Chapter XII Conclusion
Society established
Influence extended by three means
Fox’s aims in education
Organization devised by Fox
Weakness in the organization
The society, established by George Fox, near the middle of the seventeenth century, increased rapidly in numbers, due very largely to the efforts of its founder and the services of the men whom he associated with him in his work. This influence was extended by means of (1) journeys made to foreign parts; (2) letters; and (3) preaching out of doors to all who would listen. Fox, from the first, was interested in education, particularly moral and practical, and recommended the establishment of several schools. He was primarily interested in (1) moral training; (2) religious instruction; and (3) in education of a practical sort which would fit every individual to earn a livelihood. These ends which he strove for were likewise accepted as worthy to be achieved, and consciously striven for by the society in its organized meetings. This organization of meetings itself was devised by Fox and regularly constituted in various parts before the time of his death. It consisted of yearly, quarterly, monthly, and particular meetings, whose relations were well defined. The functions of the first were general and directive; those of the last were particular and effective. The chief weakness, already pointed out in previous chapters, was the lack of compulsory power in the yearly meeting. Its recommendations gained results, but might be neglected in communities desiring to do so.
Leaders who were interested in education
Quaker antipathy to education appears unfounded
Education of Negroes and Indians urged and effected
An organization, of itself, performs nothing. Its accomplishments depend on men who have purposes, and the determination and ability to execute them. A considerable number of such men were members of Friends, and expressed themselves definitely on education. Such leaders as Penn, Fothergill, Fox, Banks, Chalkley, Crisp, Crouch, Pastorius, Benezet and others as important, were responsible for its educational guidance and in the end, accomplishments. From a study of their expressions it appears that the criticisms, concerning the Quakers’ antipathy to education, are without foundation, and arose, for the most part, from their statement that a classical education was not essential for a minister. The life and the education of most of them attest the fact that they sought a higher education for themselves and promoted it for others. Not only for their own society, but for the rich and poor of others, were efforts made to establish schools. The education of Indians and Negroes was similarly urged both on the part of individuals and the organization. The tangible results of their efforts in this regard were seen in the various local meetings.
Schools established
School affairs in care of committees
Number of schools in Pennsylvania
In the establishment of schools, the direction lay in the hands of the yearly meeting. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting’s advices on that subject, for the first half century, were very general in nature and seemingly of little import to the various lower meetings. A development is noticed, however, toward a definite plan for schools to be established. The advices of 1746 and continuing thereafter, 1750, 1751, 1753, 1755, 1778, and following, are definite in their ideas as to what should be done, and the persistency with which they were urged in the meetings, where all school affairs came to be attended to by committees, seems to have effected tangible results. Committee reports on educational conditions increased greatly in definiteness after 1777, which allows a better estimate to be made of what was done. From such reports it is estimated that by the end of the century there were sixty or seventy schools established “according to direction” given by the yearly meeting. Many others are reported in various meetings, which did not measure up in any great degree to the standards set.
The Master
These standards1339 (stated elsewhere in this work) demanded a high moral quality in masters and mistresses, as well as training in the subjects to be taught. From a study of the manuscript records and newspapers it appears that the moral standards, met by Quaker masters, were as high, and, in Philadelphia, perhaps higher than those of the other private school masters. The cases of open lawlessness are at least more numerous in the latter case. The degree of preparation for teaching ranged from the highest, the best college trained men of the day, to the lowest, those who possessed a most elementary education.
Curriculum similar to that in private schools
The opportunities offered for study, both in the lower and in the Classical School, were at all times equal at least to those of the other schools of the day.
No free public schools
The Quakers established no system of public schools, though they were called such quite frequently. As public school sentiment grew, and the Quaker schools correspondingly declined in many places, they often were taken over as public schools. In that sense they were, truly enough, the foundation of public schools. Education was free to the poor; in a few cases the funds might be applied to lower the rates paid by the regular pay scholars, but such were exceptional.
Number of schools about 1750
In 1750 there were about fifty particular meetings in the territory covered by this study; those were under the direction of seventeen monthly meetings.1340 With the exception of nine of them we know from their reports that they had schools then, or established them in the period following 1750, in which the increased activity and interest of the yearly meeting brought the subject more fully to their notice. From the nature of the reports, it is often impossible to determine the date of establishing such a school, and because of the irregularity of reports it is not known how long a school may have been in operation before reported. For these reasons any estimate such as made above is very unsatisfactory.
It is not to be understood that at the time above mentioned the schools were in all cases “according to the plan” of the yearly meeting. Many reports have been quoted wherein schools were mentioned which did not measure up to the standards.1341 Some lacked buildings, grounds, Friends as masters, masters’ accommodations, and so forth.
Quaker population one-third of total
Proportionate number of Quakers decreases
Assuming the nine meetings, for which no schools were reported in the minutes, did not have them, there were about forty schools under control of the Quakers, who at that date constituted one-third of the entire population.1342 The population estimated by Oldmixon was about 100,000 in 1741.1343 Though the colony increased rapidly by immigration,1344 the Quaker increase was not proportionate to their numbers stated above.1345 In 1795 it is stated that the Episcopalians and Quakers together constituted but one-third of the whole population, which then numbered about 434,373.1346 The number of regularly established Quaker schools at that date was between sixty and seventy.
Number of regularly established schools inadequate for their population
If in 1741 we estimate the number of school age children of Quaker parentage between six and seven thousand, which is probably a less number than there actually were, it is apparent that the schools regularly established were in no way adequate to the school population. The remainder were doubtless cared for in the frequently mentioned mixed schools and neighborhood schools, which are known to have been common. These were sometimes under partial control of the Quaker meetings. What proportion the number of Quaker schools bears to those established by other agencies is not known. No studies made up to the present time have attempted to estimate the number of schools established by all or particular agencies. Any comparison is impossible until such a study is made.
Footnotes
1 Fox, Journal, I, 53.
2 Now called Fenny Drayton (see Friends Library, I, 28).
3 Fox, Journal, I, 49.
4 Sewell, Hist., I, 11.
5 Fox, Journal, I, 49.
6 Ibid., 50.
7 Sewell, Hist., I, 12.
8 Fox, Journal, I, 51.
9 Ibid., 52.
10 Ibid., 53.
11 Myers, A. C., Immigration of Irish Quakers into Pa., 5.
12 Brown, in Traill, H. D., Social England, IV, 258.
13 Ibid.
14 Barclay, R., Inner life of Religious Societies of the Commonwealth, 77.
15 Wicks, B. L., The Amish Mennonites, 13-18.
16 Sewell, Hist., I, 284.
17 Pa. Ger. Soc., IX, 166.
18 Chalkley, Journal, Friends Library, VI, 27.
19 Ibid.
20 Besse, Sufferings of the Quakers, II, 450f.
21 Pa. Ger. Soc., IX, 401.
22 Pa. Mag. of Hist., II, 250; Seidensticker, Erste deutsche Einwanderung in Amerika, 29-33.
23 Brown, J. in Traill, Soc. England, IV, 259.
24 Ibid.
25 Besse, J., Sufferings, II, 539-638.
26 Fox, G., Journal, I, 73; also 264-265.
27 Ibid., 71.
28 Friends Lib., I, 129.
29 Fox, G., Journal, II, 76f.
30 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 9-2-1699.
