of Milo, and was discovered attempting coitus with it. At any rate, these cases stand in etiological relation with abnormally intense libido and defective virility or courage, or lack of opportunity for normal sexual gratification.
The same thing, must be assumed in the case of the so-called voyeurs,130—i.e., men who are so cynical that they seek to get sight of coitus, in order to assist their virility; or who seek to have orgasm and ejaculation at the sight of an excited woman. Concerning this moral aberration, which, for various reasons, cannot be further described here, it will suffice to refer to Coffignon’s book, “La Corruption à Paris.” The revelations, in the domain of sexual perversity, and also perversion, which this book makes, are horrible.
2. Rape and Lust-Murder
(Austrian Statutes, § 125, 127; Austrian Abridgment, § 192; German Statutes, § 177.)
By the term rape, the jurist understands coitus, outside of the marriage relation, with an adult, enforced by means of threats or violence; or with an adult in a condition of defenselessness or unconsciousness; or with a girl under the age of fourteen years. Immissio penis, or, at least, conjunctio membrorum (Schütze), is necessary to establish the fact. To-day, rape on children is remarkably frequent. Hofmann (“Ger. Med.,” i, p. 155) and Tardieu (“Attentats”) report horrible cases.
The latter establishes the fact that, from 1851 to 1875 inclusive, 22,017 cases of rape came before the courts in France, and, of these, 17,657 were committed on children.
The crime of rape presumes a temporary, powerful excitation of sexual desire, induced by excess in alcohol, or by some other condition. It is highly improbable that a man morally intact would commit this most brutal crime. Lombroso (Goltdammer’s Arch.) considers the majority of men who commit rape to be degenerate, particularly when the crime is done on children or old women. He asserts that, in many such men, he has found actual signs of degeneracy.
It is a fact that rape is very often the act of degenerate male imbeciles,131 where, under some circumstances, the bond of blood is not respected.
Cases as a result of mania, satyriasis, and epilepsy, have occurred, and are to be kept in mind.
The crime of rape may follow the murder of the victim.132 There may be unintentional murder, murder to destroy the only witness of the crime, or murder out of lust (v. supra). Only for cases of the latter kind should the term lust-murder133 be used.
The motives of lust-murder have been previously considered. The cases given in illustration are characteristic of the manner of the deed. The presumption of a murder out of lust is always given when injuries of the genitals are found, the character and extent of which are such as could not be explained by merely a brutal attempt at coitus; and, still more, when the body has been opened, or parts (intestines, genitals) torn out, and are wanting.134
Lust-murders dependent upon psychopathic conditions are never committed with accomplices.
Case 184. Weak-mindedness, Epilepsy. Attempt at Rape; Murder.—On the evening of May 27, 1888, an eight-year-old boy, Blasius, was playing with other children in the neighborhood of the village of S. An unknown man came along and enticed the boy into the woods. The next day the boy’s body was found in a ravine, with the abdomen slit open, an incised wound in the cardiac region, and two stab-wounds in the neck.
Since, on May 21st, a man, answering to the description given of the murderer by the children, had attempted to treat a six-year-old girl in a similar manner, and had only accidentally been detected, it was presumed to be a case of lust-murder. It was proved that the body was found in a heap, with only the shirt and jacket on; also, that there was a long incision in the scrotum.
Suspicion fell upon a peasant, E.; but, on confrontation with the children, it was not possible to identify him with the stranger who had enticed the boy into the woods. Besides, with the help of his sister, he proved an alibi. The untiring efforts of the officers brought new evidence to light, and finally E. confessed. He had enticed the girl into the woods, thrown her down, exposed her genitals, and was about to abuse her; but, as she had an eruption on her head, and was crying loudly, his desire cooled, and he fled.
After he enticed the boy into the woods, with the pretext of showing him a bird’s nest, he was taken with a desire to abuse him. Since the boy refused to take off his trousers, he did it for him; and when the boy began to cry out, he stabbed him twice in the neck. Then he made an incision, just above the pubes, in imitation of female genitals, in order to use it to satisfy his lust. But, since the body grew cold immediately, he lost his desire, and, cleaning his knife and hands near the body, he fled. When he saw the boy dead, he was filled with fear, and his limbs became weak.
During his examination E. looked apathetically at a garland. He had acted in a state of mental weakness. He could not understand how he came to do such a thing. He must have been beside himself; for he often became senseless, so that he would almost fall down. Previous employers report that he had periods when he was devoid of thought and confused, doing no work all day, and avoiding others. His father states that E. learned with difficulty, was unskillful at work, and often so obstinate that one did not think to punish him. At such times he would not eat, and occasionally ran away and remained all day. At such times he also seemed quite lost in thought, screwed his face up, and said senseless things. When quite a boy, he still sometimes wet the bed, and often came home from school with wet or soiled clothing. He was very restless in sleep, so that no one could sleep beside him. He had never had playmates. He had never been cruel, bad, or immoral.
His mother gave similar testimony; and further, that, in his fifth year, E. first had convulsions, and once lost the power of speech for seven days. Sometime about his seventh year he once had convulsions for forty days, and was also dropsical. Later, too, he was often seized in sleep, and he often then talked in his sleep; and mornings, after such nights, the bed was found wet.
At times it was impossible to do anything with him. Since his mother did not know whether it was due to viciousness or disease, she did not venture to punish him.
Since his convulsions, in his seventh year, he had failed so in mind that he could not learn even the common prayers; and he also became very irascible.
Neighbors, persons prominent in the community, and teachers, state that E. was peculiar, weak-minded, and irascible; that at times he was very strange, and apparently in an exceptional mental state.
The examinations of the medical experts gave the following results:—
E. is tall, slim, and poorly nourished. His head measures 53 centimetres in circumference. The cranium is rhombic, and in the occipital region flattened.
His expression is devoid of intelligence; his glance is fixed, expressionless; his attitude is careless, and his body is bent forward. Movements are slow and heavy. Genitals normally developed. E.’s whole appearance points to torpidity and mental weakness.
There are no signs of degenerative marks, no abnormality of the vegetative organs, and no disturbances of motility or sensibility. He comes of a perfectly healthy family. He knows nothing of convulsions or of wetting his bed at night, but he states that, of late years, he has had attacks of vertigo and loss of mind.
At first, in circumlocution, he denies the murder. Later, in great contrition, before the examining judge, he confessed all, and gave a clear motive for his crime. He had never had such a thought before.
He has been given to onanism for years; he even practiced it twice daily. He states that, for want of courage, he had never ventured to ask coitus of a woman, though in dreams such scenes exclusively passed before him. Neither in dreams nor in the waking state had he ever had perverse instincts; particularly no sadistic or contrary sexual feelings. Too, the sight of the slaughter of animals had never interested him. When he enticed the girl into the woods, his desire was to satisfy his lust with her; but how it happened that he tried such a thing with a boy, he could not explain. He thought he must have been out of his mind at that time. The night after the murder he could not sleep on account of fear; he had twice confessed already, to ease his conscience. He was only afraid of being hung. This should not be done, as he had done the deed in a weak-minded condition.
He could not tell why he had cut open the boy’s abdomen. It had not occurred to him to handle the intestines, smell them, etc. He stated that, after the attempt on the girl in the day-time, and in the night, after the murder of the boy, he had convulsions. At the time of his crime he was indeed conscious, but he had not thought at all of what he did.
He suffered much with headache; could not endure heat, thirst, or alcohol; there were times when he was perfectly confused. The test of his intelligence showed a high grade of weak-mindedness.
The opinion (Dr. Kautzner, of Graz) showed the imbecility and neurosis of the accused, and made it probable that his crime, for which he had only a general recollection, had been committed in an exceptional (præ-epileptic) mental state, conditioned by the neurosis. Under all circumstances, E. was considered dangerous, and probably would require commitment to an asylum for life.
3. Bodily Injury, Injury to Property, and Torture of Animals Dependent on Sadism135
(Austrian, § 152, 411; German, § 223 [bodily injury]. Austrian, § 85, 468; German, § 303 [injury to property]. Austrian Police Regulations; German Statutes, § 360 [torture of animals].)
Aside from lust-murder, described in the foregoing section, as milder expressions of sadistic desires, impulses to stab, flagellate, or defile females, to flagellate boys, to maltreat animals, etc., also occur.
The deep degenerative significance of such cases is clearly demonstrated by the series of examples given under “General Pathology.” Such mentally degenerate individuals, should they be unable to control their perverse impulses, could only be objects of care in asylums.
4. Bodily Injury, Robbery, and Theft Dependent on Fetichism
(Austrian, § 190; German, § 249 [robbery]. Austrian, § 171, 460; German, § 242 [theft].)
It is seen from the section on fetichism, under “General Pathology,” that pathological fetichism may become the cause of crimes. There are now recognized, as such, hair-despoiling (Cases 78, 79, 80); robbery or theft of female linen, handkerchiefs, aprons (Cases 82, 83, 85, 86), shoes (Cases 68, 87, 88), and silks (Case 93). It cannot be doubted that such individuals are subjects of deep mental taint. But, for the assumption of an absence of mental freedom and consequent irresponsibility, it must be proved that there was an irresistible impulse, which, either owing to the strength of the impulse itself, or to the existence of mental weakness, made control of the punishable, perverse impulsion impossible. Such crimes and the peculiar manner in which they are performed,—in which they differ very much from common robbery and theft,—always demand a medico-legal examination. But that the act per se does not, by any means, necessarily arise from psycho-pathological conditions is shown by the infrequent cases of hair-despoiling136 simply for the purpose of gain.
5. Violation of Individuals Under the Age of Fourteen
(Austrian Statutes, § 128, 132; Austrian Abridgment, § 189, 1913; German Statutes, § 174, 1763)
By violation of sexually immature individuals, the jurist understands all the possible immoral acts with persons under fourteen years of age that are not comprehended in the term rape. The term violation, in the legal sense of the word, comprehends the most horrible perversions and acts, which are possible only to a man who is controlled by lust and morally weak, and, as is usually the case, lacking in sexual power.
A common feature of these crimes, committed on persons that are more or less children, is that they are unmanly, childish, and often silly. It is a fact that such acts, with exceptions in pathological cases, like those of imbeciles, paretics, and senile dements, are almost exclusively committed by young men who lack courage or have no faith in their virility; or by roués who have, to some extent, lost their virility. It is psychologically incomprehensible that an adult of full virility, and mentally sound, should indulge in sexual abuses with children.
The imagination of debauchees, in actively or passively picturing the immoral acts, is exceedingly lively; and that the following enumeration of the sexual acts of this kind known to law exhausts all the possibilities is questionable. Most frequently the abuse consists of sexual handling (under some circumstances, flagellation137), active manustupration, or seducing children by inducing them to perform onanism, or lustful handling, on the seducer. Less frequent acts are cunnilingus, irrumare on boys or girls, pædicatio puellarum, coitus inter femora, and exhibition.
In a case which Maschka reports (“Handb.,” iii, p. 174), a young man had naked girls, from eight to twelve years old, dance about in his room, and urinate before him, until he ejaculated. Not infrequently boys are abused by sensual women, who undertake to bring about conjunctio membrorum with them, in order to satisfy themselves by means of friction or onanism.138
Tardieu saw one of the most disgusting examples. A servant, in company with her lover, masturbated children intrusted to them, performed cunnilingus with a girl of seven, and introduced parsnips and potatoes into her vagina, and put similar things into the rectum of a baby of two years!
Case 185. Z., aged 62; deeply tainted, masturbator. He states he has never had coitus, but has frequently practiced fellatio. He is in an asylum, on account of paranoia. It had been his greatest pleasure to entice girls, aged from ten to fourteen years, and practice cunnilingus and other vile acts with them. In these acts he had orgasm and ejaculation. Masturbation did not give him the same satisfaction, and induced ejaculation only with difficulty. Faute de mieux he also practiced fellatio with men; occasionally an exhibitionist. Phimosis; asymmetrical cranium. (Pelanda, Arch. di Psichiatria, x. fascic. 3, 4.)
Case 186. X., priest, aged 40. He was accused of enticing girls, aged from ten to thirteen, undressing and fondling them lustfully, and finally masturbating. He is tainted, and has been an onanist from childhood; morally imbecile; always very excitable sexually. Head somewhat small. Penis unusually large; indications of hypospadiasis. (Pelanda, loc. cit.)
Case 187. K., aged 23; laborer. He was accused and convicted of repeatedly enticing boys, and now and then girls, to an out-of-the-way place, and practicing abuses with them (mutual masturbation, fellatio puerorum, fondling of the genitals of the girls).
K. is an imbecile, and physically deformed, being scarcely 1.5 metres tall; cranium rachitic and hydrocephalic; teeth bad,—furrowed, defective, and irregular. Large lips, idiotic expression, stuttering speech, and an awkward attitude complete the picture of psycho-physical degeneration. K. behaves like a child discovered in some mischievous act. Scarcely any growth of beard. Genitals well and normally developed. He has a superficial consciousness of having done something improper, but he is unconscious of the moral, social, and legal significance of his crimes.
K. comes of a drunken father, and a mother who became insane from the abuse of her husband, and died in an asylum. In his babyhood the boy was almost blinded by corneal ulcers, and, after his sixth year, he grew up with an almoner, and later with difficulty earned his living as an organ-grinder. His brother is good for nothing, and the culprit himself was considered a surly, quarrelsome, evil, moody, irritable man. The opinion emphasized the intellectual, moral, and physical defect of the culprit.
Unfortunately it must be admitted that the most revolting of these crimes are done by sane individuals who, by reason of satiety in normal sexual indulgence, lasciviousness, and brutality, and not seldom during intoxication, forget that they are human beings.
A great number of these cases, however, certainly depend upon pathological states. This is particularly true where old men become the seducers of children.139
I agree with Kirn, who, under all circumstances, in cases of this kind, holds a mental examination to be always necessary; since, frequently enough, a re-awakened, perverse, abnormally intense, and uncontrollable sexual desire is shown to be one of the manifestations of a senile dementia.
6. Unnatural Abuse — Sodomy140
(Austrian Statutes, § 129; Abridgment, § 190; German Statutes, § 175.)
(a) Violation of Animals — Bestiality141
Violation of animals, monstrous and revolting as it seems to mankind, is by no means always due to psycho-pathological conditions. Low morality and great sexual desire, with lack of opportunity of natural indulgence, are the principal motives of this unnatural means of sexual satisfaction, which is resorted to by women as well as by men.
To Polak we owe the knowledge that in Persia bestiality is frequently practiced because of the delusion that it cures gonorrhœa; just as in Europe an idea is still prevalent that intercourse with children heals venereal disease.
Experience teaches that bestiality with cows and horses is none too infrequent. Occasionally the acts may be undertaken with goats, bitches, and, as a case of Tardieu’s and one by Schauenstein show (Lehrb., p. 125), with hens.
The action of Frederick the Great, in the case of a cavalryman who had committed bestiality with a mare, is well known: “The fellow is a beast, and shall be reduced to the infantry.”
The intercourse of females with beasts is limited to dogs. A monstrous example of the moral depravity in large cities is related by Maschka (“Handb.,” iii),—the case of a Parisian female who showed herself in the sexual act with a trained bull-dog, to a secret circle of roués, at 10 francs a head.
There has been, heretofore, but little legal consideration of the mental condition in those given to violation of animals. In several cases known to the writer, the individuals were weak-minded. In Schauenstein’s case there was insanity.
The following case of bestiality is one that was certainly conditioned by disease. He was an epileptic. In this case the desire for animals appeared as an equivalent of the normal sexual desire:—
Case 188. X., peasant, aged 40; Greek-Catholic. Father and mother were hard drinkers. Since his fifth year patient has had epileptic convulsions,—i.e., he falls down unconscious, lies still two or three minutes, and then gets up and runs wildly about with staring eyes. Sexuality was first manifested at seventeen. The patient had inclinations neither for women nor for men, but for animals (birds, horses, etc.). He had intercourse with hens and ducks, and later with horses and cows. Never any onanism.
The patient paints pictures of saints; is of very limited intelligence. For years, religious paranoia, with states of ecstasy. He has an “unspeakable” love for the Virgin, for whom he would sacrifice his life. Taken to hospital, he proves to be free from infirmity and signs of degeneration.
He had always had an aversion for women. In a single attempt at coitus with a woman he was impotent, but with animals he was always potent. He is ashamed before women; coitus with women he regards almost as a sin. (Kowalewsky, Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie, vii, Heft 3.)
Case 189. On the afternoon of September 23, 1889, W., aged 16, shoemaker’s apprentice, caught a goose in a neighbor’s garden, and committed bestiality on the fowl until the neighbor approached. On being accused by the neighbor, W. said, “Is there anything wrong with the goose?” and then went away. At his examination he confessed the act, but excused himself on the ground of temporary loss of mind. Since a severe illness, in his twelfth year, he several times a month had attacks, with heat in his head, in which he was intensely excited sexually, could not help himself, and did not know what he did. He had done the act in such an attack. He answered for himself in the same way at the trial, and stated that he knew nothing of the species facti except from the statements of the neighbor. His father states that W., who comes of a healthy family, has always been sickly since an attack of scarlatina in his fifth year, and that, at the age of twelve, he had a febrile cerebral disease. W. had a good reputation, learned well in school, and, later, helped his father in his work. He was not given to masturbation.
The medical examination revealed no intellectual or moral defect. The physical examination revealed normal genitals; penis relatively greatly developed; marked exaggeration of the patellar reflexes. In other respects, negative result.
The history of the condition at the time of the deed was not to be depended upon. There was no history of previous attacks of mental disturbance, and there were none during the six weeks of observation. There was no perversion of the vita sexualis. The medical opinion allowed the possibility that some organic cause (cerebral congestion), dependent upon cerebral disease, may have exercised an influence at the time of the commission of the criminal act. (From the opinion of Dr. Fritsch, of Vienna.)
Case 190. Impulsive Sodomy.—A., aged 16; gardener’s boy; born out of wedlock; father, unknown; mother, deeply tainted, hystero-epileptic. A. has a deformed, asymmetrical cranium, and deformity and asymmetry of the bones of the face; the whole skeleton is also deformed, asymmetrical, and small. From childhood he was a masturbator; always morose, apathetic, and fond of solitude; very irritable, and pathological in his emotional reaction. He is imbecile, probably much reduced physically by masturbation, and neurasthenic. Besides, he presents hysteropathic symptoms (limitation of the visual field, dyschromatopsia; diminution of the senses of smell, taste, and hearing on the right side; anæsthesia of the right testicle, clavus, etc.).
A. is convicted of having committed masturbation and sodomy on dogs and rabbits. When twelve years old he saw how boys masturbated a dog. He imitated it, and thereafter he could not keep from abusing dogs, cats, and rabbits in this vile manner. Much more frequently, however, he committed sodomy on female rabbits,—the only animal that had a charm for him. At dusk he was accustomed to repair to his master’s rabbit-pen, in order to gratify his vile desire. Rabbits with torn rectums were repeatedly found. The act of bestiality was always done in the same manner. There were actual attacks which came on every eight weeks, always in the evening, and always in the same way. A. would become very uncomfortable, and have a feeling as if some one were pounding his head. He felt as if losing his reason. He struggled against the imperative idea of committing sodomy with the rabbits, and thus had an increasing feeling of fear and intensification of headache, until it became unbearable. At the height of the attack there was sound of bells, cold perspiration, trembling of the knees, and, finally, loss of resistive power, and impulsive performance of the perverse act. As soon as this was done, he lost all anxiety; the nervous cycle was completed, and he was again master of himself, deeply ashamed of the deed, and fearful of the return of an attack. A. states that, in such a condition, if called upon to choose between a woman and a female rabbit, he could make choice only of the latter. In the intervals, of all domestic animals, he is partial only to rabbits. In his exceptional states simple caressing or kissing, etc., of the rabbit suffices, as a rule, to afford him sexual satisfaction; but sometimes he has, when doing this, such furor sexualis that he is forced to wildly perform sodomy on the animal.
The acts of bestiality mentioned are the only acts which afford him sexual satisfaction, and they constitute the only manner in which he is capable of sexual indulgence. A. states that, in the act, he never had a lustful feeling, but satisfaction, inasmuch as he was thus freed from the painful condition into which he was brought by the imperative impulse.
The medical evidence easily proved that this human monster was a psychically degenerate, irresponsible invalid, and not a criminal. (Boeteau, La France médicale, 38th year, No. 38.)
The following case seems to be devoid of a psychopathic basis:—
Case 191. Sodomy.—In a provincial town a man was caught in intercourse with a hen. He was thirty years old, and of high social position. The chickens had been dying one after another, and the man causing it had been searched for a long time. To the question of the judge, as to the reason for such an act, the accused said that his genitals were so small that coitus with women was impossible. Medical examination showed that the genitals were actually extremely small. The man was mentally entirely sound.
There were no statements concerning any abnormalities at the time of puberty, etc. (Gyurkovechky, “Männl. Impotenz,” 1889, p. 82.)
(b) With Persons of the Same Sex — Pederasty; Sodomy in Its Strict Sense
German law takes cognizance of unnatural sexual relations only between men; Austrian, between those of the same sex; and, therefore, unnatural relations between women are punishable.
Among the immoralities between men, pederasty (immissio penis in anum) claims the principal interest. Indeed, the jurist thought only of this perversity of sexual activity; and, according to the opinions of distinguished interpreters of the law (Oppenhoff, “Stgsb.,” Berlin, 1872, p. 324, and Rudolf and Stenglein, “D. Strafgesb. f. d. Deutsche Reich,” 1881, p. 423), immissio penis in corpus vivum belongs to the criminal act covered by § 175.
According to this interpretation, legal punishment would not follow other improper acts between male persons, so long as they were not complicated with offense to public decency, with force, or undertaken with boys under the age of fourteen. Of late this interpretation has again been abandoned, and the crime of unnatural abuse between men has been assumed when merely acts similar to cohabitation were performed.142
The study of contrary sexual instinct has placed male love of males in a very different light from that in which it, and particularly pederasty, stood at the time the statutes were framed. The fact that there is no doubt about the pathological basis of many cases of contrary sexual instinct shows that pederasty may also be the act of an irresponsible person, and makes it necessary, in court, to examine not merely the deed, but also the mental condition of the perpetrator.
The principles laid down previously must also be adhered to here. Not the deed, but only an anthropological and clinical judgment of the perpetrator can permit a decision as to whether we have to do with a perversity deserving punishment, or with an abnormal perversion of the mental and sexual life, which, under certain circumstances, excludes punishment. The next legal question to settle is whether the contrary sexual feeling is congenital or acquired; and, in the latter case, whether it is abnormal perversion or moral perversity.
Congenital contrary sexual instinct occurs only in predisposed (tainted) individuals, as a partial manifestation of a defect evidenced by anatomical or functional abnormalities, or both. The case becomes clearer, and the diagnosis more certain, if the individual, in character and disposition, seems to correspond entirely with his sexual peculiarity; and if the inclination toward persons of the opposite sex is entirely wanting, and horror of sexual intercourse with them is felt; and if the individual, in the impulses to satisfy the contrary sexual instinct, shows other anomalies of the sexual sphere, such as more pronounced degeneration in the form of periodicity of the impulse and impulsive conduct, and is a neuropathic and psychopathic person.
Another question concerns the mental condition of the urning. If this be such as to remove the possibility of moral responsibility, then the pederast is not a criminal, but an irresponsible insane person. This condition in congenital urnings is apparently less frequent than another. As a rule, these cases present elementary psychical disturbances, which do not remove responsibility. But this does not settle the question of the responsibility of the urning. The sexual instinct is one of the most powerful organic needs. There is no law that looks upon its satisfaction outside of marriage as punishable in itself; if the urning feels perversely, it is not his fault, but the fault of a condition natural to him. His sexual instinct may be æsthetically very repugnant, but, from his stand-point, it is natural. And, too, in the majority of these unfortunates, the perverse sexual instinct is abnormally intense, and their consciousness recognizes it as nothing unnatural. Thus they fail to have moral and æsthetic ideas to assist them in resisting the instinct. Innumerable normally constituted men are in a position to overcome the desire for satisfaction of their libido without suffering from it in health. Many neuropathic individuals,—and urnings are almost always neuropathic,—on the contrary, become nervously ill when they do not satisfy the sexual desire, either as Nature prompts or in a way that is for them perverse.
The majority of urnings are in a painful situation. On the one hand, there is an impulse toward persons of their own sex that is abnormally intense, the satisfaction of which has a good effect, and is natural to them; on the other, is public sentiment which stigmatizes their acts, and the law which threatens them with punishment. Before them lies mental despair,—even insanity and suicide,—at the very least, nervous disease; behind them, shame, loss of position, etc. It cannot be doubted that, under these circumstances, states of necessity and compulsion may be created by the unfortunate natural disposition and constitution. Society and the law should understand these facts. The former must pity, and not despise, such unfortunates; the latter must cease to punish them,—at least, while they remain within the limits which are set for the activity of their sexual instinct.
As a confirmation of these opinions and demands concerning these step-children of Nature, it is permissible to reproduce here the memorial of an urning to the author. The writer of the following lines is a man of high position in London:—
“You have no idea what a constant struggle we all—particularly those of us that have the most mind and finest feelings—have to endure, and how we suffer under the prevailing false ideas about us and our so-called immorality.
“Your opinion that the phenomenon under consideration is primarily due to a congenital ‘pathological’ disposition will, perhaps, make it possible to overcome existing prejudices, and awaken pity for poor, ‘abnormal’ men, instead of the present repugnance and contempt. Much as I believe that the opinion expressed by you is exceedingly beneficial to us, I am still compelled, in the interest of science, to repudiate the word ‘pathological’; and you will permit me to express a few thoughts with respect of it.
