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The names of a few additional authorities consulted or cited appear in the footnotes.
Footnotes1
Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, p. 122.
2 Cited by George Coffey, Bronze Age in Ireland, pp. 2, 3.
3 Coffey, George, op. cit. pp. 6–99.
4 Joyce, Patrick W., Social History of Ireland, I., p. 556.
5 Coffey, George, op. cit. p. 2.
6 Coffey, George, New Grange and other Incised Tumuli, p. 62.
7 Coffey, George, The Bronze Age in Ireland, pp. 2, 27.
8 O’Donovan, John, Annals of the Four Masters, I., p. 132.
9 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 14.
10 Ginnell, Laurence, Article on the Brehon Laws, in the Encyclopædia Britannica, IV., p. 488.
11 Quoted by Douglas Hyde in A Literary History of Ireland, p. 134.
12 Liber Ardmachanus or Book of Armagh, edited by John Gwynn, p. 9.
13 Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., p. 284.
14 Joyce, Patrick W., Social History of Ireland, I., p. 402.
15 The Brehon Laws have been edited and translated and published in five volumes with the title The Ancient Laws of Ireland.
16 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 403, who cites Petrie’s Tara, p. 38.
17 See Chapter IV. for a brief account of the Irish Lay Schools.
18 See under Prosody, O’Donovan’s Irish Grammar.
19 See Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p. 316.
20 Cosmographia Aethici Istri, edited by H. Wuttke, Leipsic, 1854.
Cited by Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 404.
Cited by Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p. 11.
Cited by Wood-Martin, Pagan Ireland, p. 84.
21 See Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p. 397.
22 For the geographical distribution of Ogam inscriptions see Coffey, George, Guide to Celtic Antiquities, pp. 101–106.
23 Perhaps the best division of the Irish language into periods
is that given by Eoin MacNeill in Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge, May, 1908.
Pre-Ogam, before 300 A.D. Ogam, c. 300(?)–700(?) A.D.
The Old Irish of the MSS. from 600(?)–1000(?) A.D.
Middle Irish, 1000–1500 A.D. Modern Irish, 1500–Present Day.
During the present study we shall frequently use the words Old Irish
to connote the Period including the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries.
24 Quiggin, E. C., Article on Ogam in Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. v., pp. 622–623.
25 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 398–399.
26 MacNeill, Eoin, Article Irish Ogam Inscriptions in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, July 1909.
27 Bury, J. B., Life of St. Patrick, p. 10.
28 Sigerson, George, Bards of the Gael and Gall, Introduction, p. 1.
29 Meyer, Kuno, Ancient Irish Poetry, pp. 8, 9.
30 De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, Literature Celtique, I., p. 1.
31 Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland in the Fifth Century, p. 1.
32 See Introduction to the Book of Armagh, ed. by John Gwynn; also Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, pp. 137–139.
33 Zimmer, Heinrich, Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland, p. 31.
34 Bury, J. B., Life of St. Patrick, p. 206.
35 Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p. cxxxv.
36 Bury, J. B., Life of St. Patrick, p. 206.
37 Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., 112, 138, 190–322, 326, 327, 328.
38 Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p. 439. See illustration.
39 Würzburg Codex, 33 c. 13.
40 Stokes, Whitley, op. cit. I., p. xviii.
41 Roger, M., L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 222.
42 Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, in the Fifth Century, p. 1.
43 Meyer, Kuno, op. cit. p. 5.
44 De Jubainville H. d’Arbois, Cours de littérature celtique, I., p. 369.
45 Meyer, Kuno, op. cit. pp. 5, 6.
46 Gwynn, John, Book of Armagh, f. 22 b. 2; also Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., pp. 357–380.
47 Translated from Latin of Tripartite Life, II., pp. 360–361.
48 Zimmer, H., Sitzungsberichte der köngl. preuss. Akademie, 1909, p. 562, cited by Meyer, Kuno, op. cit. p. 5.
49 Meyer, Kuno, ibid.
50 Colganus, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, XI., p. 375, cited by Hauréau, B., Singularités Historiques et Littéraires, pp. 2, 3.
51 Power, Patrick, Lives of SS. Declan and Mochuda, p. xix.
52 Tacitus, Agricola, Chapter XXIV.
53 Ibid.
54 See Coffey, George, Archæological Evidence for the Intercourse of Gaul with Ireland before the First Century in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1910, pp. 96–106; Greene, Alice S., Trade Routes of Ireland in her Old Irish World, pp. 63–99.
55 Meyer, Kuno, Article, Gauls in Ireland in Eriu, IV., p. 208.
56 Warren, J. B., Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 35.
57 Healy, John, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, pp. 29–39; Warren, J. B., op. cit. p. 35.
58 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 32.
