Appendix
Works Consulted
A.—Sources.
Aelfric: Homilies (with translation by B. Thorpe), 2 vols., Lond., 1844-6.
Alcuin: Opera Omnia Patrologiae Cursus Complexus, ed. Migne, vols. C., CI., 1851.
Aldhelm: Opera, ed. J. A. Giles, Oxon., 1844.
Alfred the Great: Preface to Gregory’s Pastoral Care, ed. H. Sweet (Early English Text Society), 50.
Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, ed. B. Thorpe, (Rec. Com.) Lond., 1840.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, ed. B. Thorpe, 2 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1861.
Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1864-6-9.
Asserius de Rebus Gestis Alfredi, ed. W. H. Stevenson, Lond., 1904.
Bacon, Roger: Opera Inedita, ed. J. S. Brewer (R. S.), Lond., 1859.
Basil, St.: Opera, 3 vols., Paris, 1839.
Becket, Thomas à, Materials for a History of, ed. J. C. Robertson, J. B. Sheppard (R. S.), 7 vols., Lond., 1885.
Bede: Opera Historica, ed. C. Plummer, 2 vols., Oxon., 1876.
Beverley Minster, Memorials of, ed. A. F. Leach (Surtees Society), Durham, 1898.
Cardwell, E.: Synodalia, 2 vols., Oxon., 1842.
Cardwell, E.: Documentary Annals of the Church of England, 2 vols., Oxon., 1844.
Charters and Documents illustrating the History of the Cathedral City of Sarum, 1100-1300, ed. W. D. Macray (R. S.), 1891.
Chaucer, Geoffrey: Complete Works, ed. W. W. Skeat, Oxon., 1894-7.
Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda, ed. J. G. Rakewood (Camden Society Publications, XIII.).
Chronica Monasterii St. Albani, Johannis de Trokelowe, Chronica et Annales, ed. H. T. Riley, 2 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1866.
Chronica Monasterii Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani, ed. H. T. Riley, 3 vols. (R. S.), 1867-9.
Chronica Monasterii, Ypodigma Neustriae a Thomas Walsingham, ed. H. T. Riley (R. S.), 1876.
Chronica Rogeri de Wendover, ed. H. G. Hewlett, 3 vols., Lond., 1886-9.
Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis, ed. W. D. Macray, 2 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1882-83.
Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, ed. J. S. Stevenson, 2 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1858.
Chronicon Petroburgense (Camden Society, XLVII.), 1849.
Corpus Juris Canonici, ed. A. L. Richter, 2 vols., 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1879-81.
Coventry Leet Book, ed. M. D. Harris (Early English Text Society), 1907.
Dachery, L.: Spicilegium, sive collectio veterum scriptorum qui in Galliae Bibliothecis delituerant, ed. nova. a De la Barre, 3 vols., Paris, 1723.
Documents illustrating Early Education in Worcester, ed. A. F. Leach, Lond., 1913.
Dugdale, Sir W.: Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. J. Caley, H. Ellis, B. Bandinel, 6 vols., Lond., 1817.
Dunstan, St., Memorials of, ed. W. Stubbs (R. S.), Lond., 1874.
Early Yorkshire Schools, ed. A. F. Leach (Yorks. Archaeol. Assoc. Record Series, vols. XXVII. and XXXII.), 1899-1903.
Fifty Earliest English Wills (1387-1439), ed. F. J. Furnivall (Early English Text Society), No. 67.
Flores Historarium, ed. H. R. Luard, 3 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1890.
Freemen of York (Surtees Soc.), XCVIII., 2 vols., 1897.
Giraldus Cambrensis, Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer, J. F. Dimondes, A. F. Warner (R. S.), 8 vols., Lond., 1861-91.
Gross, Charles: The Gild Merchant, 2 vols., Oxon., 1890.
Grosseteste, Robert: Epistolae, ed. H. R. Luard (R. S.), Lond., 1861.
Haddon and Stubbs: Councils and Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 2 vols., Oxon., 1877-8.
Higden, Ranulf, Polychronicon (with the English translation of John Trevisa), ed. C. Babington, J. R. Lumby, 9 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1865-83.
Hingeston-Randulph, F. C.: The Episcopal Registers of the Diocese of Exeter, Lond., 1886.
Historia et Cartularium Monasterii St. Petri Gloucestriae, ed. W. H. Harte, 3 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1863-67.
Historians and Archbishops of the Church of York, ed. J. Raine, 3 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1879-94.
Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, ed. J. Raine (R. S.), Lond., 1873.
Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols. (R. S.), 1879-80.
Household Books of John, Duke of Norfolk, and Thomas, Earl of Surrey, Roxburg Club, 1844.
John of Salisbury: Omnia Opera, ed. J. A. Giles, 5 vols., Oxon., 1848.
Johnson, J.: A Collection of the Laws and Canons of the Church of England, 2 vols., Oxon., 1850-1.
Lanfranc: Opera, ed. J. A. Giles, Oxon., 1844.
Leach, A. F.: Educational Charters, Lond., 1911.
Leach, A. F.: English Schools at the Reformation, Lond., 1897.
Liber Censualis Vocati Domesday Book, ed. Sir H. Ellis (Rec. Com.), Lond., 1816.
Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis, ed. J. Stevenson (Surtees Society), 1841.
Manners and Meals in the Olden Times, ed. F. J. Furnivall (Early English Text Society), O. S. XXXII.
Memorials of St. Edmunds Abbey, ed. T. Arnold, 3 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1890-1891.
Migne: Patrologiae Cursus Complexus, vols. XXXI., LXVI., CXXXVII., CXXXVIII., CXXXIX.
Monumenta Academica, ed. H. Anstey, 2 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1868.
Monumenta Franciscana, ed. J. S. Brewer, R. Hewlett (R. S.), 4 vols. 1858-1882.
Neckham, Alexander: De Natura Rerum, ed. T. Wright (R. S.), Lond., 1863.
Northumberland Household Book, ed. Bishop Percy, 2nd. edition, Lond., 1827.
Norwich, Visitations of the Diocese of, 1492-1532, ed. A. Jessop (Camden Society, XLIII.).
Paston Letters, ed. J. Gairdner, 6 vols., Lond., 1904.
Pecock, R.: Repressor of Over-Much Blaming of the Clergy, ed. C. Babington, 2 vols. (R. S.), 1860.
Pertz, G. H.: Leges, 5 vols., Hanover, 1853.
Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, ed. Sir H. Nicholas, 7 vols. (Rec. Com.), 1834-37.
Register of St. Osmund, ed. Rev. W. H. R. Jones, 2 vols. (R. S.), 1883-5.
Registrum Palatinum Dunelmensis, ed. Sir T. D. Hardy, 4 vols. (R. S.), Lond., 1873-78.
Rotuli Hugonis de Welles Episcopi Lincolniensis, ed. W. P. W. Phillimore, F. H. Davies, 3 vols. (Lincoln Record Soc.), 1911.
Sharp, R. R.: Calendar of Wills proved and enrolled in the Court of Husting, Lond., 1889-90.
Simpson, W. Sparrow: Registrum Statutorum et Consuetudinum Ecclesiae Cathedralis St. Pauli, Lond., 1897.
Smith, J. Toulmin: English Gilds (Early English Text Society), Lond., 1870.
Sonner, W.: Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum, Oxon., 1659.
Southwell Minster, Visitations and Memorials of, ed. A. F. Leach (Camden Society), N. S., 1891.
Statutes of the Realm, ed. Sir T. E. Tompkins, J. Raithby, J. Caley, and W. Elliot (Rec. Com.), 9 vols., 1819-28.
Stow: A Survey of London, ed. C. L. Kingsford, 2 vols., Oxon., 1905.
Valor Ecclesiasticus, ed. J. Caley, Rev. J. Hunter (Rec. Com.), 1817-34.
Waltham Abbey, The Foundations of, ed. W. Stubbs, (R. S.), Lond., 1861.
Wharton, H.: Anglia Sacra seu Collectio Historiarum de Archiepiscopis et Episcopis Angliae, 2 vols., Lond., 1861.