“Under all circumstances the phenomenon is anomalous; but the word ‘pathological’ conveys another meaning, which I cannot think suits this phenomenon; at least, as I have had occasion to observe it in very many cases. I will allow, a priori, that, among urnings, a far higher proportion of cases of insanity, of nervous exhaustion, etc., may be observed than in other normal men. Does this increased nervousness necessarily depend upon the character of urningism, or is it not, in the majority of cases, to be ascribed to the effect of the laws and the prejudices of society, which prohibit the indulgence of their sexual desires, depending on a congenital peculiarity, while others are not thus restrained?
“The youthful urning, when he feels the first sexual promptings and näively expresses them to his comrades, soon finds that he is not understood; he shrinks into himself. If he tell his parents or teacher what moves him, that which is as natural to him as swimming is to a fish is described as wrong and sinful, and he is told it must be fought and overcome at any price. Then an inner conflict begins, a powerful repression of sexual inclinations; and the more the natural satisfaction of desire is repressed, the more lively the fancy becomes, and paints the very pictures that the wish is to banish. The more energetic the character that carries on this inner conflict, the more the whole nervous system must suffer. Such a powerful repression of an instinct so deeply implanted in us, in my opinion, develops the abnormal symptoms which are observed in many urnings; but this does not necessarily follow from the urning’s disposition.
“Some continue the conflict for a longer or shorter time, and thus injure themselves; others at last come to the knowledge that the powerful instinct born in them cannot possibly be sinful, and, therefore, they cease to try to do the impossible,—the repression of the instinct. Then, however, begin constant suffering and excitement. When a normal man seeks satisfaction of sexual inclination, he knows how to find it easily; it is not so with the urning. He sees men that attract him, but he dares not say—nay, not even betray by a look—what his feelings are. He thinks that he alone of all the world has such abnormal feelings. Naturally he seeks the society of young men; but he does not venture to confide in them. Thus he comes to provide himself with a satisfaction that he cannot otherwise obtain. Onanism is practiced inordinately, and followed by all the evil results of that vice. When, after a time, the nervous system has been injured, the abnormality is again not the result of urningism, but it is produced by the onanism to which the urning resorts, as a result of the public sentiment that denies him opportunity to satisfy the sexual instinct that is natural to him.
“Or, let us suppose the urning has had the rare fortune to soon find a person like himself; or, that he has been introduced by an experienced friend to the events of the world of urnings. Then he is spared much of the inner conflict; but, at the same time, fearful cares and anxieties follow his footsteps. Now he knows that he is not the only one in the world that has such abnormal feelings; he opens his eyes and wonders that he meets so many of his kind in all social circles and in all callings; he also learns that, in the world of urnings, as in the other, there is prostitution, and that men as well as women can be bought. Thus there is no longer any want of opportunity for sexual satisfaction. But here how differently the experience is gained from that obtained in the normal manner of sexual indulgence!
“Let us consider the happiest case. After longing all one’s life, the friend of like feeling is found. But he cannot be approached openly, as a lover approaches the girl he loves. In constant fear, both must conceal their relations; nay, even intimacy that might easily excite suspicion—especially should they not be of like age, or should they belong to different classes—must be kept from the world. Thus, even in this relation, is forged a chain of anxiety and fear that the secret will be betrayed or discovered, which leaves them no joy in the indulgence. The slightest thing that would not affect others makes them tremble with fear that suspicion might be excited and the secret discovered, and destroy social position and business. Could this constant anxiety and care be endured without leaving a trace, without exerting an influence on the entire nervous system?
“Another less fortunate man does not find a friend of like feeling, but falls into the hands of a handsome man, who sought him until the secret was discovered. Now the most refined blackmail is extorted. The unfortunate, persecuted man, brought to the alternative of paying or of losing his social position, and bringing disgrace on himself and his family, pays; and the more he gives, the more voracious the vampire becomes; until at last there remains nothing but absolute financial ruin or dishonor. Who can wonder that nerves are not equal to such a terrible struggle!
“They give way; insanity comes on; and the miserable man at last finds the rest in an asylum that he could not find in the world. Another, in the same situation, driven to despair, finds relief in suicide. It cannot be known how many of the suicides of young men are to be attributed to this combination of circumstances.
“I do not think that I am in error when I declare that at least one-half of the suicides of young men are due to such conditions. Even in those cases where urnings are not persecuted by a heartless villain, but where a happy relation between two men exists, discovery, or even the fear of it, very often leads to suicide. How many officers, how many soldiers, having such relations with their subordinates or companions, in the moment when they have believed themselves discovered, have sought to escape the threatened disgrace by means of a bullet! And it is the same in all callings.
“Therefore, if it must be admitted that, among urnings, more mental abnormalities and more insanity are actually observed than among other men, yet this does not prove that the mental disturbance is a necessary accompaniment of the urning’s condition, and that the latter induces the former.
“According to my firm conviction, by far the greater number of cases of mental disturbance or abnormal disposition observed in urnings are not to be attributed to the sexual anomaly; but they are caused by the existing notions concerning urnings, and the resulting laws, and dominant public sentiment concerning the anomaly. Any one with an adequate idea of the mental and moral suffering, of the anxiety and care, that the urning must endure; of the constant hypocrisy and secrecy he must practice, in order to conceal his inner instinct; of the difficulties that meet him in satisfying his natural desire,—can only be surprised that more insanity and nervous disturbance does not occur in urnings. The greater part of these abnormal states would not be developed, if the urning, like another, could find a simple and easy way in which to satisfy his sexual desire,—if he were not forever troubled by these anxieties!”
De lege lata, as far as the urning is concerned, the paragraph with reference to pederasty must not be applied without the proof of actual pederasty; and psychical and somatic abnormalities must be examined by experts with respect of an estimate in the individual of the question of guilt.
De lege ferenda, the urnings wish a repeal of the paragraphs. The jurist could not consent to this, if he were to remember that pederasty is much more frequently a disgusting vice than the result of physical and mental infirmity; and that, moreover, many urnings, though driven to sexual acts with their own sex, are yet in nowise compelled to indulge in pederasty,—a sexual act which, under all circumstances, must stand as cynical, disgusting, and, when passive, as certainly injurious. Whether for reasons of expediency (difficulty of fixing the guilt, encouragement of blackmail, etc.), it would not be opportune to strike from the statutes the legal punishment of the male-loving man, and to protect youth by the use of the paragraphs concerning sexual abuses, is a future question for jurists.
What has been said concerning congenital contrary sexuality and its relation to the law is also applicable to the acquired abnormality. The accompanying neurosis or psychosis should have much diagnostic and forensic weight with reference to the question of guilt.
It only remains to describe acquired non-pathological pederasty,—one of the saddest pages in the history of human delinquencies:—
Cultivated Pederasty143
The motives that bring to pederasty a man originally normal sexually and of sound mind are various. It is used temporarily as a means of sexual satisfaction faute de mieux,—as in infrequent cases of bestiality,—where abstinence from normal sexual indulgence is a necessity.144 It thus occurs on ship-board during long voyages, in prisons, in baths, etc. It is highly probable that, among men subjected to such conditions, there are single individuals of low morals and great sensuality, or actual urnings, who seduce the others. Lust, imitation, and desire further their purpose.
The strength of the sexual instinct is most markedly shown by the fact that such circumstances are sufficient to overcome repugnance for the unnatural act.
Another category of pederasts is made up of old roues that have become supersatiated in normal sexual indulgence, and who find in pederasty a means of exciting sensual pleasure, the act being a new method of stimulation. Thus they temporarily renew their power, that has been psychically and physically reduced to so low a state. The new sexual situation makes them, so to speak, relatively potent, and makes pleasure possible that is no longer possible in normal intercourse. In time power to indulge in pederasty is also lost. The individual may thus finally be reduced to passive pederasty as a stimulus to make possible temporary active pederasty; just as, occasionally, flagellation or looking on at obscene acts (Maschka’s case of mutilation of animals) is resorted to for the same purpose.
The termination of sexual activity expresses itself in all kinds of abuse of children,—cunnilingus, fellare, and other enormities.
This kind of pederasts is the most dangerous, since they deal mostly with boys, and ruin them in body and soul.
In reference to this, the experiences of Tarnowsky (op. cit., p. 53 et seq.), gathered from the society of St. Petersburg, are terrible. The places where pederasty is cultivated are Institutes. Old roués and urnings play the rôle of seducers. At first it is difficult for the person to carry out the disgusting act. Fancy is made to assist by calling up the image of a woman. Gradually, with practice, the unnatural act becomes easy, and at last the individual, like one injured by masturbation, becomes relatively impotent for women, and lustful enough to find pleasure in the perverse act. Such individuals, under certain circumstances, give themselves for money.
As Tardieu, Hofmann, Simon, and Taylor show, such individuals are not infrequently found in large cities. From numerous statements made to me by urnings, it is learned that actual prostitution and houses of prostitution for male-loving men exist in large cities. The arts of coquetry used by these male prostitutes are noteworthy,—ornament, perfumes, feminine styles of dress, etc., to attract pederasts and urnings. This imitation of feminine peculiarities is spontaneous and unconscious in congenital cases, and in many acquired cases of (abnormal) contrary sexual instinct.
The following lines are of interest to the psychologist, and offer the officers of the law important facts concerning the social life and practice of pederasts:—
Coffignon, “La Corruption à Paris,” p. 327, divides active pederasts into “amateurs,” “entreteneurs,” and “souteneurs.”
The “amateurs” (“rivettes”) are debauched persons, but also frequently congenitally perverse sexually, of position and fortune, who are forced to guard themselves against detection in the gratification of their homo-sexual desires. For this purpose they visit brothels, lodging-houses, or the private houses of female prostitutes, who are usually on good terms with male prostitutes. Thus they escape blackmail.
Some of these “amateurs” are cunning enough to indulge their vile desires in public places. They thus run the risk of arrest, but, in a large city, little risk of blackmail. Danger is said to add to their secret pleasure.
The “entreteneurs” are old sinners who, even with the danger of falling into the hands of blackmailers, cannot deny themselves the pleasure of keeping a (male) mistress.
The “souteneurs” are pederasts that have been punished, who keep their “jesus,” whom they send out to entice customers (“faire chanter les rivettes”), and who then, at the right moment, if possible, appear for the purpose of plucking the victim.
Not infrequently they live together in bands, the members, in accordance with individual desire, living together as husbands and wives. In such bands there are formal marriages, betrothals, banquets, and introductions of brides and grooms into their apartments.
These “souteneurs” attach their “jesus” to themselves.
The passive pederasts are “petits jesus,” “jesus,” or “aunts.”
The “petits jesus” are lost, depraved children, whom accident places in the hands of active pederasts, who seduce them, and reveal to them the horrible means of earning a livelihood, either as “entretenus” or as male street-walkers, with or without “souteneurs.”
The most suitable and promising “petits jesus” are given into the hands of persons who instruct these children in the art of female dress and manner. Gradually they then seek to emancipate themselves from their teachers and masters, in order to become “femmes entretenues”; and not infrequently by means of anonymous denunciation of their “souteneurs” to the police.
It is the object of the “souteneur” and the “petit jesus” to make the latter appear young, as long as possible, by means of all the arts of the toilet.
The limit of age is about twenty-five years; then they all become “jesus” and “femmes entretenues” and are then sustained by several “souteneurs.” The “jesus” fall into three categories: “filles gallantes,” i.e., those that have fallen again into the hands of a “souteneur”; “pierreuses” (ordinary street-walkers, like their female colleagues); and “domestics.”
The “domestics” hire out to active pederasts, either to gratify their desires or to obtain “petits jesus” for them.
A sub-group of these “domestics” is formed by such of them as enter the service of “petits jesus” as “femmes de chambre.” The principal object of these “domestics” is to use their positions to obtain compromising knowledge, with which they later practice blackmail, and thus assure themselves ease in their old age.
The most horrible class of active pederasts is made up of the “aunts,”—i.e., the “souteneurs” of (male) prostitutes,—who, though normal sexually, are morally depraved, and practice pederasty (passive) only for gain, or for the purpose of blackmail.
The wealthy “amateurs” have their reunions and places of meeting, where the passive ones appear in female attire, and horrible orgies take place. The waiters, musicians, etc., at such gatherings, are all pederasts. The “filles gallantes” do not venture, except during the carnival, to show themselves on the street in female dress; but they know how to lend to their appearance something indicative of their calling, by means of style of dress, etc. They entice by means of gesture, peculiar movements of the hands, etc., and lead their victims to hotels, baths, or brothels.
What the author says of blackmail is generally known. There are cases where pederasts have allowed their entire fortune to be wrung from them.
The following notice from a Berlin (National?) newspaper, of February, 1884, which fell into my hands by accident, seems suited to show something of the life and customs of urnings:—
“The Woman-Haters’ Ball.—Almost every social element of Berlin has its social reunions,—the fat, the bald-headed, the young,—and why not the woman-haters? This species of men, so interesting psychologically and none too edifying, had a great ball to-day. ‘Grand Vienna Mask-Ball,’—so ran the notice. The sale of tickets was very rigorous; they wish to be very exclusive. Their rendezvous was a well-known dance-hall. We enter the hall about midnight. The graceful dancing is to the strains of a fine orchestra. Thick tobacco-smoke, veiling the gas-lights, does not allow the details of the moving mass to become obvious; only during the pause between the dances can we obtain a closer view. The masks are by far in the majority; black dress-coats and ball-gowns are seen only now and then.
“But what is that? The lady in rose-tarletan, that just now passed us, has a lighted cigar in the corner of her mouth, and puffs like a trooper; and she also wears a small, blonde beard, lightly painted out. And yet she is talking with a very décolleté ‘angel’ in tricots, who stands there, with bare arms folded behind her, likewise smoking. The two voices are masculine, and the conversation is likewise very masculine; it is about the ‘d— tobacco, that permits no air.’ Two men in female attire. A conventional clown stands there, against a pillar, in soft conversation with a ballet-dancer, with his arm around her faultless waist. She has a blonde ‘Titus-head,’ sharp-cut profile, and apparently a voluptuous form. The brilliant ear-rings, the necklace with a medallion, the full, round shoulders and arms, do not permit a doubt of her ‘genuineness,’ until, with a sudden movement, she disengages herself from the embracing arm, and, yawning, moves away, saying, in a deep bass, ‘Emile, you are too tiresome to-day!’ The ballet-dancer is also a male!
“Suspicious now, we look about further. We almost suspect that here the world is topsy-turvy; for here goes, or, rather, trips, a man—no, no man at all, even though he wears a carefully trained moustache. The well-curled hair; the powdered and painted face with the blackened eyebrows; the golden ear-rings; the bouquet of flowers reaching from the left shoulder to the breast, ornamenting the elegant black gown; the golden bracelets on the wrists; the elegant fan in the white-gloved hand,—all these things are anything but masculine. And how he toys with the fan! How he dances and turns, and trips and lisps! And yet kindly Nature made this doll a man. He is a salesman in a great millinery store, and the ballet-dancer mentioned is his ‘colleague.’
“At a little corner-table there seems to be a great social circle. Several elderly gentlemen press around a group of décolleté ladies, who sit over a glass of wine and—in the spirit of fun—make jokes that are none too delicate. Who are these three ladies? ‘Ladies!’ laughs my knowing friend. ‘Well, the one on the right, with the brown hair and the short, fancy dress, is called “Butterrieke,” and he is a hair-dresser; the second one—the blonde in a singer’s costume, with the necklace of pearls—is known here by the name of “Miss Ella of the tight-rope,” and he is a ladies’ tailor; and the third,—that is the widely-celebrated “Lottie.”
“But that person cannot possibly be a man? That waist, that bust, those classic arms, the whole air and person are markedly feminine!
“I am told that ‘Lottie’ was once a book-keeper. To-day she, or, rather, he, is exclusively ‘Lottie,’ and takes pleasure in deceiving men about his sex as long as possible. ‘Lottie’ is singing a song that would hardly do for a drawing-room, in a high voice, acquired by years of practice, which many a soprano might envy. ‘Lottie’ has also ’worked’ as a female comedian. Now the quondam book-keeper has so entered into the female rôle that he appears on the street in female attire almost exclusively, and, as the people with whom he lodges state, uses an embroidered night-dress.
“On closer examination of the assembly, to my astonishment, I discover acquaintances on all hands: my shoemaker, whom I should have taken for anything but a woman-hater—he is a ‘troubadour,’ with sword and plume; and his ‘Leonora,’ in the costume of a bride, is accustomed to place my favorite brand of cigars before me in a certain cigar-store. ‘Leonora,’ who, during an intermission, removes her gloves, I recognize with certainty by her large, blue hands. Right! There is my haberdasher, also; he moves about in a questionable costume as Bacchus, and is the swain of a repugnantly bedecked Diana, who works as a waiter in a beer-restaurant. The real ‘ladies’ of the ball cannot be described here. They associate only with one another, and avoid the woman-hating men; and the latter are exclusive, and amuse themselves, absolutely ignoring the charms of the women.”
These facts deserve the careful attention of the police, who should be placed in a position to cope with male prostitution, as they now do with that of women.
Male prostitution is certainly much more dangerous to society than that of females; it is the darkest stain on the history of humanity.
From the statements of a high police official of Berlin, I learn that the police of Berlin are conversant with the male demi-monde of the German Capital, and do all they can to suppress blackmail among pederasts,—a practice which often does not stop short of murder.
The foregoing facts justify the wish that the law-maker of the future may, for reasons of utility, at least, abandon the prosecution of pederasty.
With reference to this point, it is worthy of note that the French Code does not punish it so long as it does not become an offense to public decency. Probably for politico-legal reasons, the new Italian Penal Code passes over the crime of unnatural abuse in silence, as do the statutes of Holland and, as far as I know, Belgium and Spain.
In how far such cultivated pederasts are to be regarded as mentally and morally sound may remain an open question. The majority of them suffer with genital neuroses. At least, in these cases, there are the stages of transition to acquired pathological contrary sexual instinct. The responsibility of these individuals, who are certainly much lower than the women who prostitute themselves, in general cannot be questioned.
The various categories of male-loving men, with respect of the manner of sexual indulgence, may be thus characterized in general:—
The congenital urning becomes a pederast only exceptionally, and eventually resorts to it after having practiced and exhausted all the possible immoral acts with males. Passive pederasty is for him the ideally and practically adequate form of the sexual act. He practices active pederasty only to please another. The most important point here is the congenital and unchangeable perversion of the sexual instinct.
It is otherwise with the pederast by cultivation. He has once acted normally sexually, or, at least, had normal inclinations, and occasionally has intercourse with the opposite sex. His sexual perversity is neither congenital nor unchangeable. He begins with pederasty and ends in other perverse sexual acts, induced by weakness of the centres for erection and ejaculation. At the height of his power, his sexual desire is not for passive, but for active pederasty. He yields himself to passive pederasty only to please another; for money, in the rôle of a male prostitute; or as a means, when virility is declining, to make active pederasty still occasionally possible.
A horrible act, that must be alluded to, in conclusion, is pædicatio mulierum,145 and even uxorum. Sensual individuals sometimes do it with hardened prostitutes, or even with their wives. Tardieu gives examples where men, usually practicing coitus, sometimes indulged in pederasty with their wives. Occasionally fear of a repetition of pregnancy may induce the man to perform, and the woman to tolerate, the act.
Case 192. Imputation of pederasty that was not proved. Résumé from the legal proceedings:—
On May 30, 1888, Dr. S., chemist, of H., in an anonymous letter, was accused by his step-father of having immoral relations with G., aged 19, the son of a butcher. Dr. S. received the letter, and, astounded by its contents, hastened to his lawyer, who promised to proceed discreetly in the matter, and to ascertain from the authorities whether he would be publicly prosecuted.
On the next morning, G., who lived in the house of Dr. S., was arrested. At the time he was sick with gonorrhœa and orchitis. Dr. S. tried to induce the authorities to release G., and advised caution, but he was refused. In his statement to the judge, S. said that he became acquainted with G. on the street, three years previously, and then saw no more of him until the fall of 1887, when he met him in his father’s shop. After November G. supplied Dr. S.’s kitchen with meat,—coming in the evening to get the order, and bringing the meats the next morning. Thus S. gradually became well acquainted with G., and came to have a very friendly feeling for him. When S. fell ill and was, for the most part, confined to his bed until the middle of May, 1888, G. gave him so much attention that S. and his wife were much attracted to him on account of his harmless, child-like, and happy disposition. Dr. S. showed and explained to him his collection of curiosities, and they spent the evenings pleasantly together, the wife also being usually present; besides, S. and G. experimented in making sausages, jelly, etc. In February, 1888, G. fell ill with gonorrhœa. Dr. S., being his friend, and having studied medicine for several terms, took care of G., procured medicine for him, etc. In May, G. being still sick, and, for several reasons, inclined to leave home, S. and his wife took him into their own home to care for him. S. denied the truth of all the suspicions that had been raised by this relation, and defended himself by pointing to his life of previous respectability, his education, and to the fact that G., at the time, was suffering with a disgusting, contagious disease, and that he himself had a painful affection (nephritic calculus, with occasional attacks of colic).
Opposed to this statement of Dr. S.’s must be mentioned the facts that were brought out in court, and which led to conviction in the first trial.
The relation of S. to G. had, by reason of its obviousness, given cause for remark by private individuals, as well as by those in public houses. G. spent almost all his evenings with S.’s family, and, finally, came to be quite at home there. They took walks together. Once, while out on such a walk, S. said to G. that he was a pretty fellow, and that he (S.) was very fond of him. On the same occasion, there was also talk of sexual matters, and also of pederasty. S. said he touched on these subjects only to warn G. With reference to the intercourse at home, it was proved that occasionally S., while sitting on a sofa, embraced G., and kissed him. This happened in the presence of the wife, as well as of the servant-girls. When G. was ill with gonorrhœa, S. instructed him in the method of using a syringe, and, at the time, took the penis in his hand. G. testified that S., in answer to his question why he was so fond of him, said, “I don’t know, myself.” When, one day, G. remained away, S., with tears in his eyes, complained of it to him when he returned. S. also told him that his marriage was unhappy, and, in tears, begged G. not to leave him; that he must take the place of his wife.
From all this resulted the just accusation, that the relation between the culprits had a sexual direction. The fact that all was open and known to everybody, according to the complaint, did not speak for the harmlessness of the relation, but more for the intensity of the passion of S. The spotless life of the accused was allowed, as well as his honesty and gentleness. The probability of an unhappy marriage, and that S. was of a very sensual nature, was shown.
During the course of the trial, G. was repeatedly examined by the medical experts. He is scarcely of medium size, pale, and of powerful frame; penis and testicles are very perfectly developed (large).
In consonance with the accusation, it was found that the anus was pathologically changed, in that there were no wrinkles in the skin about it and the sphincter was relaxed; and it was presumed that these changes pointed to the probability of passive pederasty.
The conviction was based on these facts. The judgment passed recognized that the relation that existed between the culprits did not necessarily point to unnatural abuses, any more than did the physical conditions found on the person of G.
However, by reason of the combination of the two facts, the court was convinced of the guilt of both culprits, and held it proved: “That the abnormal condition of G.’s anus had been caused by the frequently repeated introduction of the penis of S., and that G. voluntarily permitted the performance of this immoral act on himself.”
Thus the conditions of § 175, R. St. G. B., seemed to be covered. In passing sentence, there was consideration of S.’s education, which made him appear to be G.’s seducer; in G.’s case, this fact and his youth were given weight; and the previous respectability of both was held in view. Thus Dr. S. was sentenced to imprisonment for eight months, and G. for four months.
The culprits appealed to the Supreme Court at Leipzig, and prepared themselves, in case the appeal should be denied, to collect evidence sufficient to call for a new trial.
They subjected themselves to examination and observation by distinguished experts. The latter declared that G.’s anus presented no signs of indulgence in passive pederasty.
Since it seemed of importance to those interested to make clear the psychological aspect of the case, which was not touched on at the trial, the author was intrusted with the examination and observation of Dr. S. and G.
Results of the Personal Examination, from December 11 to 13, 1888, in Graz.—Dr. S., aged 37; two years married, without children. Ex-Director of the City Laboratory of H. He comes of a father who is said to have been nervous, owing to great activity; who had an apoplectic attack in his fifty-seventh year, and died, at the age of sixty-seven, of another attack of apoplexy. His mother is living, and is described as a strong person, who has been nervous for years. Her mother reached quite an old age, and is said to have died of a cerebellar tumor. A brother of the mother’s father is said to have been a drinker. The paternal grandfather died early, of softening of the brain.
Dr. S. has two brothers, who are in perfect health.
He states that he is of nervous temperament, and has been of strong constitution. After articular rheumatism, which he had in his fourteenth year, he suffered with great nervousness for some months. Thereafter he often suffered with rheumatic pains, palpitation, and shortness of breath. These symptoms gradually disappeared with sea-bathing. Seven years ago he had gonorrhœa. This disease became chronic, and for a long time caused bladder-difficulty.
In 1887 he had his first attack of renal colic, and he had such attacks repeatedly during the winter of 1887 and 1888, until May 16, 1888, when quite a large renal calculus was passed. Since then his condition had been quite satisfactory. While suffering with stone, during coitus, at the moment of ejaculation, he felt severe pain in the urethra, and the same pain on urinating.
With reference to his life, S. states that he attended the Gymnasium until he was fourteen, but after that, owing to the results of his severe illness, he studied privately. He then spent four years in a drug-store, and then studied medicine for six semesters at the University, serving, in the war of 1870, as a voluntary hospital assistant. Since he had no certificate of graduation from the Gymnasium, he gave up the study of medicine, and obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy. Then he served in the Museum of Minerals in K., and later as assistant in the Mineralogical Institute of H. Thereafter he made special studies in the chemistry of food-stuffs, and five years ago became Director of the City Laboratory.