59 Sigerson, George, Bards of the Gael and Gall, p. 45.
60 Sigerson, George, op. cit. pp. 45–48.
61 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 39, where St. Jerome is cited.
62 Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p. 8.
63 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 40.
64 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 41.
65 Meyer, Kuno, op. cit.; also Warren, F. E., Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 35.
66 Article, Ireland in the Catholic Encyclopædia, VIII., p. 117.
67 Op. cit. VIII., p. 116.
68 MacCaffrey, James, Article, Rome and Ireland: Pre-Patrician Christianity, in Irish Theological Quarterly, I., p. 53.
69 Baeda, Historia Ecclesiasticae Gentis Anglorum, Liber I., Cap. 13.
70 For a discussion of the ancient use of the words Scotia and Scot see Skene’s Celtic Scotland, I., Introduction, p. 9.
71 Bury, J. B., Life of St. Patrick, pp. 212–213.
72 Bury, J. B., op. cit. p. 217.
73 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 323.
74 Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, pp. 243–251.
75 Plummer, Carolus, Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., Intro., 129–188.
76 Hyde, Douglas, op. cit. pp. 134–135.
77 De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, Littérature Celtique, I., 137.
78 Todd, W. H., Life of St. Patrick, pp. 88, 89, contains a copy of Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora.
79 Article on Monasticism signed E. C. B. (E. C. Butler) in the Encyclopædia Britannica, XVIII., p. 687.
80 Ibid.
81 Healy, John, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 93.
82 Bund, Willis, Celtic Church in Wales, 1897, cited by G. P. Huddleston in Article on Irish Monasticism in the Catholic Encylopædia, X., p. 473.
83 See Bibliography, Sources—Rules.
84 See Bibliography, Lives of Irish Saints.
85 Warren, F. E., The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, pp. 54–55.
86 Catholic Encyclopædia, op. cit.
87 Catalogus SS. Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, published in Todd, W. H., Life of St. Patrick, pp. 88–89.
88 Bury, J. B., op. cit. p. 39 seq. Healy, John, op. cit. p. 93.
89 Plummer, Charles, Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, p. cxxiv.
90 Plummer, Charles, op. cit. p. cxxv.
91 Ibid.
92 Plummer, Charles, op. cit. I., p. cxxvi.
93 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 199.
94 Joyce, Social History of Ireland, I., 322.
95 Todd, W. H., op. cit. p. 99; Healy, J. op. cit. pp. 107–108.
96 Stokes, Whitley, Felire of Aengus, p. 118.
97 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 323.
98 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 276–298.
99 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 61.
100 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 321.
101 Op. cit. I., 323.
102 Nolan, Thomas, Irish Universities and Culture, p. 11.
103 Conyngham, D. P., Lives of Irish Saints and Martyrs, pp. 537–544.
104 Murray, Rev. L. P., Article in Louth Archæological Journal, I., pp. 22–36.
105 In Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, VI., p. 106 seq. cited by Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 16.
106 White, Apologia, p. 24 cited by Nolan, P., op. cit. p. 18.
107 Stokes, Margaret, Three Months in the Forests of France, p. 254–5.
108 Green, J. R., The Making of England, pp. 277–8.
109 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp. 290–303.
110 Todd, W. H., Wars of the Gael and Gall, Rolls Series, p. 39.
111 Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 49.
112 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 276–298.
113 Moran, Patrick, Irish Saints in Great Britain, 77 seq.
114 Edmonds, Columba, Article in Glories of Ireland, p. 21.
115 Especially Skene, W., Historians of Scotland, VI., p. xlix. Also in Celtic Scotland, III.
116 Warren, F. E., Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, p. 14.
117 See, however, Green, J. R., The Making of England, p. 276 seq.; Brooke, Stopford, History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chap. I., II., III.; also Cambridge History of English Literature, I., Chap. II., pp. 13, 14, 15, 16.
118 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 16.
119 Warren, F. E., ibid.; Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 442; Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p. 12.
120 Warren, F. E., ibid.; Roger, op. cit. 400; also Hauck, Albert, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, I., pp. 282 seq.
121 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 16; Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in Apennines, pp. 96–97.
122 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 3.
123 Warren, F. E., op. cit. pp. 63–64; also Haddan and Stubbs’ Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents of Great Britain and Ireland, I., p. 152.
124 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 3.
125 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. p. 350.
126 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Bohn’s Edition, pp. 371–2.
127 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. p. 350.
128 Plummer, Charles, op. cit. I., p. cxxiii.
129 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 236–237.
130 Catholic Encyclopædia, III., p. 404.
131 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Book III., Bohn’s Ed.; Bede, op. cit. Book III., 26–28, Book IV., 12, 21, 23;
Plummer’s Edition cited by Roger, op. cit. 823–4.
