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Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum

by John Healy

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER I.PAGE
STATE OF LEARNING IN IRELAND BEFORE ST. PATRICK.
I.—The Druids 1
Learning of the Druids 1
Religious Worship 2
Sacrifice of Human Victims 3
Worship of the Elements 3
Enchantments 4
Acquaintance with Letters 4
Sun-Worship 5
II.—The Bards 7
The Files 7
The Ollamh-Poet 7
Historic Poet 8
Neidhe 9
Ollioll Olum 10
Ossian 10
III.—The Brehons 11
Office of Brehon thrown open to all possessing necessary qualifications 11
Morann 12
Their Course of Instruction 12
IV.—The Ogham Alphabet 13
Inscribed Stones 13
Invention of the Ogham 14
Letters of the Ogham Alphabet 15
CHAPTER II.
IRISH SCHOLARS BEFORE ST. PATRICK.
I.—Cormac Mac Art 16
Battle of Magh Mucruimhe 17
Fenian Militia 18
Finn Mac Cumhail 19
Feis of Tara 19
The Teach Miodhchuarta 21
Writings ascribed to Cormac 23
Saltair of Tara 23
Schools at Tara 23
Book of Aicill 25
Death of Cormac 26
Torna Eigas 28
II.—Sedulius 29
Evidence of Irish Birth 29
Religious Training 32
Writings of Sedulius 35
Carmen Paschale 36
Elegiac Poems 37
III.—Caelestius and Pelagius 39
Caelestius not an Irishman 39
Pelagius of British Birth, but of Scottish Origin 40
No evidence to show that Caelestius was either a Briton or Scot—His Character 41
CHAPTER III.
LEARNING IN IRELAND IN THE TIME OF ST. PATRICK.
I.—St. Patrick’s Education 43
Life at Marmoutier 44
St. Germanus of Auxerre 46
Patrick accompanied Germanus on his journey to Britain, A.D. 429 48
St. Patrick in the Island of Lerins 49
St. Patrick commissioned by St. Celestine to Preach the Gospel in Ireland 50
II.—St. Patrick’s Literary Labour in Ireland 50
Arrival in Ireland 50
He lights the Paschal Fire 51
Miraculous Destruction of the two Chief Druids of Erin 51
Patrick burns the idolatrous books at Tara and overturns the idols in Leitrim 52
III.—St. Patrick Reforms the Brehon Laws 52
The Senchus Mor 52
Commission of Nine 53
Benignus 54
Church Organization 55
Friendly Alliance with the Bards 57
Church Music 58
St. Patrick accompanied by Bishops and Priests in his Mission to Ireland 59
Synod of Patrick, Auxilius and Iserninus 60
Holy See Supreme Judge of Controversies 60
Duties of Ecclesiastical Judges and Kings 61
Oral Instruction communicated by St. Patrick to his Disciples during Missionary Journeys 62
Books used by St. Patrick 63
Elements, or “Alphabets” of Christian Doctrine 63
Equipment of the young Priest beginning his Missionary Work 64
Patrick’s Household 65
Patrick’s Artificers 66
CHAPTER IV.
THE WRITINGS OF SAINT PATRICK AND OF HIS DISCIPLES.
I.—St. Patrick’s Confession 67
Evidence in favour of its authenticity 68
The Saint’s motive in writing it 69
Patrick’s parents in Britain 71
Patrick met opposition in preaching the Gospel in Ireland 72
II.—The Epistle to Coroticus 73
III.—The Lorica, or the Deer’s Cry 75
IV.—Sechnall’s Hymn of St. Patrick 77
Secundinus 77
Sechnall, son of Patrick’s sister, Darerca 79
Sechnall’s father 79
V.—The Hymn Sancti Venite 80
St. Sechnall the first Christian Poet in Erin 81
VI.—St. Fiacc of Sletty 81
Fiacc receives grade or orders 83
He founds two Churches 83
Fiacc’s Metrical Life of St. Patrick 85
VII.—The Sayings of Saint Patrick 87
VIII.—The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick 88
Its date and authorship 89
CHAPTER V.
IRISH MONASTIC SCHOOLS IN GENERAL.