He makes all these statements in a prompt, precise manner, and does not think long about his answers; so that one is more and more led to think that he is a man who loves and speaks the truth,—the more, since, on the following day, his statements are identical. With reference to his vita sexualis, Dr. S., in a modest, delicate, and open way, states that, in his eleventh year, he began to have a knowledge of the difference of the sexes, and for some time, until his fourteenth year, was given to onanism. He first had coitus at eighteen, and thereafter indulged moderately. His sensual desire had never been very great, but, until lately, the sexual act had been normal in every way, and accompanied by gratifying pleasurable feeling and full virility. Since his marriage, two years ago, he had cohabited with his wife exclusively. He had married his wife out of love, and still loved her, having coitus with her at least several times a week. The wife, who was also at hand, confirmed these statements.
All cross-questioning with reference to a perversion of sexual feeling toward men Dr. S. answered repeatedly in the negative, to repeated examination, and that without contradiction or any thought of the answers. Even when, in order to trap him, he is told that the proof of a perverse sexual instinct would be of avail in the trial, he sticks to his statements. One gains the important impression that S. has not the slightest knowledge of the facts of male-love. Thus it is learned that his lascivious dreams have never been about men; that he is interested only in female nudity; that he liked to dance with ladies, etc. No traces of any kind of sexual inclination for his own sex can be discovered in S. With reference to his relations with G., Dr. S. expresses himself exactly as he did at his examination before the court. In explanation of his partiality for G., he can only say that he is nervous, and a man of feeling and great sensibility, and very sensitive to friendliness. During his illness he had felt very lonesome and depressed; his wife had frequently been with her parents; and thus it had happened that he had become friendly with G., who was so gentle and kind. He still had a weakness for him, and felt remarkably quiet and contented while in his society.
He had had two such close friendships previously: when he was yet a student, with a corps-brother, a Dr. A. whom he also embraced and kissed; later, with a Baron M. When it happened that he could not see him for a few days, he became depressed, and even cried.
He also had a similar feeling and attachment for animals. Thus he had a poodle that died a short time ago, mourned like a member of the family; and he had often kissed the animal. (On relating this, the tears came to his eyes.) His brother confirmed these statements, with the remark, with reference to his brother’s remarkable friendship for A. and M., that in these instances there was not the slightest suspicion of sexual coloring or relation. Too, the most careful and detailed examination of Dr. S. gave not the slightest reason for such a presumption.
He states that he never had the slightest sensual feeling for G., to say nothing of erection or sensual desire. His partiality for G., which bordered on jealousy, S. explained as due merely to his sentimental temperament and his inordinate friendship. G. was still as dear to him as if he were his son.
It is worthy of note that S. stated that when G. told him about his love-adventures with girls, it had hurt him only because G. was in danger of injuring himself and ruining his health by dissipation. He had never felt hurt himself by this. If he knew a good girl for G. he would be glad to rejoice with him, and do all he could to promote their marriage.
S. states that it was first in the course of his legal examination that he saw how he had been careless in his intercourse with G., by causing gossip. His openness he explained as due to the innocence of the friendship.
It is worthy of note that S.’s wife never noticed anything suspicious in the intercourse between her husband and G., though the most simple wife would instinctively notice anything of that nature. Mrs. S. had also made no opposition to receiving G. into the house. On this point she remarked that the guest-chamber in which G. lay ill, was on the second floor, while the living apartments were on the fourth; and, further, that S. never associated alone with G. as long as he was in the house. She states that she is convinced of her husband’s innocence, and that she loves him as before.
Dr. S. states freely that formerly he had often kissed G., and talked with him about sexual matters. G. was much given to women, and in friendship he had often warned him about sexual dissipation, particularly when G., as often happened, did not look well. He had once said that G. was a handsome fellow; it was in a perfectly harmless relation.
The kissing of G. had been due to inordinate friendship, when G. had shown him some particular attention, or pleased him especially. In the act he had never had any sexual feeling. Too, when he had now and then dreamed of G., it was in a perfectly harmless way.
It appeared of great importance to the author to form also an opinion of G.’s personality. On December 12th, the desired opportunity was given, and G. was carefully examined.
G. is a young man, aged 20, of delicate build, whose development corresponds with his years; and he appears to be neuropathic and sensual. The genitals are normal and well developed. The author thinks he may be permitted to pass over the condition of the anus, as he does not feel called upon to pass judgment upon it. With prolonged association with G., one gets the impression that he is a harmless, kind, and artless man, who is light-minded, but not morally depraved. Nothing in his dress or manner indicates perverse sexual feeling. There cannot be the slightest suspicion that he is a male courtesan.
When G. is introduced in medias res, he states that S. and he, feeling their innocence, had told the matter as it actually was, and on this the whole trial had been based.
At first, S.’s friendship, and especially the kissing, had seemed remarkable, even to him. Later he had convinced himself that it was merely friendship, and had then thought no more about it.
G. had looked upon S. as a father-like friend; for he was so unselfish, and loved him so.
The expression “handsome fellow” was made when G. had a love-affair, and when S. expressed his fears about a happy future for G. At that time S. had comforted him, and said that his (G.’s) appearance was pleasing, and that he would make an eligible match.
Once S. had complained to him (G.) that his wife was inclined to drink, and burst into tears. G. was touched by his friend’s unhappiness. On this occasion S. had kissed him, and begged for his friendship, and asked him to visit him frequently.
S. had never spontaneously directed the conversation to sexual matters. G. once asked what pederasty was, of which he had heard much while in England; and S. had explained it to him.
G. acknowledges that he is sensual. At the age of twelve he had been made acquainted with sexual matters by school-mates. He had never masturbated, had first had coitus at the age of eighteen, and had since visited brothels frequently. He had never felt any inclination for his own sex, and had never experienced any sexual excitement when S. kissed him. He had always had pleasure in coitus normally performed. His lascivious dreams had always been of women. With indignation, and pointing to his descent from a healthy and respectable family, he repels the insinuation of having been given to passive pederasty. Until the gossip about them came to his ears, he had been innocent and devoid of suspicion. The anal anomalies he tries to explain in the same way that he did at the trial. Auto-masturbation in ano he denies.
It should be noted that Mr. J. S. claims to be no less astonished by the charge against his brother of male-love than those more closely associated with him. Yet he could not understand what attached his brother to G.; and all the explanations which S. made to him concerning his relation to G. were vain.
The author took the trouble to observe Dr. S. and G., in a natural way, while they were dining, in company with S.’s brother and Mrs. S., in Graz. This observation revealed not the slightest sign of improper friendship.
The general impression which Dr. S. made on me was that of a nervous, sanguine, somewhat overstrained individual, but, at the same time, kind, open-hearted, and very emotional.
Dr. S. is physically strong, somewhat corpulent, with a symmetrical, brachycephalic cranium. The genitals are well developed; the penis somewhat bellied; the prepuce somewhat hypertrophied.
Opinion.—Pederasty is, unfortunately, not infrequent among mankind to-day; but still, occurring among the peoples of Europe, it is an unusual, perverse, and even monstrous manner of sexual gratification. It presumes a congenital or acquired perversion of the sexual instinct, and, at the same time, defect of moral sense that is either original or acquired, as a result of pathological influences.
Medico-legal science is thoroughly conversant with the physical and psychical conditions from which this aberration of the sexual instinct arises; and in the concrete and doubtful case it seems requisite to ascertain whether these empirical, subjective conditions necessary for pederasty are present. Too, it is essential to distinguish between active and passive pederasty.
Active pederasty occurs:—
I. As a non-pathological phenomenon:—
1. As a means of sexual gratification, in case of great sexual desire, with enforced abstinence from natural sexual intercourse.
2. In old debauchees, who have become satiated with normal sexual intercourse, and more or less impotent, and also morally depraved; and who resort to pederasty, in order to excite their lust with this new stimulus, and aid their virility, that has sunk so low psychically and physically.
3. Traditionally, among certain barbarous races that are devoid of morality.
II. As a pathological phenomenon:—
1. Upon the basis of congenital contrary sexual instinct, with repugnance for sexual intercourse with women, or even absolute incapability of it. But, as even Casper knew, pederasty, under such conditions, is very infrequent. The so-called urning satisfies himself with a man by means of passive or mutual onanism, or by means of coitus-like acts (e.g., coitus inter femora); and he resorts to pederasty only very exceptionally, as a result of intense sexual desire, or with a low or lowered moral sense, out of desire to please another.
2. On the basis of acquired contrary sexual instinct:—
(a) As a result of long years of onanism, which finally causes impotence for women with continuance of intense sexual desire.
(b) As a result of severe mental disease (senile dementia, brain-softening of the insane, etc.), in which, as experience teaches, an inversion of the sexual instinct may take place.
Passive pederasty occurs:—
I. As a non-pathological phenomenon:—
1. In individuals of the lowest class, who, having had the misfortune to be seduced in boyhood by debauchees, endured pain and disgust for the sake of money, and became depraved morally, so that, in more mature years, they have fallen so low that they take pleasure in being male prostitutes.
2. Under circumstances analogous to those of I, 1,—as a remuneration to another for having allowed active pederasty.
II. As a pathological phenomenon:—
1. In individuals affected with contrary sexual instinct, with endurance of pain and disgust, as a return to men for the bestowal of sexual favors.
2. In urnings who feel toward men like women, out of desire and lust. In such female-men there is horror feminæ and absolute incapability for sexual intercourse with women. Character and inclinations are feminine.
The empirical facts that have been gathered by legal medicine and psychiatry are all included in this classification. Before the court of medical science, it would be necessary to prove that a man belonged to one of the above categories in order to carry the conviction that he was a pederast.
In the life and character of Dr. S., one searches in vain for signs which place him in one of the categories of active pederasts which science has established. He is neither one forced to sexual abstinence, nor one made impotent for women by debauchery; neither is he congenitally male-loving, nor alienated from women by masturbation, and attracted to men through continuance of sexual desire; and, finally, he is not sexually perverse as a result of severe mental disease.
In fact, the general conditions necessary for the occurrence of pederasty are wanting in him,—moral imbecility or moral depravity, on the one hand, and inordinate sexual desire, on the other.
It is likewise impossible to classify the accomplice, G., in any of the empirical categories of passive pederasty; for he possesses neither the peculiarities of the male prostitute nor the clinical marks of effemination; and he has not the anthropological and clinical stigmata of the female-man. He is, in fact, the very opposite of all this.
In order to make a pederastic relation between the two plausible medico-scientifically, it would be requisite for Dr. S. to present the antecedents and marks of the active pederasts of I, 2, and G., those of the passive pederasts of II, 1 or 2.
The assumption lying at the basis of the verdict is, from a psychological stand-point, legally untenable.
With the same right, every man might be considered a pederast. It remains to consider whether the explanations given by Dr. S. and G. of their remarkable friendship are psychologically valid.
Psychologically it is not without parallel that so sentimental and eccentric a man as S.—without any sexual excitement whatever—should entertain a transcendental friendship. It suffices to recall the friendship of school-girls, the self-sacrificing friendship of sentimental young persons in general, and the partiality which this sensitive man sometimes showed even for domestic animals,—where no one would think of sodomy. With S.’s mental character, extraordinary friendship for the youth G. may be easily comprehended. The openness of this friendship permits the conclusion that it was innocent, much rather than that it depended upon sensual passion.
The defendants succeeded in obtaining a new trial. The new trial took place on March 7, 1890. There was much evidence presented in favor of the accused.
The previous moral life of S. was generally acknowledged. The Sister of Charity who cared for G. in S.’s house, never noticed anything suspicious in the intercourse between S. and G. S.’s former friends testified to his morality, his deep friendship, and his habit of kissing them on meeting or leaving them. The anal abnormalities previously found on G. were no longer present. Experts called by the court allowed the possibility that they had been due simply to digital manipulations; their diagnostic value in any case was contested by the experts called by the defense.
The court recognized that the imputed crime had not been proved, and exonerated the defendants.
Lesbian Love146
Where the sexual intercourse is between adults, its legal importance is very slight; it could come into consideration only in Austria. In connection with urningism, this phenomenon is of anthropological and clinical value. The relation is the same, mutatis mutandis, as between men. Lesbian love does not seem to approach urningism in frequency. The majority of female urnings do not act in obedience to an innate impulse, but they are developed under conditions analogous to those which produce the urning by cultivation.
These “forbidden friendships” flourish especially in penal institutions for females.
Kraussold (op. cit.) reports: “The female prisoners often have such friendships, which, when possible, extend to mutual manustupration.
“But temporary manual gratification is not the only purpose of such friendships. They are made to be enduring,—entered into systematically, so to speak,—and intense jealousy and a passion for love are developed which could scarcely be surpassed between persons of opposite sex. When the friend of one prisoner is merely smiled at by another, there are often the most violent scenes of jealousy, and even beatings.
“When the violent prisoner has been put in irons, in accordance with the prison-regulations, she says ‘she has had a child by her friend.’”
We are indebted to Parent-Duchatelet (“De la prostitution,” 1857, vol. i, p. 159) for interesting communications concerning Lesbian love.
According to this experienced author, repugnance for the most disgusting and perverse acts (coitus in axilla, inter mammæ, etc.) which men perform on prostitutes is not infrequently responsible for driving these unfortunate creatures to Lesbian love. From his statements it is seen that it is essentially prostitutes of great sensuality who, unsatisfied with intercourse with impotent or perverse men, and impelled by their disgusting practices, come to indulge in it.
Besides these, there are prostitutes who let themselves be known as given to tribadism; persons who have been in prisons for years, and in these hot-beds of Lesbian love, ex abstinentia, acquired this vice.
It is interesting to know that prostitutes hate those who practice tribadism,—just as men abhor pederasts; but female prisoners do not regard the vice as indecent.
Parent mentions the case of a prostitute who, while intoxicated, tried to force another to Lesbian love. The latter became so enraged that she denounced the indecent woman to the police. Taxil (op. cit. p. 166, 170) reports similar instances.
Mantegazza (“Anthropol. culturhistorische Studien,” p. 97) also finds that sexual intercourse between women has especially the significance of a vice which arises on the basis of unsatisfied hyperæsthesia sexualis.
In many cases of this kind, however, aside from congenital contrary sexual instinct, one gains the impression that, just as in men (vide supra), the cultivated vice gradually leads to acquired contrary sexual instinct, with repugnance for sexual intercourse with the opposite sex.
At least Parent’s cases were probably of this nature. The correspondence with the lover was quite as sentimental and exaggerated in tone as it is between lovers of the opposite sex; unfaithfulness and separation broke the heart of the one abandoned; jealousy was unbridled, and led to bloody revenge. The following cases of Lesbian love, by Mantegazza, are certainly pathological, and possibly examples of congenital contrary sexual instinct:—
1. On July 5, 1777, a woman was brought before a court in London, who, dressed as a man, had been married to three different women. She was recognized as a woman, and sentenced to imprisonment for six months.
2. In 1773, another woman, dressed as a man, courted a girl, and asked for her hand; but the trick did not succeed.
3. Two women lived together as man and wife for thirty years. On her death-bed the “husband” confessed her secret to those about her.
Coffignon (op. cit., p. 301) makes later statements worthy of notice.
He reports that this vice is, of late, quite the fashion,—partly owing to novels on the subject, and partly as a result of excessive work on sewing-machines, the sleeping of female servants in the same bed, seduction in schools by depraved pupils, or seduction of daughters by perverse servants.
The author declares that this vice (“saphism”) is met more frequently among ladies of the aristocracy and prostitutes.
He does not differentiate physiological and pathological cases, nor, among the latter, the acquired and congenital cases. The details of a few cases, which are certainly pathological, correspond exactly with the facts that are known about men of contrary sexuality.
The saphists have their places of meeting, recognize each other by peculiar glances, carriage, etc. Saphistic pairs like to dress and ornament themselves alike, etc. They are then called “petites sœurs” (little sisters).
7. Necrophilia147
(Austrian Statutes, § 306.)
This horrible kind of sexual indulgence is so monstrous that the presumption of a psychopathic state is, under all circumstances, justified; and Maschka’s recommendation, that the mental condition of the perpetrator should always be investigated, is well founded. In any case, an abnormal and decidedly perverse sensuality is required to overcome the natural repugnance which man has for a corpse, and permit a feeling of pleasure to be experienced in sexual congress with a cadaver.
Unfortunately, in the majority of the cases reported, the mental condition was not examined; so that the question whether necrophilia is compatible with mental soundness must remain open. But any one having knowledge of the horrible aberrations of the sexual instinct would not venture, without further consideration, to answer the question in the negative.
8. Incest
(Austrian Statutes, § 132; Abridgment, § 189; German Statutes, § 174.)
The preservation of the moral purity of family life is a product of civilization;148 and feelings of intense displeasure arise in an ethically intact man at thought of lustful feeling toward a member of the same family. Only great sensuality and defective ideas of laws and morals can lead to incest.
Both conditions may, in tainted families, be operative. Drinking and a state of intoxication in men; weak-mindedness which does not allow the development of the feeling of shame, and which, under certain circumstances, is associated with eroticism in females,—these facilitate the occurrence of incestuous acts. External conditions which facilitate their occurrence are due to defective separation of the sexes among the lower classes.
As a decidedly pathological phenomenon, the author has found incest in states of congenital and acquired mental weakness, and infrequently in cases of epilepsy and paranoia.
In many of the cases, probably a majority, it is not possible, however, to find a pathological basis for the act which so deeply wounds not only the tie of blood, but also the feeling of a civilized people. But in many of the cases reported in literature, to the honor of humanity, the presumption of a psychopathic basis is possible.
In the Feldtmann case (Marc-Ideler, vol. i, p. 18), where a father constantly made immoral attacks on his adult daughter, and finally killed her, the unnatural father was weak-minded and, besides, probably subject to periodical mental disease. In another case of incest between father and daughter (loc. cit., p. 247), the latter, at least, was weak-minded. Lombroso (Archiv. di Psichiatria, viii, p. 519) reports the case of a peasant, aged 42, who practiced incest with his daughters, aged, respectively, 22, 19, and 11; he even forced the youngest to prostitute herself, and then visited her in a brothel. The medico-legal examination showed predisposition, intellectual and moral imbecility, and alcoholism.
There was no mental examination in the case reported by Schürmeyer (Deutsche Zeitschr. für Staatsarzneikunde, xxii, H. 1), in which a mother laid her son of five and a half years on herself, and practiced abuse with him; and in that given by Lafarque (Journ. Méd. de Bordeaux, 1874), where a girl, aged 17, laid her brother, aged 13, upon herself, brought about membrorum conjunctionem, and performed masturbation on him.
The following cases are those of tainted individuals: Magnan (Ann. méd.-psych., 1885) mentions an unmarried woman, aged 29, who, though indifferent toward other children or even men, suffered frightfully in the presence of her nephew, and could scarcely control her impulse to cohabit with him. This sexual peculiarity continued only as long as the nephew was quite young.
Legrand (Ann. méd.-psych., May, 1876) mentions a girl, aged 15, who seduced her brother into all manner of sexual excesses on her person; and when, after two years of this incestuous practice, her brother died, she attempted to murder a relative. In the same article there is the case of a married woman, aged 36, who hung her open breast out of a window, and indulged in abuse with her brother, aged 18; and also the case of a mother, aged 39, who practiced incest with her son, with whom she was madly in love, became pregnant by him, and induced abortion.
Through Casper we know that depraved mothers in large cities sometimes treat their little daughters in a most horrible fashion, in order to prepare them for the sexual use of debauchees. This crime belongs elsewhere.
9. Immoral Acts With Persons in the Care of Others; Seduction (Austrian)
(Austrian Statutes, § 131; Abridgment, § 188; German Statutes, § 173).
Allied to incest, but still less repugnant to moral sensibility, are those cases in which persons seduce those entrusted to them for care or education, and who are more or less dependent upon them, to commit or suffer vicious practices. Such acts, which especially deserve legal punishment, seem only exceptionally to have psychopathic significance.
Notes
1. “Meanwhile, until Philosophy shall at last unite and maintain the world, Hunger and Love impel it onward.”
2. Hartmann’s philosophical view of love, in the “Philosophy of the Unconscious,” p. 583, Berlin, 1869, is the following: “Love causes more pain than pleasure. Pleasure is illusory. Reason would cause love to be avoided if it were not for the fatal sexual instinct; therefore, it would be best for a man to have himself castrated.” The same opinion, minus the consequence, is also expressed by Schopenhauer (“Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” 3. Aufl., Bd. ii, p. 586 u. ff.).
3. “No physical or moral misery, no suffering, however corrupt it may be, should frighten him who has devoted himself to a knowledge of man and the sacred ministry of medicine; in that he is obliged to see all things, let him be permitted to say all things.”
4. The Latin is left untranslated.
5. The works of Moll and von Schrenck-Notzing have since appeared.—Trans.
6. Die Suggestions-Therapie, etc., F. Enke, Stuttgart, 1892.
7. Comp. Lombroso, “The Criminal.”
8. Comp. Westermarck, “History of Human Marriage.” McMillan & Co., 1891.
9. This generally entertained idea, also held by many historians, requires some limitation, in that the symbolic and sacramental character of marriage was first made clear and unequivocal by the Council of Trent, even though there was ever in the spirit of Christianity that which would free woman and raise her from the inferior position occupied by her in the ancient world and the Old Testament.
That this took place so late may well be due in part to the traditions of Genesis of the secondary creation of woman from the rib of man, and of her part in the Fall, and the consequent curse: “Thy will shall be to thy husband.” Since the Fall, for which the Old Testament made woman responsible, became the corner-stone of the fabric of churchteachings, the wife’s social position could but remain inferior until the spirit of Christianity had gained a victory over tradition and scholasticism.
It is remarkable that, with the exception of the interdiction of putting away a wife (Matt. xix, 9), the gospels contain nothing favoring woman. Gentleness toward the adulteress and the repentant Magdalene does not affect the position of the wife in itself. The Epistles of Paul specifically declare that the position of woman shall not be altered (II Corinth. xi, 3–12; Ephes. v, 22: “Wives, submit yourselves unto your husbands;” and 33, “And the wife see that she reverence her husband”).
Passages in Tertullian show how the Fathers of the Church were prejudiced against woman by Eve’s guilt: “Woman, thou shouldst forever go in sorrow and rags, thy eyes filled with tears! Thou hast brought man to the ground!” St. Hieronymus has nothing good to say of woman. He says, “Woman is a door for the devil, a way to evil, the sting of the scorpion.” (“De cultu feminarum,” i, 1.)
Canonical Law declares: “Only man was created in the image of God, not woman; therefore, woman should serve him and be his maid!”
The Provincial Council of Macon, in the sixth century, earnestly debated the question whether woman had a soul.
The effect of these ideas in the Church on the peoples embracing Christianity was direct. Among the Germans, after the acceptance of the new faith, for the foregoing reason, the weregild for a wife—the simple expression of her value—decreased (J. Falke, “Die ritterliche Gesellschaft,” p. 49. Berlin, 1862). Concerning the value of each sex among the Jews, vide Leviticus, xxvii, 3 and 4.
Moreover, polygamy, which is expressly recognized in the Old Testament (Deut. xxi, 15), is nowhere explicitly interdicted in the New Testament. Christian princes (e.g., the Marovingian kings, Clotar I, Childebert I, Pepin I, and many of the royal Franks) lived in polygamy; and at that time the Church made no opposition to it (Weinhold, “Die deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter,” ii, p. 15). Comp. also Unger, “Die Ehe,” etc., and the excellent work by Louis Bridel, “La femme et le droit,” Paris, 1884.
10. Comp. Friedländer “Sittengeschichte Roms.” Wiedemeister, “Der Cäsarenwahnsinn.” Suetonius. Moreau, “Des aberrations du sens génésique.”
11. These statements, however, are opposed to Friedreich (“Hdb. d. gerichtsärztl Praxis,” i, p. 271, 1843), and also Lombroso (op. cit., p. 42), according to whom pederasty is very frequent among the uncivilized Americans.
12. Comp. Friedreich, “gerichtl. Psychologie,” p. 389, who has collected numerous examples. Thus the nun Blanbekin was always troubled with the thought about what had become of the part lost at the circumcision of Christ. Veronica Juliani, canonized by Pope Pius II, in memory of the divine lion, took an actual lion in her bed and kissed it, and let it suck from her breast; and even secreted a few drops of milk for it. St. Catherine, of Genoa, often burned with such inward fire that, in order to cool herself, she would lie down on the ground and cry “Love, love, I can endure it no longer!” At the same time she felt a peculiar inclination for her confessor. One day she lifted his hand to her nose and smelled an odor which penetrated to her heart, “a heavenly perfume, so delightful that it would wake the dead.” St. Armelle and St. Elizabeth were troubled with a similar longing for the child Jesus. The temptations of St. Anthony, of Padua, are well known. An old prayer is significant: “O, that I had found thee, Holy Emanuel; O, that I had thee in my bed to bring delight to body and soul. Come and be mine, and my heart shall be thy resting-place.”
13. Comp. Friedreich, “Diagnostik der psych. Krankheiten,” p. 347 u. ff.; Neumann, “Lehrb. d. Psychiatrie,” p. 80.
14. The relation of this trio finds its expression not only in the events of real life, as above indicated, but also in romance, and even in the sculpture of degenerate eras. As an example we may point to the group of St. Theresa, by Bernini, who “sinks in an hysterical faint on a marble cloud, with an amorous angel plunging the arrow (of divine love) into her heart” (Lübke).
15. A Russian religious sect.
16. Westermarck (op. cit., p. 211), after a careful review of the evidence, says: “These facts appear to prove that the feeling of shame, far from being the original cause of man’s covering his body, is, on the contrary, a result of this custom; and that the covering, if not used as a protection from climate, owes its origin, at least in a great many cases, to the desire of men and women to make themselves attractive.”—Trans.