31 Fox, Journal, II, 57.
32 Friends Lib., I, 72.
33 Fox, Journal, I, 53.
34 Ibid., 72.
35 Ibid., 69.
36 Ibid., 327.
37 Ibid., II, 105.
38 Letters, London Yearly Meeting, 4-10, 14-1717.
39 Friends Lib., I, 68.
40 Ibid.
41 Fox, Journal, I, 179.
42 Ibid., 362.
43 Ibid., 363.
44 Fox, Journal, 11, 52f.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid., 67.
47 Friends Lib., I, 69.
48 Friends Lib., 117.
49 Ibid., 125.
50 Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 3-1-1797.
Min. Horsham Preparative Mtg., 12-20-1757.
51 Friends Yearbook, 1917, 16f.
52 Friends Yearbook, 1917, 16f.
53 Min. Phila. Q. Mtg., 9-4-1728.
54 Ibid., 6-30-1689.
55 Many of the local preparative meetings are now closed.
56 Min. Horsham Prep. Mtg., 1-27-1783.
57 Min. Horsham School Com., 1792-1816, one vol.
[58] Min. London Yearly Mtg., 4-9, 11-1690.
59 Min. London Yearly Mtg., 4-1, 4-1691.
60 Ibid., 3-13, 17-1695.
61 Ibid., 4-7-1745.
62 See first chapter.
[63] Min. London Yearly Mtg., 4-10-1718.
64 Fox, Journal, II, 57.
65 Bib. of Ackworth School (Eng.), p. VII.
66 History of Ayton School, 1f.
67 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 11-6-1750.
68 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 6-1-1751.
69 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1790.
70 Min. Phila. Yearly Mtg., 7-24-1798.
71 Min. Richland Mo. Mtg., 3-21-1793.
72 Extracts Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-2-1776.
73 The two localities at the first establishment constituted but one yearly meeting, which met at each place in alternate years.
74 Cox, S. H., Quakerism, 56-57; for similar criticism, see Bugg, Francis, The Quakers Detected, etc.; also Bowden, History, II, 35, recognizes the criticisms made.
75 Cox, S. H., Quakerism, 142-3.
76 This point was further explained in Chapter I.
77 pp. 7ff.
78 Penn, Advice to his Children in vol. of tracts, II, 20.
79 Ibid.
80 Penn, Letters to Wife and Children; Tracts on Moral and Religious subjects, pub. 1822, 6f.
81 Penn, Letters to Wife and Children; Tracts on Moral and Religious subjects, pub. 1822, 6f.
82 Friends Library, V, 208.
83 Minutes Philadelphia Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
84 Extracts London Yearly Meeting Minutes and Advices, pub. 1802, 124.
85 Necessary for use of missionaries in foreign fields.
86 Schools established in England.
87 Barclay, Apology, II.
88 Vaux, Memoirs of Benezet, 10-11.
89 Vaux, Memoirs of Benezet, 13.
90 Chapter on Negro Education, pp. 235f.
91 Letter to Samuel Fothergill. Friends Library, IX, 220.
92 Ibid., 221.
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.
95 Vaux, Memoirs of Benezet, 15-16.
96 Friends Library, IX, 221.
97 Vaux, Memoirs, 105.
98 See chapter on negro education, pp. 234f.
99 Woolman’s Works, 305-6.
100 Ibid.
101 Tuke, Works, III, 95ff.
102 Corinthians, Chap. 2:1-5.
103 Tuke, Works, III, 95ff.
104 Ibid.
105 The Christian Quaker, 181.
106 Crouch, W., Collection of Papers of, 183.
107 Wister, Sally, Journal, 13-14.
108 Established 1754 (M. P. C. S., I, 117.)
109 Ibid.
110 Phipps, Original and Present State of Man, 90.
111 Phipps, Original and Present State of Man, 65.
112 Ibid., 90.
113 Ibid.
114 Budd, Good Order Established, p. 9.
115 Budd, Good Order Established, p. 43ff.
116 Budd, Good Order Established, p. 43ff.
117 Ibid.
118 Ibid.
119 Ibid. Friends Library, I, 435.
120 Summary of Doctrines of Friends, 23-24.
121 Friends Library, I, 135; Accounts of expenditures from the J. Walton Fund, II, p. 1. (Richland Monthly Meeting.)
122 Ibid.
123 Religious Instructions in Our Schools. No. 9 of a vol. of pamphlets.
124 In this chapter a chronological organization is followed.
125 Quoted from Watson, Annals, I, 15. (From New Castle Records.) (Proud’s statement of the 24th is said by some to be a typographical error.) The writer has, however, examined Proud’s MS. notes on the Rise and Progress of the City of Philadelphia in which he writes: “The Honorable Proprietary and Governor of Pennsylvania, William Penn, first arrived at New Castle, on Delaware, in October 24th, 1682.” He also states “after the 11th month (January) with the assistance of his surveyor general, Thomas Holmes, he first began to lay out the plan of the City of Philadelphia.” (MS. No. 10, p. 1.) (These two statements point the difference of opinion among scholars, which is still unsettled.)
126 Jenkins, Memorial Hist., I, 39.
127 Ibid.
128 Ibid., 30.
129 Ibid., 37.
130 Col. Rec., I, XXVI.
131 Pub. Sch. established by law, 1834.
132 Col. Rec., I, XXVI.
133 Ibid., I, XXXVI.
134 Ibid., LXVI.
135 Ibid., XXXVI.
136 For example, E. Flower’s School; Friends’ petition.
137 Col. Rec., I, 36.
138 Ibid., I, 93.
139 See Charter of 1701, Col. Rec., II, 54.
140 Ibid.
141 G. S. P. P., II, 154 (Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689.)
142 Stat. at Large of Pa., III, 37-38.
143 Ibid., IV, 208-210.
144 Ibid., I, 252. (Phila. Min.)
145 When they established the school with Keith as teacher.
146 Michener, Retrospect of Quakerism, 243.
147 G. S. P. P., II, 154 (Phila. Min.); Proud MS. No. 3, p. 115.
148 Ibid., I, 252. (Phila. Min.)
149 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689.
150 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1690.
151 Ibid., 3-29-1691.
152 Ibid., 2-26-1690.
153 Ibid.
154 Ibid., 3-29-1691.
155 Jenkins, Memorial Hist., I, 99.
156 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1691.
157 Ibid., 11-29-1691.
158 Ibid.
159 Ibid., 3-29-1691; 9-27-1691; 11-29-1691; 7-29-1692.
160 Ibid., 4-30-1693.
161 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 8-30-1696; 7-25-1696.
162 Janney, Life of Penn, 347; Clarkson’s Penn, II, 53; although biographers and historians mention this letter written to Lloyd, no student has yet been able to produce it or tell where it is. It is hoped that their search will be rewarded.
