Appendix III
For typographical reasons the smooth guttural Ha, the palatals Sad, Dad, Ta, Za, and the long vowels are indicated by italic. The same system is followed in the index.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
A.H.
11 M.d.; Abu Bakr Kh.
13 ‘Umar Kh.
14 Battle of al-Qadisiya; fall of Jerusalem; al-Basra founded; fall of Damascus.
17 Al-Kufa founded; Syria and Mesopotamia conquered.
20 Conquest of Egypt.
21 Battle of Nahawand; Persia conquered.
23 ‘Uthman Kh.
30 Final redaction of the Qur’an.
35 ‘Ali Kh.
36 Battle of Carmel.
40 ‘Ali d.
41 Mu‘awiya I. Kh.; Herat.
49 Al-Hasan d.
56 Samarqand.
60 Schism of Ibadites from Kharijites.
61 Karbala & d. of al-Husayn.
73 Storm of Mecca & d. of ‘Abd Allah b. az-Zubayr.
74 Carthage.
80 Ma’bad executed.
81 M. b. al-Hanafiya d.
93 Toledo.
99-101 ‘Umar II. Kh.
110 Hasan al-Basri d.
114 Charles the Hammer at Tours (A.D. 732).
121 Zayd b. Zayn al-‘Abidin d.
124 Az-Zuhri d.
127-132 Marwan II. Kh.
130 Jahm b. Safwan killed?
131 Wasil b. ‘Ata d.
132 Fall of Umayyads; as-Saffah first ‘Abbasid Kh.
134 First Ibadite Imam.
135 Rabi’a d.
136-158 Al-Mansur Kh.
138-422 Umayyads of Cordova.
140 Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ killed.
143 Halley’s comet.
144 ‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd d.?
145 Baghdad founded; ‘A’isha d. of Ja’far as-Sadiq d.
147 Homage to al-Mahdi as successor in Kh.
148 Ja’far as-Sadiq d.
150 Abu Hanifa d.; trace of Sufi monastery in Damascus.
157 Al-Awza‘i d.
158-169 Al-Mahdi Kh.; John of Damascus d.?
161 Sufyan ath-Thawri d.; Ibrahim b. Adham d.
165 Da’ud b. Nusayr d.
167 Bashshar b. Burd killed.
170-193 Harun ar-Rashid Kh.
172-375 Idrisids.
179 Malik b. Anas d.
182 The Qadi Abu Yusuf d.
187 Fall of Barmecides; al-Fudayl b. ‘Iyad d.
189 M. b. al-Hasan d.
198-218 Al-Ma’mun Kh.
200 Ma’ruf of al-Karkh d.; trace of Sufi monastery in Khurasan.
204 Ash-Shafi‘i d.
208 Abu ‘Ubayda d.; the Lady Nafisa d.
211 Theodorus Abucara d.
212 Decree that the Qur’an is created.
213 Thumama b. Ashras d.
215 Abu Sulayman of Damascus d.; 2nd decree.
218-234 The Mihna; Al-Mu’tasim Kh.
220 Ma’mar b. ‘Abbad.
223 Fatima of Naysabur d.
226 Abu Hudhayl M. al-‘Allaf d.
227 Bishr al-Hafi d.; al-Wathiq Kh.
231 An-Nazzam d.
232 Al-Mutawakkil Kh.
234 Decree that Qur’an is uncreated; Scotus Erigena transl. pseudo-Dionysius, A.D. 850.
240 Ibn Abi Duwad d.
241 Ahmad b. Hanbal d.
243 Al-Harith al-Muhasibi d.
245 Dhu-n-Nun d.; al-Karabisi d.
250-316 ‘Alids of Zaydite branch in north Persia.
255 Al-Jahiz d.
256 Ibn Karram d.
257 Al-Bukhari d.; Sari as-Saqati d.
260 Al-Kindi d.? M. b. al-Hasan al-Muntazar vanished.
261 Muslim d.; Abu Yazid al-Bistami d.
270 Da’ud az-Zahiri d.
273 Ibn Maja d.
275 Abu Da’ud as-Sijistani d.
277 Qarmatians hold fortress in Arab ‘Iraq.
279 At-Tirmidhi d.
280 Zaydite Imams at as-Sa’da and San‘a.
289 ‘Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi in North Africa.
295-320 Al-Muqtadir ‘Abbasid Kh.
297 First Fatimid Kh.; al-Junayd d.
300 Return of al-Ash’ari.
303 An-Nasa’i d.; Al-Jubba’i d.
309 Al-Hallaj executed.
317 Umayyads of Cordova take title of Commander of the Faithful; Qarmatians in Mecca.
320-447 Buwayhids; al-Ash’ari d.?
322 Ibn ash-Shalmaghani.
331 At-Tahawi d.
333 Al-Mataridi d.
333-356 Sayf ad-Dawla.
334 Buwayhids in Baghdad; ash-Shibli d.
339 Return of Black Stone by Qarmatians; al-Farabi d.
356 Fatimids conquer Egypt; Cairo founded.
360 Ikhwan as-Safa fl.
362 Ibn Hani d.
381-422 Al-Qadir Kh.
386 Abu Talib al-Makki d.
388-421 Mahmud of Ghazna.