17. This is not literally the case. “It is expressly stated, of the women of several savage peoples, that they are less desirous of self-decoration than the men.”—Westermarck, op. cit., p. 184. And the same writer (p. 182) says that “it is a common notion that women are by nature vainer and more addicted to dressing and decorating themselves than men. This certainly does not hold good for savage and barbarous peoples in general.”—Trans.
18. Comp. Max Müller, who derives the word fetich etymologically from factitious (artificial, an insignificant thing).
19. Deutsches Montagsblatt, Berlin, August 20, 1888.
20. Magnan’s “spinal cérébral postérieur,” who finds pleasure in every woman, and on whom every woman looks with favor, has only desire to satisfy his lust. Purchased or forced love is not real love (Mantegazza). The one who originated the saying, “Sublata lucerna nullum discrimen inter feminas,” must have been a cynic indeed. Power in a man to perform love’s act is no proof that this makes possible the greatest pleasure of love. There are, indeed, urnings who are potent for women,—men who do not love their wives, but who are still able to perform the marital “duty.” In most cases of this kind, indeed, there is no lustful pleasure; it is essentially a kind of onanistic act, for the most part made possible by means of help of imagination that calls up another beloved person. By this deception sensual pleasure can be induced, but this rudimentary psychical satisfaction is the result of a mental trick, just as in solitary onanism, where fancy has to assist in order to induce sensual pleasure. As a rule, the degree of orgasm necessary as a means to the attainment of lustful pleasure seems attainable only when the imagination intervenes. Where mental impediments exist (indifference, repugnance, disgust, fear of infection or pregnancy, etc.), sensual pleasure seems usually wanting.
21. “The important part played by the hair of the head as a stimulant of sexual passion appears in a curious way from Mr. Sibree’s account of King Radàma’s attempt to introduce European customs among the Hovas of Madagascar. As soon as he had adopted the military tactics of the English, he ordered that all his officers and soldiers should have their hair cut, but this command produced so great a disturbance among the women of the capital that they assembled in great numbers to protest against the king’s order, and could not be quieted until they were surrounded by troops, and their leaders cruelly speared.”—Westermarck, op. cit.
Here male hair was a physiological fetich of females. It represents a relation of the sexes that civilization has gradually reversed. While in civilized society woman exercises her ingenuity to increase her attractiveness, among savages it is the men who are anxious to increase their physical charms. This reversal of the primitive relation is a very interesting fact, and is probably to be explained by the transference of the “liberty of choice” from woman to man which civilization has gradually induced. Westermarck (op. cit., p. 185) says: “It should be noted that it is, as a rule, the man only that runs the risk of being obliged to lead a single life. Hence it is obvious that, to the best of his ability, he must endeavor to be taken into favor by making himself as attractive as possible. In civilized Europe, on the other hand, the opposite occurs. Here it is the woman that has the greatest difficulty in getting married, and she is also the vainer of the two.”—Trans.
22. The olfactory centre is presumed by Ferrier (“Functions of the Brain”) to be in the region of the gyrus uncinatus. Zuckerkandl (“Ueber das Riechcentrum,” 1887), from researches in comparative anatomy, concludes that the olfactory centre has its seat in Ammon’s horn.
23. Comp. Laycock, who (“Nervous Diseases of Women,” 1840) found that in women the love for musk and similar perfumes was related to sexual excitement.
24. Also in the insanity of gestation.—Trans.
25. The following case, reported by Binet, seems to be in opposition to this idea. Unfortunately nothing is said concerning the mental characteristics of the person. In any event, it is certainly confirmatory of the relations existing between the olfactory and sexual senses:—
D., a medical student, was seated on a bench in a public park, reading a book (on pathology). Suddenly a violent erection disturbed him. He looked up and noticed that a lady, redolent with perfume, had taken a seat upon the other end of the bench. D. could attribute the erection to nothing but the unconscious olfactory impression made upon him.
26. Meibomius, “De flagiorum usu in re medica,” London, 1765; Boileau, “The History of the Flagellants,” London, 1783.
27. Comp. Roubaud, “Traité de l’impuissance et de la stérilité.” Paris, 1878.
28. Literature: Parent-Duchatelet, Prostitution dans la ville de Paris, 1837.—Rosenbaum, Entstehung der Syphilis, Halle, 1839; also, Die Lustseuche im Alterthum, Halle, 1839.—Descuret, La médecine des passions, Paris, 1860.—Casper, Klin. Novellen, 1863.—Bastian, Der Mensch in der Geschichte.—Friedländer, Sittengeschichte Roms.—Wiedemeister, Cäsarenwahnsinn.—Scherr, Deutsche Cultur-und Sittengeschichte, Bd. i, Cap. 9.—Tardieu, Des attentats aux mœurs., 7 édit., 1878.—Emminghaus, Psychopathol., pp. 98, 225, 230, 232.—Schüle, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 114.—Marc, Die Geisteskrankheiten, übers v. Ideler, ii, p. 128.—v. Krafft, Lehrb. der Psychiatrie, 4 Aufl., i, p. 90; Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 Aufl., p. 234; Archiv f. Psychiatrie, vii, 2.—Moreau, Des aberrations du sens génésique, Paris, 1880.—Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie, xxxix, Heft 2 u. 3.—Lombroso, Geschlechtstrieb u. Verbrechen in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen (Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. xxx.).—Tarnowsky, Die krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinns, Berlin, 1886.—Ball, La Folie érotique, Paris, 1888.—Serieux, Recherches cliniques sur les anomalies de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1888.—Hammond, Sexual Impotence.
29. Vide Ultzmann, Genito-Urinary Neuroses in the Male (published by The F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia), for discussion of peripheral neuroses.
30. An interesting example of how an imperative conception of non-sexual content can exert an influence is related by Magnan (Ann. méd. psych., 1885): Student, aged 21, strongly predisposed hereditarily, previously a masturbator, constantly struggles with the number 13 as an imperative conception. As soon as he attempts coitus the imperative idea inhibits erection and makes the act impossible.
31. Louyer-Villermay speaks of masturbation in a girl of 3 or 4 years, and Moreau (“Aberrations du sens génésique,” 2 édit., p. 209) of the same in one of 2 years. See, further, Maudsley, “Physiology and Pathology of Mind;” Hirschsprung (Kopenhagen), Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1866, Nr. 38; Lombroso, “The Criminal,” Cases 10, 19, and 21.
32. Comp. Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. xxxix. Legrand du Saulle, Annal. d’hyg., 1868, Oct.
33. The translator has lately seen a case of this kind that illustrates the lack of care taken by our criminal courts. A very infirm man, aged 55 to 60, under favoring circumstances, made an unsuccessful sexual assault on a girl aged about 18. At his trial he made full confession, and explained his act as due to ordinary sinfulness. He was the father of a family and living with his wife, and up to that time blameless sexually. He was sentenced to five years of hard labor! He was incapable of almost the lightest work. Conversation with him while in jail showed at once that he was well advanced in senile dementia. Legal question concerning his mental condition was not raised,—because he confessed, probably!
34. Cases, vide Laségue: “Les exhibitionistes,” Union médicale, 1877, May 1st.
35. Legrand du Saulle, La folie devant les tribunaux, p. 530.
36. Kirn, Maschka’s Handb. d. ger. Med., pp. 373, 374; Allg. Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, Bd. xxxix, p. 220.
37. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 1859, B. ii, p. 461 et seq.
38. “Ueber männliche Sterilität,” Wiener med. Presse, 1878, Nr. 1. “Ueber Potentia generandi et coeundi,” Wiener Klinik, 1885, Heft 1, S. 5. Translated under the title of Genito-Urinary Neuroses, etc. The F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia.
39. In individuals in whom intense sexual hyperæsthesia is associated with acquired irritable weakness of the sexual apparatus, it is possible that simply at the sight of a pleasing female figure, without peripheral irritation of the genitals, not only the mechanism of erection, but also that of ejaculation, may be excited to action from the psycho-sexual centre. For such individuals, all that is necessary to induce orgasm, or even ejaculation, is to imagine themselves in a sexual situation with a female that sits opposite them in railway-coupé or drawing-room. Hammond (op. cit., p. 40) describes several cases of this kind that came to him for treatment for impotence that followed; and he mentions that these individuals used the term “ideal coitus” for the act. Dr. Moll, of Berlin, told me of a similar case; and in this instance the same designation was chosen for the act.
40. So named from the notorious Marquis de Sade, whose obscene novels treated of lust and cruelty. In French literature the expression “Sadism” has been applied to this perversion.
41. U. A. Novalis, in his “Fragments”; Görres, “Christliche Mystik,” Bd. iii, p. 460.
42. Comp. also Alfred deMusset’s famous verses to the Andalusian girl:—
“Qu’elle est superbe en son désordre—quand elle tombe les seins nus—
Qu’on la voit, béante, se tordre—dans un baiser de rage et mordre—
En hurlant des mots inconnus!”
43. During the excitement of battle the idea of lust forces its way into consciousness. Comp. the description of a battle by a soldier, by Grillparzer:—
“And as the signal rang out, the armies met, breast to breast—lust of the gods!—here, there, the murderous steel slays enemy, friend. Given and taken—death and life—with wavering change—wildly raging in frenzy.”
44. Schulz (Wiener Med. Wochenschrift, No. 49, 1869) reports a remarkable case of a man, aged 28, who could perform coitus with his wife only after working himself into an artificial fit of anger.
45. Concerning analogous acts in rutting animals, vide Lombroso, “The Criminal.”
46. Among animals it is always the male who pursues the female with proffers of love. Playful or actual flight of the female is not infrequently observed; and then the relation is like that between the beast of prey and the victim.
47. The conquest of woman takes place to-day in the social form of courting, in seduction and deception. From the history of civilization and anthropology we know that there have been times, as there are savages to-day that practice it, where brutal force, robbery, or even blows that made a woman powerless, were made use of to obtain love’s desire. It is possible that tendencies to such outbreaks of sadism are atavistic.
48. In the Jahrbücher für Psychologie, ii, p. 128, Schäfer (Jena) refers to the reports of two cases by A. Payer. In the first case states of great sexual excitement were induced by the sight of battles or of paintings of them; in the second, by cruel torturing of small animals (vide Case 24). It is added: “The pleasure of battle and murder is so predominantly an attribute of the male sex throughout the animal kingdom, that there can be no question about the close relation existing between this side of the masculine character and male sexuality. I believe, too, that by unprejudiced observation I can show that, in men who are absolutely normal mentally and physically, the first indefinite and incomprehensible precursors of sexual excitement may be induced by reading exciting scenes of the chase and war,—i.e., they give rise to unconscious longings for a kind of satisfaction in warlike games (wrestling), in which, also, the fundamental sexual impulse to the most perfect and intense contact with a companion is expressed, with the more or less clearly defined secondary thought of conquest.”
49. It sometimes happens that an accidental sight of blood, etc., is what first excites the preformed psychical mechanism of the sadistic individual, and awakens the instinct.
50. Comp. Metzger’s ger. Arzneiw., herausgegeben von Remer, p. 539; Klein’s Annalen, x, p. 176, xviii, p. 311; Heinroth, System der psych, ger. Med., p. 270; Neuer Pitaval, 1855, 23, Th. (Fall Blaize Ferrage).
51. Comp. Spitzka, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, December, 1888; Kiernan, The Medical Standard, November, December, 1888.
52. Simon (Crimes et Délits, p. 209) mentions an experience of Lacassagne’s, to whom a respectable man said that he was never intensely excited sexually except when a spectator at a funeral.
53. Taxil (op. cit.) gives more detailed accounts of this sexual monster, which must have been a case of habitual satyriasis, accompanied by perverse sexual instinct. Sade was so cynical that he actually sought to idealize his cruel lasciviousness, and become the apostle of a theory based upon it. He became so bad (among other things he made an invited company of ladies and gentlemen erotic by causing to be served to them chocolate bon-bons which contained cantharides) that he was committed to the insane asylum at Charenton. During the revolution of 1790, he escaped. Then he wrote obscene novels filled with lust, cruelty, and the most obscene scenes. When Bonaparte became Consul, Sade made him a present of his novels magnificently bound. The Consul had the works destroyed, and the author committed to Charenton again, where he died, at the age of sixty-four.
54. Comp. Krauss, Psychologie des Verbrechens, 1884, p. 188; Dr. Hofer, Annalen der Staatsarzneikunde, 6 Jahrgang, Heft 2; Schmidt’s Jahrbücher, Bd. lix, p. 94.
55. According to newspaper reports, in December, 1890, several similar attacks were made in Mainz. A young fellow between fourteen and sixteen years old pressed against women and girls and stabbed them in the legs with a sharp-pointed instrument. He was arrested, and seemed to be insane. Further details of the case are not known.
56. Leo Taxil (La Corruption, Paris, Noiret, p. 223) makes the same statements. There are also men who demand introductio linguæ meretricis in anum.
57. Leo Taxil (op. cit., p. 234) relates that in Parisian brothels instruments are kept ready which look like knouts, but which are merely tubes filled with air, such as clowns use in circuses. Sadistic men use them to create for themselves the illusion that they are whipping women.
58. The legend is especially spread throughout the Balkan peninsula. Among the Greeks it has its origin in the myth of the lamiæ and marmolykes,—blood-sucking women. Goethe made use of this in his “Bride of Corinth.” The verses referring to vampirism, “suck thy heart’s blood,” etc., can be thoroughly understood only when compared with their ancient sources.
59. In the latest literature we find the matter treated, but particularly in Sacher-Masoch’s novels, which are hereafter to be alluded to, and in Ernest von Wildenbruch’s “Brunhilde,” Rachilde’s “La Marquise de Sade,” etc.
60. So named from the writer, Sacher-Masoch, whose romances and novels have as their particular object the description of this perversion.
61. Comp., supra, Introduction, p. 28.
62. The author’s “Neue Forschungen auf d. Gebiet d. Psychopathia Sexualis,” Stuttgart, 1891, which is, for the most part, incorporated in this edition of “Psychopathia Sexualis.”
63. This difference of courage in the face of events in nature, on the one hand, and in the face of personal conflict, on the other, is certainly remarkable (comp. Case 44), even though it is the only indication of effemination mentioned in this case.
64. Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society, quoted in the Alienist and Neurologist, 1883, p. 345.
65. “To be at the feet of an imperious mistress; to obey her orders; to be compelled to sue her for pardon,—these things are my most intense delight.”
66. “Never daring to express my desire, I at least gave it rein under circumstances that served to preserve in me the idea of it.”
67. “What Rousseau loves in women is not only the frowning brow, the threatening hand, the angry glance, the imperious attitude, but it is also the emotional state of which these are the objective translation; he loves the fierce, disdainful woman who crushes him at her feet with the weight of her royal displeasure.”
68. However, the domain of masochism must be sharply differentiated from the principal subject of that work, which is, that love contains an element of suffering. Unrequited love has always been described as “sweet, but sorrowful;” and poets have spoken of “blissful pain” or “painful bliss.” This must not, as it is by Z., be confounded with the manifestations of masochism, any more than the characterization of an unyielding lover as “cruel” should be. It is remarkable, however, that Hamerling (“Amor und Psyche,” iv, Gesang) uses perfect masochistic pictures, flagellation, etc., to express this feeling.
69. The desire to be trod upon also occurs in religious enthusiasts (comp. Turgenjew, “Sonderbare Geschichten”).
70. In this story the writer describes a man whose greatest pleasure lies in being treated like a slave by a beautiful woman, whom he loves. Besides numerous scenes in which the man is whipped by the woman, there are others in which he is trod upon by her. It is this act that forms the principal means of excitement in the case above described.
71. In Continental hotels the guests are accustomed to put their shoes in the corridors at night, to be cleaned.
72. However, against the theory that foot- and shoe-fetichism is a manifestation of (latent) masochism, Dr. Moll (op. cit., p. 136) raises the objection that it is still unexplained why the fetichist so often prefers boots with high heels, then boots and shoes of a particular kind—buttoned or laced. To this objection it may be remarked that, in the first place, the high heels characterize the shoes as feminine; and, in the second place, that in spite of the sexual character of his inclination, the fetichist demands all kinds of æsthetic qualities in his fetich (comp. Case 90).
73. There is apparently a connection between foot-fetichism and the fact that certain persons of this kind, whom coitus does not satisfy, or who are unable to perform it, find a substitute for it in tritus membri inter pedes mulieris.
74. Analogy with the excesses of religious enthusiasm is found even here. The religious enthusiast, Antoinette Bouvignon de la Porte, mixed her food with fæces to punish herself (Zimmermann, op. cit., p. 124). The beatified Marie Alacoque, to “mortify” herself, licked up with her tongue the dejections of patients, and sucked their toes covered with sores.
75. The laws of the early Middle Ages gave the husband the right to kill the wife; those of the later Middle Ages, the right to beat her. The latter right was used freely, even by those of high standing (comp. Schultze, Das höfische Leben zur Zeit des Minnesangs, Bd. i, p. 163 et seq.). Yet, by the side of this, the paradoxical chivalry of the Middle Ages stands unexplained.
76. Comp. Lady Milford’s words in Schiller’s “Kabale und Liebe”: “We women can only choose between ruling and serving; but the highest pleasure power affords is but a miserable substitute, if the greater joy of being the slaves of a man we love is denied us!”
77. Anthony and Cleopatra, v. 2.
78. Comp. the author’s article, “über geschlechtliche Hörigkeit und Masochismus,” in the Psychiatrischen Jahrbücher, Bd. x, p. 169 et seq., where this subject is treated in detail, and particularly from the forensic stand-point.
79. The expressions “slave” and “slavery,” though often used metaphorically under such circumstances, are avoided here because they are the favorite expressions of masochism, from which this “bondage” must be strictly differentiated.
The expression “bondage” is not to be construed to mean J. S. Mill’s “Bondage of Woman.” What Mill designates with this expression are laws and customs, social and historical facts. Here, however, we always speak of facts having peculiar individual motives that even conflict with prevalent customs and laws.
80. Perhaps the most important element is, that by the habit of submission a kind of mechanical obedience, without consciousness of its motives, which operates with automatic certainty, may be established, having no opposing motives to contend with, because it lies beyond the threshold of consciousness; and it may be used by the dominant individual like an inanimate instrument.
81. Sexual bondage, of course, plays a rôle in all literatures. Indeed, for the poet, the extraordinary manifestations of the sexual life that are not perverse form a rich and open field. The most celebrated description of masculine “bondage” is that by Abbé Prévost, “Mano Lescault.” An excellent description of feminine “bondage” is that of “Leone Leoni,” by George Sand. But first of all comes Kleist’s “Käthchen von Heilbronn,” who himself called it the counterpart of (sadistic) “Penthesilea.” Halm’s “Griseldis” and many other similar poems also belong here.
82. Cases may occur in which the sexual bondage is expressed in the same acts that are common in masochism. When rough men whip their wives, and the latter suffer for love, without, however, having a desire for blows, we have a pseudo form of bondage that may simulate masochism.
83. It is very interesting, and dependent upon the nature of bondage and masochism, which essentially correspond in external effects, that to illustrate the former certain playful, metaphorical expressions are in general use; such as “slavery,” “to bear chains,” “bound,” “to hold the whip over,” “to harness to the triumphal car,” “to lie at the feet,” “hen-pecked,” etc.,—all things which, literally carried out, form the objects of the masochist’s desire. Such similes are frequently used in daily life and have become trite. They are derived from the language of poetry. Poetry has always recognized, within the general idea of the passion of love, the element of dependence in the lover, who practices self-sacrifice spontaneously or of necessity. The facts of “bondage” have also always presented themselves to the poetical imagination. When the poet chooses such expressions as those mentioned, to picture the dependence of the lover in striking similes, he proceeds exactly as does the masochist, who, to intensify the idea of his dependence (his ultimate aim), creates such situations in reality. In ancient poetry, the expression “domina” is used to signify the loved one, with a preference for the simile of “casting in chains” (e.g., Horace, Od. iv, 11). From antiquity through all the centuries to our own times (comp. Grillparzer, “Ottokar,” Act v: “To rule is sweet, almost as sweet as to obey”), the poetry of love is filled with similar phrases and similes. The history of the word “mistress” is also interesting. But poetry reacts on life. It is probable that the courtly chivalry of the Middle Ages arose in this way. In its reverence for women as “mistresses” in society and in individual love-relations; its transference of the relations of feudalism and vassalage to the relation between the knight and his lady; its submission to all feminine whims; its love-tests and vows; its duty of obedience to every command of the lady,—in all this, chivalry appears as a systematic, poetical development of the “bondage” of love. Certain extreme manifestations, like the deeds and suffering of Ulrich von Lichtenstein or Pierre Vidal in the service of their ladies; or the practice of the fraternity of the “Galois” in France, whose members sought martyrdom in love and subjected themselves to all kinds of suffering,—these clearly have a masochistic character, and demonstrate the natural transformation of one phenomenon into the other.
84. If it be considered that, as shown above, “sexual bondage” is a phenomenon observed much more frequently and in a more pronounced degree in the female sex than in the male, the thought arises that masochism (if not always, at least as a rule) is an inheritance of the “bondage” of feminine experience. Thus it comes into a relation—though distant—with contrary sexual instinct, as a transference to the male of a perversion really belonging to the female. This conception of masochism as a rudimentary contrary sexual instinct, as a partial effemination, here affecting only the secondary sexual character of the vita sexualis (a theory still more unconditionally expressed in the sixth edition of this work) finds its support in the statements of the subjects of Case 44 and Case 50, who present other features of effemination, and give as their ideal a relatively old woman who seeks and wins them; and, further, in the fact that the (potent) masochist prefers the rôle of succubus, as shown by statements referring to this.
It must, however, be emphasized that “bondage” also plays no unimportant rôle in the masculine vita sexualis, and that masochism in man may also be explained without any such transference of feminine elements. It must also be remembered here that masochism, as well as its counterpart, sadism, occurs in irregular combination with contrary sexual instinct.
85. Of course, both have to contend with opposing ethical and æsthetic motives in foro interno. After these have been overcome and sadism appears, it immediately comes in conflict with the law. This is not the case with masochism; which accounts for the greater frequency of masochistic acts. But the instinct of self-preservation and fear of pain oppose the realization of the latter. The practical significance of masochism lies only in its relations to psychical impotence; while that of sadism lies beyond that, and is principally forensic.
86. Every attempt to explain the facts of either sadism or masochism, owing to the close connection of the two phenomena demonstrated here, must also be suited to explain the other perversion. An attempt to offer an explanation of sadism, by J. G. Kiernan (Chicago) (vide “Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Appetite,” Alienist and Neurologist, St. Louis, April, 1891) meets this requirement, and for this reason may be briefly mentioned here. Kiernan, who has several authorities in Anglo-American literature for his theory, starts from the assumption of several naturalists (Dallinger, Drysdale, Rolph, Cleukowsky) which conceives the so-called conjugation, a sexual act in certain low forms of animal life, to be cannibalism, a devouring of the partner in the act. He brings into immediate connection with this the well-known facts that at the time of sexual union crabs tear limbs from their bodies and spiders bite off the heads of the males, and other sadistic acts performed by rutting animals with their consorts. From this he passes to lust-murder and other lustful acts of cruelty in man, and assumes that hunger and the sexual appetite are, in their origin, identical; that the sexual cannibalism of lower forms of animal life has an influence in higher forms and in man, and that sadism is an example of atavism.
This explanation of sadism would, of course, also explain masochism; for if the origin of sexual intercourse is to be sought in cannibalistic processes, then both the survival of one sex and the destruction of the other would fulfill the purpose of nature, and thus the instinctive desire to be the victim would be explained. But it must be stated in objection that the basis of this reasoning is insufficient. The extremely complicated process of conjugation in lower organisms, into which science has really penetrated only during the last few years, is by no means to be regarded as simply a devouring of one individual by another (comp. Weismann, Die Bedeutung der Sexuellen Fortpflanzung für die Selectionstheorie, p. 51, Jena, 1886).
87. In Zola’s “Therese Raquin,” where the lover repeatedly kisses his mistress’s boot, the case is quite different from that of shoe- and boot-fetichists, who, at the sight of every boot worn by a lady, or even alone, are thrown into sexual excitement, even to the extent of ejaculation.
88. Though Binet (op. cit.) declares that every sexual perversion, without exception, depends upon such an “accident acting on a predisposed subject” (where, under predisposition, only hyperæsthesia in general is understood), yet such an assumption for other perversions than fetichism is neither necessary nor satisfactory. For example, it is not clear how the sight of another’s punishment could excite sexually even a very excitable individual, if the physiological relationship of lust and cruelty had not been developed into original sadism in an abnormally excitable individual.
89. When young husbands who have associated much with prostitutes feel impotent in the face of the chastity of their young wives—a thing that frequently occurs—the condition may be regarded as a kind of (psychical) fetichism in a wider sense. One of my patients was never potent with his beautiful and chaste young wife, because he was accustomed to the lascivious methods of prostitutes. When he now and then attempted coitus with puellis he was perfectly potent. Hammond (op. cit.) reports a very similar interesting case. Of course, in such cases, a bad conscience and hypochondriacal fear of impotence play an important part.
90. A kind of rudimentary sadism in L. and masochism in N.
91. Great sexual hyperæsthesia. Comp. note on p. 50.
92. This is also sexual hyperæsthesia. Any intense excitement affects the sexual sphere (Binet’s “dynamogénie générale”). Concerning this, Dr. Moll communicates the following case: “A similar thing is described by Mr. E., aged 27; merchant. While at school, and afterward, he often had ejaculation with pleasurable feeling when he was seized with a feeling of intense anxiety. Besides, almost every other physical or mental pain exerted a similar influence. E., as he states, has a normal sexual instinct, but suffers with nervous impotence.”
93. Phila. Med. and Surg. Rep., Sept. 7, 1889.
94. This case was originally reported by Dr. A. R. Reynolds, Chicago (Western Med. Reporter, Nov., 1888).
95. Moll (op. cit. p. 131) reports: “A man, X., becomes intensely excited sexually whenever he sees a woman with the hair in a braid; loose hair, no matter how beautiful, cannot produce this effect.”