132 Roger, ibid.
133 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 236, 237.
134 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 460.
135 Green, J. R., The Making of England, p. 276.
136 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. p. 342.
137 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. See table opposite p. 342.
138 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp. 342, 343; Skene, W., Celtic Scotland, II., pp. 61, 62. The monastic organization here described applies especially to Iona, but may be considered as typical not only of Columban monasteries but of Irish monasteries in general.
139 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. p. 365; Healy, John, op. cit. p. 98.
140 Skene, Wm., Celtic Scotland, II., p. 44.
141 Skene, Wm., op. cit. p. 42.
142 See Annals of the Four Masters, I., pp. 399, 410, 420, 442, 458, 470.
143 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 389.
144 Ancient Laws of Ireland, V., p. 123.
145 Todd, W. H., Life of St. Patrick, p. 16.
146 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 381.
147 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 104.
148 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 381.
149 Todd, W. H., op. cit. p. 160.
150 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 104, 105.
151 Healy, John, ibid.; Plummer, Charles, op. cit. I., p. cxiv.
152 Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., 13, 15, 29.
153 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 318, 382.
154 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 378, 379, 380.
155 Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., pp. 33, 39.
156 The relation between the Irish Church and the State is very ably yet concisely treated in a pamphlet by Rev. James F. Cassidy, St. Paul, Minnesota, entitled “The Irish Church as an Element in Irish Nationality” whose thesis is cited here.
157 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 382.
158 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 94; Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, I., p. 236.
159 Plummer, Charles, op. cit. I., p. xcviii.
160 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 365.
161 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp. 24, 143.
162 Concannon, Helen, The Life of St. Columban, p. 145.
163 Stokes, W., op. cit. p. 236; Reeves, Wm., op. cit. pp. 357–361.
164 Reeves, Wm., ibid.; Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 94–96.
165 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 17.
166 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 17; Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I. l. 409.
167 See Bibliography, Rules.
168 Op. cit. Lives of Saints.
169 Columbanus, Regula Monachorum, C. III., cited by Concannon, Helen, Life of St. Columban, p. 68.
170 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Vita Sancti Columbae, p. 348.
171 Concannon, Helen, op. cit. p. 69.
172 Ibid.
173 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. p. 355.
174 Concannon, Helen, ibid.
175 Ibid.
176 McAlister, R. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice, p. 63.
177 The number of Canonical Hours vary in different Rules; some give six, others seven; the Bangor usage was eight. See notes by R. I. Best on Tractate on the Canonical Hours edited from the Lebor Brecc in Miscellany to Kuno Meyer.
178 See Concannon, Helen, op. cit. pp. 58, 67; Plummer, I., cxvii.
179 MacAlister, R. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, p. 63.
180 See above Means of Support.
181 Concannon, Helen, op. cit. p. 75.
182 Healy, J., op. cit. p. 104.
183 Published in Skene’s Celtic Scotland, II., p. 509.
184 Adamnan, Vita S. Columbae, Reeves Edition, p. 9.
185 Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 3–483 for Glosses on Psalms; O’Hanlon, John, Lives of Irish Saints, VI., p. 286 for story of St. Columba.
186 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba, pp. 20, 22, 36, 43, 49.
187 Reeves, W., op. cit. pp. 343, 344.
188 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 103.
189 Concannon, Helen, op. cit. pp. 186–191.
190 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. pp. 343, 344.
191 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 29, 25, 330, 332; II., 166, 167, 168, 483.
192 Reeves, Wm., op. cit. pp. 343, 344.
193 For translations of Early Irish Nature Poetry see Sigerson, G., Bards of the Gael and Gall; Meyer, Kuno, Old Irish Poetry; Hull, Eleanor, Poem Book of the Gael.
194 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 102, 103.
195 Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 102.
196 Johnson, Samuel (Dr.), in a letter to Charles O’Connor published in O’Reilly’s Irish Writers, pp. i., ii. Also cited in Article Dr. Johnson and Ireland in Irish Monthly, XLVI., 538, p. 211.
197 Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., 408.
198 Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, p. 241.
199 Hull, Eleanor, Text Book of Irish Literature, I., 189.
200 Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., pp. 418, 419.
201 O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs, I., p. 78.
202 O’Donovan, John, Tribes and Customs of Hy Many, pp. 79, 167.
203 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 417.
204 See also Catalogue of Irish MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 285–402, 530–535; The Bibliography of Irish Philology and Irish Printed Literature, edited by R. I. Best, pp. 1–307.
205 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp. 103, 107.
206 Op. cit., pp. 79–80.
207 Meyer, Kuno, Old Irish Poetry. See several examples; also Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., pp. 290, 293, 294, 296.
208 De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, Littérature Celtique, I., 384.
209 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 418, 419; Hull, E., op. cit. I., 189.