403 Al-Baqilani d.
408 Persecution of Mu’tazilites under al-Qadir.
411 Al-Hakim Fatimid Kh. vanished; Firdawsi d.
428 Ibn Sina d.
434 Abu Dharr d.
440 Al-Beruni d.
447 Tughril Beg, the Saljuq, in Baghdad.
449 Abu-l-‘Ala al-Ma’arri d.
450 Persecution of Ash’arites.
455 Alp-Arslan; Nizam al-Mulk Wazir; end of persecution of Ash’arites.
456 Ibn-Hazm az-Zahiri d.
465 Al-Qushayri d.
478 Imam al-Haramayn d.
481 Nasir b. Khusraw d.
483 Hasan b. as-Sabbah seizes Alamut.
485 Nizam al-Mulk assass.
488 Al-Ghazzali leaves Baghdad.
505 Al-Ghazzali d.
515 ‘Umar al-Khayyam d.
516 Al-Baghawi d.
524 Ibn Tumart al-Mahdi d.
524-558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min.
524-667 The Muwahhids.
533 Abu Bakr b. Bajja d.
537 Abu Hafs an-Nasafi d.
538 Az-Zamakhshari d.
540 Yehuda Halevi d. = A.D. 1145.
546 Abu Bakr b. al-‘Arabi d.
548 Ash-Shahrastani d.
558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min the Muwahhid d.
558 ’Adi al-Hakkari d.
558-580 Abu Ya’qub the Muwahhid.
561 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, founder of order of darwishes, d.
567 Conquest of Egypt by Saladin and end of Fatimids.
576 Order of Rifa‘ites founded.
580 Abu Ya’qub d.
580-596 Abu Yusuf al-Mansur.
581 Ibn Tufayl d.
587 As-Suhrawardi executed.
589 Saladin d.
590 Abu Shuja‘ d.?
595 Ibn Rushd d.; Abu Yusuf al-Mansur the Muwahhid d.
601 Maimonides d. = A.D. 1204.
606 Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi d.
620 Abu-l-Hajjaj b. Tumlus d.; Fakhr ad-Din b. ’Asakir d.; St. Francis of Assisi d. = A.D. 1226.
625-941 Hafsids at Tunis.
630-640 Ar-Rashid the Muwahhid.
632 ‘Umar b. al-Farid.
638 Ibn ‘Arabi d.
648 Frederick II. d. = A.D. 1250.
654 End of Assassins by Mongols; Ash-Shadhili, founder of order of darwishes, d.
667 Ibn Sab‘in d.; end of Muwahhids.
672 Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi d.
675 Ahmad al-Badawi, founder of order of darwishes, d.
681 Ibn Khallikan d.
685 Al-Baydawi d.
693, 698-708, 709-741 Muhammad An-Nasir, Mamluk Sultan, reg.
719 An-Nasr al-Manbiji d.?
724 Ibn Rushd is still studied at Almeria.
728 Ibn Taymiya d.; Meister Eckhart d. = A.D. 1328.
730 ‘Abd ar-Razzaq d.
756 Al-‘Iji d.; Heinrich Suso d.
791 At-Taftazani d.; an-Naqshbandi, founder of order of darwishes, d.
808 Ibn Khaldun d.
857 Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and office of Shaykh al-Islam created = A.D. 1453. Thomas à Kempis d. = A.D. 1471.
895 M. b. Yusuf as-Sanusi d.
907 Accession of Safawids.
922 Conquest of Egypt by Ottoman Turks.
945 Death of al-Mutawakkil, last ‘Abbasid.
951 Beginning of Sharifs of Morocco.
973 Ash-Sha’rani d.
1201 ‘Abd al-Wahhab d. = A.D. 1787.
1205 Sayyid Murtada d.; al-Fudali fl. circ. 1220.
1252 Foundation of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi = A.D. 1837.
1260 Ibrahim al-Bajuri d.; Decree of Porte that apostate Muslims should not be put to death.
1275 Death of founder of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi = A.D. 1859.
Footnotes
1 For Muslim eschatology reference may still be made to Sale’s introduction to the Qur’an, § 4. The punishment of the grave is what, in the case of unbelievers, follows the inquisition by the two angels Munkar and Nakir; see on them Lane’s Modern Egyptians, chap. xxviii; on the whole subject, see translations by Gautier and Wolff and tractate by Rüling (Bibliography, p. 367).
2 This, one of the dividing questions between Sunnites and Shi’ites, belongs to theology as well as law. See p. 314 and Goldziher, Zur Literaturgeschichte der Si’a, p. 87.
3 The Mu’tazilites held that articles of sustenance of a forbidden nature, such as pork or wine, could not be called rizq in this technical sense; that God could not so use them. The orthodox retorted that a man might live his life out on forbidden things; had he then been independent of God as to his sustenance? The Mu’tazilites defined rizq as “a possession which its possessor eats” and as “that from which one is not hindered from profiting”; the orthodox, as a name for that which God sends to man and the other animals and they eat it and profit by it.
4 Some will run into the fire and find themselves immediately in Paradise; these would have been believers. Others will refuse, and will be treated as their parents.
5 This is not the normal doctrine of Islam and the commentators have to explain this passage away. Consult in the chapters on theology, the whole Sufi development and especially the views of al-Ghazzali. Al-Mataridi was greatly influenced by Abu Hanifa, who was hostile to mystics. Notice, too, the philosophical basis and beginning of this creed.
6 A sect of the Mu’tazilites held that a man could have two ajals, one his end by a natural death appointed by God, the other his end by a violent death, not so appointed. The “Philosophers” are said to have held that one ajal would be when the mechanism of the body ceased to work through the failing of its essential moisture and heat, and another ajal might come through sicknesses and accident generally.
7 See in bibliography, S. Keijzer, Précis, etc. Much help as to details of religious ritual and law will be found in Hughes’s Dictionary of Islam, Sachau’s Muhammedanisches Recht, Lane’s Modern Egyptians, and commentary to his translation of the Arabian Nights, Burton’s Pilgrimage, and Sell’s Faith of Islam.