Of course, it is not justifiable to consider all hair-despoilers fetichists, for in a few cases such acts are done for the purpose of gain,—i.e., the stolen hair is not a fetich.
96. Magnan (Arch, de Neurologie, vol. xxxiii, No. 69, 1892) gives the details of a case of sexual perversion in a degenerate individual, where the elements of fetichism and sadism were combined, and faute de mieux the sadistic impulse found satisfaction in self-mutilation. The perverse impulse began at the age of six; the sight of a boy or girl with a delicate, white skin awakened in him sexual appetite, with a desire to bite and eat a piece of the skin. While caressing a horse, the impulse to bite the soft skin of its nostrils arose, and afterward the memory of this became associated with the act of onanism. Later, he began to prick himself with pins, knives, etc., while masturbating. The desire to bite and eat skin was also provoked by the sight of shining blades, like those of scissors. He was always able to resist the impulse to attack young girls; but the struggle was hard, and for eight months he hesitated before venting his passion on his own person. He was finally arrested in the act of cutting a large piece of skin from his arm with scissors. Asked the motive of his self-mutilation, he stated that for several hours he had been following a young girl who had a fine, white skin, and was burning with desire to cut out a piece of it and eat it. On his person there were many scars of previous mutilations. The impulse was devoid of natural sexual desire. Chewing the piece of skin provoked ejaculation.—Trans.
97. The frequent changes of style of dress which fashion dictates may be referred to a physiological law. The reaction of the nervous system to a constant stimulus diminishes in proportion to the duration of the action of the stimulus. Constant association with nudity removes its power to excite sexually. Owing to this, the savage endeavors to attract attention by changing his physical peculiarities; he dresses his hair in some remarkable way, or paints his body; then he tattooes his skin, or performs striking self-mutilation, such as half-castration and circumcision (comp. Westermarck, op. cit., p. 205). Finally, mutilation is replaced by movable appendages, upon which ornaments are worn; and thus there is afforded opportunity for change, in obedience to the unconscious physiological requirement, which is called a “taste for change.” Undoubtedly, woman’s desire for changes of fashion is primarily dependent upon man’s desire to be pleased; and her function in this direction has certainly been transferred from him to her by civilization (comp. p. 16).—Trans.
98. Comp: Goethe’s remarks about his adventure in Geneva (“Briefe aus der Schweiz,” 1. Abtheil., Schluss).
99. The fact that the partly-veiled form is often more charming than when it is perfectly nude, is, as far as object goes, similar, but quite different psychically. This depends upon the effect of contrast and expectation, which are common phenomena, and in no sense pathological.
100. On page 124 (op. cit.) Dr. Moll writes concerning this impulse in hetero-sexual individuals: “The passion for handkerchiefs may go so far that the man is entirely under their control. A woman tells me: ‘I know a certain gentleman, and when I see him at a distance I only need to draw out my handkerchief so that it peeps out of my pocket, and I am certain that he will follow me as a dog follows its master. Go where I please, this gentleman will follow me. He may be riding in a carriage or engaged in important business, and yet, when he sees my handkerchief he drops everything in order to follow me,—i.e., my handkerchief.’”
101. Garnier (Anomalies Sexuelles, Paris, pp. 508, 509) reports two cases (Cases 222 and 223) that are apparently opposed to this assumption, particularly the first, in which despair about the unfaithfulness of a lover led the individual to submit to the seductions of men. But the case itself clearly shows that this individual never found pleasure in homo-sexual acts. In Case 223, the individual was effeminated ab origine, or was at least a psychical hermaphrodite.
Those who hold to the opinion that the origin of homo-sexual feelings and instinct is found to be exclusively in defective education and other psychological influences are entirely in error.
An untainted male may be raised never so much like a female, and a female like a male, but they will not become homo-sexual. The natural disposition is the determining condition; not education and other accidental circumstances, like seduction. There can be no thought of contrary sexual instinct save when the person of the same sex exerts a psycho-sexual influence on the individual, and thus brings about libido and orgasm,—i.e., has a psychical attraction. Those cases are quite different in which, faute de mieux, with great sensuality and a defective æsthetic sense, the body of a person of the same sex is used for an onanistic act (not for coitus in a psychical sense).
In his excellent monograph, Moll shows very clearly and convincingly the importance of original predisposition in contrast with exciting causes (comp. op. cit., pp. 156–175). He knows “many cases where early sexual intercourse with men was not capable of inducing perversion.” Moll significantly says, further: “I know of such an epidemic (of mutual onanism) in a Berlin school, where a person who is now an actor shamelessly introduced mutual onanism. Though I now know the names of very many urnings in Berlin, yet I could not ascertain, even with anything like probability, that among all the scholars of that school at that time there was one that had become an urning; but, on the other hand, I have quite certain knowledge that many of those scholars are now normal sexually, in feeling and intercourse.”
102. Comp, author’s Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism, 1889. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.
103. Comp. Sprengel, “Apologie des Hippokrates,” Leipzig, 1792, p. 611; Friedreich, “Literärgeschichte der psych. Krankheiten,” 1830, p. 31; Lallemand, “Des pertes séminales,” Paris, 1836, i, p. 581; Nysten, “Dictionn. de médecine,” xi édit., Paris, 1858, Art. “éviration et Maladie des Scythes”; Marandon, “De la maladie des Scythes”; “Annal. médico-psychol.,” 1877, Mars, p. 161; Hammond, American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, August, 1882.
104. The following description of the “bote” is taken from Dr. J. G. Kiernan’s article on “Responsibility in Sexual Perversion,” read before the Chicago Medical Society, March 7, 1892: “In accordance with the well-known physiological law, that too frequent excitation of a nerve exhausts the reaction of that nerve to that excitant, sexual excess exhausts the normal reaction, whence it occurs that abnormal stimulus is required and the vice type of sexual perversion results. Such vice types crop up among savages. Dr. A. B. Holder (N. Y. Med. Jour., 1889) describes a sexual pervert called the ‘bote’ by the Montana and the ‘burdach’ by the Washington Indians. Such a pervert is found among all the tribes of the Northwest. Like all other sexual perverts, these ‘botes’ can recognize each other. Dr. Holder has found that the ‘bote’ wears the squaw dress, parts his hair like a squaw, and assumes feminine speech and manners. Their features are often masculine. In childhood feminine dress and manners are assumed, but not until puberty do ‘bote’ practices result. These consist in taking the male organ of the active party in the lips of the ‘bote,’ who experiences the sexual orgasm at the same time. A ‘bote’ examined by Dr. Holder was a splendidly formed fellow, of prepossessing face, in perfect health, active in movement, and happy in disposition. By offering payment, he induced him to submit himself, though with considerable reluctance, to a thorough examination. He was five feet eight inches high, weighed one hundred and fifty-eight pounds, and had a frank, intelligent face,—being an Indian, of course beardless. He was thirty-three years of age, and had worn woman’s dress for twenty-eight years. His dress was the usual dress of the Indian female, consisting of four articles,—a single dress or gown of half a dozen yards of cloth, made loose with wide sleeves, and skirt reaching to the ankles, the skirt and body of one piece, very much like the ‘Mother Hubbard’ negligée worn by ladies; a beaded belt loosely confining this at the waist; stockings from government annuity goods, and buckskin moccasins extending above the ankles. The hair, twenty-four or twenty-six inches long, was parted in the centre and allowed to hang loose in two masses behind the shoulders. Since among the Sioux and some other tribes it is usual for men to wear their hair in this way, it is well to observe that in this tribe (Absaroke) the men usually wear the hair in long braids, and always part it on the side and ‘roach’ the front. His skin was smooth and free from hair, there being absolutely none on the legs, arms, or breast, or in the arm-pits. This is of no special significance, as male and female Indians are both free from hair on these parts of the body. The mammæ were as rudimentary as those of the male. When he removed his dress he threw his thighs together so as to completely conceal the organs, whether male or female; such a movement is made by timid women under examination,—a movement usually successful in the female, owing to the non-projecting character of the genitals and to the rotundity of the thighs; but not usually easy, for the reverse reasons, in the male. In this the ‘bote’—either from the conformation of the thighs, which had the feminine rotundity, or from skill acquired by habit—succeeded completely. When he separated his thighs, male organs came into view, in size perhaps not quite so large as the physique of the man would indicate, but in position and shape altogether normal. The penis was flaccid. The ’bote’ in habits very closely resembles a class described by Hippocrates among the Scythians of Caucasus, called by the Greeks anandreis, a word strikingly similar in meaning to ’bote.’”—Trans.
105. Bibliography (besides works mentioned hereafter): Tardieu, Des attentats aux moeurs, 7 édit., 1878, p. 210.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., 3 Aufl., pp. 172, 850.—Gley, Revue philosophique, 1884, Nr. 1.—Magnan, Annal. med.-psychol., 1885, p. 458.—Shaw and Ferris, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1883, April.—Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, Berlin (Volksbuchhandlung), 1882.—Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexual, Paris, 1885.—Ritti, Gaz. hebdom. de médecine et de chirurg., 1878, 4. Januar.—Tamassia, Rivista sperim, 1878, pp. 97–117.—Lombroso, Archiv. di Psichiatr., 1881.—Charcot et Magnan, Archiv. de neurologie, 1882, Nr. 7, 12.—Moll, Die conträre Sexualempfindung, Berlin, 1891 (numerous bibliographic references).—Chevalier, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle, vol. v, No 27; vol. vi, No. 31.—Reuss, “Aberrations du sens générique,” Annales d’hygiène publique, 1886.—Saury, Étude clinique sur la folie héréditaire, 1886.—Brouardel, Gaz. des hôpiteaux, 1886 and 1887.—Tilier, L’instinct sexuel chez l’homme et chez les animaux, 1889.—Carlier, Les deux prostitutions, 1887.—Lacassagne, art. “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. encyclopédique.—Vibert, art. “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. méd. et de chirurgie.
106. Dr. Moll, of Berlin, called my attention to the fact that in Moritz’s Magazin f. Erfahrungsseelenkunde, vol. viii, Berlin, 1791, there are references to contrary sexual instinct in man. In fact, there two biographies of men are reported who manifested an enthusiastic love for persons of their own sex. In the second case, which is particularly noteworthy, the patient himself explains his aberration by the fact that, as a child, he was caressed only by grown persons, and, as a boy of ten or twelve years, only by his school-fellows. “This, and the want of association with persons of the opposite sex, in me, caused the natural inclination toward the female sex to be entirely diverted to the male sex. I am still quite indifferent to women.”
It cannot be determined whether such a case is one of congenital (psycho-sexual hermaphroditism?) or acquired contrary sexual instinct. The oldest case of contrary sexual instinct, that has thus far been proved in Germany, is that of a woman who was married to another, and gratified herself sexually with a leathern priapus. A case of viraginity, historically and legally interesting, derived from the legal proceedings, which took place early in the eighteenth century, is reported by Dr. Müller (Alexandersbad), in Friedrich’s Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, part iv.
107. “Vindex, Inclusa, Vindicta, Formatrix, Ara spei, Gladius furens, kritische Pfeile,” Leipzig (Otto u. Kadler), 1864–1880.
108. In male individuals: (1) Casper, Klin. Novellen, p. 36 (Lehrb. d. ger. Med., 7 Aufl., p. 176); (2) Westphal, Archiv f. Psych., ii. p. 73; (3) Schminke, id., iii, p. 225; (4) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., xix; (5) Gock, Arch. f. Psych., v., p. 564; (6) Servaes, id., vi, p. 484; (7) Westphal, id., vi, 620; (8, 9, 10) Stark, Zeitsch. f. Psychiatrie, Bd. 31; (11) Liman (Casper’s Lehrb. der ger. Med., 6 Aufl., p. 509), p. 291; (12) Legrand du Saulle, Annal. méd.-psychol., 1876, May; (13) Sterz, Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie, iii, Heft 3; (14) Krueg, Brain, 1884, Oct.; (15) Charcot et Magnan, Arch. de neurolog., 1882, Nr. 9; (16, 17, 18) Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. 39, p. 216; (19) Rabow, Erlenmeyer’s Centralb., 1883, Nr. 8; (20) Blumer, Americ. Journ. of Insanity, 1882, July; (21) Savage, Journal of Mental Science, 1884, October; (22) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., N. F. Bd. 43, Heft. 7; (23) Magnan, Ann. méd. psychol., 1885, p. 461; (24) Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1885, p. 129; (25) Morselli, La Riforma medica, iv, March; (26) Leonpacher, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1888, H. 4; (27) Holländer, Allg. Wiener Med. Zeitg., 1882; (28) Kreise, Erlenmeyer’s Centralblatt, 1888, Nr. 19; (29, 30, 31, 32) v. Krafft, Psychopathia sexualis, 3 Aufl., Beob. 32, 36, 42, 43; (33) Golenko, Russ. Archiv f. Psychiatrie, Bd. ix, H. 3 (v. Rothe, Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie); (34) v. Krafft, Internationales Centralblatt f. d. Physiol, u. Pathologie der Harn-u. Sexualorgane, Bd. 1, H. 1; (35) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, 1887, v., p. 195; (36) Sérieux, Recherches cliniques sur les anomalies de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1888, obs. 13; (37–42) Kiernan, The Medical Standard, 1888, 7 cases; (43–46) Rabow, Zeitschr. f. klin. Medicin, Bd. xvii, Suppl.; (47–51) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, Beob. (1, 3, 4, 5, 8); (52–61) v. Krafft, Psychopath. Sexualis, 5 Aufl., Beob. 53, 61, 64, 66, 73, 75, 78, 84, 85, 87; (62–65) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, 2 Aufl., Beob. 3, 4, 5,6; (66, 67) Hammond, Sexual Impotence; (68–71) Garnier, Anomalies sexuelles, 1889, Obs. 227, 228, 229, 230; (72) Müller, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1891; (73–87) v. Krafft, Psychopathia Sexualis, 6 Aufl., Beob. 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94,96, 97, 98, 101, 102.
In female individuals: (1) Westphal, Arch. f. Psych., ii, p. 73; Gock, op. cit., Nr. 1; (3) Wise, The Alienist and Neurologist, 1883, January; (4) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, 1883, p. 201; (5) Sérieux, op. cit., obs. 14; (6) Kiernan, op. cit.
109. Tarnowsky (op. cit., p. 34) records a case which shows that contrary sexual feeling, as a concomitant manifestation with neurotic degeneration, may also affect the descendants of parents having no neurotic taint. In this instance, lues of the parents played a part, as in a similar case of Scholz (Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med.), in which the perversion of the sexual desires stood in causal relation with an arrest of psychical development, caused by traumatism.
110. This supposition is overthrown by the result of the post-mortem of my case (118), where the brain-weight was 1150 grammes, and of Case 130, where it was 1175 grammes.
111. That inversion of the sexual instinct is not infrequent is proved, among other things, by the circumstance that it is frequently a subject in novels. Chevalier (op. cit.) points out in French literature, besides the novels of Balzac, like “La Passion au Desert” (treating of bestiality) and “Sarrazine” (treating of the love of a woman for a eunuch), Diderot’s “La Religieuse” (a story of one given to amor lesbicus); Balzac’s “La Fille aux Yeux d’Or” (amor lesbicus); Th. Gautier’s “Mademoiselle de Maupin”; Feydeau’s “La Comtesse de Chalis”; Flaubert’s “Salammbo,” etc. Belot’s “Mademoiselle Giraud, Ma Femme” may also be mentioned (now translated into English). It is interesting that the heroines of these (Lesbian) novels appear in the character and rôle of the husband of a lover of the same sex, and that their love is extremely passionate. Moreover, the neuropathic foundation of this sexual perversion does not escape the writers. This theme is treated, in German literature, in “Fridolin’s heimliche Ehe,” by Wilbrand; in “Brick and Brack Oder Licht in Schatten,” by Emerich Graf Stadion. The oldest urning’s romance is probably that published by Petronius at Rome, under the Empire, under the title Satyricon.
112. Comp. author’s work, “Ueber psychosexuales Zwitterthum,” in the internationalen Centralblatt f. d. Physiologie u. Pathologie der Harn und Sexualorgane, Bd. i, Heft 2.
113. This idea is supported by the statements of an unmarried urning which Dr. Moll, of Berlin, kindly communicated to me. He could report a number of cases of his acquaintance, in which married men at the same time had “relations” with men.
114. Later it became known that a near relative died insane, and, further, that eight of his parent’s children had died of acute or chronic hydrocephalus at ages ranging from one to fifteen.
115..sp 1
“Thou art like any flower, so sweet, so beautiful, so pure,” etc.
116..sp 1
“Lowering like the heavens, frowns the world on me,
Yet blest or cursed will be the fate I meet.
With trusting heart, dear friend, I think of thee!
God keep thee, dear! it would have been too sweet!
God keep thee, dear! such happiness was not to be!”
117. Comp. the expert medical opinion of this case, by Dr. Birnbacher, in Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1891, H. 1.
118. With reference to prophylaxis, the following words, which were written to me by the subject of Case 88 of the sixth edition, are noteworthy: “If it were only possible that—not as among the Spartans, where the weaklings were allowed to perish for the sake of perfect selection, in accordance with the Darwinian idea—our contrary sexual instincts might be recognized early in youth; and if it were only possible that, at this time of life, the worst of all diseases could be cured by suggestion! Probably cure could be more easily effected in youth than later.”
119. For numerous cases, v. Henke’s Zeitschr., xxiii.—Ergänzungsheft, p. 147.—Combes, Annal. méd. psychol., 1866.—Liman, Zweifelh. Geisteszustände, p. 389.—Casper-Liman, Lehrb., 7. Auflage, Fall 295.—Bartels, Friedreich’s Blätter f. gerichtl. Med., 1890, Heft 1.
120. Other cases of pederasty, v. Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 5; Combes, Annal. méd. psychol.
121. V. Sander, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. M., xviii, p. 31.—Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 27.
122. Arndt (Lehrb. d. Psych., p. 410) especially emphasizes the passionate element in epileptics: “I have known epilepsy that expressed itself in a most sensual way toward the mother, and that that rested under a suspicion on the part of fathers, concerning sexual intercourse with the mothers.” But when Arndt declares that, wherever there is a peculiarity of the sexual life, thought of an epileptic element should come into consideration, he is in error.
123. Comp. also Liman, Zweifelhafte Geisteszustände, Fall 6.—Lasègue, Exhibitionists, Union méd., 1877.—Ball and Chambert, Art. Somnambulisme (Dict. des scienc. méd., 1881).
124. Comp. the interesting cases of Marc-Ideler, ii, p. 137.—Ideler, “Grundriss der Seelenheilkunde,” ii, pp. 488–492.
125. Vide Fall Merlac, in the author’s Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 Aufl., p. 322.—Morel, Traité des malad. mentales, p. 687.—Legrand, La folie, p. 337.—Process La Roncière, in Annal. d’hyg., 1. Serie, iv; 3. Serie, xxii.
126. The incubus in the witch-trials of the Middle Ages depended on them.
127. Comp. Casper, Klin. Novellen.—Lombroso, Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. xxx.—Oettingen, Moralstatistik, p. 494.
128. Lasègue, Union Médicale, 1877, May.—Laugier, Annal d’hygiène publ., 1878, No. 106.—Pelanda, “Pornopaths,” Archivio di Psichiatria, viii.—Schuchardt, Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte, 1890, Heft 6.
129. Comp. v. Krafft, “Ueber transitorisches Irresein bei Neurasthenischen,” Irrenfreund, 1883, No. 8.
130. Dr. Moll calls this perversion (?) mixoscopia (from μιξις, cohabitation; and σκεπτειν, to look). His assumption that it is related to masochism, in that there is a stimulus for the voyeur in suffering at seeing a woman in the possession of another, does not seem to me to be justified. For further details, vide Moll, “Die conträre Sexualempfindung,” p. 137.
131. Annal. médico-psychol., 1849, p. 515; 1863, p. 57; 1864, p. 215; 1866, p. 253.
132. Comp. the cases of Tardieu, Attentats, p. 182–192.
133. Comp. Haltzendorff, Psychologie des Mords.
134. Tardieu, Attentats, Case 51, p. 188.
135. Masochism may, under certain circumstances, attain forensic importance. Modern criminal law no longer recognizes the principle, “volenti non fit injuria”; and the present Austrian statute, in § 4, says expressly: “Crimes may also be committed on persons who demand their commission on themselves.”
As Herbst (Handb. d. österr. Strafrechts., Wien, 1878, p. 72) remarks, there are, nevertheless, crimes conditioned by the absence of assent on the part of the injured individual, which cease to be such as soon as the injured individual has given consent,—e.g., theft, rape.
But Herbst also enumerates here the limitation of personal freedom (?).
Of late a decided change of views on this point has taken place. The German criminal law regards the consent of a man to his own death of such importance that a very different and much milder punishment is inflicted under such circumstances (§ 216); and it is the same in Austrian law (Austrian Abridgment, § 222). The so-called double suicide of lovers was the act considered. In bodily injury and deprivation of freedom, the consent of the victim must also receive consideration at the hands of the judge. Certainly a knowledge of masochism is of importance in making a judgment of the probability of asserted consent.
136. According to Austrian law, this crime should fall under § 411, as slight bodily injury; according to the German criminal law, it is bodily injury (comp. Liszt, p. 325).
137. Cases, vide Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Anthropologie, iii, p. 77.
138. Cases, Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 175.—Casper, Vierteljahrsschr., 1852, Bd. i.—Tardieu, Attentats.
139. Comp. Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 39, p. 217.
140. I follow the usual terminology in describing bestiality and pederasty under the general term sodomy. In Genesis (chap. xix), whence this word comes, it signifies exclusively the vice of pederasty. Later, sodomy was often used synonymously with bestiality. The moral theologians, like St. Alphons of Liguori, Gury, and others, have always distinguished correctly, i.e., in the sense of Genesis, between sodomia, i.e., concubitus cum persona ejusdem sexus, and bestialitas, i.e., concubitus cum bestia (comp. Olfus, Pastoralmedicin, p. 78).
The jurists brought confusion into the terminology by establishing a “Sodomia ratione sexus” and a “S. ratione generis.” Science, however, should assert itself as ansilla theologiæ, and return to the correct usage.
141. For interesting histories, vide Krauss, Psychol. d. Verbrechens, p. 180.—Maschka, Hdb. iii, p. 188.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., p. 180.—Rosenbaum, Die Lustseuche.
142. How difficult, unpleasant, and dangerous for the jurist judgment of these “coitus-like” acts for the establishment of the objective fact of the crime may be is well shown by an article on the punishableness of male intercourse, in the Zeitschr. f. d. gesammte Strafrechtswissenschaft., Bd. vii, Heft 1, as well as by a similar one in Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, Heft 6. Vide, further, Moll, Conträre Sexualempfindung, p. 223 et seq., and Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, Berlin, 1882.
143. For interesting histories and notes, v. Krause, Psychol. des Verbrechens, p. 174.—Tardieu, Attentats.—Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 174. This vice seems to have come through Crete from Asia to Greece, and, in the times of classic Hellas, to have been wide-spread. From there it spread to Rome, where it flourished luxuriantly. In Persia and China (where it is actually tolerated) it is wide-spread, as it also is in Europe. (Comp. Tarnowsky et al.)
144. Lombroso (Der Verbrecher, p. 20 et seq.) shows that also, in case of animals, intercourse with the same sex occurs where normal indulgence is impossible.
145. Comp. Tardieu, Attentats, p. 198.—Martineau, Deutsche Med. Zeitung, 1882, p. 9.—Virchow’s Jahrb., 1881, i, p. 533.—Coutagne, Lyon Médical, Nos. 35, 36.
146. Comp. Mayer, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1875, p. 41.—Kraussold, Melancholie und Schuld, 1884, p. 20.—Andronico, Archiv di psich. scienze penali ed anthropol. crim., vol. iii, p. 145.