Wilkins, D.: Concilia Magnae Britannicae et Hiberniae, 4 vols., Lond., 1737.
William of Malmesbury: De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, ed. N. E. S. A. Hamilton (R. S.), Lond., 1870.
William of Malmesbury: De Gestis Regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs (R. S.), Lond., 1887-89.
Wulfstan: Vita St. Aethelwoldi; Migne: Patrologiae Cursus Complexus, CXXXVII.
Yorkshire Chantry Surveys, ed. J. Rainer, 2 vols. (Surtees Society), Lond., 1898.
Calendars of the Charter Rolls.
Calendars of the Close Rolls.
Calendars of the Patent Rolls.
B.—Other Works.
Adams, G. B.: Civilisation during the Middle Ages, New York, 1894.
Allain, L’Abbé: L’instruction primaire en France avant la Révolution, Paris, 1881.
Ampère, J. J.: Histoire Littéraire de la France avant la Douzième Siècle, 3 vols., 1839-40.
Ashley, W. J.: Introduction to English Economic History, 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
Azarias, Brother: Essays Educational, Chicago, 1896.
Bateson, M.: Medieval England, Lond., 1903.
Böhmer: Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie im XI. und XII. Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1899.
Brodrick, G. C.: History of the University of Oxford, Lond., 1896.
Burrows, Montague: Collectanea, Second Series (Oxford Hist. Soc. Publications, vol. XVI.), Third Series, vol. XXXII., Oxon., 1890, 1896.
Capes, W. W.: The English Church in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, Lond., 1900.
Cavendish, G.: Life of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. H. W. Singer, Lond., 1827.
Chevrier, Fischer de: Histoire de l’instruction populaire en France, Paris, 1898.
Church, R. W.: St. Anselm, Lond., 1884.
Clark, J. Willis: The Care of Books, New York, 1901.
Compayré, G.: Abelard, and the Origin and Early History of the Universities, New York, 1893.
Conybeare, E.: Alfred in the Chronicles, Lond., 1900.
Cooper, C. H.: Annals of Cambridge, 4 vols., Camb., 1842-1852.
Cornish, F. W.: Chivalry, Lond., 1901.
Coulton, G. C.: Monastic Schools in the Middle Ages, Lond., 1913.
Cunningham, W.: The Growth of English Commerce and Industry, Camb., 1882.
Cutts, E. L.: Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages, Lond., 1898.
Cutts, E. L.: Scenes and Characters in the Middle Ages, Lond., 1873.
Davidson, Thos.: Aristotle and the Ancient Educational Ideals, New York, 1892.
Denifle, H.: Die Enstehung der Universitatem des Mittelalters bis 1400, Berlin, 1885.
Dill, S.: Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, 2nd edition, Lond., 1899.
Dittes, Fr.: Gesichte der Erziehung und der Unterrichtes, Leipzig, 1890.
Drane, A. T.: Christian Schools and Scholars, Lond., 1881.
Draper, J. W.: Intellectual Development of Europe, 2 vols., New York, 1876.
Dunning, W. A.: History of Political Theories, New York, 1905.
Edgar, J.: History of Early Scottish Education, Edinburgh, 1893.
Emerton, E.: Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages, Boston, 1883.
Emerton, E.: Medieval Europe, Boston, 1894.
Fletcher, C. R. L.: Collectanea, First Series. (Oxf. Hist. Soc. Pubs.), vol. V., Oxon., 1885.
Froude, J. A.: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth, 12 vols., 1856-70.
Furnivall, F. J.: The Babees Book, Lond., 1868.
Gaskoin, C. J. B.: Alcuin, Lond., 1904.
Gasquet, F. A.: The Black Death, 2nd edition, Lond., 1908.
Gasquet, F. A.: The Old English Bible and Other Essays, Lond., 1897.
Gautier, Leon: Chivalry, Lond., 1891.
Green, Mrs. J. R.: Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, 2 vols., Lond., 1805.
Hartson, L. D.: A Study of Voluntary Associations (Ped. Sem., Vol. XVIII., No. 1), Worcester, Mass., 1911.
Hazlitt, W. C.: Schools, School Books and Schoolmasters, Lond., 1887.
Healy, J.: Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars, Dublin, 1890.
Hibbert, F. A.: Influence and Development of English Gilds, Camb., 1891.
Hodgkin, T.: Italy and her Invaders, 4 vols., Camb., 1880-5.
Hodgson, G. E.: Primitive Christian Education, Edinburgh, 1912.
Holman, H.: English National Education, Lond., 1898.
Hunt, W.: The English Church from its Foundation to the Norman Conquest, Lond., 1899.
Jessop, A.: The Coming of the Friars, Lond., 1901.
Kemble, J. M.: Saxons in England, 2 vols., Lond., 1849.
Lacroix, P.: Le Chevalrie et Les Croisades, Paris, 1890.
Lacroix, P.: L’école et la Science jusqu’à la Renaissance, Paris, 1887.
Lacroix, P.: Le moyen Age et la Renaissance, 5 vols., Paris, 1848-51.
Laurie, S. S.: Rise and Constitution of the Early Universities, New York, 1886.
Leach, A. F.: A History of Warwick School, Lond., 1906.
Leach, A. F.: History of Winchester College, Lond., 1899.
Little, A. G.: The Grey Friars at Oxford (Oxf. Hist. Soc. Pubs., vol. XX.), Oxon., 1891.
Lyte, Sir H. C. M.: A History of Eton College, Lond., 1875.
Lyte, Sir H. C. M.: History of the University of Oxford, Lond., 1886.
Maitland, S. R.: The Dark Ages, Lond., 1899.
Maître, Léon: Les écoles épiscopales et monastiques, 769-1180, Paris, 1866.
Medley, D. L.: English Constitutional History, 4th edition, Lond., 1907.
Meredith, H. C.: Economic History of England, Lond. (n.d.).
Mignet, F. A. A.: Mémoire sur la conversion de l’Allemagne par les Moines, Paris (n.d.).
Monnier, M. F., Alcuin et Charlemagne, Paris, 1860.
Montalembert, Count de: The Monks of the West, 7 vols., Lond., 1861-79.
Montmorency, J. E. G. de: State Intervention in English Education from the Earliest Times to 1833, Camb., 1902.
Mullinger, J. B.: History of the University of Cambridge, Camb., 1873.
Mullinger, J. B.: The Schools of Charles the Great, Lond., 1877.
Munroe, P.: Source Book for the History of Education for the Greek and Roman Period, New York, 1901.
Ozanam, A. F.: La Civilisation Chretienne chez les Francs, Paris, 1872.
Parker, H.: The Seven Liberal Arts; in Eng. Hist. Rev., vol. V., pp. 417-461, July 1890.
Poole, R. L.: Illustrations of Medieval Thought, Lond., 1844.
Putnam, G. H.: Books and their Makers during the Later Middle Ages, 2 vols., Lond., 1896.
Rashdall, H.: Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 2 vols., Oxon., 1895.
Report of the Schools Enquiry Commission, Lond., 1868.
Rogers, J. E. T.: History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 4 vols., Lond., 1866-82.
Roper, W.: Life of Sir Thos. More, ed. S. W. Singer, Chiswick, 1882.
Sandys, E. G.: History of Classical Scholarship, 3 vols., Camb., 1903.
Seebohm, F.: The English Village Community, Lond., 1883.
Smith, J. G.: Rise of Christian Monasticism, Lond., 1892.
Taylor, H. O.: The Medieval Mind, Lond., 1912.
Theiner, A.: Histoire des Institutions d’Education Ecclesiastique, 2 vols., Paris, 1841.
Timbs, J.: School Days of Eminent Men, Lond. (n. d.).
Townsend, W. T.: Great Schoolmen of the Middle Ages, Lond., 1881.
Traill, H. D.: Social England, 6 vols., Lond., 1894.
Vinogradoff, P.: English Society in the Eleventh Century, Oxon., 1908.
Watson, Foster: English Grammar Schools, Camb., 1908.
Watson, Foster: The Old Grammar Schools, Camb., 1916.
