Chapter V Military Stratagems
Grotius’ theory of fair stratagems
The teaching of international law
Ancient and modern naval stratagems
Early Roman dislike of such stratagems
As ambuscades, feigned retreats, or night attacks
The degenerate standard of Frontinus and Polyænus
The Conference stratagem of modern Europe
The distinction between perfidy and stratagem
The perfidy of Francis I.
Vattel’s theory about spies
Frederick the Great’s military instructions about spies
Lord Wolseley on spies and truth in war
The custom of hanging or shooting spies
Better to keep them as prisoners of war
Balloonists regarded as spies
The practice of military surprises
Death formerly the penalty for capture in a surprise
Stratagems of uncertain character
Such as forged despatches or false intelligence
The use of the telegraph in deceiving the enemy
May prisoners of war be compelled to propagate lies?
General character of the military code of fraud