147. Comp. Maschka, Hdb., iii, p. 191 (good historical notes).—Legrand, La folie, p. 521.
148. Vide Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. xiv. McMillan & Co., 1891.
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☞ INDEX ON PAGE 2.
| PAGE | |
|---|---|
| Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences | 27, 28 |
| ANATOMY. | |
| Practical Anatomy—Boenning | 4 |
| Structure of the Central Nervous System—Edinger | 8 |
| Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System—Price and Eagleton | 17 |
| Synopsis of Human Anatomy—Young | 26 |
| BACTERIOLOGY. | |
| Bacteriological Diagnosis—Eisenberg | 8 |
| CLINICAL CHARTS, ETC. | |
| Improved Clinical Charts—Bashore | 3 |
| Symptom Register & Case Rec’d—Straub | 25 |
| DOMESTIC HYGIENE, ETC. | |
| Cholera—Vought | 15 |
| The Daughter:t Her Health, Education, and Wedlock—Capp | 7 |
| Consumption:t How to Prevent it—Davis | 5 |
| Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects—Guernsey | 9 |
| Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty—Shoemaker | 22 |
| ELECTRICITY. | |
| Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery—Liebig and Rohé | 12 |
| Electricity in the Diseases of Women—Massey | 13 |
| International System of Electro-Therapeutics | 11 |
| FEVER. | |
| Fever:t its Pathology and Treatment—Hare | 10 |
| Hay Fever—Sajous | 15 |
| GYNECOLOGY. | |
| Lessons in Gynecology—Goodell | 9 |
| HEART, LUNGS, KIDNEYS, ETC. | |
| Diseases of the Heart, Lungs, and Kidneys—Davis | 7 |
| Diseases of the Heart and Circulation in Children—Keating and Edwards | 12 |
| Diabetes:t its Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment—Purdy | 17 |
| HYGIENE. | |
| Climatology of Southern California—Remondino | 18 |
| Text-Book of Hygiene—Rohé | 19 |
| MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. | |
| Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics—Bowen | 4 |
| Ointments and Oleates—Shoemaker | 22 |
| Materia Medica and Therapeutics—Shoemaker | 21 |
| International Pocket Medical Formulary—Witherstine | 25 |
| MISCELLANEOUS. | |
| History of the Life of D. Hayes Agnew, M.D., LL.D.—Adams | 29 |
| Book on the Physician Himself—Cathell | 5 |
| Oxygen—Demarquay and Wallian | 7 |
| Record-Book of Medical Examinations for Life-Insurance—Keating | 9 |
| The Medical Bulletin, Monthly | 2 |
| Physician’s Interpreter | 13 |
| Circumcision—Remondino | 18 |
| Medical Symbolism—Sozinskey | 23 |
| International Pocket Medical Formulary—Witherstine | 25 |
| The Chinese:t Medical, Political, and Social—Coltman | 6 |
| Psychopathia Sexualis—Krafft-Ebing | 29 |
| Universal Medical Journal | 26 |
| A Practical Manual of Diseases of the Skin—Rohé | 19 |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM, SPINE, ETC. | |
| Spinal Concussion—Clevenger | 6 |
| Structure of the Central Nervous System—Edinger | 8 |
| Epilepsy:t its Pathology and Treatment—Hare | 10 |
| Lectures on Nervous Diseases—Ranney | 30 |
| OBSTETRICS. | |
| Eclampsia—Michener and others | 15 |
| Obstetric Synopsis—Stewart | 24 |
| PHYSIOGNOMY. | |
| Practical and Scientific Physiognomy—Stanton | 30 |
| PHYSIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY. | |
| Physiology of Domestic Animals—Smith | 23 |
| SURGERY AND SURGICAL OPERATIONS. | |
| Tuberculosis of the Bones & Joints—Senn | 20 |
| Circumcision—Remondino | 18 |
| Principles of Surgery—Senn | 20 |
| SWEDISH MOVEMENT AND MASSAGE. | |
| Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment—Nissen | 15 |
| THROAT AND NOSE. | |
| Journal of Laryngology and Rhinology | 12 |
| Hay Fever—Sajous | 15 |
| Diseases of the Nose and Throat—Ivins | 10 |
| VENEREAL DISEASES. | |
| Syphilis To-day and in Antiquity—Buret | 4 |
| Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary System in the Male—Ultzmann | 24 |
| VETERINARY. | |
| Age of Domestic Animals—Huidekoper | 11 |
| Physiology of Domestic Animals—Smith | 23 |
| VISITING-LISTS AND ACCOUNT-BOOKS. | |
| Medical Bulletin Visiting-List or Physicians’ Call-Record | 14 |
| Physicians’ All-Requisite Account-Book | 16 |
MEDICAL BULLETIN. A Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
Edited by John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D. Bright, original, and readable. Articles by the best practical writers procurable. Every article as brief as is consistent with the preservation of its scientific value. Therapeutic Notes by the leaders of the medical profession throughout the world. These and many other unique features help to keep The Medical Bulletin in its present position as the leading low-price Medical Monthly of the world. Subscribe now.
TERMS: $1.00 a year in advance in United Stales, Canada, and Mexico. Foreign Subscription Terms: England, 5s.; France, 6 fr.; Germany, 6 marks; Japan, 1 yen; Australia, 5s.; Holland, 3 florins.
Bashore’s Improved Clinical Chart.
For the Separate Plotting of Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration. Designed for the Convenient, Accurate, and Permanent Daily Recording of Cases in Hospital and Private Practice.
By HARVEY B. BASHORE, M.D.
50 Charts, in Tablet Form. Size 8 × 12 inches. Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, 50 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; in France, 6 fr. 60.
The above diagram is a little more than one-fifth (1–5) the actual size of the chart and shows the method of plotting, the upper curve being the Temperature, the middle the Pulse, and the lower the Respiration. By this method a full record of each can easily be kept with but one color ink.
It is so arranged that all practitioners will find it an invaluable aid in the treatment of their patients.
On the back of each chart will be found ample space conveniently arranged for recording “Clinical History and Symptoms” and “Treatment.”
By its use the physician will secure such a complete record of his cases as will enable him to review them at any time. Thus he will always have at hand a source of individual improvement and benefit in the practice of his profession, the value of which can hardly be overestimated.
A Text-Book on Practical Anatomy.
Including a Section on Surgical Anatomy.
By Henry C. Boenning, M.D., Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery in the Philadelphia School of Anatomy; Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medico-Chirurgical College, etc., etc.
Fully illustrated throughout with about 200 Wood-Engravings. In one handsome Octavo volume, printed in extra-large, clear type, making it specially desirable for use in the dissecting-room. Nearly 500 pages. Substantially bound in Extra Cloth. Also in Oil-Cloth, for use in the dissecting-room without soiling.
Price, post-paid, in the United States, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid), $2.75, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20.
This work is fully illustrated throughout with clear and instructive engravings. It is not as large as the usual text-books on anatomy, nor yet so small as many of the ready remembrances, but it occupies the middle ground, and will find an acceptable place with many students.—Columbus Med. Journal.
There is not an unnecessary word in this book of nearly five hundred pages. As a typographical specimen it is elegant. Systematic, comprehensive, and intensely practical, we heartily commend it to all medical students and practitioners.—Denver Med. Times.
BOWEN
Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics.
By Cuthbert Bowen, M.D., B.A., Editor of “Notes on Practice.”
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.40, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 25.
This excellent manual comprises in its 366 pages about as much sound and valuable information on the subjects indicated in its title as could well be crowded into the compass.—St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal.
BURET
SYPHILIS In Ancient and Prehistoric Times.
With a Chapter on the Rational Treatment of Syphilis in the Nineteenth Century.
By Dr. F. Buret, Paris, France. Translated from the French, with the author’s permission, with notes, by A. H. Ohmann-Dumesnil, Professor of Dermatology and Syphilology in the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.
This volume, which is one of a series of three (the other two, treating of Syphilis in the Middle Ages and in modern times, now in active preparation), gives the most complete history of Syphilis from prehistoric times up to the Christian Era.
The subject throughout is treated in a clear, concise manner, and readers will find many things which are historically new.
In order to give some idea of the contents of this first volume, the following are cited as among the subjects treated:—
In What does Syphilis Consist? Origin of the Word Syphilis. The Age of Syphilis. Syphilis in Prehistoric Times. Tchoang.—Syphilis Among the Chinese 5000 Years Ago. Kasa.—Syphilis in Japan in the Ninth Century B.C. Syphilis Among the Ancient Egyptians, 1400 B.C. Syphilis Among the Ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. Syphilis Among the Hebrews in Biblical Times. Upadansa.—Syphilis Among the Hindoos, 1000 B.C. Sukon.—Syphilis Among the Greeks. Ficus.—Syphilis at Rome under the Cæsars. Conclusion: Rational Treatment of Syphilis in the Nineteenth Century.
The Daughter: Her Health, Education, and Wedlock.
Homely Suggestions to Mothers and Daughters.
By William M. Capp, M.D., Philadelphia. This is just such a book as a family physician would advise his lady patients to obtain and read. It answers many questions which every busy practitioner of medicine has put to him in the sick-room at a time when it is neither expedient nor wise to impart the information sought.
Handsomely bound in Extra Cloth, price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 5s. 6d; France, 6 fr. 20.
In Paper Cover (Unabridged), 50 cts., net.
In the 144 pages allotted to him he has compressed an amount of homely wisdom on the physical, mental, and moral development of the female child from birth to maturity which is to be found elsewhere in only the great book of experience. It is, of course, a book for mothers, but is one so void of offense in expression or ideas that it can safely be recommended for all whose minds are sufficiently developed to appreciate its teachings.—Philadelphia Public Ledger.
Many delicate subjects are treated with skill and in a manner which cannot strike any one as improper or bold. The absolute ignorance in which most young girls are allowed to exist, even until adult life, is often productive of much misery, both mental and physical. Quite a number of books written by physicians for popular use have been prepared in such a way that the professional man can read between the lines strong bids for popular favor, etc. These objectionable features will not be found in Dr. Capp’s brochure, and for this reason it is worthy the confidence of physicians.—Medical News.
CATHELL
Book on the Physician Himself
And Things that Concern His Reputation and Success. A New (Tenth) Edition, Author’s Last Revision.
By D. W. Cathell, M.D., Baltimore, Md. This is the author’s final revision of one of the most useful, successful, and popular medical books ever published. It has been wisely and carefully revised throughout. The well-known charming style of the author is preserved intact, while the practical value of the book is truly enhanced by the addition of much of the author’s gathered wisdom not introduced into any previous edition. The volume has been brought to perfection, as far as human effort can achieve, and though enlarged to 350 Royal Octavo Pages the price has not been increased.
Handsomely Bound in Extra Cloth, price, in the United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.00, net; in Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; in France, 12 fr. 40.
“The Physician Himself” interested me so much that I actually read it through at one sitting. It is brimful of the very best advice possible for medical men. I, for one, shall try to profit by it.—Prof. William Goodell, Philadelphia.
It is marked with good common sense and replete with excellent maxims and suggestions for the guidance of medical men.—The British Medical Journal.
We advise our readers to buy it. It will give them food for thought and show them how to and how not to achieve reputation and success.—The Medical Age.
We cannot too strongly commend it to the attention of every young doctor. Many a lesson is pleasantly and gently taught in its pages which cannot otherwise be learned unless by bitter experience.—Canada Medical Record.
Of course, one reason for its occult power is that it is written with admirable grace and precision, besides presenting the ups and downs of a physician’s life in such a natural and perfect way. The book will help any one who will read it. It tells you how to begin practice; leads you into medical ethics properly, and, carefully studied, the pages of this book will be of great benefit to the young and old.—Charlotte Medical Journal.
This book is evidently the production of an unspoiled mind and the fruit of a ripe career. I admire its pure tone and feel the value of its practical points. How I wish I could have read such a guide at the outset of my career!—Prof. James Nevins Hyde, Chicago, Ill.
“The Physician Himself” is useful alike to the tyro and the sage—the neophyte and the veteran. It is a headlight in the splendor of whose beams a multitude of our profession shall find their way to success.—Prof. J. M. Bodine, Dean University of Louisville.
We have read one of the former, and smaller, editions through very carefully, and know of no work in medical literature more profitable for perusal and possession.—Denver Medical Times.
This book will do a world of good, a good that will be far-reaching and constant, and the fact that it has reached its tenth edition proves toward a higher and yet higher teaching, that “the elevation of the profession” is a consistent and timely aim.—Chicago Clinical Review.
Spinal Concussion.
Surgically Considered as a Cause of Spinal Injury, and Neurologically Restricted To a Certain Symptom Group, For Which is Suggested the Designation Erichsen’s Disease, as One Form of the Traumatic Neuroses.
By S. V. Clevenger, M.D., Consulting Physician Reese and Alexian Hospitals; Late Pathologist County Insane Asylum, Chicago, etc.
Special features consist in a description of modern methods of diagnosis by Electricity, a discussion of the controversy concerning hysteria, and the author’s original pathological view that the lesion is one involving the spinal sympathetic nervous system.
Every Physician and Lawyer should own this work.
In one handsome Royal Octavo Volume of nearly 400 pages, with thirty Wood-Engravings.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $2.50, net; in Great Britain, 14s.; in France, 15 fr.
This work really does, if we may be permitted to use a trite and hackneyed expression, “fill a long-felt want.” The subject is treated in all its bearings; electro-diagnosis receives a large share of attention, and the chapter devoted to illustrative cases will be found to possess especial importance.—Medical Weekly Review.
COLTMAN
THE CHINESE: Their Present and Future; Medical, Political, and Social.
By Robert Coltman, Jr., M.D., Surgeon in Charge of the Presbyterian Hospital and Dispensary at Teng Chow Fu; Consulting Physician of the American Southern Baptist Mission Society, etc.
Beautifully printed in large, clear type, illustrated with Fifteen Fine Engravings on Extra Plate Paper, from photographs of persons, places, and objects characteristic of China.
In one Royal Octavo volume of 212 Pages. Handsomely bound in Extra Cloth, with Chinese Side Stamp in gold.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20.
The Chinaman is a source of absolute curiosity to the American, and anything in regard to his relationship to the medical profession will prove more than usually attractive to the average doctor. Such is the case with the work before us. It is difficult to put it aside after one has begun to read it.—Memphis Med. Monthly.
Dr. Coltman has written a very readable book, illustrated with reproductions of photographs taken by himself.—Boston Med. and Surg. Journal.
Attached to a number of hospitals and dispensaries, he has had ample opportunity to observe the medical aspect of the Chinese. The most prevalent diseases are such as affect the alimentary tract and eye troubles. Renal troubles are also frequent. Skin diseases are abundant and syphilis is far from infrequent. Erysipelas is rare and enteric fever infrequent. Cholera appears in epidemics and is then frightfully fatal. Leprosy, of course, is common, and the author states that it cannot be contagious, as is supposed by many, or it would assume a terrible prevalence in China, where lepers are permitted to go about free.
We will not further mention the subjects discussed in this excellent book. The style of the author is very interesting and taking, and much information is given in an entertaining manner. The political situation is very intelligently handled in its various bearings. The photo-engravings are handsome and well-executed, the book in general being gotten up in a very artistic manner. We can heartily commend this work not only to physicians, but to intelligent lay readers.—St. Louis Medical Review.
CONSUMPTION: How to Prevent it and How to Live with it.
Its Nature, Causes, Prevention, and the Mode of Life, Climate, Exercise, Food, and Clothing Necessary for its Cure.
By N. S. Davis, Jr., A.M., M.D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine, Chicago Medical College; Physician to Mercy Hospital, Chicago; Member of the American Medical Association, etc.
This plain, practical treatise thoroughly discusses the prevention of Consumption, Hygiene for Consumptives, gives timely suggestions concerning the different climates and the important part they play in the treatment of this disease, etc., etc.,—all presented in such a succinct and intelligible style as to make the perusal of the book a pleasant pastime.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, 75 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s.; in France, 5 fr.
The questions of heredity, predisposition, prevention, and hygienic treatment of consumption are simply and sensibly dealt with. The chapters on how to live with tuberculosis are excellent.—Indiana Medical Journal.
The author is very thorough in his discussion of the subject, and the practical hints which he gives are of real worth and value. His directions are given in such a manner as to make life enjoyable to a consumptive patient, and not a burden, as is too frequently the case.—Weekly Medical Review.
It requires close thought, carefully and judiciously applied, to write a book as this one is written. A systematic treatise on the Diseases of the Lungs, Heart, and Kidneys, and their co-ordinate relation and sympathy, presenting many of the main points of dependence of one upon the other. This Dr. Davis has succeeded in doing to a nice degree, handing the student a book worthy of most serious study.—Medical Free Press.
DEMARQUAY
On Oxygen. A Practical Investigation of the Clinical and Therapeutic Value of the Gases in Medical and Surgical Practice,
With Especial Reference to the Value and Availability of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen Monoxide.
By J. N. Demarquay, Surgeon to the Municipal Hospital, Paris, and of the Council of State; Member of the Imperial Society of Surgery, etc. Translated, with notes, additions, and omissions, by Samuel S. Wallian, A.M., M.D., ex-President of the Medical Association of Northern New York; Member of the New York County Medical Society, etc.
Royal Octavo, 316 pages; illustrated with 21 Wood-Cuts.
This is a handsome volume of 300 pages, in large print, on good paper, and nicely illustrated. Although nominally pleading for the use of oxygen inhalations, the author shows in a philosophical manner how much greater good physicians might do if they more fully appreciated the value of fresh-air exercise and water, especially in diseases of the lungs, kidneys, and skin. We commend its perusal to our readers.—The Canada Medical Record.
Bacteriological Diagnosis.
Tabular Aids for Use in Practical Work.
By James Eisenberg, Ph.D., M.D., Vienna. Translated and augmented, with the permission of the author, from the second German Edition, by Norval H. Pierce, M.D., Surgeon to the Out-Door Department of Michael Reese Hospital; Assistant to Surgical Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, Ill.
Nearly 200 pages. In one Royal Octavo volume, handsomely bound in Cloth and in Oil-Cloth (for laboratory use).
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.
This book is a novelty in Bacteriological Science. It is a work of great importance to the teacher as well as to the student. It will be of inestimable value to the private worker, and is designed throughout as a practical guide in laboratory work. It is arranged in a tabular form, in which are given the specific characteristics of the various well-established bacteria, so that the worker may, at a glance, inform himself as to the identity of a given organism.
There is also an appendix, in which is given, in a concise and practical form, the technique employed by the best laboratories in the cultivation and staining of bacteria; the composition and preparation of the various solid, semi-solid, and fluid media, together with their employment; a complete list of stains and reagents, with formulæ for same; the methods of microscopic examination of bacteria, etc., etc., etc.
EDINGER
Twelve Lectures on the Structure of the Central Nervous System.
For Physicians and Students.
By Dr. Ludwig Edinger, Frankfort-on-the-Main. Second Revised Edition. With 133 Illustrations. Translated by Willis Hall Vittum, M.D., St. Paul, Minn. Edited by C. Eugene Riggs, A.M, M.D., Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases, University of Minnesota; Member of the American Neurological Association.
The illustrations are exactly the same as those used in the latest German edition (with the German names translated into English), and are very satisfactory to the Physician and Student using the book.
The work is complete in one Royal Octavo Volume of about 250 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20.
One of the most instructive and valuable works on the minute anatomy of the human brain extant. It is written in the form of lectures, profusely illustrated, and in clear language.—The Pacific Record of Medicine and Surgery.
Since the first works on anatomy, up to the present day, no work has appeared on the subject of the general and minute anatomy of the central nervous system so complete and exhaustive as this work of Dr. Ludwig Edinger. Being himself an original worker, and having the benefits of such masters as Stilling, Weigeit, Geilach, Meynert, and others, he has succeeded in transforming the mazy wilderness of nerve-fibres and cells into a district of well-marked pathways and centres, and by so doing has made a pleasure out of an anatomical bugbear.—The Southern Medical Record.
Every point is clearly dwelt upon in the text, and where description alone might leave a subject obscure clever drawings and diagrams are introduced to render misconception of the author’s meaning impossible. The book is eminently practical. It unravels the intricate entanglement of different tracts and paths in a way that no other book has done so explicitly or so concisely.—Northwestern Lancet.
LESSONS IN GYNECOLOGY.
By William Goodell, A.M., M.D., etc., Professor of Clinical Gynecology in the University of Pennsylvania.
This exceedingly valuable work, from one of the most eminent specialists and teachers in gynecology, embraces all the more important diseases and the principal operations in the field of gynecology, and brings to bear upon them all the extensive practical experience and wide reading of the author. It is an indispensable guide to every practitioner who has to do with the diseases peculiar to women. Third Edition. With 112 Illustrations. Thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged. Royal octavo, 578 pages.
It is too good a book to have been allowed to remain out of print, and it has unquestionably been missed. The author has revised the work with special care, adding to each lesson such fresh matter as the progress in the art rendered necessary, and he has enlarged it by the insertion of six new lessons.—Amer. Jour. of Obstet.
Extended mention of the contents of the book is unnecessary; suffice it to say that every important disease found in the female sex is taken up and discussed in a common-sense kind of a way. We wish every physician in America could read and carry out the suggestions of the chapter on “the sexual relations as causes of uterine disorders—conjugal onanism and kindred sins.” The department treating of nervous counterfeits of uterine diseases is a most valuable one.—Kansas City Medical Index.
GUERNSEY
Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects.
By Henry N. Guernsey, M.D., formerly Professor of Materia Medica and Institutes in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; author of Guernsey’s “Obstetrics,” including the Disorders Peculiar to Women and Young Children; Lectures on Materia Medica, etc. The following Table of Contents shows the scope of the book:
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.
KEATING
Record-Book of Medical Examinations
For Life-Insurance.
Designed by John M. Keating, M.D.
This record-book is small, compact, complete, and embraces all the principal points that are required by the different companies. It is made in two sizes, viz.: No. 1, covering one hundred (100) examinations, and No. 2, covering two hundred (200) examinations. The size of the book is 7 x 3¾ inches, and can be conveniently carried in the pocket.
| U. S. and Canada. | Great Britain. | France. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. 1. For 100 Examinations, in Cloth, | $.50, net | 3s. 6d. | 3 fr. 60 |
| No. 2. For 200 Examinations, in Full Leather, with Side Flap, | 1.00, net | 6s. | 6 fr. 20 |
Epilepsy: Its Pathology and Treatment.
Being an Essay to which was Awarded a Prize of Four Thousand Francs by the Academie Royale de Medecine de Belgique, December 31, 1889.
By Hobart Amory Hare, M.D., B.Sc., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Jefferson Medical College, Phila.; Physician to St. Agnes’ Hospital and to the Children’s Dispensary of the Children’s Hospital; Laureate of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Belgium, of the Medical Society of London, etc.; Member of the Association of American Physicians.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75.
The task of preparing the work must have been most laborious, but we think that Dr. Hare will be repaid for his efforts by a wide appreciation of the work by the profession; for the book will be instructive to those who have not kept abreast with the recent literature upon this subject. Indeed, the work is a sort of dictionary of epilepsy—a reference guide-book upon the subject.—Alienist and Neurologist.
It is representative of the most advanced views of the profession, and the subject is pruned of the vast amount of superstition and nonsense that generally obtains in connection with epilepsy.—Medical Age.
Every physician who would get at the gist of all that is worth knowing on epilepsy, and who would avoid useless research among the mass of literary nonsense which pervades all medical libraries, should get this work.—The Sanitarian.
The author has done an able piece of work in showing the facts as far as they are known concerning the action of antipyrin, antifebrin, phenacetin, thallin, and salicylic acid. The reader will certainly find the work one of the most interesting of its excellent group, the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.—The Dosimetric Medical Review.
IVINS
Diseases of the Nose and Throat.
A Text-Book for Students and Practitioners.
By Horace F. Ivins, M.D., Lecturer on Laryngology and Otology in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; Laryngological Editor of “The Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology, and Laryngology”; Member of the American Institute of Homœopathy, of the Homœopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, etc.
Royal Octavo, 507 Pages. With 129 Illustrations, Chiefly Original, including Eighteen (18) colored figures from Drawings and Photographs of Anatomical Dissections, etc.
Age of the Domestic Animals.
Being a Complete Treatise on the Dentition of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, Hog, and Dog, and on the Various Other Means of Determining the Age of these Animals.
By Rush Shippen Huidekoper, M.D., Veterinarian (Alfort, France); Professor of Sanitary Medicine and Veterinary Jurisprudence, American Veterinary College, New York; Late Dean of the Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania.
Royal Octavo, 225 pages, bound in Extra Cloth. Illustrated with 200 Engravings.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20.
This work presents a careful study of all that has been written on the subject from the earliest Italian writers. The author has drawn much valuable material from the ablest English, French, and German writers, and has given his own deductions and opinions, whether they agree or disagree with such investigators as Bracy Clark, Simonds (in English), Girard, Chauveau, Leyh, Le Coque, Goubaux, and Barrier (in German and French).
The literary execution of the book is very satisfactory, the text is profusely illustrated, and the student will find abundant means in the cuts for familiarizing himself with the various aspects presented by the incisive arches during the different stages of life. Illustrations do not always illustrate; these do.—Amer. Vet. Review.
Although written primarily for the veterinarian, this book will be of interest to the dentist, physiologist, anatomist, and physician. Its wealth of illustration and careful preparation are alike commendable.—Chicago Med. Recorder.
It is profusely illustrated with 200 engravings, and the text forms a study well worth the price of the book to every dental practitioner.—Ohio Journal of Dental Sciences.
International System of Electro-Therapeutics.
For Students, General Practitioners, and Specialists.
Chief Editor, Horatio R. Bigelow, M.D., Permanent Member of the American Medical Association; Fellow of the British Gynæcological Society; Fellow of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association; Member of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society; Member of the Société d’Electro-Thérapie; Author of “Gynæcological Electro-Therapeutics” and “Familiar Talks on Electricity and Batteries,” etc. Assisted by upward of Thirty Eminent Specialists in Europe and America as Associate Editors.
The character of this work is such that the publishers confidently expect it will stand unrivalled, and be the vade mecum of the profession, as well as the standard text-book in all the colleges upon this important branch of medical science.
It will be handsomely and clearly printed, thoroughly illustrated with engravings, colored drawings, and plates where these will elucidate the text, and at the close of the volume there will be a full reference index.
Complete in One Royal Octavo Volume of about 900 Pages.
Will be Published in October, 1893.
Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology.
An Analytical Record of Current Literature Relating to the Throat, Nose, and Ear. Issued on the First of Each Month.
Edited by Dr. Norris Wolfenden, of London, and Dr. John Macintyre, of Glasgow, with the active aid and co-operation of Drs. Dundas Grant, Barclay J. Baron, and Hunter Mackenzie. Besides those specialists in Europe and America who have so ably assisted in the collaboration of the Journal, a number of new correspondents have undertaken to assist the editors in keeping the Journal up to date, and furnishing it with matters of interest.
Price, 13s. or $3.00 per annum, Strictly in Advance. Single copies, 1s. 3d. (30 Cents). Sample Copy, 25 Cents.
KEATING and EDWARDS
Diseases of the Heart and Circulation
In Infancy and Adolescence. With an Appendix Entitled “Clinical Studies on the Pulse in Childhood.”
By John M. Keating, M.D., Obstetrician to the Philadelphia Hospital, and Lecturer on Diseases of Women and Children; Surgeon to the Maternity Hospital; Physician to St. Joseph’s Hospital; Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, etc.; and William A. Edwards, M.D., Instructor in Clinical Medicine and Physician to the Medical Dispensary in the University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians: formerly Assistant Pathologist to the Philadelphia Hospital, etc.