I.—General View of an Irish Monastery 91
Monasticism always existed and always will exist in the Church 92
St. Martin of Tours, the Father of Monasticism in Gaul 93
II.—The Buildings 94
Cells of the Monks 95
Monastic Hospitality 96
III.—Discipline 97
The Abbot 98
The Monastic Family 99
The Rule 99
Food 101
Ordinary Dress 102
IV.—The Daily Labour of the Monastery 102
Religious Exercises 103
Study 103
Writing 104
Manual Labour 104
Church Furniture 105
V.—The Three Orders of Irish Saints 106
CHAPTER VI.
SCHOOLS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY.
I.—The Schools of Armagh 110
Emania 111
Daire 111
Patrick founds Armagh 112
Ecclesiastical Buildings at Armagh 113
St. Benignus 114
Death of Benignus 116
The Book of Rights attributed to Benignus 116
The School of Armagh, primarily a great Theological Seminary 117
The Moralia of St. Gregory the Great 117
Gildas the Wise 118
His Destruction of Britain 119
English Students at Armagh 119
Churches and Schools of Armagh burned and plundered between A.D. 670 and 1179 120
Imar O’Hagan 121
The Book of Armagh 122
The Mac Moyres 124
II.—The School of Kildare 125
St. Brigid 125
St. Mathona 126
St. Ita 127
St. Brigid born at Faughart 128
Events of her marvellous history 129
Brigid’s religious vows 130
Brigid founds Kildare 130
Brigid the “Mary of Ireland”131
Monastery of Men at Kildare 132
St. Conlaeth 132
St. Ninnidhius 132
Great Church of Kildare 133
Six Lives of St. Brigid 133
St. Brogan Cloen 134
Cogitosus 135
Round Tower of Kildare 138
Perpetual fire of Kildare 138
Art of Illumination in the Monastic Schools of Kildare 139
The Book of Leinster 140
CHAPTER VII.
MINOR MONASTIC SCHOOLS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY.
I.—The School of Noendrum 141
St. Mochae 141
St. Colman of Dromore 143
Mochae of Noendrum enchanted for 150 years by the song of a Blackbird 144
II.—The School of Louth 145
St. Mochta 145
School founded 147
The Druid Hoam 147
Book of Cuana 149
III.—The School of Emly 149
St. Ailbe 149
Pre-Patrician Bishops in Ireland 150
Life of St. Ailbe of Emly 151
Ailbe preached the Gospel in Connaught 152
Life of St. Declan 153
Sts. Ciaran, Ailbe, Declan, and Ibar yield subjection and supremacy to Patrick 153
Difficulties against the authenticity of the Lives of St. Ciaran, St. Declan, and St. Ailbe 155
IV.—St. Ibar 155
Beg-Eri 156
School of Beg-Eri 157
Beg-Eri no longer an Island 158
V.—Early Schools in the West of Ireland 159
College at Cluainfois 160
School of St. Asicus of Elphin 161
CHAPTER VIII.
SCHOOLS OF THE SIXTH CENTURY.
THE MONASTIC SCHOOL OF ST. ENDA OF ARAN.
I.—Life of St. Enda of Aran 163
Monastic Character of the Early Irish Church 163
Family of St. Enda 164
His Sister, St. Fanchea 165
He goes to Candida Casa 167
Goes to Aran 169
II.—The Isles of Aran 169
Aran Mor 170
III.—Pagan Remains in the Isles of Aran 172
Dun Ængusa 173
Dun Conchobhair 175
These Islands in ancient times the stronghold of a Warrior Race 176
IV.—Christian Aran of St. Enda 177
The Curragh Stone 177
Enda founded his First Monastery at Killeany 177
Scholars of St. Enda 178
Columba and Ciaran at Aran 179
The Life of Enda and his Monks, simple and austere 180
V.—Ancient Churches in Aran 181
Churches in Townland of Killeany 181
Telagh-Enda 182
The “Seven Churches”182
The Tomb of St. Brecan 183
The Septem Romani 184
Ruins at Kilmurvey 185
Tempull na-Cheathair-Aluinn 186
CHAPTER IX.
THE SCHOOL OF ST. FINNIAN OF CLONARD.
I.—Preliminary Sketch of Christian Schools 188
The First Christian Schools 188
Schools of the Pagans 189
Episcopal Schools 190
School founded by John Cassian near Marseilles 190
Monastery of Lerins 192
II.—St. Finnian of Clonard 193
Finnian’s birth 194
Goes to Britain 195
Dubricius 196
St. David 196
Cathmael 197
Finnian returns to Erin 198
III.—The School of Clonard 199
Scholars of Clonard 201
Instruction altogether oral 202
Knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures 203
“Tutor of the Saints of Ireland”203
Remains at Clonard 205
St. Aileran the Wise 206
CHAPTER X.