163 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 10-31-1697.
164 Ibid., 11-28-1697.
165 Ibid.
166 Col. Rec., I, 499.
167 Col. Rec., I, 499.
168 Ibid.; Janney, Life of Penn, 347.
169 William Penn’s Charters for the Public School, pp. 1-8.
(A certified copy from charter in Patent Book two (2) page 202, in dept. of internal affairs, Pa.)
170 Ibid., pp. 11-19.
171 William Penn’s Charters for the Public School, pp. 21-31. (See also Robert Proud’s MS. papers, No. 175, p. 57.)
172 In 1757 more extended privileges were desired and the following petition was sent to the Representative Assembly:
To the Rep. Assembly.
That some doubts having arisen whether from the terms of our charter we are authorized to apply any part of the estate under our care to these purposes, out of the limits of the city and county of Philadelphia.
We therefore are inclined to apply for your assistance in furthering a design of such public utility and request you to permit us to bring in a Bill for the confirmation of our present charter and enlarging the powers thereby given us, by extending them as far as to authorize our applying a part of the estate under our care towards erecting and maintaining schools on the same foundation in other parts of this province.
(P. C. S. M., I, 185)
173 Ibid., 29f.; Janney, Life of Penn, 348.
174 There are, no doubt, records at 304 Arch Street, which would be of great importance for a detailed history of the schools; permission to search for such records was refused at the time of this compilation. The minutes of the overseers of the P. C. S. offer a considerable amount of material history in some respects.
175 These are the records referred to in (47).
176 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-31-1699; 5-26-1700.
177 Makin became principal in the school when Pastorius left in 1700.
178 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700.
179 Ibid., 8-31-1701.
180 Ibid.
181 Forty pounds a year.
182 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1702.
183 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-27-1703.
184 Ibid., 9-26-1703.
185 Ibid., 4-26-1702.
186 Ibid.
187 Ibid., 1-29-1706.
188 Ibid., 9-26-1708.
189 Ibid., 3-27-1709; 1-26-1725.
190 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1730.
191 The minutes of the overseers, 12-8-1712, make known that Robbins was teaching at that time, I, 3.
192 Ibid., 3-27-1711.
193 Ibid., 2-25-1712.
194 Ibid., 8-28-1715.
195 Ibid., 11-29-1719; the vacancy was made by the departure of William Robbins out of the Province (P. C. S. M., I, 5.)
196 Ibid., 5-29-1720.
197 Ibid., 2-27-1722.
198 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1711.
199 Robbins was put in charge of the school at this time, on the initiative of the monthly meeting, as the overseers recognize in their minutes of 4-3-1725, 42; they acquiesced therein. (P. C. S. M., I, 11.)
200 Min. Phila., Mo. Mtg., 2-24-1724.
201 Ibid., 3-29-1730. Walby was engaged by the overseers in 1730 to teach (3-29-1730) the three r’s and to “well instruct” four children for the use of the schoolhouse. (P. C. S. M., I, 14).
202 Am. Wek. Mer., Nov. 29-1733; Rec. Births and Burials, Phila., Mtg., A, 321.
203 Benezet was employed in 1742 to teach arithmetic, writing, accounts, and French and to teach 15 poor children. (P. C. S. M., I, 33.)
204 Simpson, Lives of —, 52; Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-31-1782, 28.
205 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-31-1782, 28.
206 Simpson, Lives of —, 52.
207 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-26-1748, 64. It appears that John Fothergill and John Hunt in London had signed a contract with Willian teaching in the school, on behalf of John Kinsey and Israel Pemberton in Philadelphia. He was to be employed one year at 150 pounds (Pa. currency) and the expense of his journey to the city. He was to teach Latin and Greek and “other parts of learning.” (P. C. S. M., I, 64).
208 Ibid., 11-25-1763, 188.
209 See page 54.
210 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-25-1764, 234.
211 Min. Phila. Yearly Mtg., 10-1778, 408ff.
212 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
213 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
214 Ibid., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
215 Our attention is first called to Robert Proud in 1759, when Israel Pemberton made known to the Board that he had received a letter from J. Fothergill of London recommending him (Proud) as “a person well qualified to instruct our youth in divers branches of learning.” A number were named to speak with him, saying they were unanimously agreed to employ him. Proud was thus employed till 1770 when he resigned. (P. C. S. M., I, 334, and I, 175).
216 Ibid.
217 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1791, 111.
218 Wickersham, 91.
219 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1799, 217.
220 G. S. P. P., I, 252.
221 A collection of Christian and Brotherly advices, 1753 (found in most of the depositories for records).
222 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 8-31-1701.
223 Ibid., 3-29-1691; similar references, Ibid., 1-31-1699; 6-30-1700; 3-30-1701.
224 See page 43.
225 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
226 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
227 Ibid.
228 The reader will recall, however, that in 1784 the real was far below the face value.
229 Pa. Gaz., 1772, No. 2285; Pa. Gaz. and Wk. Advt., 1783, No. 2782; Pa. Gaz. and Wk. Advt., Supplement, 1784, No. 2811.
231 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-26-1699.
232 Ibid., 12-28-1702.
233 Ibid., 11-29-1702.
234 Ibid., 1-28-1707.
235 Ibid., 11-29-1702.
236 No record of his death is found in Records of Births and Deaths beginning with 1686.
237 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-28-1699.
238 Ibid., 12-28-1702.
239 Ibid., 4-30-1704.
240 Ibid., 7-28-1704, 420.
241 Ibid., 1-28-1707.
242 Ibid., 11-26-1727-8.
243 See page 243f.
244 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-26-1771, 444.
245 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 12-25-1772, 145.
246 Ibid., 11-2-1800, 300.
247 Ibid.
248 Ibid., 9-28-1701, 315.
249 Ibid., 5-26-1689, 154.
250 Ibid., 1-28-1690, 163.
251 Ibid., 2-26-1690, 164.
252 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-28-1697, 227.
253 Ibid.
254 Ibid., 2-29-1698, 229.
255 Ibid., 2-25-1701, 292.
256 Ibid., 3-30-1701, 294.
257 Ibid., 4-27-1701, 298.
258 Ibid., 9-28-1701, 315.
259 Ibid., 11-30-1701, 322.
260 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-24-1702, 329.
261 See page 66.
262 See page 66.
263 See the minutes from 1704 and 1705, pages 420 to 463, various items.
264 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 10-28-1705, 463.
265 Ibid., 2-25-1712, 222.
266 Ibid., 8-28-1715.
267 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 9-25-1715, 10f.
268 Ibid., 10-30-1715, 11.
269 The overseers of the school had kept a regular record of their meeting in regard to schools, since 1712; they were, however, closely associated with the monthly meeting in the school affairs. (P. C. S. M., I, first record in 1712.)
270 Ibid., 2-30-1725, 119.
271 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-28-1725, 121ff.
272 Ibid., 4-25-1725, 124.
273 Ibid., 12-22-1733-4, 142.
274 Ibid., 4-25-1736, 271.
275 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-25-1740, 318.