Illustrated by Photographs and Wood-Engravings. About 225 pages. Octavo. Bound in Cloth.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.
Drs. Keating and Edwards have produced a work that will give material aid to every doctor in his practice among children. The style of the book is graphic and pleasing, the diagnostic points are explicit and exact, and the therapeutical resources include the novelties of medicine as well as the old and tried agents.—Pittsburgh Med. Review.
It is not a mere compilation, but a systematic treatise, and bears evidence of considerable labor and observation on the part of the authors. Two fine photographs of dissections exhibit mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation; there are also a number of wood-cuts.—Cleveland Medical Gazette.
LIEBIG and ROHÉ
Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery.
By G. A. Liebig, Jr., Ph.D., Assistant in Electricity, Johns Hopkins University; Lecturer on Medical Electricity, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, etc.; and George H. Rohé, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Hygiene, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Visiting Physician to Bay View and City Hospitals; Director of the Maryland Maternité; Associate Editor “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences,” etc.
Profusely illustrated by Wood-Engravings and Original Diagrams, and published in one Royal Octavo volume of 383 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $2.00, net; in Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; in France, 12 fr. 40.
Any physician, especially if he be a beginner in electro-therapeutics, will be well repaid by a careful study of this work by Liebig and Rohé. For a work on a special subject the price is low, and no one can give a good excuse for remaining in ignorance of so important a subject as electricity in medicine.—Toledo Medical and Surgical Reporter.
The entire work is thoroughly scientific and practical, and is really what the authors have aimed to produce, “a trustworthy guide to the application of electricity in the practice of medicine and surgery.”—New York Medical Times.
In its perusal, with each succeeding page, we have been more and more impressed with the fact that here, at last, we have a treatise on electricity in medicine and surgery which amply fulfills its purpose, and which is sure of general adoption by reason of its thorough excellence and superiority to other works intended to cover the same field.—Pharmaceutical Era.
Electricity in the Diseases of Women.
With Special Reference to the Application of Strong Currents.
This work is presented to the profession as the most complete treatise yet issued on the electrical treatment of the diseases of women, and is destined to fill the increasing demand for clear and practical instruction in the handling and use of strong currents after the recent methods first advocated by Apostoli. The whole subject is treated from the present stand-point of electric science with new and original illustrations, the thorough studies of the author and his wide clinical experience rendering him an authority upon electricity itself and its therapeutic applications. The author has enhanced the practical value of the work by including the exact details of treatment and results in a number of cases taken from his private and hospital practice.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.
A new edition of this practical manual attests the utility of its existence and the recognition of its merits. The directions are simple, easy to follow and to put into practice; the ground is well covered, and nothing is assumed, the entire book being the record of experience.—Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases.
It is only a few months since we noticed the first edition of this little book; and it is only necessary to add now that we consider it the best treatise on this subject we have seen, and that the improvements introduced into this edition make it more valuable still.—Boston Medical and Surgical Journ.
The style is clear, but condensed. Useless details are omitted, the reports of cases being pruned of all irrelevant material. The book is an exceedingly valuable one, and represents an amount of study and experience which is only appreciated after a careful reading.—Medical Record.
Physicians’ Interpreter.
In Four Languages (English, French, German, and Italian). Specially Arranged for Diagnosis by M. von V.
The object of this little work is to meet a need often keenly felt by the busy physician, namely, the need of some quick and reliable method of communicating intelligibly with patients of those nationalities and languages unfamiliar to the practitioner. The plan of the book is a systematic arrangement of questions upon the various branches of Practical Medicine, and each question is so worded that the only answer required of the patient is merely Yes or No. The questions are all numbered, and a complete Index renders them always available for quick reference. The book is written by one who is well versed in English, French, German, and Italian, being an excellent teacher in all those languages, and who has also had considerable hospital experience. Bound in Full Russia Leather, for carrying in the pocket. Size, 5 × 2¾ inches. 206 pages.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.
Many other books of the same sort, with more extensive vocabularies, have been published, but, from their size, and from their being usually devoted to equivalents in English and one other language only, they have not had the advantage which is pre-eminent in this—convenience. It is handsomely printed, and bound in flexible red leather in the form of a diary. It would scarcely make itself felt in one’s hip-pocket, and would insure its bearer against any ordinary conversational difficulty in dealing with foreign-speaking people, who are constantly coming into our city hospitals.—New York Medical Journal.
This little volume is one of the most ingenious aids to the physician which we have seen. We heartily commend the book to any one who, being without a knowledge of the foreign languages, is obliged to treat those who do not know our own language.—St. Louis Courier of Medicine.
The Medical Bulletin Visiting-List or Physicians’ Call Record.
Arranged upon an Original and Convenient Monthly and Weekly Plan for the Daily Recording of Professional Visits.
Frequent Rewriting of Names Unnecessary.
This Visiting-List is arranged so that the names of patients need be written but ONCE a month instead of FOUR times a month, as in the old-style lists. By means of a new feature, a simple device consisting of STUB OR HALF LEAVES IN THE FORM OF INSERTS, the first week’s visits are recorded in the usual way, and the second week’s visits are begun by simply turning over the half-leaf without the necessity of rewriting the patients’ names. This very easily understood process is repeated until the month is ended and the record has been kept complete in every detail of VISIT, CHARGE, CREDIT, etc., and the labor and time of entering and transferring names at least THREE times in the month has been saved. There are no intricate rulings; not the least amount of time can be lost in comprehending the plan, for it is acquired at a glance.
THE THREE DIFFERENT STYLES MADE.
The No. 1 Style of this List provides space for the DAILY record of seventy different names each month for a year; for physicians who prefer a List that will accommodate a larger practice we have made a No. 2 Style, which provides space for the daily record of 105 different names each month for a year, and for physicians who may prefer a Pocket Record-Book of less thickness than either of these styles we have made a No. 3 Style, in which “The Blanks for the Recording of Visits in” have been made into removable sections. These sections are very thin, and are made up so as to answer in full the demand of the largest practice, each section providing ample space for the DAILY RECORD OF 210 DIFFERENT NAMES for two months; or 105 different names daily each month for four months; or seventy different names daily each month for six months. Six sets of these sections go with each copy of No. 3 Style.
SPECIAL FEATURES NOT FOUND IN ANY OTHER LIST.
In this No. 3 Style the PRINTED MATTER, and such matter as the blank forms for Addresses of Patients, Obstetric Record, Vaccination Record, Cash Account, Birth and Death Records, etc., are fastened permanently in the back of the book. The addition of a removable section does not increase the thickness more than an eighth of an inch. This brings the book into such a small compass that no one can object to it on account of its thickness, as its bulk is VERY MUCH LESS than that of any visiting-list ever published. Every physician will at once understand that as soon as a section is full it can be taken out, filed away, and another inserted without the least inconvenience or trouble. Extra or additional sections will be furnished at any time for 15 cents each or $1.75 per dozen. This Visiting-List contains calendars, valuable miscellaneous data, important tables, and other useful printed matter usually placed in Physicians’ Visiting-Lists.
Physicians of many years’ standing and with large practices pronounce it the Best List they have ever seen. It is handsomely bound in fine, strong leather, with flap, including a pocket for loose memoranda, etc., and is furnished with a Dixon lead-pencil of excellent quality and finish. It is compact and convenient for carrying in the pocket. Size, 4 × 6⅞ inches.
| IN THREE STYLES. | NET PRICES. | |
|---|---|---|
| No. 1. | Regular size, to accommodate 70 patients daily each month for one year, | $1.25 |
| No. 2. | Large size, to accommodate 105 patients daily each month for one year, | $1.50 |
| No. 3. | In which the “Blanks for Recording Visits in” are in removable sections, | $1.75 |
| Special Edition for Great Britain, without printed matter, | 4s. 6d. | |
| N. B.—The Recording of Visits in this List may be Commenced at any time during the Year. | ||
Hand-Book of Eclampsia; OR, NOTES AND CASES OF PUERPERAL CONVULSIONS.
Price, 60 cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s. 6d.; in France, 4 fr. 20.
NISSEN
A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR GIVING
Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment
By Prof. Hartvig Nissen, late Director of the Swedish Health Institute, Washington, D.C.; late instructor in Physical Culture and Gymnastics at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Instructor of Swedish and German Gymnastics at Harvard University’s Summer School, 1891, etc., etc.
This excellent little volume treats this very important subject in a practical manner. Full instructions are given regarding the mode of applying the Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment in various diseases and conditions of the human system with the greatest degree of effectiveness. This book is indispensable to every physician who wishes to know how to use these valuable handmaids of medicine.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.
The present volume is a modest account of the application of the Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment, in which the technique of the various procedures are clearly stated as well as illustrated in a very excellent manner.—North American Practitioner.
This manual is valuable to the practitioner, as it contains a terse description of a subject but too little understood in this country.... The book is got up very creditably.—N. Y. Med. Journal.
SAJOUS
HAY FEVER And Its Successful Treatment by Superficial Organic Alteration of the Nasal Mucous Membrane.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.
STRAUB
Symptom Register and Case Record.
Designed by D. W. Straub, M.D.
Giving in plain view, on one side of the sheet 7½ × 10½ inches, the Clinical Record of the sick, including Date, Name, Residence, Occupation, Symptoms, Inspection (Auscultation and Percussion), History, Respiration, Pulse, Temperature, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment (special and general), and Remarks, all conveniently arranged, and with ample room for recording, at each call, for four different calls, each item named above, the whole forming a clinical history of individual cases of great value to every Practitioner.
Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book.
Being a Ledger and Account-Book for Physicians’ Use, Meeting all the Requirements of the Law and Courts.
Designed by William A. Seibert, M.D., of Easton, Pa.
Probably no class of people lose more money through carelessly kept accounts and overlooked or neglected bills than physicians. Often detained at the bedside of the sick until late at night, or deprived of even a modicum of rest, it is with great difficulty that he spares the time or puts himself in condition to give the same care to his own financial interests that a merchant, a lawyer, or even a farmer devotes. It is then plainly apparent that a system of bookkeeping and accounts that, without sacrificing accuracy, but, on the other hand, ensuring it, at the same time relieves the keeping of a physician’s book of half their complexity and two-thirds the labor, is a convenience which will be eagerly welcomed by thousands of overworked physicians. Such a system has at last been devised, and we take pleasure in offering it to the profession in the form of The Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book.
There is no exaggeration in stating that this Account-Book and Ledger reduces the labor of keeping your accounts more than one-half, and at the same time secures the greatest degree of accuracy. We may mention a few of the superior advantages of The Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book, as follows:—
First—Will meet all the requirements of the law and courts.
Second—Self-explanatory; no cipher code.
Third—Its completeness without sacrificing anything.
Fourth—No posting; one entry only.
Fifth—Universal; can be commenced at any time of the year, and can be continued indefinitely until every account is filled.
Sixth—Absolutely no waste of space.
Seventh—One person must needs be sick every day of the year to fill his account, or might be ten years about it and require no more than the space for one account in this ledger.
Eighth—Double the number and many times more than the number of accounts in any similar book; the 300–page book contains space for 900 accounts, and the 600–page book contains space for 1800 accounts.
Ninth—There are no smaller spaces.
Tenth—Compact without sacrificing completeness; every account complete on same page—a decided advantage and recommendation.
Eleventh—Uniform size of leaves.
Twelfth—The statement of the most complicated account is at once before you at any time of month or year—in other words, the account itself as it stands is its simplest statement.
Thirteenth—No transferring of accounts, balances, etc.
To all physicians desiring a quick, accurate, and comprehensive method of keeping their accounts, we can safely say that no book as suitable as this one has ever been devised. A descriptive circular showing the plan of the book will be sent on application.
| NET PRICES, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In U.S. | Canada (duty paid). | Great Britain. | France. | |
| No. 1. 300 Pages, for 900 Accounts per Year, Size 10×12, Bound in ¾-Russia, Raised Back Bands, Cloth Sides, | $5.00 | $5.50 | 28s. | 30 fr. 30. |
| No. 2. 600 Pages, for 1800 Accounts per Year, Size 10×12, Bound in ¾-Russia, Raised Back-Bands, Cloth Sides, | 8.00 | 8.80 | 42s. | 49 fr. 40 |
Three Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System.
Part I.—The Nerves. Part II.—The Arteries. Part III.—The Veins.
A New Edition, Revised and Perfected. Arranged by W. Henry Price, M.D., and S. Potts Eagleton, M.D. Endorsed by leading anatomists. Clearly and beautifully printed upon extra durable paper.
PART I. The Nerves.—Gives in a clear form not only the Cranial and Spinal Nerves, showing the formation of the different Plexuses and their branches, but also the complete distribution of the Sympathetic Nerves.
PART II. The Arteries.—Gives a unique grouping of the Arterial system, showing the divisions and subdivisions of all the vessels, beginning from the heart and tracing their CONTINUOUS distribution to the periphery, and showing at a glance the terminal branches of each artery.
PART III. The Veins.—Shows how the blood from the periphery of the body is gradually collected by the larger veins, and these coalescing forming still larger vessels, until they finally trace themselves into the Right Auricle of the heart.
It is therefore readily seen that “The Nervo-Vascular System of Charts” offers the following superior advantages:—
1. It is the only arrangement which combines the Three Systems, and yet each is perfect and distinct in itself.
2. It is the only instance of the Cranial, Spinal, and Sympathetic Nervous Systems being represented on one chart.
3. From its neat size and clear type, and being printed only upon one side, it may be tacked up in any convenient place, and is always ready for freshening up the memory and reviewing for examination.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, 50 cents, net, complete; in Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; in France, 3 fr. 60.
For the student of anatomy there can possibly be no more concise way of acquiring a knowledge of the nerves, veins, and arteries of the human system. It presents at a glance their trunks and branches in the great divisions of the body. It will save a world of tedious reading, and will impress itself on the mind as no ordinary vade mecum, even, could. Its price is nominal and its value inestimable. No student should be without it.—Pacific Record of Medicine and Surgery.
These are three admirably arranged charts for the use of students, to assist in memorizing their anatomical studies.—Buffalo Med. and Surg. Jour.
PURDY
Diabetes: Its Cause, Symptoms and Treatment
By Chas. W. Purdy, M.D. (Queen’s University), Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Kingston; Member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; Author of “Bright’s Disease and Allied Affections of the Kidneys;” Member of the Association of American Physicians; Member of the American Medical Association; Member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, etc.
Contents.—Section I. Historical, Geographical, and Climatological Considerations of Diabetes Mellitus. II. Physiological and Pathological Considerations of Diabetes Mellitus. III. Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus. IV. Morbid Anatomy of Diabetes Mellitus. V. Symptomatology of Diabetes Mellitus. VI. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. VII. Clinical Illustrations of Diabetes Mellitus. VIII. Diabetes Insipidus; Bibliography.
No. 8 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.
This will prove a most entertaining as well as most interesting treatise upon a disease which frequently falls to the lot of every practitioner. The work has been written with a special view of bringing out the features of the disease as it occurs in the United States. The author has very judiciously arranged the little volume, and it will offer many pleasant attractions to the practitioner.—Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
While many monographs have been published which have dealt with the subject of diabetes, we know of none which so thoroughly considers its relations to the geographical conditions which exist in the United States, nor which is more complete in its summary of the symptomatology and treatment of this affection. A number of tables, showing the percentage of sugar in a very large number of alcoholic beverages, adds very considerably to the value of the work.—Medical News.
History of Circumcision.
From the Earliest Times to the Present. Moral and Physical Reasons for its Performance; with a History of Eunuchism, Hermaphrodism, etc., and of the Different Operations Practiced upon the Prepuce.
By P. C. Remondino, M.D. (Jefferson), Member of the American Medical Association; of the American Public Health Association; Vice-President of California State Medical Society and of Southern California Medical Society, etc.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.
A Popular Edition (unabridged), bound in Paper Covers, is also issued. Price, 50 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 3s.; in France, 3 fr. 60.
Every physician should read this book; he will there find, in a condensed and systematized form, what there is known concerning Circumcision. The book deals with simple facts, and it is not a dissertation on theories. It deals, in plain, pointed language, with the relation that the prepuce bears to physical degeneracy and disease, bases all its utterances on what has occurred and on what is known. The author has here gathered from every source the material for his subject, and the deductions are unmistakable.
This is a very full and readable book. To the reader who wishes to know all about the antiquity of the operation, with the views pro and con of the right of this appendage to exist, its advantages, dangers, etc., this is the book.—The Southern Clinic.
The operative chapter will be particularly useful and interesting to physicians, as it contains a careful and impartial review of all the operative procedures, from the most simple to the most elaborate, paying particular attention to the subject of after-dressings. It is a very interesting and instructive work, and should be read very liberally by the profession.—The Med. Brief.
The author’s views in regard to circumcision, its necessity, and its results, are well founded, and its performance as a prophylactic measure is well established.—Columbus Med. Journal.
Italy, of the Old World, does not excel nor even approach this region in point of salubrity of climate and all-around healthfulness of environment. This book fully describes and discusses this wonderfully charming country. The medical profession, who have long desired a trustworthy treatise of true scientific value on this celebrated region, will find in this volume a satisfactory response to this long-felt and oft-expressed wish.
Text-Book of Hygiene.
A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Stand-point.
By George H. Rohé, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Hygiene in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the American Public Health Association, etc.
Every Sanitarian should have Rohé’s “Text-Book of Hygiene” as a work of reference.
Price, post-paid, in United States, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid), $2.75, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20.
One prominent feature is that there are no superfluous words; every sentence is direct to the point sought. It is, therefore, easy reading, and conveys very much information in little space.—The Pacific Record of Medicine and Surgery.
It is unquestionably a work that should be in the hands of every physician in the country, and medical students will find it a most excellent and valuable text-book.—The Southern Practitioner.
The first edition was rapidly exhausted, and the book justly became an authority to physicians and sanitary officers, and a text-book very generally adopted in the colleges throughout America. The second edition is a great improvement over the first, all of the matter being thoroughly revised, much of it being rewritten, and many additions being made. The size of the book is increased one hundred pages. The book has the original recommendation of being a handsomely-bound, clearly-printed octavo volume, profusely illustrated with reliable references for every branch of the subject matter.—Medical Record.
The wonder is how Professor Rohé has made the book so readable and entertaining with so much matter necessarily condensed. Altogether, the manual is a good exponent of hygiene and sanitary science from the present American stand-point, and will repay with pleasure and profit any time that may be given to its perusal.—University Medical Magazine.
By George H. Rohé, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Hygiene, and formerly Professor of Dermatology in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, etc., assisted by J. Williams Lord, A.B., M.D., Lecturer on Dermatology and Bandaging in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; Assistant Physician to the Skin Department in the Dispensary of Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.
The PRACTICAL character of this work makes it specially desirable for the use of students and general practitioners.
The nearly one hundred (100) reliable and carefully prepared Formulæ at the end of the volume add not a little to its practical value.
All the various forms of skin diseases, from Acne to Zoster (alphabetically speaking), are succinctly yet amply treated of, and the arrangement of the book, with its excellent index and unusually full table of contents, goes to make up a truly satisfactory volume for ready reference in daily practice.
Principles of Surgery.
By N. Senn, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill.; Professor of Surgery in the Chicago Polyclinic; Attending Surgeon to the Milwaukee Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to the Milwaukee County Hospital and to the Milwaukee County Insane Asylum.
This work, by one of America’s greatest surgeons, is thoroughly COMPLETE; its clearness and brevity of statement are among its conspicuous merits. The author’s long, able, and conscientious researches in every direction in this important field are a guarantee, of unusual trustworthiness, that every branch of the subject is treated authoritatively, and in such a manner as to bring the greatest gain in knowledge to the practitioner and student.
In one Royal Octavo volume, with 109 fine Wood-Engravings and 624 pages.
Stephen Smith, M.D., Professor of Clinical Surgery Medical Department University of the City of New York, writes: “There has long been great need of a work on the principles of surgery which would fully illustrate the present advanced state of knowledge of the various subjects embraced in this volume. The work seems to me to meet this want admirably.”
Frank J. Lutz, M.D., St. Louis, Mo., says: “It seems incredible that those who pretend to teach have done without such a guide before, and I do not understand how our students succeeded in mastering the principles of modern surgery by attempting to read our obsolete text-books. American surgery should feel proud of the production, and the present generation of surgeons owe you a debt of gratitude.”
The work is systematic and compact, without a fact omitted or a sentence too much, and it not only makes instructive but fascinating reading. A conspicuous merit of Senn’s work is his method, his persistent and tireless search through original investigations for additions to knowledge, and the practical character of his discoveries.—The Review of Insanity and Nervous Diseases.
After perusing this work on several different occasions, we have come to the conclusion that it is a remarkable work, by a man of unusual ability.—The Canada Medical Record.
The work is exceedingly practical, as the chapters on the treatment of the various conditions considered are based on sound deductions, are complete, and easily carried out by any painstaking surgeon.—Medical Record.
The book throughout is worthy of the highest praise. It should be adopted as a text-book in all of our schools.—University Medical Magazine.
To get an idea of the scope of the work read the following titles of chapters: History. Proofs which Establish the Tubercular Nature of the So-called Strumous Disease of Bones and Joints. Bacillus Tuberculosis. Histology of Tubercle. Histogenesis of Tubercle. Caseation. Tubercular Abscess. Topography of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis. Bone Tuberculosis. Etiology of Bone Tuberculosis. Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tubercular Bone Affections. Prognosis of Tubercular Disease of Bone. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Bone. Tuberculosis of Joints. Special Points in the Pathology of Synovial Tuberculosis. Etiology; Symptoms and Diagnosis, Prognosis. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Joints. Local Treatment. Tuberculin Treatment. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Joints by Parenchymatous and Intra-articular Injections. Operative Treatment. Resection. Atypical and Typical Resection. Immediate and Remote Results of Resection. Amputation. Post-Operative Treatment. Tuberculosis of Special Bones. Tuberculosis of the Bones of the Trunk. Tuberculosis of Pelvic Bones, Scapula, Clavicle, Sternum, and Ribs. Tuberculosis of Joints of Upper Extremity. Tuberculosis of Hip-Joint. Tuberculosis of Knee-Joint. Tuberculosis of Ankle-Joint and Tarsus.
All these subjects are handled in the author’s simple, direct, and vigorous style, and always with the practical side of the question kept in view, and leave nothing necessary or desirable untouched. We know of no book of equal learning, thoroughness, and utility upon the common and important class of cases composed under Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints. The illustrations are numerous and good, and the printing and other details of issuing a book have been attended to with an enterprise and ambition creditable to the publishers.—Cleveland Medical Gazette.
Materia Medica and Therapeutics.
With Especial Reference to the Clinical Application of Drugs.
By John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital; Member of the American Medical Association, of the Pennsylvania and Minnesota State Medical Societies, the American Academy of Medicine, the British Medical Association; Fellow of the Medical Society of London, etc.
Volume I is devoted to pharmacy, general pharmacology, and therapeutics, and remedial agents not properly classed with drugs.
Volume II is wholly taken up with the consideration of drugs, each remedy being studied from three points of view, viz.: the Preparations, or Materia Medica; the Physiology and Toxicology, or Pharmacology; and, lastly, its Therapy. Each volume is thoroughly and carefully indexed with clinical and general indexes, and the second volume contains a most valuable and exhaustive table of doses extending over several double-column octavo pages.
The Volumes may be Purchased Separately.
The well-known practical usefulness of this eminently standard work is now greatly increased by the very recent and accurate information it gives, from a clinical stand-point, concerning the new and useful drugs introduced to the medical profession since the issue of the first edition, two years ago; so that it is thoroughly abreast of the progress of therapeutic science, and hence really indispensable to every student and practitioner.
REVIEWS OF THE FIRST EDITION.
The value of the book lies in the fact that it contains all that is authentic and trustworthy about the host of new remedies which have deluged us in the last five years. The pages are remarkably free from useless information. The author has done well in following the alphabetical order.—N. Y. Med. Record.
In perusing the pages devoted to the special consideration of drugs, their pharmacology, physiological action, toxic action, and therapy, one is constantly surprised at the amount of material compressed in so limited a space. The book will prove a valuable addition to the physician’s library.—Occidental Med. Times.
It is a meritorious work, with many unique features. It is richly illustrated by well-tried prescriptions showing the practical application of the various drugs discussed. In short, this work makes a pretty complete encyclopædia of the science of therapeutics, conveniently arranged for handy reference.—Med. World.
Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty.
Including the Selection of the Best Cosmetics for the Skin, Hair, Nails, and all Parts Relating to the Body.
By John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, etc., etc.
The health of the skin and hair, and how to promote them, are discussed; the treatment of the nails; the subjects of ventilation, food, clothing, warmth, bathing; the circulation of the blood, digestion, ventilation; in fact, all that in daily life conduces to the well-being of the body and refinement is duly enlarged upon. To these stores of popular information is added a list of the best medicated soaps and toilet soaps, and a whole chapter of the work is devoted to household remedies. The work is largely suggestive, and gives wise and timely advice as to when a physician should be consulted. This is just the book to place on the waiting-room table of every physician, and a work that will prove useful in the hands of your patients.
Complete in one handsome Royal Octavo volume of 425 pages, beautifully and clearly printed, and bound in Extra Cloth, Beveled Edges, with side and back gilt stamps and in Half-Morocco Gilt Top.
The book reads not like the fulfillment of a task, but like the researches and observations of one thoroughly in love with his subject, fully appreciating its importance, and writing for the pleasure he experiences in it. The work is very comprehensive and complete in its scope.—Medical World.
The book before us is a most remarkable production and a most entertaining one. The book is equally well adapted for the laity or the profession. It tells us how to be healthy, happy, and as beautiful as possible. We can’t review this book; it is different from anything we have ever read. It runs like a novel, and will be perused until finished with pleasure and profit. Buy it, read it, and be surprised, pleased, and improved.—The Southern Clinic.