210 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 417.
211 O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs, I., 92. MS. Materials, p. 50.
212 The Irish word fithcheal is usually translated chess.
213 Ancient Laws of Ireland, II., 349. Also pp. 153, 1616.
214 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 418, 426. For Fosterage, see II., p. 14.
215 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 418, 426.
216 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 132.
217 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 211.
218 Stokes, Whitley, Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore.
219 Plummer, C., op. cit. I., p. cxv.; Joyce, op. cit. I., 440, p. 251.
220 Concannon, Helen, op. cit. p. 10.
221 Op. cit. pp. 24, 25.
222 De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, La Civilization des Celtes, p. 109.
223 Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 14; Moran, Patrick, Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp. 248, 240. Montalambert, Conte de, Les Moines d’Occident, IV., p. 62.
224 For the influence of the Irish monks on early English poetry, see Brooke, Stopford, History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, Chapters i., ii., iii. Also Cambridge History of English Literature, I., pp. 13–16.
225 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 410.
226 Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, II., p. 137.
227 Stokes, Whitley, Lives of the Saints, line 4128.
228 Plummer, C., Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p. cxv.
229 Todd, J. H., Life of St. Patrick. See Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora, printed on pp. 88, 89.
230 Book of Leinster, p. 373; Lebor Brec, p. 23 b; edited Stokes, Whitley, Royal Irish Academy MSS. Series, 1880.
231 Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p. 24.
232 Petrie, George, Christian Inscriptions, II., p. xiv.
233 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 413.
234 Plummer, C., op. cit. I., xiv.
235 Epistolas in Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistola III.; Epistolas Merovingi et Carolingi Aevi, I., p. 231.
236 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Bk. III., Chap. xxvii., Bohn’s English Translation.
237 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 530–532.
238 Petrie, George, Round Towers, p. 355. O’Curry, E., Manners & C., p. 38.
239 Moran, Patrick, Irish Saints in Great Britain, pp. 219–223.
240 Published in Eriu, VIII. text, p. 67, translation p. 74.
241 Hyde, Douglas, op. cit. p. 221.
242 Roger, M. L., Enseignement des lettres classiques, p. 410.
243 Moran, Patrick, op. cit. p. 253.
244 Quoted from Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 32.
245 Bede, op. cit. Book V., Chap. IX., X.
246 Bede, op. cit. III., vii.
247 Bede, op. cit. IV., ii.
248 See Migne’s Patrologia Latina, Tomus 89, col. 3.
249 Zimmer, op. cit. p. 42.
250 Meyer, Learning in Ireland, p. 13.
251 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 412.
252 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 272, 273.
253 Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 388, 1907.
254 Roger, M., op. cit. p. 314.
255 Published in Migne, Patrologia Latina, Tomus, 142; Alcuini Epistola, 3; Ussher, Sylloge: Epistola 18.
256 Dictionary of National Biography, Article on Colchu by T. O. (Thomas Orpen), XI., pp. 259, 260.
257 Dictionary of National Biography, XI., loc. cit. pp. 259, 260.
258 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 272–273.
259 Plummer, Charles, Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, I., p. cxv.; Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., p. 440.
260 Stokes, Whitley, Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, p. 173.
261 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 437.
262 O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, I., p. 149; Healy, John, Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, p. 435.
263 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England, Chapter xxvii., Bohn’s Ed.
264 Stokes, Whitley, op. cit. p. 172.
265 See Joyce. P. W., op. cit. I., 439 for illustration of alphabet engraved on a large stone in Kilmakedar in Co. Kerry.
266 Plummer, Charles, op. cit. I., p. cxv.
267 See Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 3–481.
268 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 482–484.
269 Coffey, George, Guide to Celtic Antiquities of the Christian Period, see illustration, p. 99.
270 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 438.
271 Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., p. 567; Zimmer, H., Glossae Hiberniae, p. 69, Note 7.
272 Stokes and Strachan, op. cit. I., p. 516.
273 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. p. 440.
274 Book of Leinster, p. 135; Rawlinson MS. B. 502, p. 77, edited by Kuno Meyer; Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp. 219–252, edited and translated by Thomas Olden; cited by Revue Celtique, V., p. 192.
275 Macalister, R. A. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise. See Map on Plate I., opposite p. 12.
276 Traube, Ludwig, O Roma Nobilis, p. 58.
277 Concannon, Helen, Life of St. Columban, pp. 41–42.
278 Stokes and Strachan, op. cit. II., p. xix., and for Glosses see op. cit. II., pp. 49–232.
279 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 430–431.
280 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 432.
281 See Macalister, R. A. S., Muiredach, p. 65, for a collection of these fragmentary marginalia.
282 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 483.
283 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, Preface, lviii.