276 Ibid., 10-28-1744, 378.
277 Ibid., 11-25-1744, 379.
278 Ibid., 8-27-1756, 243.
279 Ibid., 4-25-1760, 248ff.
280 Ibid., 6-27-1760, 259.
281 Ibid., 11-27-1767, 199.
282 Ibid., 6-29-1770, 398.
283 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-25-1771, 430.
284 Ibid., 5-31-1782, 28.
285 Report of Committee in Phila. Mo. Mtg. Min. 1-30-1784, 123ff.
286 See Thompson, Henry. A History of Ackworth.
287 This pamphlet may be seen in H. S. P., Philadelphia.
288 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1791, 111.
289 Ibid., 6-24-1791, 118.
290 Ibid., 7-27-1791, 123.
291 Ibid., 1-27-1792, 140.
292 Minute, Yearly Meeting, held in Philadelphia, 9th and 10th mos. 1794.
293 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-28-1797, 158.
294 See history of Westtown School.
295 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-26-1799, 217.
296 Minute, Yearly Meeting, held in Philadelphia, 9th and 10th mos. 1794.
297 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-3-1722, 83.
298 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1711, 73.
299 Ibid., 1-27-1749, 50.
300 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 8-215-755, 151.
301 Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 4-24-1793.
302 Ibid., 8-23-1758.
303 Ibid., 12-6-1770.
304 Ibid., 7-25-1787.
305 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 5-21-1788.
306 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 10-22-1788.
307 Ibid., 6-23-1790.
308 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 7-21-1790.
309 Ibid., 1-26-1791.
310 Ibid., 6-20-1792.
311 Ibid., 7-25-1792.
312 Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1797; Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 3-22-1797.
313 Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700.
314 Quoted from Learned, Pastorius, 181.
315 Der Deutsche Pioneer, III, 56.
316 Ibid.
317 Ibid.
318 Learned, 182.
319 Der Deutsche Pioneer, III, 56.
320 Der Deutsche Pioneer.
321 Ibid., 57.
322 See MS. collection of Pastorius. H. S. P.
[323] See page 77f.
324 Der Deutsche Pioneer, III, 56.
325 Ibid.
326 Learned, 185.
327 Der Deutsche Pioneer, III, 58.
328 Bunting, List of Records for Phila. Yr. Mtg., 21.
329 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 10-16-1758, 301.
330 Ibid., 11-30-1758, 307.
331 Ibid., 4-27-1774, 212.
332 Ibid., 4-29-1762, 430; 7-26-1764, 519.
333 Ibid., 2-25-1778, 309; 12-30-1778, 336.
334 Ibid., 5-26-1779, 346; 7-28-1779, 350; 11-24-1779, 361; 11-29-1780, 383.
335 Ibid., 8-29-1781, 436.
336 Ibid., 8-28-1782, 474.
337 Ibid., 11-26-1785, 503.
338 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 2-25-1784, 307.
339 Ibid., 4-28-1784, 510f.
340 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 11-24-1784, 524.
341 Ibid., 2-28-1787, 39.
342 Ibid., 6-27-1787, 50.
343 Ibid., 10-31-1787, 60f.
344 Ibid., 2-26-1789, 122.
345 Ibid., 1-28-1795, 283.
346 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 2-25-1795, 285.
347 Bunting, pp. 30, 31, 33, 32, and 28 respectively; also first volumes of the respective Records.
348 Ibid., 28.
349 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 11-3-1704, 128.
350 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 10-1-1714, 195.
351 Min. Bucks Q. Mtg., 12-25-1713.
352 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 7-2-1730, 282.
353 The fact that Falls Meeting recommended Buckingham Friends to build a schoolhouse in 1706 (Bucks Quarterly Records, 3-30-1706) would seem to favor the view that they themselves were supplied.
354 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1730, 284.
355 Ibid.
356 Ibid., 5-4-1733.
357 Ibid., 1-31-1759.
358 Ibid., 12-3-1783, 358.
359 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 2-4-1784, 363.
360 Ibid., 3-3-1784, 366.
361 Ibid., 8-4-1784, 376.
362 Bunting, 37.
363 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 8-8-1787, 440.
364 Ibid., 2-3-1790, 52.
365 Ibid., 12-3-1794, 169.
366 Ibid., 9-4-1799, 283.
367 See page 73f.
368 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 1-4-1797, 217.
369 Ibid., 4-2-1760.
370 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 5-7-1760.
371 Ibid., 7-2-1760.
372 Ibid., 9-6-1780, 278.
373 Ibid., 10-3-1781, 304.
374 Ibid., 9-3-1783, 354.
375 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 12-5-1787, 444.
376 Ibid., 11-4-1789, 19.
377 Ibid., 8-4-1790, 41.
378 Ibid., 7-6-1791, 68.
379 Ibid.
380 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 12-6-1797, 238.
381 Ibid., 10-5-1796, 210.
382 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 2-5-1797, 238.
383 Ibid., 11-6-1799, 288.
384 References for Middletown are to their transcribed minutes in the Pub. of Gen. Soc. of Pa., H. S. P.
[385] G. S. P. P., No. 66, p. 64.
386 J. S. P. P., 1-1-1699, 114.
387 Ibid., 10-6-1772, 407; 1-7-1733, 578.
388 Advices of the Burlington and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 250.
389 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 6-1-1751, 679.
390 Ibid., 8-7-1755, 11.
391 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 8-5-1779, 445.
392 Ibid., 8-3-1780, 481.
393 Ibid., 9-7-1780, 484; 8-7-1783, 557.
394 Ibid., 8-1-1782, 537.
395 Ibid., 12-4-1783, 562.
396 Ibid., 1-6-1785, 586.
397 Ibid.
398 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1788, 668.
399 See page 93.
400 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg. Extracts, 7-2-1764, 114.
401 Ibid., 5-4-1772, 155.
402 Ibid., 9-2-1776, 179.
403 Ibid., 2-3-1749, 61.
404 Ibid., 5-5-1755, 79.
405 See page 93.
406 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1778, 194.
407 Advices, 250.
408 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1778, 194.
409 Ibid., 9-4-1780, 206.
410 Ibid., 12-13-1780, 210.
411 Ibid., 1-5-1784, 234.
412 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 3-1-1784, 236.
413 Ibid.
414 Ibid., 1-3-1785, 317.
415 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 1-3-1785, 317.
416 Ibid., 3-7-1785, 244.
417 Ibid., 2-6-1786, 252.
418 Ibid., 6-3-1793, 306.
419 Ibid., 6-6-1785, 247.
420 Ibid., 10-3-1785, 249.
421 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 8-2-1790, 283.
422 Ibid., 4-1-1793, 302.
423 Ibid., 5-5-1794, 315. (It was in 1794 suggested that any surplus be used for the bound apprentices of members, though they were not themselves members of the meeting.)
424 Ibid., 4-1-1793, 302.
425 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 2-3-1794, 310.
426 Ibid., 12-5-1796, 332.
427 Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1792, 88.