West, A. F.: Alcuin and the Rise of the Christian Schools, New York, 1892.
Wilkins, A. S.: National Education in Greece in the Fourth Century, B.C., Lond., 1873.
Abbreviations.
Ed. Ch. Educational Charters.
E. S. R. English Schools at the Reformation.
S. M. E. Schools of Medieval England.
Footnotes
1 English Grammar Schools, p. 10.
2 Constit. Hist., p. 563.
3 Montalembert: Monks of the West, I., 178.
4 Green: Short History, Ch. I., sec. 3.
5 Montalembert, op. cit. I., 23.
6 Cf. Draper: Intellectual Development of Europe.
7 Cf. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire.
8 Regula S. Pachomii, cap. 139, 140.
9 Regulae Fusius Tractatae, XV. Interrog. (Pat. Lat., v. 31, col. 952).
10 Regulae Brevius Tractatae, Interrog. CCXCII.
11 Regulae Brevius Tractatae, XXXVIII.
12 Italy and Her Invaders, IV., 391.
13 Chapter XLVIII.
14 Etudes Monastiques, p. 18.
15 H. E., V., 24.
16 Haddon and Stubbs: Councils and Documents relating to Britain and Ireland, Vol. III, pp. 364-5.
17 H. E., III., 27.
18 H. E., III., 27.
19 Sandys: History of Classical Scholarship, I., 52.
20 “Eum innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam apportasse.”
21 Alcuin. Ep., 13.
22 H. E., V., 15.
23 Monks of the West, IV., 464.
24 H. E., V., 24.
25 H. E., IV., 18.
26 Sandys: History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 53.
27 Cf. Traill: Social England, I., p. 177. Bede: H. E., II., 20: III., 11.
28 H. E., IV., 13.
29 Smith and Wace: Dictionary of Christian Biography.
30 H. E., IV., 13.
31 Bede: Hist. Abb., V., cf. H. E., III., 4.
32 Hist. Abb., V.
33 Hist. Abb., V.
34 H. E., IV., 13.
35 Cf. “homo XIII. annorum sese potest servum facere” Theod. Penit. XIX., sec. 29.
36 H. E., V., 5.
37 H. E., IV., 13.
38 H. E., III., 27.
39 H. E., III., 5.
40 H. E., III., 28.
41 Aelfric, Homilies, vol. I., p. 261.
42 H. E., V., 3.
43 Hunt: Hist. of the Eng. Ch., p. 239.
44 Cf. Medley, Constitutional History, p. 557.
45 Op. cit., p. 13.
46 Dill: Last Century of the Western Empire, p. 67.
47 Erasmus, p. 73.
48 Hodgson: Primitive Christian Education, p. 103.
49 Jerome: Lives of Illustrious Men, Ch. VIII.
50 Eusebius: H. E., VI., pp. 3, 26.
51 Jerome: Lives of Illustrious Men, Ch. XXVIII.
52 Sermo CCCLV., sec. 2, 6, 7.
53 Vita S. Augustini, c. 11.
54 Theiner: Histoire des Institutions d’Education Ecclesiastique, v. 1, pp. 103-117.
55 Bede, H. E., III., 18.
56 Cf. Fischer de Chevrier: Histoire de l’Instruction Populaire en France, Ch. IV.; Mullinger: University of Cambridge, p. 11; Ampere: Histoire Littéraire de la France avant le Douzième Siècle, II., 278; Joly: Traité Historique des Ecoles Episcopales et Ecclésiastiques, pp. 144-599.
57 I.e. the clergy of the Bishop of Hexham.
58 H. E., V., 6.
59 H. E., IV., 2.
60 Mignet: Memoire sur la conversion de l’Allemagne par les Moines, p. 25.
61 Sandys: History of Classical Scholarship, I., 451.
62 H. E., V., 18.
63 Aldhelmi Opera, ed. Giles, p. 96.
64 De Pontiff. Ebor., lines 1431-1447, trans. by Munroe.
65 Schs. of Charles the Great, p. 61.
66 For capitulary of 787 and 789, see Pertz: Leges, I., pp. 52, 65; for that of 802, Pertz, I., 107; for translation see Schools of Charles the Great, pp. 97-99.
67 Mullinger: op. cit., p. 50.
68 Alcuini Opera Omnia; Migne, Pat. Lat., Vols. C., CI.
69 Alcuini Epistolae, Migne, Pat. Lat., 1851, Vol. C., p. 222.
70 Heinemann: Statutes of 852, XI. Acts of the Province of Rheims, I., p. 211. Azarias: Essays Educational, p. 180.
71 Mansi: Concilia, vol. IX., p. 790.
72 Migne: Pat. Lat., vol. CV., p. 196.
73 Alcuini Epistolae, ed. Migne, Pat. Lat., vol. C., p. 214.
74 Social England, I., p. 141.
75 Asserius, de Rebus Gestis Alfredi, ed. W. H. Stevenson, 1904.
76 Stubbs: Memorials of St. Dunstan, p. 290; Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis, p. 25.
77 Aelfrici Grammatica Latino-Saxonica, p. 2.
78 Stubbs, op. cit., pp. 10, 74, 256.
79 Op. cit., p. 257.
80 Op. cit., p. 4.
81 Op. cit., p. 14.
82 Op. cit., p. LXXXV.
83 Wulfstan: Vita St. Aethelwoldi, Migne: Patrologia Cursus Complexus, CXXXVII., p. 87.
84 Stubbs, Memorials, p. 214.
85 Op. cit., p. 28, 46.
86 Aelfric, op. cit., p. 1.
87 Stubbs, op. cit., p. 101; Chron. Mon. de Abingdon, I., p. 129.
88 Chron. Abbat. Ram., p. 42.
89 Vita Sancti Abbonis, Migne, Pat. Cur. Com., CXXXIX., p. 390.
90 Chron. Abb. Ram., p. XXVII.
91 Stubbs, op. cit., XVIII, XIX.
92 Stubbs, op. cit., pp. 28, 46.
93 Op. cit., p. 261.
94 Wulfstan, pp. 91, 95.
95 See below, p. 38.
96 Chron. Abb. Ram., pp. 112, 113.
97 C. 940-1006.
98 Ed. Ch., p. 39.
99 Ed. Ch., p. 43.
100 P. 30.
101 Ancient Laws, p. 396.
102 Hist. Ch. York, I., p. 404.
103 Chron. Abb. Ram., p. 21.
104 English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 373.
105 Op. cit., p. 143.
106 D. d. I., f. 68, Ellis, I., 332.
107 I., f. 1546, Ellis, I., 304.
108 I., f. 149, Ellis, I., 267. See also Times’ Educational Supplement, 10th Oct., 1918.
109 Hermanus: De Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi, sec. 16 in Mem. of St. Edmund’s Abbey (R. S.) p. 46.
110 “Publicas instituens scholas.”
111 Memorials of St. Edmund’s Abbey, p. 126.
112 1060. See Tractatus de inventione Sante Crucis, ed. W. Stubbs, 1861.
113 Ibid., p. 15. These customs were probably due to the influence of the reforms instituted by Chrodegang of Metz. We may assume that the Godwin family supported the secular clergy in opposition to the regular clergy who followed Edward the Confessor from Normandy.