THE SCHOOL OF CLONFERT.
I.—St. Brendan of Clonfert 209
Fostered by St. Ita 211
Brendan’s progress in learning under St. Erc 211
Seminary at Cluainfois 212
Brendan’s Rule 213
St. Brendan’s Oratory on the summit of Brandon Hill 214
Brendan’s Voyages 215
He goes to Britain 217
The Cursing of Tara 218
He founds the Monastery of Inchiquin 219
Founds Clonfert 220
Death of Brendan 221
II.—St. Moinenn 222
St. Fintan 224
The Abbot Seanach Garbh 225
St. Fursey 226
Birth of Fursey 227
III.—St. Cummian the Tall, Bishop of Clonfert 228
Birth of Cummian 229
Pupil of St. Finbar 230
Cummian and King Domhnall 232
Paschal Controversy 233
The Irish Usage 234
Main charge brought against the Irish 235
A National Synod at Magh Lene 236
Cummian’s Paschal Epistle 237
He appeals to the authority of the Church 238
Quotes the Synodical Decrees of St. Patrick 239
The Liber de Mensura Poenitentiarum 240
IV.—Subsequent History of Clonfert 242
Turgesius and the Danes 242
Old Cathedral of Clonfert 243
CHAPTER XI.
THE SCHOOL OF MOVILLE.
I.—St. Finnian of Moville 245
His Boyhood and Education 246
Candida Casa 246
Finnian at Candida Casa 247
He goes to Rome 248
Returns to Ireland and founds a School at Moville 249
Columcille’s Copy of St. Finnian’s Psaltery 251
The Cathach 252
St. Finnian’s Rule 253
His Death 254
The Hymn of St. Colman 255
II.—Marianus Scotus 256
CHAPTER XII.
THE SCHOOL OF CLONMACNOISE.
I.—St. Ciaran of Clonmacnoise 258
Clonmacnoise 258
St. Ciaran at the School of Clonard 259
He goes to Aran 260
Visits St. Senan at Scattery 261
Founds Churches at Isell Ciaran and Hare Island, and the Monastery at Clonmacnoise 261
Origin of the Diocese of Clonmacnoise 262
Death of St. Ciaran 263
Festival of St. Ciaran 264
The Eclais Beg 265
II.—The Ruined Churches at Clonmacnoise 266
Round Tower 267
O’Rourke’s Tower 268
De Lacy’s Castle 269
Inscribed Tombstones 269
III.—The Scholars of Clonmacnoise 270
Grants to the School of Clonmacnoise 271
Colgan, or Colgu the Wise 272
Alcuin 272
The Ferleginds 273
The Prayer of St. Colgu 273
Scuap Chrabhaigh 274
Plundered by the Danes 274
Felim Mac Criffan 275
IV.—Annalists of Clonmacnoise 276
Tighernach 276
Chronicon Scotorum 278
Gilla-Christ O’Maeileon 279
Annals of Clonmacnoise 279
V.—The “Leabhar-na-h-Uidhre”280
Conn-na-m-Bocht 280
VI.—Dicuil, the Geographer 281
The De Mensura Orbis Terrarum 281
His Learning 284
Irish Pilgrimage to Jerusalem 285
The “Barns of Joseph”286
Dicuil’s reference to Iceland 287
Love of the Ancient Irish Monks for island solitudes 288
Iceland and the Faroe Isles occupied by Irish Monks prior to discovery of these islands by the Danes 289
Dicuil’s testimony that Sedulius was an Irishman 290
CHAPTER XIII.
THE COLUMBIAN SCHOOLS IN IRELAND.
I.—St. Columba’s Education 291
St. Columba, a typical Celt 291
Early History 292
Goes to the School of St. Finnian at Moville 294
Columba at the School of Clonard 295
Columba at Glasnevin 296
He returns to his native territory 297
II.—Columba founds Derry 298
Columcille’s original Church 298
Personal description of Columba 299
III.—The Schools of Durrow and Kells 301
Columba founded the Monastery of Durrow 301
Interesting incidents 302
Cormac Ua Liathain 303
The Book of Durrow 304
Ancient remains at Durrow 305
Assassination of De Lacy 306
IV.—The Foundation of Kells 306
King Diarmait 306
St. Columba’s House 308
Round Tower of Kells 309
Book of Kells 309
This MS. caused the Battle of Cuil-Dreimhne 310
Columba’s departure from Derry 312
Port-a-Churraich 314
CHAPTER XIV.