428 Ibid.
429 Ibid., 1-8-1793, 96.
430 Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 10-5-1790, 57.
431 Ibid., 12-7-1790, 60.
432 Ibid., 1-4-1791, 62.
433 The Harker legacy at this time had increased to £183/4/4 (see Wrightstown Minutes, 10-2-1792, 92).
434 Ibid., 9-6-1791, 71.
435 Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 9-5-1791, 83f.
436 Ibid., 5-7-1799, 233.
437 Ibid., 254.
438 Ibid.
439 Wickersham, 83.
440 Min. Richland Mo. Mtg., 1-21-1762.
441 Ibid., 12-21-1769.
442 Expenditures, J. Walton Fund, I, 1.
443 Bunting, 23, 26, 25, respectively; also, first volumes of the respective records.
444 See abstracts of Warrington Records, H. S. P. Library; Prowell, Hist. York County, I, 112.
445 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 2-29-1695, 25.
446 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1697, 30.
447 Ibid., 1-27-1699, 35.
448 Ibid., 8-25-1703, 48.
449 See page 172.
450 Bean, 679; also, Friends Intelligencer, 8-15-1896, 539.
451 Ibid., 679.
452 Ibid.
453 Friends Intelligencer, 8-15-1896, 539.
454 Col. Rec. I, 499.
455 See pp. 47-52.
456 See pp. 93 and 136.
457 2 Pa. Archives, XIX, 248.
458 Bean, 680.
459 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-26-1722, 124.
460 Ibid., 8-31-1726, 149.
461 Ibid., 11-29-1727, 155.
462 Ibid., 6-30-1742, 249.
463 Ibid., 1-27-1749, 50.
464 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1749, 50.
465 Ibid., 1-30-1755, 148.
466 Ibid., 8-25-1755, 151.
467 Ibid., 5-26-1760, 260.
468 Ibid., 6-29-1761, 284.
469 Ibid., 7-27-1767, 420.
470 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 11-24-1766, 406.
471 Pa. Gazette, 1740, No. 582.
472 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 8-27-1735, 207.
473 Advices, 250.
474 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 5-29-1751, 78.
475 Jenkins, Historical Collections of Gwynedd.
476 For example, those in Philadelphia, Middletown and Merion.
477 Quoted from Jenkins, Historical Collections of Gwynedd, pp. 395-6.
478 Wickersham, 83.
479 Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 10-28-1766, 457.
480 Ibid., 12-30-1777, 259.
481 Ibid., 4-27-1779, 296.
482 Ibid., 1-25-1780, 16.
483 Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 7-26-1785, 221.
484 Ibid., 1-29-1793, 177.
485 Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg. 4-27-1727, 100.
486 Ibid., 7-27-1756, 163.
487 Ibid., 7-2-1768, 40.
488 Ibid., 9-17-1765, 424.
489 Jenkins, Hist., Col. of Gwynedd, 396-7.
490 See p. 110.
491 Wickersham, 83.
492 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1791, 24.
493 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 5-30-1777.
494 At 15th and Race Streets, Philadelphia.
495 Pa. Gazette, No. 1261, 1753.
496 Min. Horsham Prep. Mtg., Vol. 1.
497 See pp. 107f.; Horsham Prep. Mtg., 1-24-1772.
498 Ibid., 12-24-1779.
499 Horsham Prep., Mtg. 1-24-1783; (the rules are quite similar to those proposed for the Philadelphia schools, which are mentioned on pp. 183ff.).
500 Horsham Mo. Mtg. Vol. I, first page.
[501] Ibid., 4-28-1784.
502 Ibid., 5-1-1787.
503 Horsham Prep. Mtg., 11-28-1792.
504 Prowell’s Hist., I, 1084.
505 Ibid.
506 Warrington Mo. Mtg. Min., Vol. I.
507 Ibid., 4-20-1754, 44; 12-12-1761, 44; 8-7-1779, 45, etc.
508 Warrington Mo. Mtg. Min., Vol. I, 11-13-1779, 45.
509 Ibid., 1-12-1782, 46.
510 Ibid., 1-10-1778, 46.
511 Ibid., 9-11-1779, 46f.
512 Ibid., 8-12-1780, 46f.
513 Ibid., 1-12-1782, 47.
514 Warrington No. Mtg., Min., 1-10-1784, 47.
515 Ibid., 3-13-1784, 47.
516 Ibid., 5-8-1784, 47.
517 Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-20-1784, 175f.
518 Records of Westland Mo. Mtg. Washington County are found in the collections of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania.
519 Min. Westland Mo. Mtg., 12-26-1789, 49.
520 Min. Western Q. Mtg. I, 1 (Deposited at West Grove); Bunting, 55.
521 Min. Caln Q. Mtg., I, 1; Bunting, 48.
522 Bunting, 59, 62, 43, 51, 52, and 61, respectively; also first volume of records for each meeting.
523 See map.
524 Bunting, 49.
525 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 11-7-1715, 28.
526 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-3-1727, 188.
527 Futhey & Cope, Hist. Chester Co., 302f.; Jordan, Hist. Del. Co., II, 423ff.
528 See page 42, Philadelphia 107, Abington 154, Darby.
529 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-11-1777, 625.
530 Ibid., 1-15-1778, 626.
531 Ibid., 1-14-1779, 658.
532 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 2-15-1781, 730.
533 Ibid., 7-12-1781, 741.
534 Ibid., 10-11-1781, 746.
535 Ibid., 9-11-1783, 787.
536 Ibid., 5-13-1783, 795.
537 Ibid., 5-12-1785, 814.
538 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1785, 820.
539 Ibid., 2-14-1788, 874.
540 Ibid., 1-14-1790, 914.
541 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 1-12-1792, 14.
542 Horsham School Com. Minutes, 1-27-1783.
543 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1792, 25.
544 Ibid., 3-14-1793, 39.
545 Ibid., 2-12-1795, 83.
546 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 4-16-1795, 88.
547 Ibid., 5-14-1795, 91.
548 Futhey & Cope, Hist. Chester Co., 302.
549 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.
550 Ibid., 8-16-1798, 199.
551 Min. New Garden Mo. Mtg., 3-6-1773, 174.
552 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 6-6-1778, 388.
553 Ibid., 5-1-1779, 22.
554 Ibid., 8-7-1779, 34.
555 Ibid., 3-5-1785, 234.
556 Ibid., 8-6-1785, 256.
557 Ibid., 1-7-1786, 275.
558 Ibid., 4-1-1786, 290.
559 Ibid., 8-5-1786, 312.
560 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 8-4-1787, 355.
561 Deed No. 88, Chester Co. (the deed is deposited in a fireproof at Orthodox Meeting House, custody of Edgar Haines, West Grove, Pa.).
562 Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-27-1783.
563 Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 12-2-1701.
564 Ibid., 9-1-1703.
565 Ibid., 12-2-1707.
566 See page 122.
567 See first book of Goshen Mo. Mtg. Records.
568 Advices of the Yr. Mtg., 250.
569 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 1-8-1779.