114 Ibid., p. 35.
115 Ibid., p. 35.
116 Adams: Civilisation in the Middle Ages, p. 197.
117 Traill: Social England, I., p. 257.
118 Traill, op. cit., I., p. 243.
119 Advocated by Kemble in his Saxons in England.
120 Econ. Hist., I., p. 20.
121 Thorold Rogers: Agriculture and Prices in England, vol. II., pp. 613, 615, 616.
122 Ashley, I., p. 42.
123 Ibid., p. 34.
124 Meredith: Econ. Hist., p. 49.
125 Cf. Leach: English Schools at the Reformation. Holman: English National Education.
126 Winchester College, p. 92.
127 See Book III., Ch. I.
128 See p. 37.
129 De Gestis Regum Anglorum, II., 304.
130 Böhmer: Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie, p. 113, n. 1.
131 Ibid., p. 107.
132 See Bateson: Medieval England, Ch. IV.
133 Böhmer: Op. cit., pp. 3-24.
134 Cf. Pignet: Histoire de l’Ordre de Cluny, III., p. 41. Maitland: The Dark Ages, pp. 375, 389, 390.
135 Cf. D’Achery, Spicilegium, IV., 4-226.
136 Cf. Constitutiones Lanfranci.
137 Cf. Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani, I., p. 52.
138 Wm. of Malmesbury, De Gestis Pontificum, p. 249.
139 Martini et Durand: Thesaurus Anecdotorum, I., 511; quoted Graham, Trans. Hist. Soc., XVII.
140 Gesta S. Albani, I., p. 57.
141 Ibid., pp. 76, 184, 192.
142 De Gestis Pontificum, p. 431.
143 Ibid., p. 194.
144 Ibid., p. 32.
145 Chron. Mon. de Abingdon, II., 44, 289. See also Hist. Intro. Rolls Series, ed. Stubbs, p. 43; Rashdall, Universities, II., p. 476; J. Willis Clark, The Care of Books, p. 74; De Gestis Regum, I., pp. xx-xxii.
146 The case for the non-existence of schools in connection with monasteries is effectively set out by Mr. G. G. Coulton in his Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages.
147 See Lanfranc, Opera, ed. Giles, I., 296. Cf. L’Abbaye du Bec et ses Ecoles par M. L’Abbé Porrée.
148 Migne, Patrologia Cursus Completus, CLXXXIX., 1051.
149 Coulton, op. cit., p. 3.
150 Gesta S. Albani, I., 73.
151 Ibid., I., 196.
152 Mem. St. Edmund’s Abbey, I., 77, 78, 145.
153 Ibid., p. 296.
154 Ibid., p. 249.
155 Cf. Mem. St. Edmund’s, III., 182.
156 See pp. 85, 86, 105, infra.
157 Foundation of Waltham Abbey, pp. 15, 35.
158 Monasticon, VI., pt. I., p. 79.
159 Ibid., VI., pt. II., p. 615.
160 Ibid., VI., pt. I., pp. 304, 305.
161 Abbot of S. Albans, 1183-1195.
162 Gesta S. Albani, I., p. 194.
163 1195-1214.
164 Ibid., p. 217.
165 Mem. S. Edmund’s Abbey, XLIII.
166 H. E., III., 18.
167 Early English Church History, p. 125.
168 Foster Watson: Old Grammar Schools, p. 2.
169 Op. cit., p. 2.
170 Op. cit., pp. 58, 59.
171 In the Cyclopaedia of Education Mr. Leach points out that there are three passages in Livy alone (XXX., 17; XXXV., 23; XLI., 6) in which “libera” is used in the sense of free from payment.
172 Report of Schools’ Inquiry Commission, pp. 122, 123.
173 Art. “Free Schools,” Cyclopaedia of Education.
174 Cf. “cockpennies.” See p. 113, infra.
175 Linc. Chapter Act, Bk. A.2.30: Ed. Ch. p. 386.
176 V. C. H., Notts, II., 216, Ed. Ch. 235, Epis. Reg. York, Romanus, X., 75.
177 Stat. of the Realm, ed. 1819, IV., pt. II., sec. 8.
178 Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439, Ed. Ch., 412.
179 Izacke’s MS.: Memorials of the City of Exeter, fo. 178 seq.; reprinted Parry: Founding of Exeter School, pp. 104-112.
180 Op. cit., p. 66.
181 Ed. Ch., p. 273.
182 H. E., IV., 18.
183 H. E., IV., 12.
184 Yorkshire Schools, vol. II., p. 116.
185 Yorkshire Schools, II., 61.
186 Ibid., p. 62.
187 Ibid., 87.
188 Ibid., p. 85. Cf. with the appointments recorded in pp. 62 and 87.
189 Ibid., p. 87.
190 E. S. R., II., p. 31.
191 Ibid., p. 31.
192 Ibid., p. 34.
193 C. 700.
194 Hunt: English Church, p. 202.
195 Yorkshire Schools, II., 89.
196 For additional particulars, see article on “Writing” in the Cyclopaedia of Education.
197 Rashdall, Univ., I., p. 283. Mansi, Concilia, XXII., ch. 228.
198 Dec. V. it. 5: Ed. Ch., pp. 142-145.
199 “Quum primum adolescens admodum studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias.” Metal., Bk. II., ch. 10.
200 Cf. Reg. Pontissera, f. 55; Ed. Ch., p. 232.
201 1308-9.
202 Cutts: Parish Priests, p. 46.
203 “Erat enim apud nos sub patruo suo amabili et amicabili educatus, et decenter eruditus.” Hist. Ch. of York, II., 124.
204 For additional references to the Chancellor’s School of Theology at St. Paul’s, see reprint in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. 1, p. 219 of deeds in St. Paul’s Mun. Box. 21, No. 621 and 865; Gregory’s Chronicle (Camden Soc. N. S. XVII., 1876, ed. J. Gairdner) p. 230: and Register of Bishop Fitz-James, f. 127 b., printed in Sparrow Simpson’s Registrum Statutorum, p. 413.
205 Ep. Reg. Linc., Rot. Hug. de Wells, III., 101.
206 Hist. Ch. of York, II., p. 162.
207 Reprinted in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.
208 Deed reprinted in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.
209 Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 6; Sparrow Simpson, Registrum Statutorum, p. 413.
210 Hist. Ch. of York, III., 320; Corpus Juris Canonis, ed. H. L. Richter, Dec. V. tit. 5; Ed. Ch., p. 143.
211 Mansi: Concilia, I., 415.
212 Ep. Reg. Lincoln., III., 101.
213 Dec. V., tit. 5, ch. 2. Ed. Ch., p. 119.
214 1159-1181.
215 Ed. Ch., p. 119.
216 Ed. Ch., p. 123; see also Rashdall, II., p. 283; Mansi, XXII., c. 228.
217 Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.
218 Ed. Ch., p. 145.
219 Ed. Ch., p. 123, from Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. I.
220 H. E., III., 18; IV., 1; Hist. Ch. of York, I., p. 390.
221 Mem. St. Ed. Abbey, I., 46-7.
222 Tractatus de inventione Crucis, p. 15.
223 History of Warwick Sch.
224 Early Yorkshire Schools, II., 1.
225 P. R. O. Anc. Deeds, 1073, Ed. Ch., p. 69.
226 V. C. H., Hants, II., 251.
227 Hist. Ch. of York, I., 281.
228 Gesta Abbatum Mon. St. Alb., I., 72.
229 V. C. H., Suffolk, II., 303.
230 Ed. Ch., p. 93.
231 Ibid.
232 V. C. H., Berks, II., 245.
233 V. C. H., Gloucester, II., 355.
234 V. C. H., Derby, II., 209.
235 V. C. H., Beds, II., 152.
236 V. C. H., Northampton, II., 234.
237 Ed. Ch., p. 152.
238 Mem. Southwell Minster, XLI.
239 Ibid., p. 205.
240 V. C. H., Notts, II., 216.
241 V. C. H., Lincs., II., 449.
242 Archaeol., v. 62, pt. I., p. 211.
243 Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 6.
244 V. C. H., Lincs., II., 423.
245 Mem. of Beverley Min., p. 292.
246 Hist. War. Sch., p. 66.
247 Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 5.
248 A.D. 529.
249 A.D. 797.
250 A.D., C. 960.
251 Decret. Greg. IX., Lib. III., tit. 1: Rashdall, Univ. II., p. 601.
252 Wilkins, Concilia, I., p. 270, Ed. Ch., p. 139. Cf. this with Theodulf’s Capitularies of 797. See p. 30 supra, and Mullinger, Schs. of Charles the Great, p. 130.
253 Univ. II., p. 602.
254 Op. cit., ed. Thomas, p. 79.
255 A.D. 1212-1294.
256 Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, p. 398.
257 Mem. St. Edmund’s Abbey, I., p. 248.
258 Polycraticus, II., 28, ed. Giles, p. 155.
259 Oxford Hist. Soc. Collectanea, II., 156.
260 Op. cit., p. 49.
261 Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde, p. 3.