284 Ancient Laws of Ireland, III., p. 89.
285 Sullivan, Sir Edward, The Book of Kells, p. 24.
286 Sullivan, Sir Edward, op. cit. p. 25.
287 Or the juice of “green skinned holly,” Meyer, Kuno, Ancient Irish Poetry, p. 87.
288 Keller, Ferdinand, Ulster Journal of Archæology, Old Series, VIII., p. 222.
289 Stokes, Margaret, Early Christian Ireland, Article ix.
290 See Abbot’s Reproduction of the Book of Kells, Plate xxxiv.; also reproduced in Sir Arthur Sullivan’s The Book of Kells.
291 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 480, illustration i., 481.
292 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 477–478.
293 See Chapter III.; also Four Masters, I., passim.
294 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, Preface, pp. xxi.–xxii.
295 Sandys, J. E., Companion of Latin Studies, Article on Palaeography by Sir Edward Maude Thompson, pp. 780–781.
296 Keller, F., Ulster Journal of Archæology, O.S. VIII., p. 223.
297 Keller, F., Bilder und Schriftzuge, Zurich, 1851, English translation Ulster Journal of Archæology, VIII., pp. 210–291.
298 Lindsey, W. M., Early Irish Minuscule Script, Oxford, 1910.
299 Sandys, J. E., Companion of Latin Studies, p. 281.
300 Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, pp. 121–124.
301 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 120.
302 Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p. 270.
303 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 488.
304 Coffey, George, Guide to the Antiquities of Christian Ireland. See illustration, p. 50.
305 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 489.
306 Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p. 271.
307 Hull, E., ibid. Sandys in his History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 453 gives 666 as the number of volumes.
308 See Muratori, Antiquitates Italiae, fol. ed. I., Dissert. 43, pp. 493.
309 Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in the Appenines, pp. 296–7.
310 Sandys, J. E., op. cit. I., p. 453; Hull, Eleanor, op. cit. p. 272.
311 Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 116.
312 Sandys, J. E., op. cit. I., p. 454.
313 Sandys, J. E., ibid.
314 Ibid.
315 Jonas, Vita Columbani, p. 26, cited Sandys, op. cit. I., p. 456.
316 Sandys, J. E., ibid.
317 Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p. 274.
318 Hull, Eleanor, op. cit. p. 276.
319 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 116.
320 Sandys, J. E., History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 455; Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 116; Hull, Eleanor, Early Christian Ireland, p. 276.
321 See Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. xiii.–xxiv., II., pp. ix.–xxv.
322 Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland, I., pp. 430–436.
323 Rashdall, Universities of Europe, I., p. 36.
324 Leach, A. F., The Schools of Mediæval England, p. 48.
325 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 202–204; Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 432.
326 Sigerson, George, Bards of the Gael and Gall, p. 45.
327 See above Chapter III.
328 Healy, John, op. cit. 120–123.
329 Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 1–482.
330 Migne, Patrologia Latina, Tomus 80, p. 328.
331 Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, Liber III., Ch. 7.
332 Roger, L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 275.
333 Bede, op. cit. III., 4.
334 Roger, op. cit. p. 228.
335 Roger, ibid.
336 See Note 41 above.
337 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 207.
338 Migne, Pat. Lat., Tomus 87.
339 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 236–239; Stokes, G., R.I.A.; May, 1892, p. 125.
340 Ed. Stokes, Whitley, in Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, MSS. Series, Vol. L., p. 139.
341 Revue Celtique, XIV., p. 226. For examples of glosses belonging to the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries see Stokes and Strachan’s Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, 2 vol.
[342] Stokes and Strachan, op. cit. II., pp. xxiii., 415.
343 Thurneysen, Revue Celtique, VI., pp. 336–347.
344 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 62, cf. Dümmler in Neues Archiv, VI., 258. Cruindmeli sive Fulcharii Ars Metrica., Vienna, 1883.
345 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 63.
346 Op. cit. p. 50.
347 Published, Keil. Grammatici Latini, Leipsig, 1857, I., p. xix.
348 Ibid. Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 392.
349 Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 60.
350 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 61. Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 149. See also Chapter VII.
351 Poetae Aevi Caroli, III., p. 691. Ozanam, F., Documents Inedits.
352 Roger, M., L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 229.
353 Roger, M., op. cit. p. 262; Healy, John, op. cit. p. 237.
354 Stokes and Strachan, op. cit. I., p. xxiii., II., p. xvii., pp. 46–48; Thurneysen, Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, III., p. 52, seq.
355 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp. 14, 140, 192, 229.
356 Roger, M., op. cit. p. 262.
357 Roger, M., op. cit. pp. 262–3, footnotes.
358 Stokes and Strachan, op. cit. II., p. xiv.; Stokes, Whitley, Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., p. 269; Roger, M., l.c. p. 266.