570 Ibid., 6-11-1779.
571 Futhey and Cope mention a school at Birmingham as early as 1753, Hist. Chester Co., 302.
572 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 6-11-1779.
573 Ibid.
574 Ibid., 1-11-1782.
575 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 3-8-1782.
576 Ibid., 1-9-1784.
577 Ibid.
578 Ibid., 8-6-1784.
579 Ibid., 8-5-1785.
580 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1786.
581 Ibid., 8-10-1787.
582 Ibid., 7-6-1792.
583 See page 132.
584 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1795.
585 Ibid., 8-5-1796.
586 See page 132.
587 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1797.
588 Ibid.
589 Ibid., 8-10-1798.
590 See page 131.
591 See page 73f.
592 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 1-6-1797.
593 Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 9-9-1719.
594 Ibid., 3-10-1725.
595 See page 122; also Bunting, 51.
596 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 6-18-1762.
597 Ibid.
598 Ibid., 12-13-1765.
599 Ibid., 4-7-1767.
600 Ibid., 8-14-1767.
601 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1778.
602 Ibid., 2-12-1779.
603 See page 133f.
604 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 5-12-1780.
605 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 2-16-1781.
606 Ibid., 6-16-1781.
607 Ibid., 2-16-1781.
608 Ibid., 6-16-1781.
609 Ibid., 9-14-1781.
610 Ibid., 2-15-1782.
611 Ibid., 8-15-1783.
612 Ibid., 2-13-1784.
613 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 9-14-1792.
614 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 8-3-1763, 22.
615 Ibid., 3-1-1765, 66.
616 Ibid., 11-7-1782, 132.
617 Ibid., 12-5-1782, 106.
618 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 12-4-1783, 158.
619 Ibid., 2-5-1784, 162.
620 Ibid., 2-10-1785, 184.
621 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 8-9-1787, 235.
622 Min. London Grove Mtg., 12-3-1794, 56.
623 Ibid., 3-4-1795, 62.
624 Ibid., 7-1-1795, 73.
625 Min. London Grove Mtg., 11-4-1795, 78.
626 Futhey and Cope, Hist. Chester Co., 239.
627 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 3-6-1739, 7.
628 Ibid., 6-21-1769, 180.
629 Ibid., 1-20-1779, 297.
630 Ibid., 2-20-1779, 298.
631 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 6-19-1782, 337.
632 Ibid.
633 Ibid., 3-21-1787, 39f.
634 Ibid., 6-17-1789, 70.
635 Ibid.
636 Futhey and Cope, Hist. Chester Co., 239.
637 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 2-22-1792, 106.
638 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 3-21-1792, 107.
639 Ibid., 5-23-1792, 109.
640 Ibid., 7-10-1792, 112.
641 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 4-17-1793. 120.
642 Ibid., 5-13-1793, 121.
643 Ibid., 9-18-1793, 125.
644 Ibid., 12-10-1793, 128.
645 Ibid., 1-7-1798, 175.
646 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 7-19-1797, 168.
647 Ibid., 4-24-1799, 187.
648 Bunting, 40, 39, 19 and 42, respectively; also first vols. of each respective meeting’s records.
649 Smith, Hist. Del. Co., 138; see also page 41, chapter on Philadelphia.
650 Ibid., 139.
651 Clarkson’s Penn, I, 259; Hazard’s Annals, 695.
652 Rec. Upland Court, 121; Smith, Hist. Del. Co., 121; Hazard, Annals, 462.
653 Would not likely take the case to court.
654 It appears from a record of sale that the court house was sold to Robert Wade, 1686. (Record of sale quoted in Jordan, Hist. Del. Co., I, 112.)
655 Jordan, Hist. Del. Co., I, 104; Smith, Hist. Del. Co., 137.
656 Smith, Hist. Del. Co., 166.
657 Rec. of Chester Mo. Mtg., 1687, I.; Smith, 166.
658 Smith, 188.
659 Jordan, II, 441.
660 Jordan, II, 441.
661 Ibid.
662 Ibid.
663 Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1800.
664 Jordan, II, 43-45.
665 Ibid.
666 The absence of any mention of it in the meeting records.
667 The writer was unable to find a record of this deed.
668 No committee reports were noted before that date.
669 See chapter on Negroes, page 228.
670 Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1782, 87.
671 Ibid.
672 Ibid.
673 Ibid., 4-29-1782.
674 Ibid.
675 Ibid., 7-28-1783, 130.
676 Ibid.
677 Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 4-30-1792, 347.
678 Ibid., 12-26-1796, 447.
679 Ibid., 1-27-1800, 508.
680 Ibid., 5-30-1791, 319.
681 Min. Chester Mo. Mtg.
682 Ibid., 9-23-1785, 177.
683 Min. Chester Q. Meeting, 12-3-1689, 7.
684 Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 6-14-1732, 128.
685 Ibid., 9-13-1732, 129.
686 Ibid., 6-13-1739, 154.
687 Advices, 250.
688 Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 5-13-1754, 218.
689 Smith, Hist. of Del. Co., 166.
690 Ibid.
691 Ibid.
692 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-7-1692, 54.
693 Ibid., 9-20-1693, 56.
694 See Falls p. 87f.; Abington, p. 105ff.; and Buckingham, p. 96f.
695 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg. 7-5-1758, 441; 7-5-1750, 322.
696 Ibid., 12-3-1778, 263.
697 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg.
698 Ibid.
699 Ibid., 2-25-1779, 259.
700 See page 154.
701 Ibid., 3-1-1781, 319.
702 Ibid., 3-29-1781, 320.
703 Ibid., 1-1-1784, 10.
704 Ibid., 7-29-1784, 22.
705 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1787, 68.
706 Ibid., 11-1-1787, 79.
707 Ibid., 4-2-1789, 99f.
708 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1790, 114. (For entire report see page 23).
709 Ibid., 8-2-1792, 157.
710 Ibid., 11-29-1792, 160.
711 Ibid., 3-28-1793, 165.
712 Ibid., 5-2-1793, 166.
713 Ibid.
714 Ibid., 7-26-1796, 207.
715 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 8-2-1798, 243.
716 Jordan, II, 432.
717 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg. 1739, 258; 7-5-1750, 322.
718 Ibid., 8-3-1797, 226.
719 Ibid., 8-2-1798, 243.
720 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 1739, 258. (Other bequests were made by Blunston and... the value of which in 1791, amounted to £97 15/6; the committee reporting thereon, add: “we are united in opinion it will be best to lay out the money in a building on the meeting lot and in order thereto have had an estimate made for a house 16 ft. by 26 ft. from out to out, two stories high with a cellar under the whole, which amounts to £160 or thereabouts.” A Committee was appointed to see whether this would be according to the wish of the donor, Darby Minutes 12-29-1791, 145. In 1792 the committee reported it would be best to build the house for the master’s accommodation with the money of the legacies, and use the rents arising therefrom for the schooling of poor children, Darby Minutes, 2-2-1792, 147.)
721 Smith, Hist. of Del. County, 347.
722 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 1-11-1731, 189.