262 V. C. H., Derbyshire, II., 213, from Cott. Mss. Titus, C. IX., f. 58.
263 Beverley Chapter Act Bk. (Surtees Soc.) Vol. I., p. 293.
264 Reprinted in Archaeol. vol. 62., pt. I., p. 198.
265 York Chapter Act Bk. I., f. 25 b.
266 Sparrow Simpson: Registrum Statutorum, pt. V., ch. 8; Brit. Mus., Harl. MSS., 1080.
267 See Reynold’s Wells, pp. CLXXX-V.
268 Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 5.
269 Registrum Antiquissimum Linc., Chap. Mun. A 2, 26, fol. 10. b. V. C. H., Lincs. I., 424. Similar appointments are recorded in 1427 and 1432. Reg. Antiq. Lincs., fol. 67 b.
270 Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 110.
271 Hist. Ch. of York, I., 281.
272 Dugd. Mon. III., 405.
273 Early Yorkshire Schools, II., 1.
274 Hist. Warwick Sch., p. 5, from Chartul. S. Mary’s, Warwick, G. R. Eccl. Misc. Bks. 22.
275 Cal. Pat., 12 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 10; Ed. Ch., p. 77.
276 P. R. O., Cart. antiq. H., No. 18; Ed. Ch., p. 93.
277 Charter Roll, II., Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27; Ed. Ch., p. 93.
278 Chancery Warrents, Series 1, file 1439; Ed. Ch., p. 413. Dealing with this grant of a monopoly of school keeping to Eton College, Mr. Leach remarks “The remarkable invasion of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, to which alone the grants and still more the enforcement of the monopoly of endowed schools belonged,” etc. Schs. Med. Eng., p. 259. Mr. Leach is in error here. The grant of the monopoly of school keeping was a civil matter.
279 Pat., 24, Hen. VI., pt. II., m. 28.
280 Rot. Parl., V., 137.
281 Ibid.
282 Privy Council Register, vol. VI.; Parry, Founding of Exeter School, pp. 101-112.
283 Supra, p. 96.
284 V. C. H., Gloucester, II., 315, from Rot. Chart., p. 7.
285 Registrum Brev., 35.
286 Quoted by de Montmorency: State Intervention, p. 16.
287 Ed. Ch., p. 91 from St. Paul’s Mun. Press A., Box 60, No. 48.
288 Surtees Society, vol. 98. See I., pp. 42, 48, 102, 113, etc.
289 Op. cit., p. 102.
290 Epis. Joh. Saresberiensis, ed. Giles, No. 19.
291 The text of the “Gloucester School Case” is to be found in the Year Book of the eleventh year of Henry IV., p. 47. It is reprinted as an appendix to de Montmorency, State Intervention, pp. 241-242. Mr. de Montmorency would seem to be in error in his interpretation of the decision.
292 Supra, p. 96.
293 It is interesting to note here that the maintenance of a monopoly was insisted upon by civic authorities no less than by ecclesiastical persons.
294 Chapter Act Book, Lincoln, 1406-7. V. C. H., Lincs., II., 426.
295 Hist. Warwick School, p. 66.
296 Linc. Chapter Act Bk., A. 2. f. 2; Ed. Ch., p. 237.
297 Reg. John Whethamstede, II., 305.
298 Hist. Mon. Glouc., III., 290.
299 See Rites of Durham, (Surtees Society) p. 81.
300 Abingdon Obedientaries Accounts, 1375-6; Camden Soc.
301 Roger Prior’s Reg., V., 261 b.
302 Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. B. M. Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95.b., Trans., V. C. H. Suffolk. II., 307. For other instances of appointments of schoolmasters by abbots, see Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, (R. S.) I., p. 72. V. C. H. Lincs., II., 450.
303 B. M. Landsdowne MS., 375: Ed. Ch., 299. Westminster Abbey Obedientaries Accounts, reprinted Ed. Ch., pp. 306-315.
304 Cf. Statutes of the Church of York, p. 6.
305 Yorkshire Schools, I., p. 18 from Acta Capituli, G., c. ii. 70.
306 Beverley Chapter Act Bk., I., pp. 157, 382; Mem. Southwell Minster, p. 29. The function of the dean and chapter was not simply formal. Mem. Southwell Minster, p. 125.
307 The appointment of a master of song at a monastery was made by the prior. Cf. Roger Prior’s Reg. V., 261 b.
308 Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 5.
309 Lambeth MSS. Reg. Peckham, f. 38 a., Ed. Ch., p. 233.
310 Lambeth MSS. Reg. Winchelsea, f. 300. b., Ed. Ch., p. 239. Scholastic patronage in monastic cathedral dioceses was subject to episcopal review. Worc. Epis. Reg. Silvester, fol. 202.
311 Newcourt, Report II., 86, 87, 88.
312 Linc. Chapter Act Bk., pp. 2, 24.
313 See p. 61.
315 The chancellor of a diocese exercised a considerable amount of scholastic patronage.
316 Memorials of Southwell Minster, XII.-XLII., 52.
317 Registrum Brevium, fol. 35. The power of patronage to a school could apparently be delegated. Thus the Bishop of Lincoln granted a licence to the rector of Willeford “to chose a lettered and fit man in the parish to teach the boys and others going to him the said science.” See Linc. Epis. Reg. Gynwell, fol. 135 b. This unusual action was due to the scarcity of schoolmasters after the Black Death.
318 1382.
319 Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakfeld, p. 72. Ed. Ch. pp. 331-341.
320 See also Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, III., 241.
321 Op. cit., A. 2, 24, f. 14.
322 Early Yorkshire Schools, I., 90.
323 Ibid., p. 97.
324 Ibid., p. 23.
325 Ibid., p. 27.
326 Ibid., p. 29.
327 Ibid., p. 67.
328 Re-founded 1531-2.
329 In town muniments of Newark; reprinted by T. F. A. Burnaby, Town Clerk, 1855.
330 But cf. Great Roll of the Pipe (Rec. Com.) pp. 9-10, which suggests customary arrangements.
331 Decretal V, tit. 5, cap. I.
332 Wilkins: Concilia I., p. 506.
333 Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.
334 Cf. appointment of Principal of St. David’s College, Lampeter.
335 Who died c. 1191.
336 See Notes and Queries, 8th series, vol. VII., pp. 338, 473-474; Cyclopaedia of Educ., vol. II., p. 42.
337 Carlisle: Grammar Schools, II., p. 759.
338 Ibid., p. 649.
339 See Trans. Bristol and Glas. Archaeol., Soc. VI.
340 E. S. R., II., 82.
341 Ipswich Court Bk. Brit. M. Addit., MS. 30158, fol. 34.
342 Ibid.
343 Founded 1520.
344 Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs. and Chester, VIII., 51.
345 V. C. H., Durham, I., 371.
346 Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde, p. 3.
347 S. M. E., p. 161.
348 Rashdall, Univ., II., pt. II., p. 765.
349 Cooper: Annals of Cambridge, I., p. 56.
350 Reg. Joh. Whethamstede, II., 305.
351 Cant. Cath. Mun., X., 4, S. B. 4: Ed. Ch., pp. 252-267. The Statutes of Ipswich School (1476-7) state that “The grammar schoolmaster shall henceforth have jurisdiction and governance of all scholars within the liberty and precint of this town, except only petties.” Ipswich Court Bk., B. M., MS. Add. 30158, fol. 34.