359 Chap. III.
360 Studies (Dublin), September, 1918, for an article by Aubrey Gwynn arguing that St. Columban was thirty years old when he left Bangor. We, however, have accepted the (tentative) chronology of Helen Concannon whose Life of St. Columban is the best that has been published.
361 De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, Littérature Celtique, I., p. 373.
362 De Jubainville, op. cit. I., pp. 373–375; Sigerson, op. cit. p. 407.
363 Gundlach, Mon. Ger. Epistolae, III., Notes on Epistolae Columbani.
364 Esposito, Mario, Articles Hiberno-Latin MSS. in Belgian Libraries, Art. in Archivium Hibernicum, III., p. 2; The Latin Writers of Mediæval Ireland, Art. in Hermathena, XIV., No. 33, pp. 519–529; Art. in Irish Theological Quarterly, IV., pp. 181–185.
365 Published under the title Peronna Scottorum in Sitzungsberichte of the Academy of Munich, 1900, p. 490.
366 Migne, Pat. Lat., Tomus, 89, col. 96; Epistolae Mer. et Karl Aevi.
367 Roger, M., op. cit. p. 260.
368 Nolan, Thomas P., Irish Universities and Culture, p. 13.
369 Ker, W. P., The Dark Ages, p. 319.
370 Jonas, Vita Columbani in Krusch Script. rer. Merov., IV., p. 71; cited by Roger, op. cit. p. 411.
371 Roger, M., op. cit. p. 412.
372 Turner, Wm., Article Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival in Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 387.
373 Turner, Wm., op. cit. XIII., p. 389. This article by Turner in the Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., pp. 283 seq. and 567 seq. is by far the most helpful contribution to the study of the Carolingian Revival. A valuable array of facts is given and the sources for further inquiry are pointed out.
374 Manitius, Max, Geschichte der Lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, Teil I., München, 1911; Roger, M., op. cit. 1905; Esposito, Mario, Knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages, Article in Studies, Dublin, 1912.
375 Quoted by Traube in O Roma Nobilis, p. 58; see Migne, Pat. Lat., Tomus, 124, col. 1133d; De Jubainville, op. cit. I., p. 379.
376 Roger takes this view op. cit. p. 229; cf. Gougaud, Dom. Les Chrétientés Celtiques, p. 251.
377 Amra Coluim Cille in the Irish Liber Hymnorum, edited by Bernard and Atkinson, I., 162–183, II., 50–80, 223–35.
378 Meyer, Kuno, Learning in Ireland, p. 26.
379 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, p. 158.
380 Reeves, Wm., ibid.
381 Sitzungsberichte of the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1909, p. 561.
382 Meyer, Kuno, op. cit. p. 27.
383 Note in a Würzburg MS. of eighth century quoted by Zimmer in Pelagius in Ireland, p. 5.
384 Keller, F., Bilder und Schriftzugein den irischen Manuscripten in Mitteilungen des antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich, II., 61.
385 Reeves, Wm., Adamnan, pp. xiv., xv., xxi. and Plates I., II., III.
386 Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., p. xiv.
387 Stokes and Strachan, op. cit. II., pp. 159, 158, 169.
388 See Giles, Aldhelmi Opera, p. 94.
389 Bede, op. cit. Liber IV., Ch. I.
390 Ed. Stokes, Whitley, Three Irish Glosses, London, 1862.
391 In Duil Dromma Ceta (Egerton MS. 1782 15a ff; h. 3, 1863, ff T.C.D., 1317).
392 Hyde, Douglas, Literary History of Ireland, p. 420.
393 The celebrated Vocabularius S. Galli written in 780 A.D. in the Irish style of writing containing some of the earliest examples of German and French is believed to be the work of an Irish monk. See Zimmer, H., Irish Element, p. 71.
394 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 68.
395 Sandys, J. E., History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 463.
396 Meyer, Kuno, Triads of Ireland, p. xiv.
397 Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistolae, III., p. 318.
398 Flood, J. M., Ireland: Its Saints and Scholars, p. 92.
399 Traube, L., O Roma Nobilis, p. 61.
400 Ibid.
401 Zimmer, op. cit. p. 126.
402 For further details see Traube, L., O Roma Nobilis, p. 61. Also Norden, Die Antike Kunstprosa, p. 666, Note 1.
403 De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, op. cit. I., p. 397.
404 Traube, L., O Roma Nobilis, p. 287.
405 Of the non-Irish of the time only Eric of Auxerre, Christian of Stavelot, and Walafrid knew Greek, Traube, op. cit. p. 65.