723 Ibid., 1-11-1757, 300.
724 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., see also page 228, chapter on Negro education.
725 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1759, 28.
726 Ibid., 12-8-1768, 220.
727 Ibid., 1-7-1759, 18.
728 Advices, 250.
729 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 8-14-1778, 133.
730 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 10-13-1778, 139.
731 Ibid., 7-13-1779, 169.
732 Ibid., 7-10-1781, 233.
733 Min. Phila. Q. Mtg., 8-6-1781, 235.
734 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 9-7-1782, 260.
735 Ibid., 7-11-1786, 4.
736 Ibid., 7-13-1790, 8.
737 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1791, 24.
738 Jordan, II, 429.
739 Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-4-1779, 94.
740 Jordan, II, 430.
741 Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-4-1779, 94.
742 Ibid., 12-5-1781, 193.
743 Ibid.
744 Ibid., 3-3-1784, 275.
745 Ibid., 8-4-1779, 94.
746 Ibid., 8-9-1786, 370.
747 Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-8-1787, 397.
748 Ibid., 6-5-1782, 213.
749 Ibid., 8-9-1786, 370; see page 164.
750 For example, the plan suggested in 1746 and elaborated in the years following.
751 Advices, 250.
752 Advices, 250.
753 Min. Concord Q. Mtg., 8-12-1754, 218.
754 Ibid., 8-10-1778, 358.
755 Ibid., 8-9-1784, 413.
756 Ibid., 8-12-1793, 477; Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-20-1784, 175ff.
757 Phila. Q. Mtg. in the earliest years transacted considerable detail business, which, years later, it did not touch.
758 Several definite references are: Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 6-6-1778, 409 and 12-4-1783, 562; Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., II, 12-28-1796.
759 Min. London Grove Mo. Mtg., 11-4-1795, 78; Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-3-1791, 133.
760 To turn to the text of a plan of subscription, see “school support” in index.
761 See page 168.
762 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.
763 Ibid., 8-16-1798, 199.
764 Min. London Grove Mo. Mtg., 11-4-1795, 78.
765 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-3-1791, 133.
766 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 12-10-1793, 128.
767 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 4-1-1793, 302.
768 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.
769 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 10-26-1701, 316.
770 To find the text of legacies granted, turn to legacies, in the index.
771 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 8-3-1763, 22.
772 Attention is called to the fact that during the years mentioned in the following table currency greatly depreciated. This depreciation was most marked in 1779, when, in January, the ratio was 8 to 1; and in November of the same year 38½ to 1. See Dewey, D. R., Financial History of U. S., 39; also page 212.
773 Min. Penn Charter School Overseers, I, 301.
774 Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1778, 194.
775 Ibid., 4-1-1793, 302.
776 Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1790, 60.
777 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 11-6-1799, 288.
778 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 2-5-1784, 162.
779 Min. Horsham School Committee, 3-18-1793.
780 See page 14ff.
781 Min. London Yr. Mtg., 3-16-1692, 68.
782 The yearly meetings also established schools; such was the case in London Yearly, and Philadelphia followed in 1799 with the establishment of Westtown Boarding School in Chester County. Justice cannot be done to that institution in this work. The reader is referred to Dewes, A History of Westtown Boarding School.
783 Min. London Yr. Mtg., 3-17 to 24-1703, 114; 5-26 to 31-1760, 339.
784 Min. London Yr. Mtg., 3-16 to 19-1692, 68.
785 Ibid., 4-2 to 7-1745, 268.
786 Ibid., 4-9 to 11-1690, 52; 4-1 to 4-1691, 60.
787 Ibid., 3-13 to 17-1695, 89.
788 Ibid.
789 Ibid., 4-2 to 10-1718, 160.
790 Ibid., 5-31 to 6-5-1773, 399.
791 Ibid., 3-29 to 4-3-1732, 210; 4-9 to 11-1690, 52.
792 Min. Phila. Yr. Mtg., 7-16 and 17-1694, 39.
793 Advices from Burlington and Philadelphia Yr. Mtg., 1746, 1750, 1753, 1755, 1777, and so forth, page 250ff. Also the yearly meeting minutes records for those years, deposited at 304 Arch Street, Phila. (The first reference is the more accessible.)
794 The reader is referred to the account of establishing schools in Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware Counties, etc.
795 These references are, respectively, to the five points stated below:
a. Min. Westland Mo. Mtg., 11-11-1786, 12; 3-10-1787, 19.
b. Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 4-28-1784.
c. Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-29-1719, 57.
d. Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.
e. Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1800, 508; Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-9-1786, 370.
796 See the Advices, 250; or the Book of Discipline which has, under the head of schools, a statement of the various recommendations of the yearly meetings. See also Yearly Meeting Minute Books at 4th and Arch Streets, Phila., for years 1746, 1753, 1755, 1777, and 1778.
797 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-29-1698, 229; P. C. S. M., I, 13.
798 Deed No. 33, mentioned in P. C. S. M., I, 13.
799 Ibid., 40.
800 Ibid., 147.
801 Friends’ Intelligencer, 8-15-1896, 539; Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-26-1722, 124.
802 Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-20-1779, 73.
803 Ibid., 77; Warrington Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1779, 46.
804 Deed No. 88 New Garden Township, Chester County. (The original is in Orthodox Friends Meeting House, West Grove, Pa.)
805 Min. New Garden Mo. Mtg., 8-6-1785, 256.
806 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 1-12-1792, 14.
807 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1795.
808 Ibid., 3-8-1782.
809 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 3-28-1793, 165.
810 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1794, 314.
811 Jenkins, Historical Col. of Gwynedd, 396.
812 Ibid.
813 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 12-1-1693-4, 64.
814 Ibid., 1-1-1699, 114.
815 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-25-1740, 318.
816 In 1701 they had begun a school house which was to be 60 by 24 feet. Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-27-1701, 298.
817 The schoolroom described is in Merion Meeting House, which may be reached from Philadelphia via P.R.R. to Narberth, Pa.; from thence a ten-minute walk.
818 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 3-8-1782.
819 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 12-3-1794, 169; for value of money see page 212.
820 Ibid., 9-4-1799, 283.
821 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-27-1701, 298.
822 Ibid., 11-25-1744, 379; P. C. S. M., I, 40. Parts of the school buildings were at times used as tenant property thus affording a supporting income, P. C. S. M., I, 22.
823 P. C. S. M., I, 56.
824 Ibid., I, 39.
825 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 9-25-1715, 10ff.
826 P. C. S. M., I, 95 and 37.
827 Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 6-18-1762; 4-7-1767; 8-14-1767.
828 P. C. S. M., I, 29 and 25.
829 Ibid., 31.
830 Ibid., 95.
831 Ibid., 37.
832 P. C. S. M., 72.
833 Ibid., 151ff.
834 Ibid.
835 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
836 P. C. S. M., I, 76 and 79; also I, 198.
837 P. C. S. M., see list of scholars; number is approximate.
838 Pemberton Mss., Vol. 3, p. 2.
839 P. C. S. M., I, 102f. (Rules adopted in 1748.)
840 Robert Proud Mss. Collection, No. 20, pp. 3-7. The rules, he states, were drawn up for his use in the school in 1780.