THE COLUMBIAN SCHOOL IN ALBA.
I.—Iona 315
Columba settles in Iona 316
Reilig Odhran 317
Columba’s Monasteries 318
Scribes in Iona 319
Rule in Iona 319
II.—Columba Protects the Bards 320
Threatened destruction of the Bards 320
Convention of Drumceat 321
Columba’s defence of the Bards 322
The Bardic Schools 323
III.—Death of Columba 324
IV.—Writings of Columba 326
The Altus Prosator 327
In te Christe 328
Noli Pater 328
Irish Poems attributed to Columcille 329
Columba’s Prophecies 329
V.—Lives of Columcille 330
VI.—Other Scholars of Iona 331
Baithen 331
Death of Baithen 333
Laisren 333
Seghine 333
Suibhne 334
Cuimine the Fair 334
VII.—Adamnan, Ninth Abbot of Hy 335
Greek Tongue taught in the School of Hy 1170 years ago 336
Adamnan’s Birth 336
His Parentage 337
King Finnachta 337
Adamnan goes to Iona 338
Vita Columbae 339
Adamnan introduces the new Paschal observance into Ireland 341
Dispute between Adamnan and Finnachta 342
Canon of Adamnan 342
Death of Adamnan—relics transferred to Ireland 343
Adamnan’s writings 344
De Locis Sanctis 344
Expulsion of the Columbian Monks by the Pictish King Nectan 345
The “Gentiles” make their first descent on the Hebrides 346
Martyrdom of St. Blaithmac 347
The Rule of Columba 347
CHAPTER XV.
THE LATER COLUMBIAN SCHOOLS IN IRELAND.
I.—Kells Head of the Columbian Houses 348
Kells pillaged by the Danes 348
The Cathach 348
II.—Marianus Scotus 349
Commentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul 351
III.—The Later School of Derry 352
The Ua Brolchain 352
St. Maelisa O’Brolchain 353
Flaithbhertach O’Brolchain 354
The Abbot of Derry resolves to renovate his monastery and collects funds for the purpose 355
Synod of the Clergy of Ireland convened at Bri Mac Taidgh in Laeghaire 356
See of Derry established 357
IV.—Gelasius 358
His name of Mac Liag 358
Gelasius becomes Abbot of Derry,359
He reforms the morals of clergy and people 359
Synod of Kells 360
Synod of Mellifont 361
Synod of Brigh Mac-Taidgh 361
Synod of Clane 362
Gelasius consecrates St. Laurence O’Toole 362
Death of Gelasius 363
CHAPTER XVI.
THE SCHOOL OF BANGOR.
I.—St. Comgall of Bangor 364
Birth and parentage 365
Comgall enters the Monastery of Fintan 366
He visits Clonmacnoise, and receives the priesthood 367
Description of Bangor 367
St. Columba visits Comgall at Bangor 368
The fame of Comgall attracts crowds to Bangor 369
Death of Comgall 370
II.—St. Columbanus 370
His early life 371
Goes to Cluaninis and places himself under the care of Sinell 372
He enters Bangor 372
Preaches the Gospel in Gaul 373
He buries himself in the depths of the forest 373
Increase of Disciples 374
Founds a monastery at Luxeuil 375
Columbanus and his Irish Monks banished from Luxeuil 376
They establish themselves at Bregentz 376
He founds the Monastic Church of Bobbio 378
Death of Columbanus 378
His writings 379
The Bobbio Missal 380
The Antiphonarium Benchorense 381
III.—Dungal 381
Theologian, astronomer and poet 381
Dungal was an Irishman 382
Probably educated in the School of Bangor 382
Dungal goes to France 382
His Letter to Charlemagne on the two solar eclipses said to have taken place in A.D. 810 383
He opens a school at Pavia 385
The last struggle of Western Iconoclasm 385
The Libri Carolini 386
Synod of Frankfort 386
The Council of Nice 387
The Paris Conference 388
Claudius of Turin 389
Dungali Responsa contra perversas Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias 390
Character of Dungal’s writings 391
His death 392
IV.—St. Malachy 393
Sketch of his life 393
He rebuilds the monastery at Bangor 394
Becomes Bishop of Connor 394
Founds the Monasterium Ibracense 395
Malachy transferred to the Primatial See 395
Difficulties in Armagh 395
Malachy honoured at Rome by Pope Innocent III.396
Death at Clairvaux 397
CHAPTER XVII.