352 P. 39.
353 Vita S. Thomas, pp. 189, 190, ed. Giles, quoted Furnivall. Forewords, p. 6.
354 Cornish, Chivalry, p. 24.
355 Cornish, op. cit., pp. 15, 16.
356 Liber Niger, p. 45; quoted Forewords, p. 11.
357 Lacroix; Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 137, 138.
358 Op. cit., p. 27.
359 Roper’s Life of More, ed. Singer, p. 3.
360 Cavendish: Life of Wolsey, ed. Singer, vol. I., p. 38.
361 Household Book, p. 254.
362 Liber Niger, p. 51.
363 Household Bk., Earl of Northumberland, pp. 41, 47, 97, 254.
364 Forewords, p. 13.
365 Froude, Hist. V., pp. 39, 40.
366 Coventry Leet Book, I., 101.
367 Mrs. Green, Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, II., 18.
368 Chantry Certif., E. S. R., II., 144.
369 Mrs. Green, op. cit., II., 16.
370 Carlisle: Grammar Schools, I., 117.
371 Schools of Medieval England, p. 246.
372 Sharpe, Wills, II., 484.
373 Freemen of York, vol. I., pp. 1, 77, 98—Sur. Soc., No. 96, 1897.
374 Meredith: Econ. Hist., p. 81.
375 Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers (R. S.), p. 401.
376 36, Ed., III., c. 8.
377 Muniments of King’s College, Cambridge: Ed. Ch., p. 402.
378 Op. cit., II., 157.
379 Rot. Parl., II., p. 246.
380 Ibid., V., p. 274.
381 Abram: Social Life in England, Ch. 1.
382 Green: Life in an Old English Town, p. 278.
383 Abram: Social England, p. 13.
384 Rot. Parl., III., 501.
385 Ibid., III., 601-2, V., 113.
386 Abram, op. cit., p. 30.
387 Abram, op. cit., p. 96.
388 Manners and Meals, p. 189.
389 The subject of the origin and development of the English universities has been so fully treated by other writers, notably by Mr. Bass Mullinger and Dr. Hastings Rashdall, that it has only been dealt with here to the extent strictly necessary for the thesis with which we are concerned.
390 Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic.
391 Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy.
392 Rashdall, Univ., I., p. 36.
393 Ibid., p. 39.
394 Ibid., p. 42.
395 Rashdall, Univ., II., p. 60.
396 Rashdall, Univ., I., p. 10.
397 Ibid., p. 72.
398 Oxford Historical Society: Collectanea, II., p. 153.
399 Ibid., p. 105.
400 Ibid., p. 156.
401 Ibid., p. 159.
402 Rob. de Monte, Chron. ed. Migne, Vol. CLX., p. 466.
403 Gervasius Cantuar., Actus Pontificum Cant., ed. Stubbs, Vol. II., p. 384.
404 Giraldus Cambrensis: ed. Brewer, Vol. I., pp. 72, 73.
405 Mullinger, pp. 80, 81, Brodrick, p. 3, Laurie, p. 236.
406 Materials for the Life of Becket, ed. Robertson, VII., p. 146.
407 Rashdall, Univ., vol. II., p. 342.
408 Munimenta Academica (R. S.), I., 2.
409 See Rashdall, Univ., II., 419-421.
410 Munimenta Academica: I., 39, 40.
411 Rashdall, Univ., II., 424.
412 Munimenta Academica (R. S.), I., 228, 229.
413 Chron: Roger of Wendover (R. S.), II., p. 51.
414 See also Munimenta Academica, pp. 1-4.
415 Cal. Close Rolls, 15 Hen. III., p. 586; Ed. Ch., p. 149.
416 Cooper: Annals of Cambridge, I., 56.
417 Mullinger, 288, 290; Rashdall, II., 549, 550.
418 Toulmin Smith: English Guilds, p. XIV.
419 Dates from the eleventh century.
420 English Guilds, p. lxxxi.
421 Ibid., p. lxxxiii.
422 Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, p. 106.
423 Hartshorn: Study of Voluntary Associations in Europe, 1100-1700, p. 12.
424 Ashley: Econ. Hist., I., p. 70.
425 Gasquet: Précis des Institutions de l’Ancienne France, II., 233-243.
426 Gross, Gild Merchant, p. 32. n. 1.
427 Ibid., pp. 37 seq.
428 Ashley, Econ. Hist. I., p. 72.
429 Ibid., p. 79.
430 Ibid., p. 80.
431 Ibid., p. 81.
432 Bristol Little Red Book, fol. 82-3. Ed. by W. B. Bickley for the Corporation of Bristol.
433 Toulmin Smith, op. cit., p. 280.
434 T. Smith, op. cit., p. 198.
435 Maldon Court Rolls, Dr. Andrew Clark in Essex Rev. XV., p. 146.
436 Gild Certif., 57.
437 Other instances are Prittlewell, Cal. of Pat. 1476-85, p. 34; Thaxted, ibid., p. 227; Finchingley, Chantry Certif., XIX., 13; XX., 19; XXX., 17. The connection of a grammar school at Ipswich with the Corpus Christi Gild is shown by the Ipswich Court Bk., Brit. Mus. Ad. MS., 30158 fol. 34; at Winchester with the Corpus Christi Gild, Brit. Mus. Ad. MS. 24435 fol. 153 b.; at Louth with St. Mary’s Gild, Church-wardens’ Accounts of the Parish Church, 1533 in R. W. Goulding’s Court Rolls of the Manor of Louth. The gild of the Blessed Mary founded a school at Wellingborough in 1392 (Pat. 16, R. II., pt. ii., m. 29, 30). See also p. 161 infra.; gilds and chantries are so closely connected that it is difficult to draw a definite line of demarcation in some cases.
438 E. S. R., II., 283, 284.
439 E. S. R., II., pp. 20-22.
440 Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, p. 221.
441 Ibid., pp. 203-205; E. S. R., 267-268.
442 Hist. of Warwick Sch., p. 95.
443 Coventry Leet Book, I., 101.
444 Redstone, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., N. S., XVI., p. 166.
445 Hist. MS., Com. X., App. IV., 425; Ed. Ch., 439.
446 Carlisle: Endowed Gr. Schs., I., 335.
447 E. S. R., II., 180-184.
448 P. C. C., 34 Luffenham, p. 269.
449 Copy of will in Duchy of Lancaster Misc. Bks., 25 fol. 19.
450 E. S. R., II., 144.
451 E. S. R., II., 144.
452 E.g. Douze Gild, Feste du Pin.
453 Toulmin Smith: English Gilds, p. 115.
454 Ibid., p. 155.
455 Ibid., p. 160.
456 Ibid., p. 226. For other instances see pp. 179, 194, 287, and Hartshorn, op. cit., p. 15.
457 Cf. Page, Yorkshire Chantries, Surtees Society.
458 See also Liber Vitae of Durham, Surtees Society.
459 E. S. R., I., 53.
460 See V. C. H., Durham, I., p. 371.
461 E. S. R., II., 60.
462 Ibid., p. 65.
463 Stat. of the Realm, IV., pt. I., p. 24.
464 Eng. Schs. at Ref., p. 91.
465 E. S. R., II., 56.
466 Chant. Certif. XXI., No. 24, Trans. Bristol and Glouc. Archael. Soc. VI.
467 Chantry Certif., No. 36. This chantry was founded by Letters Patent. (Pat. 27, Henry VI., pt. I, m. 27). Further Letters Patent were granted in 1451. (P. C. C. Luffenham, p. 278). The chantry patent does not say anything about the school. See also E. S. R., II., 146.
469 Paston Letters, V., 21.
470 Work and Wages, p. 165.
471 Paston Letters, IV., 237-44; Abram: Social Life in England, p. 189.
472 E. S. R., II., p. 89.
473 Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 60, 61.
474 E. S. R., II., p. 286.
475 E. S. R., p. 228.
476 S. M. E., p. 177.
477 E. S. R., II., p. 123.
478 E. S. R., II., p. 297.
479 E. S. R., II., p. 201.
480 E. S. R., II., p. 160.
481 E. S. R., II., p. 302.
482 E. S. R., II., p. 89.
483 E. S. R., II., p. 100.
484 E. S. R., II., p. 297.
485 E. S. R., II., p. 39.
486 Cf. Leach, E. S. R., I., p. 91.
487 E. S. R., I., pp. 91, 92.
488 E. S. R., II., p. 31.
489 E. S. R., II., p. 317.
490 E. S. R., II., p. 34.
491 E. S. R., II., p. 78.
492 E. S. R., II., p. 317.
493 E. S. R., II., p. 47.
494 E. S. R., II., p. 15.
495 E. S. R., II., p. 152.
496 E. S. R., II., p. 258.
497 E. S. R., II., p. 320.
498 Wilkins, Concilia, III., p. 722; Ed. Ch., pp. 444-6.
499 Wilkins, Concilia, IV., p. 3.
500 Statutes of the Realm, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.
501 Cf. Coulton: Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages. Leach: “Monasteries and Education” in Cyclopaedia of Education.