406 Concannon, Helen, Life of St. Columban, p. 287.
407 Michelet, Histoire de France, I., p. 121.
408 Healy, John, Art. in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 1880, p. 16.
409 Mullinger, H. B., The Schools of Charles the Great, p. 118.
410 Newman, John H., Idea of a University, p. 485.
411 Renan, E., in Sur l’Étude de la langue grecque au Moyen Age, cited by Flood, J. M. in Ireland: its Saints and Scholars, p. 7.
412 Baluze, Miscellanea, V., p. 54, cited by Mullinger, op. cit. p. 119.
413 Mullinger, op. cit. p. 119.
414 Mullinger, ibid.
415 Flood, W. H. Grattan, History of Irish Music, p. 4.
416 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 571.
417 O’Curry, Eugene, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish.
418 Joyce, P. W., Social History of Ireland.
419 Flood, W. H. Grattan, History of Irish Music.
420 Flood, W. H. Grattan, op. cit. p. 20.
421 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I.; Flood, W. H., op. cit. p. 10.
422 Quoted in Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 1883, p. 510.
423 Keller, F., Ulster Journal of Archæology, VIII., p. 218.
424 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 572.
425 Wood-Martin, W. G., Pagan Ireland, illustrations; Joyce, op. cit. I., 675, 582.
426 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 576, 582.
427 Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum, p. 595; Lanigan, Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, II., p. 464; Joyce, op. cit. I., p. 572.
428 Flood, W. H. G., op. cit. pp. 7, 8.
429 Flood, W. H. G., op. cit. p. 12.
430 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 73.
431 Zimmer, H., ibid.
432 Matthew, History of Music, cited by Flood, op. cit. p. 15.
433 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 76.
434 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 77.
435 Flood, W. H. G., op. cit. p. 15.
436 Flood, W. H. G., Article Irish Music in Glories of Ireland, p. 71.
437 Schubiger, Die Sängerschule St. Gallen, p. 33; Flood, W. H. G., History of Irish Music, pp. 16–19; Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 573.
438 Flood, W. H. G., Article Irish Music in Glories of Ireland, p. 771.
439 See Liber Hymnorum, ed. by Atkinson and Bernard; also Stokes and Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., 298 seq.
440 Flood, W. H. G., Art. in Glories of Ireland, p. 72.
441 Turner, Wm., History of Philosophy, p. 247. (Query: Is this the same or a different commentary from that referred to by and attributed to Bishop Donnchadh, by Flood?)
442 Flood, W. H. G., History of Irish Music, pp. 19, 20.
443 See Coffey, George, Bronze Age in Ireland, Plates II., V., VII., VIII., IX., X. and pp. 48, 49, 50.
444 McKenna, James E. (Right Rev.), Irish Art, p. 7.
445 McKenna, James E., op. cit. pp. 8, 9.
446 Sullivan, Sir Edward, The Book of Kells,, Introduction, p. 1.
447 Westwood, John, Palaeographia Sacra Pictoria, quoted by McKenna, James E., op. cit. pp. 20–21.
448 Coffey, George, Guide to the Celtic Antiquities of Christian Ireland, pp. 9, 10.
449 Quoted by McKenna, James F., op. cit. p. 20, 21.
450 Hartley, Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, N.S., IV., 1885.
451 See Ireland: Industrial and Agricultural, pp. 19, 20 for the places where these materials are obtainable in Ireland.
452 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., 561; Coffey, G., Bronze Age. Illustration.
453 Stokes, Wm., Life of Petrie, Chap. vii.
454 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 561.
455 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., pp. 560–563.
456 Coffey, G., Guide to Antiquities of Christian Ireland. Illustration.
457 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 560.
458 Joyce, P. W., op. cit. I., p. 567.
459 MacAlister, R. A. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice (890–923 A.D.). This work gives a detailed account of one of these crosses at Monasterboice.
460 Abelson, Paul, The Seven Liberal Arts, p. 64.
461 Text in Migne, Latin Patrology, Vol. 90, Col. 294–578.
462 Text in Migne, Latin Patrology, Vol. 107, Col. 669–727.
463 See Abelson, Paul, op. cit. p. 90.
464 Abelson, Paul, op. cit. p. 100; Turner, Wm., Hist. of Phil., p. 257.
465 Abelson, Paul, op. cit. p. 104.
466 Abelson, Paul, op. cit. pp. 103–104.
467 Abelson, Paul, op. cit. pp. 113–114.
468 De Nuptiis, etc., Eyssenhardt ed. pp. 194–254.
469 Text in Migne, Vol. 70, c. 1212–1216.
470 Text in Migne, Vol. 82, c. 161–163.
471 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. I., p. 93.
472 Maguire, Eugene, Life of Adamnan, p. 95.
473 Chap. V., p. 69, Text and translation in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp. 219–252.
474 See MacAlister, R. A. S., Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, where a copy of this map will be found.