This book is written primarily for the laity, but will prove of interest to the physician as well. Though the author goes to some extent into technicalities, he confines himself to the use of good, plain English, and in that respect sets a notable example to many other writers on similar subjects. Furthermore, the book is written from a thoroughly American stand-point.—Medical Record.
This is an exceedingly interesting book, both scientific and practical in character, intended for both professional and lay readers. The book is well written and presented in admirable form by the publisher.—Canadian Practitioner.
SHOEMAKER
Ointments and Oleates: Especially in Diseases of the Skin.
By John V. Shoemaker, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, etc., etc.
The author concisely concludes his preface as follows: “The reader may thus obtain a conspectus of the whole subject of inunction as it exists to-day in the civilized world. In all cases the mode of preparation is given, and the therapeutical application described seriatim, in so far as may be done without needless repetition.”
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.
It is invaluable as a ready reference when ointments or oleates are to be used, and is serviceable to both druggist and physician.—Canada Medical Record.
To the physician who feels uncertain as to the best form in which to prescribe medicines by way of the skin the book will prove valuable, owing to the many prescriptions and formulæ which dot its pages, while the copious index at the back materially aids in making the book a useful one.—Medical News.
Physiology of the Domestic Animals.
A Text-Book for Veterinary and Medical Students and Practitioners.
By Robert Meade Smith, A.M., M.D., Professor of Comparative Physiology in University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians and Academy of the Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; of American Physiological Society; of the American Society of Naturalists, etc.
This new and important work, the most thoroughly complete in the English language on this subject, treats of the physiology of the domestic animals in a most comprehensive manner, especial prominence being given to the subject of foods and fodders, and the character of the diet for the herbivora under different conditions, with a full consideration of their digestive peculiarities. Without being overburdened with details, it forms a complete text-book of physiology adapted to the use of students and practitioners of both veterinary and human medicine. This work has already been adopted as the Text-Book on Physiology in the Veterinary Colleges of the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. In one Handsome Royal Octavo Volume of over 950 pages, profusely illustrated with more than 400 Fine Wood-Engravings and many Colored Plates.
A. Liautard, M.D., H.F.R.C., V.S., Professor of Anatomy, Operative Surgery, and Sanitary Medicine in the American Veterinary College, New York, writes:—“I have examined the work of Dr. R. M. Smith on the ‘Physiology of the Domestic Animals,’ and consider it one of the best additions to veterinary literature that we have had for some time.”
E. M. Reading, A.M., M.D., Professor of Physiology in the Chicago Veterinary College, writes:—“I have carefully examined the ‘Smith’s Physiology,’ published by you, and like it. It is comprehensive, exhaustive, and complete, and is especially adapted to those who desire to obtain a full knowledge of the principles of physiology, and are not satisfied with a mere smattering of the cardinal points.”
Dr. Smith’s presentment of his subject is as brief as the status of the science permits, and to this much-desired conciseness he has added an equally welcome clearness of statement. The illustrations in the work are exceedingly good, and must prove a valuable aid to the full understanding of the text—Journal of Comparative Medicine and Surgery.
Veterinary practitioners and graduates will read it with pleasure. Veterinary students will readily acquire needed knowledge from its pages, and veterinary schools, which would be well equipped for the work they aim to perform, cannot ignore it as their text-book in physiology.—American Veterinary Review.
Altogether, Professor Smith’s “Physiology of the Domestic Animals” is a happy production, and will be hailed with delight in both the human medical and veterinary medical worlds. It should find its place, besides, in all agricultural libraries.—Paul Paquin, M.D., V.S., in the Weekly Medical Review.
The author has judiciously made the nutritive functions the strong point of the work, and has devoted special attention to the subject of foods and digestion. In looking through other sections of the work, it appears to us that a just proportion of space is assigned to each, in view of their relative importance to the practitioner.—London Lancet.
SOZINSKEY
Medical Symbolism. Historical Studies in the Arts of Healing and Hygiene.
By Thomas S. Sozinskey, M.D., Ph.D., Author of “The Culture of Beauty,” “The Care and Culture of Children,” etc.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.
He who has not time to more fully study the more extended records of the past, will highly prize this little book. Its interesting discourse upon the past is full of suggestive thought.—American Lancet.
Like an oasis in a dry and dusty desert of medical literature, through which we wearily stagger, is this work devoted to medical symbolism and mythology. As the author aptly quotes: “What some light braines may esteem as foolish toyes, deeper judgments can and will value as sound and serious matter.”—Canadian Practitioner.
In the volume before us we have an admirable and successful attempt to set forth in order those medical symbols which have come down to us, and to explain on historical grounds their significance. An astonishing amount of information is contained within the covers of the book, and every page of the work bears token of the painstaking genius and erudite mind of the now unhappily deceased author.—London Lancet.
Obstetric Synopsis.
By John S. Stewart, M.D., formerly Demonstrator of Obstetrics and Chief Assistant in the Gynæcological Clinic of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia: with an introductory note by William S. Stewart, A.M., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynæcology in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia.
By students this work will be found particularly useful. It is based upon the teachings of such well-known authors as Playfair, Parvin, Lusk, Galabin, and Cazeaux and Tarnier, and contains much new and important matter of great value to both student and practitioner.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.
DeLaskie Miller, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill., says:—“I have examined the ‘Obstetric Synopsis,’ by John S. Stewart, M.D., and it gives me pleasure to characterize the work as systematic, concise, perspicuous, and authentic. Among manuals it is one of the best.”
It is well written, excellently illustrated, and fully up to date in every respect. Here we find all the essentials of Obstetrics in a nutshell, Anatomy, Embryology, Physiology, Pregnancy, Labor, Puerperal State, and Obstetric Operations all being carefully and accurately described.—Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.
It is clear and concise. The chapter on the development of the ovum is especially satisfactory. The judicious use of bold-faced type for headings and italics for important statements gives the book a pleasing typographical appearance.—Medical Record.
This volume is done with a masterly hand. The scheme is an excellent one. The whole is freely and most admirably illustrated with well-drawn, new engravings, and the book is of a very convenient size.—St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal.
ULTZMANN
The Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary System in the Male.
With Sterility and Impotence.
By Dr. R. Ultzmann, Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases in the University of Vienna. Translated, with the author’s permission, by Gardner W. Allen, M.D., Surgeon in the Genito-Urinary Department, Boston Dispensary.
Full and complete, yet terse and concise, it handles the subject with such a vigor of touch, such a clearness of detail and description, and such a directness to the result, that no medical man who once takes it up will be content to lay it down until its perusal is complete,—nor will one reading be enough.
Professor Ultzmann has approached the subject from a somewhat different point of view from most surgeons, and this gives a peculiar value to the work. It is believed, moreover, that there is no convenient hand-book in English treating in a broad manner the Genito-Urinary Neuroses.
Synopsis of Contents.—First Part—I. Chemical Changes in the Urine in Cases of Neuroses. II. Neuroses of the Urinary and of the Sexual Organs, classified as: (1) Sensory Neuroses; (2) Motor Neuroses; (3) Secretory Neuroses. Second Part—Sterility and Impotence. The treatment in all cases is described clearly and minutely.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.
This book is to be highly recommended, owing to its clearness and brevity. Altogether, we do not know of any book of the same size which contains so much useful information in such a short space.—Medical News.
Its scope is large, not being confined to the one condition,—neurasthenia,—but embracing all of the neuroses, motor and sensory, of the genito-urinary organs in the male. No one who has read after Dr. Ultzmann need be reminded of his delightful manner of presenting his thoughts, which ever sparkle with originality and appositeness.—Weekly Med. Review.
It engenders sound pathological teaching, and will aid in no small degree in throwing light on the management of many of the difficult and more refractory cases of the classes to which these essays especially refer.—The Medical Age.
A Chapter on Cholera for Lay Readers.
History, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment of the Disease.
By Walter Vought, Ph.B., M D., Medical Director and Physician-in-Charge of the Fire Island Quarantine Station, Port of New York; Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine, etc.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, 75 cents, net; Great Britain, 4s.; France, 5 fr.
By complying with and conforming to (and this is perfectly practicable) the instructions so clearly, fully, and yet briefly given in this little volume, absolute security against the disease is assured.
It is written by so experienced and competent an authority—one who has had actual hand-to-hand conflict with an extensive epidemic—and in such a clear, succinct style, as to be easily comprehended and made available by every individual and household.
The following Condensed Table of Contents shows the scope and completeness of the work: Definition; History of Cholera; Cholera in America; Causes of the Disease; The Disease in Human Beings; The Germ in the Body; The Disease in Epidemic Form; Symptoms; The Diagnosis of the Disease; Prognosis; Treatment; Prevention; Method of Handling an Outbreak of Cholera on Shipboard; Quarantine; Disinfection.
A very thorough and conveniently arranged index adds greatly to the practical usefulness of the book.
WITHERSTINE
The International Pocket Medical Formulary
Arranged Therapeutically.
By C. Sumner Witherstine, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor of the “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences”; Visiting Physician of the Home for the Aged, Germantown, Philadelphia; Late House-Surgeon Charity Hospital, New York.
More than 1800 formulæ from several hundred well-known authorities. With an Appendix containing a Posological Table, the newer remedies included; Important Incompatibles; Tables on Dentition and the Pulse; Table of Drops in a Fluidrachm and Doses of Laudanum graduated for age; Formulæ and Doses of Hypodermatic Medication, including the newer remedies; Uses of the Hypodermatic Syringe; Formulæ and Doses for Inhalations, Nasal Douches, Gargles, and Eye-Washes; Formulæ for Suppositories; Use of the Thermometer in Disease; Poisons, Antidotes and Treatment; Directions for Post-Mortem and Medico-Legal Examinations; Treatment of Asphyxia, Sun-stroke, etc.; Antiemetic Remedies and Disinfectants; Obstetrical Table; Directions for Ligations of Arteries; Urinary Analysis; Table of Eruptive Fevers; Motor Points for Electrical Treatment, etc.
This work, the best and most complete of its kind, contains about 275 printed pages, besides extra blank leaves judiciously distributed throughout the book, affording a place to record and index favorite formulæ. Elegantly printed, with red lines, edges, and borders; with illustrations. Bound in leather, with side-flap.
The alphabetical arrangement of the diseases and a thumb-letter index render reference rapid and easy.
As a student, the physician needs it for study, collateral reading, and, for recording the favorite prescriptions of his professors, in lecture and clinic; as a recent graduate, he needs it as a reference hand-book for daily use in prescribing; as an old practitioner, he needs it to refresh his memory on old remedies and combinations, and for information concerning newer remedies and more modern approved plans of treatment.
No live, progressive medical man can afford to be without it.
Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $2.00, net; Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; France, 12 fr. 40.
Synopsis of Human Anatomy.
Being a Complete Compend of Anatomy, Including the Anatomy of the Viscera, and Numerous Tables.
By James K. Young, M.D., Instructor in Orthopædic Surgery and Assistant Demonstrator of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania; Attending Orthopædic Surgeon, Out-Patient Department, University Hospital, etc.
While the author has prepared this work especially for students, sufficient descriptive matter has been added to render it extremely valuable to the busy practitioner, particularly the sections on the Viscera, Special Senses, and Surgical Anatomy.
The work includes a complete account of Osteology, Articulations, and Ligaments, Muscles, Fascias, Vascular and Nervous Systems, Alimentary, Vocal, and Respiratory and Genito-Urinary Apparatus, the Organs of Special Sense, and Surgical Anatomy.
In addition to a most carefully and accurately prepared text, wherever possible, the value of the work has been enhanced by tables to facilitate and minimize the labor of students in acquiring a thorough knowledge of this important subject. The section on the teeth has also been especially prepared to meet the requirements of students of dentistry.
Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.40, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d; in France, 9 fr. 25.
Every unnecessary word has been excluded, out of regard to the very limited time at the medical student’s disposal. It is also good as a reference-book, as it presents the facts about which he wishes to refresh his memory in the briefest manner consistent with clearness.—New York Medical Journal.
As a companion to the dissecting table, and a convenient reference for the practitioner, it has a definite field of usefulness.—Pittsburgh Medical Review.
The book is much more satisfactory than the “remembrances” in vogue, and yet is not too cumbersome to be carried around and read at odd moments—a property which the student will readily appreciate.—Weekly Medical Review.
The Universal Medical Journal
(Formerly THE SATELLITE).
A Monthly Magazine of the Progress of Every Branch of Medicine in all Parts of the World.
Edited by Charles E. Sajous, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, and C. Sumner Witherstine, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor.
Subscription Price, in the United States of America, $2.00 per year; in other countries of the Postal Union, 8s. 6d. or 10 fr. 50c.
Subscribers to The Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences will now receive The Universal Medical Journal free, as formerly they did The Satellite. The Universal Medical Journal contains 32 pages of Text, Original Articles (a New Feature), Clinical Notes, and Correspondence by eminent foreign and American physicians, etc. The Best Time to Subscribe is—Now! It is improved in appearance, matter, style, size.
Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences.
A Yearly Report of the Progress of the General Sanitary Sciences Throughout the World.
Issue of 1893 Ready in June, 1893.
Edited by Charles E. Sajous, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Laryngology and Rhinology in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., and Seventy Associate Editors, assisted by over Two Hundred Corresponding Editors and Collaborators in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Five Royal Octavo Volumes of about 500 Pages Each, bound in Cloth and Half-Russia, Magnificently Illustrated with Chromo-Lithographs, Engravings, Maps, Charts, and Diagrams. Being intended to enable any physician to possess, at a moderate cost, a complete Contemporary History of Universal Medicine, edited by many of America’s and Europe’s ablest teachers, and superior in every detail of print, paper, binding, etc.
SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.
Subscription Price per Year (including the “UNIVERSAL MEDICAL JOURNAL” for one year): In U. S., 5 vols., Cloth, $15.00; Half-Russia, $20.00. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $16.50; Half-Russia, $22.00. Great Britain, Cloth, £4 7s.; Half-Russia, £5 15s. France, Cloth, 93 fr. 95; Half-Russia, 124 fr. 35.
The Universal Medical Journal is a Monthly Magazine of the Progress of Every Branch of Medicine in All Parts of the World, Edited by the Chief Editor of the Annual and C. Sumner Witherstine, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor. Supplied to subscribers to the Annual free of charge; to all others, $2.00 per year in advance.
EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE “ANNUAL OF THE UNIVERSAL MEDICAL SCIENCES.”
Contributors to Series 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Editor-in-Chief, CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., Philadelphia.
SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS.
Agnew, D. Hayes, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, series of 1888, 1889.
Baldy, J. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
Barton, J. M., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Baruch, Simon, M.D., New York, 1892.
Birdsall, W. R., M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Booth, J. A., M.D., New York, 1892.
Brown, F. W., M.D., Detroit, 1890, 1891, 1882.
Bruen, Edward T., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.
Brush, Edward N., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Cattell, H. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Cohen, J. Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Cohen, S. Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Conner, P. S., M.D., LL.D., Cincinnati, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Currier, A. F., A.B., M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Davidson, C. C., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Davis, N. S., A.M., M.D., LL.D., Chicago, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Delafield, Francis, M.D., New York, 1888.
Delavan, D. Bryson, M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Dolley, C. S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Draper, F. Winthrop, A.M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Dudley, Edward C., M.D., Chicago, 1888.
Ernst, Harold C., A.M., M.D., Boston, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Forbes, William S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Garretson, J. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.
Gaston, J. McFadden, M.D., Atlanta, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Gihon, Albert L., A.M., M.D., Brooklyn, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Goodell, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Gray, Landon Carter, M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Griffith, J. P. Crozer, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Guilford, S. H., D.D.S., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Guiteras, John, M.D., Ph.D., Charleston, 1888, 1889.
Hamilton, John B., M.D., LL.D., Washington, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Hare, Hobart Amory, M.D., B.Sc., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Henry, Frederick P., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Holland, J. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.
Holt, L. Emmett, M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Hooper, Franklin H., M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Howell, W. H., Ph.D., M.D., Ann Arbor, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Hun, Henry, M.D., Albany, 1889, 1890.
Ingals, E. Fletcher, A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Jaggard, W. W., A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1890.
Johnston, Christopher, M.D., Baltimore, 1888, 1889.
Johnston, W. W., M.D., Washington, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Keating, John M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.
Kelsey, Charles B., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Keyes, Edward L., A.M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Knapp, Philip Coombs, M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.
Kyle, D. Braden, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Laplace, Ernest, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Lee, John G., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Leidy, Joseph, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Longstreth, Morris, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Loomis, Alfred L., M.D., LL.D., New York, 1888, 1889.
Lyman, Henry M., A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1888.
McGuire, Hunter, M.D., LL.D., Richmond, 1888.
Manton, Walter P., M.D., F.R.M.S., Detroit, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Martin, H. Newell, M.D., M.A., Dr.Sc., F.R.S., Baltimore, 1888, 1889.
Matas, Rudolph, M.D., New Orleans, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Mears, J. Ewing, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Mills, Charles K., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Minot, Chas. Sedgwick, M.D., Boston, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Montgomery, E. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
Morton, Thos. G., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.
Munde, Paul F., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
O’Dwyer, Joseph, M.D., New York, 1892.
Oliver, Charles A., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Packard, John H., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Parish, Win. H., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1892.
Parvin, Theophilus, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.
Peirce, C. N., D.D.S., Philadelphia, 1888.
Pepper, William, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Ranney, Ambrose L., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Richardson, W. L., M.D., Boston, 1888, 1889.
Rockwell, A. D., A.M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.
Rohé, Geo. H., M.D., Baltimore, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Sajous, Chas. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Sayre, Lewis A., M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Seguin, E. C., M.D., Providence, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Senn, Nicholas, M.D., Ph.D., Milwaukee, 1888, 1889.
Shakspeare, E. O., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Shattuck, F. C., M.D., Boston, 1890.
Smith, Allen J., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Smith, J. Lewis, M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Spitzka, E. C., M.D., New York, 1888.
Starr, Louis, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Stimson, Lewis A., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Sturgis, F. R., M.D., New York, 1888.
Sudduth, F. X., A.M., M.D., F.R.M.S., Minneapolis, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Thomson, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Thomson, Win. H., M.D., New York, 1888.
Tiffany, L. McLane, A.M., M.D., Baltimore, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Turnbull, Chas. S., M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Tyson, James, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Van Harlingen, Arthur, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Vander Veer, Albert, M.D., Ph.D., Albany, 1890.
Vickery, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1892.
White, J. William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Whittaker, Jas. T., M.D., Cincinnati, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Whittier, E. N., M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Wilson, James C., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Wirgman, Chas., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Witherstine, C. Sumner, M.S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Wyman, Walter, M.D., Washington, 1892.
Young, Jas. K., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
JUNIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS.
Baldy, J. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.
Bliss, Arthur Ames, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Cattell, H. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891.
Cerna, D., M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
Clark, J. Payson, M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Crandall, F. M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.
Cohen, Solomon Solis-, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891.
Cryer, H. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.
Deale, Henry B., M.D., Washington, 1891.
Dolley, C. S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Dollinger, Julius, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.
Dorland, W. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
Eshner, A. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Freeman, Leonard, M.D., Cincinnati, 1891, 1892.
Fuller, Eugene, M.D., New York, 1892.
Goodell, W. Constantine, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Gould, Geo. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890.
Greene, E. M., M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.
Griffith, J. P. Crozer, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Hoag, Junius, M.D., Chicago, 1888.
Howell, W. H., Ph.D., B.A., Baltimore, 1888, 1889.
Hunt, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.
Jackson, Henry, M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.
Kirk, Edward C., D.D.S., Philadelphia, 1888.
Lloyd, James Hendrie, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
McCarthy, N. I., Philadelphia, 1892.
McDonald, Willis G., M.D., Albany, 1890.
Penrose, Chas. B., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.
Powell, W. M., M.D., Atlantic City, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Quimby, Chas. E., M.D., New York, 1889.
Rau, Leonard S., M.D., New York, 1892.
Sayre, R. H., M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Smith, Allen J., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890.
Stengel, Alfred, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Vickery, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.
Warfield, Ridgely B., M.D., Baltimore, 1891, 1892.
Warner, F. M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.
Weed, Charles L., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.
Wells, Brooks H., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.
Wolff, Lawrence, M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.
Wyman, Walter, A.M., M.D., Washington, 1891.
ASSISTANTS TO ASSOCIATE EDITORS.
Baruch, S., M.D., New York, 1888.
Beatty, Franklin T., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Brown, Dillon, M.D., New York, 1888.
Buechler, A. F., M.D., New York, 1888.
Burr, Chas. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891.
Cohen, Solomon Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.
Cooke, B. G., M.D., New York, 1888.
Coolidge, Algernon, Jr., M.D., Boston, 1890.
Currier, A. F., M.D., New York, 1888.
Daniels, F. H., A.M., M.D., New York, 1888.
Deale, Henry B., M.D., Washington, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Eshner, A. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891.
Gould, George M., M.D. Philadelphia, 1888.
Grandin, Egbert H., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889.
Greene, E. M., M.D., Boston, 1890.
Guiteras, G. M., M.D., Washington, 1890.
Hance, I. H., A.M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.
Klingenschmidt, C. H. A., M.D., Washington, 1890.
Kramer, S. P., M.D., Cincinnati. 1892.
Martin, Edward, M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
McKee, E. S., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.
Myers, F. H., M.D., New York, 1888.
Packard, F. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.
Pritchard, W. B., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.
Sangree, E. B., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1892.
Sears, G. G., M.D., Boston, 1890.
Shultz, R. C., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.
Souwers, Geo. F., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Taylor, H. L., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889, 1890.
Vansant, Eugene L., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.
Vickery, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1890.
Warner, F. M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890.
Wells, Brooks H., M.D., New York, 1888.
Wendt, E. C., M.D., New York, 1888.
Westcott, Thompson S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.
Wilder, W. H., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889.
Wilson, C. Meigs., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.
Wilson, W. R., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.
THE BIOGRAPHY OF A GREAT SURGEON.
HISTORY OF THE
Life of D. Hayes Agnew, M.D., LL.D.
By J. Howe Adams, M.D.
This fascinating life history of one of the world’s greatest surgeons is now ready.
Dr. J. Howe Adams, the author, has been for many years a member of Dr. Agnew’s family, has had the valuable aid of Mrs. Agnew, and also access to documents and papers of unusual value and interest that would have been denied to most writers; so that the biography here presented is written, as it were, from the inside, and thus made doubly interesting and valuable as the narrative of the career of an eminent physician, surgeon, and benefactor of mankind. Royal Octavo, 376 pages, handsomely printed, with Portraits and other illustrations.
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THE ONLY COMPLETE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXPOSITION OF THE SUBJECT.
Psychopathia Sexualis,
With Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Legal Study of Sexual Insanity.
By Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing, Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Vienna. Authorized Translation of the Seventh Enlarged and Revised German Edition, by Charles Gilbert Chaddock, M.D., Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Marion-Sims College of Medicine, St. Louis; Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine; Corresponding Member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; Associate Member of the American Medico-Psychological Association, etc.
Professor von Krafft-Ebing’s study of the psychopathology of the sexual life easily supersedes all previous attempts to treat this important subject scientifically, and it is sure to commend itself to members of the medical and legal professions as a scientific explanation of many social and criminal enigmas to which no work in English offers a solution.
General Scheme of the Book.—I. Fragment of a Psychology of the Sexual Life; the Sexual Instinct; Sensuality and Morality; True Love, etc. II. Physiological Facts; Sexual Maturity; Control of the Sexual Instinct, etc. III. General Pathology; Importance of Pathological Manifestations; Sexual Perversion. IV. Special Pathology; Abnormal Sexual Manifestations in Mental Diseases; Insanity. V. Pathological Sexuality Before the Criminal Court; Frequency of Sexual Crimes; Increase; Loss of Responsibility.
One Royal Octavo Volume. 432 pages.
Lectures on Nervous Diseases.
From the Stand-Point of Cerebral and Spinal Localization, and the Later Methods Employed in the Diagnosis and Treatment of these Affections.
By Ambrose L. Ranney, A.M., M.D., Professor of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital; Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the Medical Department of the University of Vermont, etc.; Author of “The Applied Anatomy of the Nervous System,” “Practical Medical Anatomy,” etc., etc.
It is now generally conceded that the nervous system controls all of the physical functions to a greater or less extent, and also that most of the symptoms encountered at the bedside can be explained and interpreted from the stand-point of nervous physiology.
Profusely illustrated with original diagrams and sketches in color by the author, carefully selected wood-engravings, and reproduced photographs of typical cases. One handsome royal octavo volume of 780 pages.
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We are glad to note that Dr. Ranney has published in book form his admirable lectures on nervous diseases. His book contains over seven hundred large pages, and is profusely illustrated with original diagrams and sketches in colors, and with many carefully selected wood-cuts and reproduced photographs of typical cases. A large amount of valuable information, not a little of which has but recently appeared in medical literature, is presented in compact form, and thus made easily accessible. In our opinion, Dr. Ranney’s book ought to meet with a cordial reception at the hands of the medical profession, for, even though the author’s views may be sometimes open to question, it cannot be disputed that his work bears evidence of scientific method and honest opinion.—American Journal of Insanity.
STANTON’S
Practical and Scientific Physiognomy;
OR
How to Read Faces.
By Mary Olmsted Stanton. Copiously illustrated. Two large Royal Octavo volumes. 1220 pages.
The author, Mrs. Mary O. Stanton, has given over twenty years to the preparation of this work. Her style is easy, and, by her happy method of illustration of every point, the book reads like a novel and memorizes itself. To physicians the diagnostic information conveyed is invaluable. To the general reader each page opens a new train of ideas. (This book has no reference whatever to phrenology.)
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