THE SCHOOL OF CLONENAGH.
I.—St. Fintan 398
Churches founded round the base of the Slieve Bloom mountains 398
Clonenagh 398
Fintan’s Rule 401
St. Comgall a pupil of the School of Clonenagh 402
Miracles of St. Fintan 403
Fintan, “Father of the Irish Monks”404
II.—St. Ængus 404
A Ceile De 405
He leads a solitary life 405
Dysert-Enos 406
Penitential Exercises 407
Ængus arrives at Tallagh 407
Martyrology of Tallagh 408
The Felire 409
Fothadh-na-Canoine 410
Invocation of the Saints 411
The Saltair-na-Rann 412
Opinions of Dr. Stokes with regard to the writings of Ængus 412
Death of Ængus 413
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE SCHOOL OF GLENDALOUGH.
I.—St. Kevin 414
Sketch of his Life 414
Kevin is placed under the care of St. Petroc 415
He goes to Glendalough 416
Description of Glendalough 417
St. Kevin’s Bed 418
Tempull-na-Skellig 419
Glendalough, a Seminary of Saints and Scholars 420
Kevin meets Columba, Comgall and Canice at the hill of Uisnech 421
Death of Kevin 421
Writings attributed to Kevin 422
II.—Ruins at Glendalough 422
The Cathedral 423
St. Kevin’s Kitchen 423
Our Lady’s Church 424
Trinity Church 424
Kevin’s Yew Tree 425
III.—St. Moling 425
St. Moling 426
Teach Moling 426
Moling becomes Bishop of Ferns 427
Remission of the Cow-Tax 428
Writings attributed to St. Moling 429
Glendalough ravaged by the Danes 429
“Gilla-na-naomh Laighen”430
CHAPTER XVIII.—(continued).
THE SCHOOL OF GLENDALOUGH.
St. Laurence O’Toole 432
His Parentage 433
He goes to Glendalough 434
Lorcan as a Student 435
He is placed at the head of St. Kevin’s Great Establishment 436
Consecrated Archbishop of Dublin 437
Synod of the Irish Prelates at Clane 437
He reforms the Clergy 437
His Spirit of Mortification and Prayer 438
Dermott McMurrough and Maurice Fitzgerald attack Dublin 440
He stimulates the slothful king, Rory O’Connor, to action 441
Laurence O’Toole attends a General Council in Rome, and secures many privileges for the Church in Ireland 443
He travels to England in the interests of Rory O’Connor the discrowned king 444
Detained a prisoner in the monastery of Abingdon 444
His death 445
Canonization 446
CHAPTER XIX.
SCHOOLS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY.
I.—The School of Lismore, St. Carthach 447
He visits the School of Bangor 448
He founds a monastery at Rahan 449
“Effugatio” of Carthach from Rahan 450
He founds Lismore 453
Retires from community life to prepare for death 454
Miracles 454
Rule of Carthach 455
II.—St. Cathaldus of Tarentum 457
The Life of St. Cathaldus 457
His Birth-place 458
A Student at Lismore 460
He becomes a bishop 461
See of Rachau 462
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem 462
Taranto 463
Cathaldus endeavours to reform the licentious inhabitants of Taranto 463
His death at Taranto 464
Invention of the Saint’s Relics 464
III.—Other Scholars of Lismore 465
St. Cuanna 465
St. Colman O’Leathain 467
Aldfrid, King of Northumbria 468
IV.—Subsequent History of Lismore 466
Lismore ravaged by the Danes 469
Scenery at Lismore 471
Inscribed stones 472
The Crozier of Lismore 472
The Book of Lismore 473
CHAPTER XX.
THE SCHOOLS OF DESMOND.
I.—The School of Cork 475
St. Finbarr 476
Gougane Barra 478
Cork in A.D. 1600 480
Death of St. Finbarr 482
His character 483
Assassination of Mahoun 484
Giolla Aedha O’Muidhin 486
II.—St. Colman Mac Ua Cluasaigh 487
Pestilence in Ireland 487
St. Colman’s Hymn 488
III.—The School of Ross 490
St. Fachtna 490
Geographical Poem of Mac Cosse 494
IV.—The School of Innisfallen 495
St. Finan the Leper 496
St. Finan Cam 497
V.—The Annals of Innisfallen 500
Maelsuthain O’Cearbhail 500
Curious anecdote of Maelsuthain 502
Annals of Innisfallen 503
Description of Innisfallen 505
CHAPTER XXI.