475 See Mullinger, J. B., The Schools of Charles the Great, p. 120, for Alcuin’s silly explanations of astronomical phenomena.
476 The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry.
477 Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection.
478 Lecky, Rationalism in Europe, III., p. 5.
479 Zimmer, H., Irish Element, p. 62; Healy, John, op. cit. p. 369.
480 Healy, John, op. cit. pp. 569–571.
481 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 571.
482 Zimmer, H., Irish Element, pp. 62–63.
483 Annals of the Four Masters, I., sub anno 784 A.D.
484 Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.
485 Dictionary of National Biography, XV., pp. 48–49.
486 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 283.
487 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XV., pp. 49–50.
488 Zimmer, H., Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, pp. 55–56.
489 Turner, Wm., Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. XIII., p. 396.
490 Turner, Wm. op. cit. p. 396.
491 Poetae Aevi Carolini, III., p. 691.
492 In the Valenciennes Codex, 386, pp. 73–76, cited by Turner, ibid.
493 Turner, Wm., op. cit. p. 395.
494 Migne, Pat. Lat., Tom. 105, p. 477.
495 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 383.
496 Turner, W., op. cit. p. 392.
497 Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leg. I., p. 249. Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in the Appenines, App. VIII., p. 205. Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43.
498 Stokes, Margaret, ibid.
499 Poetae Caroli, I., pp. 396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511.
500 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 392.
501 Zimmer, H., op. cit. p. 11.
502 Entitled Dungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias.
503 Cited by Lanigan in Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, III., Chap. XX.
504 Healy, John, op. cit. p. 391.
505 Stokes, Margaret, Six Months in the Appenines, p. 213.
506 For list see Miss Stokes, op. cit. pp. 296–297.
507 Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821.
508 See Stokes, Margaret, op. cit. p. 216 for contents.
509 About 90 of his poems are published by Traube, Poetae Aev. Carl.
510 See his tract Artem Euticii Grammatici in Traube’s O Roma Nobilis, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.
511 Montfaucon, Pal. Graeca, p. 235, describes the Greek Psalter transcribed by Sedulius now No. 8047 in the Library at the Arsenale at Paris.
512 First published by Cardinal Mai in Specilegium Romanus; also by Traube in Quellen u. Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters; Teil I., Erstes Heft von S. Hellman, München, 1906, pp. 203, Zweites Heft Johannes Scottus von Edward Kennard Rand, München, 1906, p. 106.
513 Turner, Book Review in Cath. Univ. Bulletin, xiii., p. 149.
514 Ibid.
515 Traube, O Roma Nobilis; Turner, Wm., op. cit. p. 397.
516 Baemker in Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Spekulative Theologie, Band VII., p. 346, Bd. VIII., p. 222; Healy, John, op. cit. p. 578.
517 De Wülf, M., History of Mediæval Philosophy, p. 246.
518 The Council of Eperny (846 A.D.) speaks of Hospitalia Scottorum, “quae sancti homines illius gentis in hoc regno construxerunt”; Mon. Ger. Leg. I., 390; Warren, F. E., op. cit. p. 15.
519 Many believe that Eriugena was a layman.
520 Flood, F. M., Ireland: its Schools and Scholars, pp. 94–95.
521 Flood, F. M., op. cit. p. 95, where the above is quoted.
522 Text of Eriugena’s works in Migne, Pat. Lat., Tom. 122, with Preface by Gale and Schulter.
523 In the Library of the British Museum, Harleian, 2506; Turner, Wm., Art. Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival, op. cit. XIII., 256.
524 Mullinger, J. B., op. cit. p. 171.
525 De Wülf, Maurice, History of Mediæval Philosophy, English translation by Dr. P. Coffey, p. 167.
526 Turner, Wm., History of Philosophy, p. 257.
527 De Wülf, M., op. cit. pp. 167–168.
528 Turner, Wm., op. cit. p. 256.
529 Migne, Pat. Lat. Tom. 122, De Predestinatione, I., 1.
530 Erdman, History of Philosophy, English translation by Williston S. Hough, Vol. I., p. 292.
531 De Divisione Naturae, I., p. 69.
532 Ibid., IV., p. 9.
533 Turner, Wm., loc. cit. p. 249.
534 Ibid.
535 Poole, Reginald Lane, Illustration in the History of Mediæval Thought. See Excurus on Visit to Greece, Legend Examined, pp. 311–313.
536 For numerous complimentary tributes see T. P. Nolan’s booklet Irish University and Culture in the Catholic Truth Society Series.
537 Poole, Reginald Lane, op. cit. p. 14.
538 Turner, Wm., Article Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival in Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. XIII., pp. 579–580.
539 Zimmer H., The Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 130.