502 Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, I., p. 72.
503 V. C. H., Hants., II., p. 251.
504 V. C. H., Suffolk, II., p. 303.
505 P. R. O., antiq. H., No. 8.
506 Charter Roll, 2 Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27.
507 V. C. H., Berks., II., p. 245.
508 Rot. Chart., p. 7.
509 V. C. H., Derbyshire, II., p. 209.
510 V. C. H., Bedfordshire, II., p. 152.
511 V. C. H., Lincs., II., p. 450.
512 Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95 b. The list of schools in connection with monasteries does not profess to be exhaustive.
513 V. C. H., Sussex, p. 413.
514 Exch. K. R. Misc. Bks. (P. R. O.), fol. 21, 168, 178, 180. V. C. H., Wars, II., p. 319.
515 See Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, III., p. 241.
516 Chant. Certif., 42, No. 172.
517 Sparrow Simpson, Registrum Statutorum, pt. VIII., ch. 6.
518 Ed. Ch., p. xxxii.
519 Reg. Whethamstede, (R. S.), II., 315, trans. Gibbs: Hist. Rec. of St. Albans.
520 B. M. Landsdowne, MS., 375, see V. C. H., Herts., II., p. 315.
521 Surtees Society publication, p. 91.
522 Op. cit., V., pp. 302-3.
523 Hist. Mon. Glouc., III., p. 290.
524 Lit. Cantuar (R. S. 85), II., p. 464.
525 B. M. Add. Chart., 19641, V. C. H., Berks., p. 243.
526 Journal of Educ., Jan. 1905. Ed. Ch., p. 306.
527 S. M. E., p. 220.
528 Ibid., p. 221.
529 Ibid., p. 221.
530 Early Yorkshire Schools, I., p. 31.
531 Sharpe: Hist. and Antiq. Coventry, p. 154 n.
532 Valor. Eccl. (R. C.), III., p. 51. Among the remaining almonry schools were those of Sherborne Abbey, Thornton, Ixworth, Norwich, Ely, Evesham, Furness, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Winchcombe, and Winchester.
533 S. M. E., p. 218.
534 Mon. Schs. in Mid. Ages. Contemp. Rev., June 1913. Appendix. As to the number of children in the almonry schools, we may note that there were only three boys at St. Swithun’s in 1381-2, five in 1400-1, eight in 1469-70, and none at all in 1484-5. Compotus Rolls... of St. Swithun’s, 204 n. See also Abram: English Life and Manners, p. 207. Leach considers that the total number of boys educated in the almonry schools was 1,000. S. M. E., p. 230.
535 Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., ed. Gairdner, Vol. XII., p. 405. Coulton, Monastic Schools, Contemp. Rev., June 1913.
536 Dugd. Mon., II., p. 363.
537 Ibid., II., p. 457.
538 Ibid., IV., p. 69.
539 Coulton, Mon. Sch., p. 7.
540 V. C. H., Beds., I., p. 356.
541 Social Life, p. 216. See also Early Chanc. Proceed., 44/227.
542 Downside Rev., Vol. X., p. 31, seq.
543 The Old English Bible and other Essays, p. 227.
544 Surtees Society, 107, ed. Canon Fowler, p. 91.
545 Hist. Mon. Glouc., I., 53.
546 Ibid.
547 B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Register): Ed. Ch., p. 290.
548 Ibid.
549 Roger Prior’s Reg., V., 261 b.
550 “Non habeant ludimagistrum.”
551 Visitations of Dioc. of Norwich (Camd. Soc.) 1888, ed. Jessop, pp. 137, 221.
552 Brit. Mus. MSS., Arundel, f. 69, Ed. Ch., p. 445.
553 Ibid.
554 Worcester College, by C. H. Daniel and W. R. Barker, p. 3.
555 Chron. Petroburgense (Camd. Soc., 1849), p. 31, Ed. Ch., p. 197.
556 Worc. Epis. Reg. Giffard, fol. 206, Ed. Ch., p. 199.
557 Worc. Ep. Reg. Giffard, f. 429, Ed. Ch., 198.
558 Some Durham College Rolls (Oxon. Hist. Soc., 1896); Collectanea, III., 7.
559 Rashdall, Univ., II., p. 498.
560 Ibid., p. 499.
561 Ibid., pp. 478-480.
562 Hist. Mon. Glouc. (R. S.), I., 34.
563 Op. cit., p. 26.
564 V. C. H., Glouc., II., p. 341.
565 Worcester Coll., p. 27.
566 B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Reg.), Ed. Ch., p. 293.
567 Brit. Mus. MS. Harl., 1498. Ed. Ch., p. 440.
568 Ibid.
569 Rashdall: Univ. II., p. 480.
570 Ibid.
571 Jessop: Coming of the Friars, p. 21.
572 Ibid., p. 22.
573 See Denifle: Constitutiones des Predeger—Ordene vom Jahre, 1228—in Archiv. fur Litt. und Kirchenges des Mittelalters, 1885, p. 194.
574 Rashdall: Univ., vol. I., p. 348.
575 Cyclopaedia of Educ., Art. Franciscans.
576 Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., VIII., N. S. May, 1894.
577 Little: Op. cit., p. 49.
578 Acta Selecta Capitulorum Generalium Ord. Praed., ed. Martene and Durand, IV., pp. 1899-1900.
579 Douais: Essai sur l’Organisation des Etudes dans l’Ordre des Frères Precheurs en Provence et Toulouse, p. 53. Little points out that “philosophy is generally equivalent to arts, and is sometimes applied to natural philosophy. So one may take ‘naturalium et artium’ as interpretative of ‘philosophie,’” op. cit., p. 50.
580 Constitutiones antique ordinis Predicatorum, ed. Denifle, I., p. 202.
581 Ibid., I., p. 201.
582 Little: op. cit., p. 50.
583 Denifle: op. cit., p. 222.
584 Douais: op. cit., p. 3.
585 Little: op. cit., p. 53.
586 Douais: Op. cit., p. 58.
587 Little: op. cit., p. 53.
588 Op. cit., p. 54.
589 Martene: op. cit., IV., p. 1900.
590 Op. cit., p. 56.
591 Denifle: op. cit., pp. 190-1.
592 Stat. of the Realm, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.
594 Foundation deed, Winchester College in Hist. Winchester Coll., p. 66.
595 Ibid.
596 Ibid.
597 Lyte: Hist. Univ. Oxford, p. 97.
598 Rashdall, Univ., II., p. 656.
599 Munimenta Academica, II., p. 684.
600 Norwich Corporation Records. Session Book of 12th Hen. VIII. Norfolk Archaeol., IV., p. 342.
601 Univ., II., p. 657.
602 Quoted in Moberly’s Life of William of Wykeham, p. 108.
603 Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 4.
604 Cott. MSS. Titus, c. IX., f. 58; Ed. Ch., p. 110.
605 Grandisson’s Register, II., p. 666.
606 Durham Cathedral Muniments, Liber Elemosinarii, fol. 12 r.; Ed. Ch., p. 124.
607 Sarum Church and Diocese (R. S.), p. 334.
608 Stat. Coll. Oxon., I.; Ed. Ch., p. 171.
609 Strictly speaking, Winchester and Eton were examples of the collegiate churches we are describing in the next chapter. In their turn, the collegiate churches of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were chantries on a large scale.
610 Rot. Parl., V., 45.
611 Ibid.
612 Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439: Ed. Ch., p. 413.