THE SCHOOLS OF THOMOND.
I.—The School of Mungret 506
St. Nessan 507
St. Munchin 508
Mungret plundered by the Danes 510
“The Learning of the Women of Mungret”511
II.—The School of Iniscaltra 513
Island of Iniscaltra 513
St. Columba of Terryglass 513
Death of St. Columba 515
St. Caimin 517
Round Tower of Iniscaltra 519
St. Caimin’s Church 519
Sculptured stones 520
Iniscaltra ravaged by the Danes 521
III.—Other Monastic Schools of Thomond 522
St. Brendan of Birr 522
St. Cronan of Roscrea 523
Book of Dimma 524
CHAPTER XXII.
LATER SCHOOLS OF THE WEST.
I.—St. Colman’s School of Mayo 527
The Easter Controversy 527
Inisboffin 531
Death of Colman 533
II.—St. Gerald of Mayo 534
Life of St. Gerald 534
Adamnan promulgates the celebrated “Lex Innocentiae”537
Date of St. Gerald’s Death 537
III.—Subsequent History of the School of Mayo 538
Cele O’Duffy 539
IV.—The School of Tuam 540
St. Jarlath 541
“Meadow of Retreat”542
St. Brendan visits St. Jarlath’s School at Cluainfois 543
St. Jarlath founds Tuam 544
CHAPTER XXII.—(continued).
CELTIC ART IN THE WESTERN MONASTERIES DURING THE REIGN OF TURLOUGH O’CONNOR.
I.—The O’Duffys 547
II.—Celtic Art at Clonmacnoise 550
The Ollamh-builder 551
Gobban Saer 551
Religh-na-Cailleach 552
Crosses and Architectural Ornaments in Sculpture at Tuam and Cong 554
Turlough rebuilds the Cathedral of Tuam 557
The Abbey of Cong 558
The Cross of Cong 560
The Chalice of Ardagh 562
The Shrine of St. Manchan 564
CHAPTER XXIII.
IRISH SCHOLARS ABROAD
I.—St. Virgilius, Archbishop of Salzburg 566
Country of St. Virgilius 566
Accusations against Virgilius 569
Doctrine of the Antipodes 570
Virgilius, the Apostle of Carinthia 572
Discovery of the Tomb of Virgilius 573
II.—Sedulius, Commentator on Scripture 574
Writings of Sedulius 574
III.—John Scotus Erigena 576
Born in Ireland 576
Patronised by Charles the Bald 579
His Liber de Prædestinatione 581
Alleged Errors about the Real Presence 583
His Translation of the Pseudo-Dionysius 584
His Treatise De Divisione Naturae 586
This Book condemned A.D. 1225 587
His Death 588
IV.—Foreign Scholars in Ireland 589
College of Slane 590
Dagobert, a Pupil of Slane 590
Egbert in Ireland 591
Studies in Connaught 592
St. Chad in Connaught 593
St. Willibrord in Ireland 594
Agilbert, Bishop of Paris, in Ireland 595
CHAPTER XXIV.
GAEDHLIC SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS OF ANCIENT ERIN.
I.—Organization of the Gaedhlic Professional Schools 597
The Learned Professions in Erin 598
Degrees in Poetry, in Law, in History 600
II.—School of Tuaim Drecain 602
Three Schools at Tuaim Drecain 602
Cennfaeladh, Professor in all the Faculties 604
III.—Cormac Mac Cullinan 605
Disert-Diarmada 605
Cormac, King of Cashel 607
Not Bishop of Cashel 609
Cashel then a Royal Dun 610
Battle of Ballaghmoon 611
IV.—Writings of Cormac Mac Cullinan 612
Psalter of Caiseal 613
Cormac’s Glossary 612
CHAPTER XXIV.—(continued).
I.—Gaedhlic Scholars of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries 614
Amergin Mac Awley 615
Dallan Forgaill 616
II.—Gaedhlic scholars of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 617
Maelmura of Fathan 617
Flann Mac Lonan 618
Eochaid O’Flinn 619
III.—Gaedhlic Scholars of the Eleventh Century 620
Mac Liag 620
His writings 623
Cuan O’Lochain 624
The Monastery of Buite 625
IV.—Discipline of the Lay Colleges 628
Relations between pupils and Teachers laid down in the Senchus Mor 629
Corporal punishment sometimes inflicted 630

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