613 Ibid.
614 Univ. II., p. 500.
615 Winchester College, pp. 88, 89.
616 Winchester School, p. 92.
617 Ibid.
618 Whiston: Cathedral Trusts, p. 12.
619 S. M. E., p. 119.
620 Univ., II., p. 656.
621 Forewords, XXXI.-XXXVI.
622 S. M. E., p. 206.
623 Ibid., p. 207.
624 Lebeuf: Histoire de la Ville et tout le Diocese de Paris, II., pp. 129, 130.
625 Walsingham: Ypodigma Neustriae (R. S.), p. 141.
626 Sarum Ch. and Dioc. (R. S.), p. 334.
627 Or 1263, Univ., II., p. 481.
628 Stat. Coll. Oxford, I.; Ed. Ch., p. 171.
629 Univ., II., p. 482.
630 Univ., II., p. 485.
631 Wilkins, Concilia, I., pp. 3, 55 seq.
632 Statutes, cap. 40; Ed. Ch., p. 185.
633 Pat. Roll, 9 Edw., I., m. 28; Ed. Ch., p. 224.
634 Charter Roll, 13 Edw., I., m. 28; Ed. Ch., p. 226.
635 Ibid.
636 Ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel.
637 Wharton: Anglia Sacra, I., p. 740.
638 Mon., VI., p. 1473.
639 Brit. Mus. Cott. MSS. Faustina, A., VI. f. 104, reprinted in Early Yorkshire Schools, Vol. II., pp. 84-86; Registrum Parvum, f. 11, reprinted Yorkshire Schools, pp. 86-88.
640 Mon., VI., p. 1344.
641 E. S. R., II., p. 40.
642 E. S. R., II., p. 31.
643 Mon., VI., p. 1346.
644 E. S. R., II., p. 54.
645 Mon., VI., p. 1459.
646 S. M. E., p. 210.
647 Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakefield, p. 72, Ed. Ch., pp. 330-334.
648 Ibid.
649 Ibid.
650 Ibid.
651 Pat. 16, Ric. II., p. 1, m. 24.
652 Reg. principale D. Archiep. Cantuar, fol. 124 a, reprinted Mon., VI., p. 1391.
653 Mon., VI., p. 1393.
654 Duchy of Lanc. Cert. of Colleges, No. 4, Chant. Certif. XX., 43.
655 Reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1394-1395.
656 S. M. E., p. 209.
657 Mon., VI., p. 1375.
658 Pat. 5, Hen. VI., p. m. 19.
659 S. M. E., p. 211.
660 Mon., VI., p. 1401.
661 Pat. 12, Hen. IV., pars unica, m. 20.
662 Pat., 3, Hen. V., pt. I, m. 6, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1404-1411.
663 Ibid., p. 1407.
664 Mon., VI., p. 1415.
665 MS. in bibl. Cotton, fol. 8, reprinted in Mon., VI., pp. 1417-1423.
666 See also Chant. Certif., 45, No. 47.
667 Mon., VI., p. 1411.
668 Cf. E. S. R., II., pp. 153, 154, 155, 280; P. R. O., Aug. Off. Misc. Bks. 147.
669 Pat. 10, Hen. V., m. 3, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1425-6.
670 Cp. S. M. E., p. 254.
671 Mon., VI., p. 716.
672 Carlisle, Endowed Gr. Schools, II., p. 301.
673 Mon., VI., p. 1430.
674 S. M. E., p. 255.
675 S. M. E., p. 256.
676 Probably about 1470.
677 Rot. Parl., V., p. 256; reprinted Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 89-91.
678 E. S. R., II., p. 298.
679 Mon., VI., pp. 1441-1443; Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 101-141.
680 Reprinted Yorkshire Schools, II., 109-130, from MS. at Sydney Sussex Coll., Camb.
681 Ib., pp. 113, 114.
682 Ib., p. 115.
683 Ib., p. 116.
684 Ib., p. 110.
685 Ibid., p. 116.
686 p. 210.
687 Mon., VI., p. 766.
688 S. M. E., p. 261.
689 Pat., II., Ed. IV., p. 2., m. 15, Mon., VI., p. 725.
690 Cf. S. M. E., p. 272.
691 Canon Law of 1179 and 1215 did not initiate the custom.
692 See Bk. I., Ch. II.
693 Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic.
694 Geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.
695 On the general subject, see Abelson, The Seven Liberal Arts, Parker, “The Seven Liberal Arts,” Eng. Hist. Rev., V., pp. 417-461, July 1890; Rashdall, Univ., I., pp. 33-37; West, Alcuin pp. 4-27.
696 E. S. R., II., p. 56.
697 E. S. R., II., p. 117.
699 Polycraticus, II., 28.
700 Bk. II., ch. X.
701 “Quum primum adolescens admodum, studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias.”
702 Metal., I., 24.
703 Illustrations of Medieval Thought, p. 121.
704 Johannis Saresberiensis, Opera, ed. Giles, Vol. V., pp. 79, 80.
705 Metal., II., 10; trans. by Poole.
706 Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Albani., I., 72.
707 Ed. Ch., p. 116.
708 Life of Thomas à Beckett (R. S.), III., p. 3.
709 Ibid., p. 14.
710 For description see Drane: Christian Schools and Scholars, pp. 230-2; Foster Watson, Grammar Schools, pp. 32-37.
711 Mem. of Southwell Minster, p. 205.
712 Taylor: Medieval Mind, vol. II., p. 516.
713 Bacon: Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, Rolls Series, p. lix.
714 Ibid., p. 59.
715 Ibid., p. 398.
716 Opus Major, par. 1.
717 See Brewer’s ed., p. 322, seq.
718 Cf. Taylor, op. cit., vol. II., p. 527.
719 Opus Tertium, Ch. XXIX., trans. by Taylor.
720 Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, p. lix.
721 Op. cit., p. lxii.
722 Op. cit., p. lxxv.
723 Op. cit., p. lxxv.
724 Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, pp. 58, 59.
725 Anstey: Munimenta Academica, I., p. 34.
726 Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, ed. Skeat, p. 299.
727 Ibid., p. 421.
728 Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford, vol. I.; Ed. Ch., pp. 349-373.
729 Brit. Mus. Add., MS. 30158, f. 34.
730 I.e. the “Apeseyes.”
731 Cf. article in Cyclopaedia of Education.
732 Carlisle: Grammar Schools, I., p. 314.
733 P. C. C., 8 Maynwaryng.
734 See Carlisle, op. cit., II., pp. 594-598.
735 A copy of this time table is reprinted in Leach: Educational Charters, pp. 448-451; see also Archaelogia, XXXIV., p. 37, seq. Foster Watson gives a full account of the projected statutes for Cardinal College, Ipswich (1528) in Old Grammar Schools, pp. 16-18.
736 For an account of the manuals of Stanbridge, see Foster Watson: English Grammar Schools, pp. 385-386.
737 Ibid., pp. 238-45.
738 Among the records of the chantry schools, six are mentioned as teaching writing; see E. S. R., II., pp. 66, 98, 251, 305, 307, 312.
739 Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 109.
740 E. S. R., II., p. 21.
741 E. S. R., II., p. 85.
742 Cutts: Scenes and Characters in the Middle Ages, p. 200.
743 Cutts: op. cit., p. 205.
744 Johnson: Canons, II., p. 421.
745 Household Book of Henry Algernon, fifth Earl of Northumberland, Antiq. Repertory, IV., p. 242.
746 Dialogue of Heresies, III., c. 12.
747 Dunning: Political Ideas, p. 263.
748 Illustrations of Medieval Thought, p. 305.
749 Letters of Grosseteste (R. S.), p. 63.
750 Ibid., p. 68.
751 Ibid., p. 151.
752 2 Hen. IV., c. 15. Stat. of the Realm, II., 127.
753 Rot. Parl., III., 584.
754 Johnson: Laws and Canons, II., p. 465. Wilkins: Concilia, III., p. 317.
755 2 Hen. V., c. 7.
756 See p. 129.
757 Rot. Parl., 12, R. II., c. 5.
758 Rot. Parl., 15, Ric. II., 39; quoted de Montmorency, State Intervention, p. 27.
759 Op. cit., pp. 30-32.
760 See p. 200.
761 Statutes of the Realm, 7, Henry IV., c. 17.
762 Pat., 24, Henry VI., pt. ii., m. 28.
763 Rot. Parl., V., 137.