841 The rules presented, taken from records of the Overseers of the Schools in Philadelphia, are quite like those later drawn up by Horsham School Committee. There is nothing additional in the later ones and they were doubtless patterned after them. (Horsham Sch. Com. Min., 1-27-1783).
842 Robert Proud Mss., No. 156, 45.
843 Logan Mss. Letter for 4th month, 12th, 1704. Vol. I, 49. (J. Dickinson was away on a voyage of some length.)
844 Vaux, Memoirs of Benezet, 15f.
845 Watson, Annals, I, 291-2.
846 See page 181.
847 P. C. S. M., I, 137.
848 Ibid., 150.
849 Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 3-16-1792.
850 See page 78.
851 Page 78.
852 See list of printed rules for the school in custody of P.C.S.
853 Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-27-1783 (also mentioned in the monthly meeting minutes very frequently).
854 See page 78f.
855 P.C.S.M., I, 84.
856 Pa. Gazette, No. 1449, 1756.
857 Ibid., No. 824, 1744.
858 Pa. Pocket and Daily Advertiser, No. 2385, 1786.
859 Ibid., No. 2386, 1786.
860 A list of printed rules issued by the Board, found in the depository for the P.C.S.M., in the Provident Life and Trust Building, Phila.
861 Darby Meeting employed B. Clift to teach a whole year with the exception of two weeks. (Darby Min., 7-7-1692, 54).
862 Ibid.
863 See page 183f.
864 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
865 P. C. S. M., I, 117.
866 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
867 Some copies and volumes of these illustrious news sheets are found in the Norris Ms. Collection.
868 Norris Ms. Collection—The Student’s Magazine. The little volumes are unpaged; page references are impossible.
869 Norris Ms. Collection.
870 Ibid.
871 P. C. S. M., I, 135.
872 Phila. Mo. Min., 1-25-1771, 430.
873 London Yr. Mtg. Min., 4-2 to 10-1718, 160. Phila. Advices XXX, page 250 (for years from 1746-1778). Also a copy of the Discipline containing the digested recommendations on schools, p. 386ff. (In first National Bank, Newtown, Pa.).
874 Col. Rec., I, LXVI.
875 Extracts from London Yr. Mtg. Min., pub. 1802, 124.
876 Crouch, Collection of His Papers, 183.
877 Col. Rec., I, 36.
878 P. C. S. M., I, 33.
879 P. C. S. M., 14.
880 Ibid., 90.
881 Ibid., 117.
882 Ibid., 145.
883 Ibid., 221.
884 A letter written to John Penn, Penn Ms. Collections, I, 233.
885 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151; 1-30-1784, 123ff. Also, Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-27-1783; Min. Horsham Prep. Mtg., 1-24-1783, and Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-28-1793, 165, give some of the books which were used in the schools.
886 P. C. S. M., I, 138.
887 Hildeburn, II, 332.
888 Ibid., I, 39.
889 Pa. Gaz., No. 1245, 1752.
890 Ibid., No. 1499, 1757.
891 Ibid., No. 1861, 1764.
892 Ibid., No. 1556, 1758.
893 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-30-1770, 370.
894 P. C. S. M., I, 138.
895 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-28-1793, 165.
896 Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-11-1793.
897 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 2-20-1793, 118.
898 Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 12-26-1792.
899 Ibid., 8-26-1789.
900 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 5-8-1789, 55.
901 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 6-17-1789, II, 70.
902 Hildeburn, I, 39 (published in London 1697).
903 Ibid., II, 100.
904 Prowell, I, 540.
905 In 1689 Phila. Mo. Mtg. authorized W. Bradford to print certain of G. Fox’s papers. These are not named and it hardly seems probable that Fox’s Primmer was in the list. Bradford’s request for permission (Genealogical Publications, II, 139), H. S. P.
[906] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 12-25-1697-8, p. 227 (G. S. P. P.)
907 Hildeburn, I, 38.
908 Smith, Supplement to Catalogue of Friends Books, 262.
909 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-29-1696-7, 211. (G. S. P. P., Vol. 4).
910 Pastorius’s Common Place Book (Mss.) H. S. P.
[911] The Primer of Stephen Crisp is also mentioned frequently with that of Fox, as being used in the schools. (Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 8-27-1735, 207).
912 Hildeburn, II, 21, 114, 341, 340, and 343, respectively.
913 Hildeburn, I, 318.
914 P. C. S. M., I, 240.
915 Prowell, I, 541.
916 See page 191.
917 Chiefly in the Norris Mss. Collections.
918 A scale, having units of known value, which is used in measuring accomplishment in handwriting.
919 Hildeburn, II, 164.
920 Prowell, I, 540.
921 Elihu Underwood was teacher at Warrington in York County in 1784 (See Warrington Mo. Mtg. Min., 1-10-1784, 47.)
922 Norris Ms. Collection, H. S. P.
[923] P. C. S. M., I, 64.
924 Ibid., 26; also Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
925 In 1741 Buller advertised the teaching of writing, arithmetic, merchants’ accounts, navigation, algebra, and other parts of the mathematics to be taught at the “Public School.” (Pa. Gaz. No. 673, 1741).
926 Ibid., 84.
927 Ibid., 101.
928 Ibid., 122.
929 Ibid., 131.
930 Ibid., 133.
931 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
932 Ibid., 7-30-1779, 151.
933 P. C. S. M., I, 33.
934 Ibid., 14.
935 Alexander Seaton, who came to the English School about 1754 (P. C. S. M. I, 117) had been teaching a school of the same nature in the upper part of the city, in which he taught mathematics. That school was also under the direction of the Board. (P. C. S. M., I, 90).
936 Ibid., 80.
937 Ibid., 104f.
938 Ibid.
939 A list of the rules for the government of the schools, printed, in the P. C. S. depository.
940 See page 189.
941 Hildeburn, II, 266.
942 Ibid., 464.
943 P. C. S. M., I, 235.
944 See page 57.
945 Pa. Gaz., Apr. 16, 1730.
946 Hildeburn, II, 342.
947 Pastorius, Common Place Book (Mss.) H. S. P.
[948] Books of Charles and Isaac Norris in Norris Ms. Collection.
949 Books chiefly of Norris, I. Griffiths, and King, in the Norris Ms. Collection.
950 P. C. S. M., I, 104f.
951 See page 195.
952 See Norris Ms. Collection, H. S. P.
[953] P. C. S. M., I, 239.
954 Ibid., 75.
955 For instance, F. D. Pastorius, Anthony Benezet, Robert Proud, Christopher Taylor, and many others.
956 Min. London Yr. Mtg., 4-9 to 11-1690, 52; 4-1 to 4-1691, 60; 3-13 to 17-1695, 89; also collected Advices of Philadelphia and Burlington Yr. Mtg., 250ff.
957 Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 2-22-1786.
958 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 7-6-1792; Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 5-12-1785, 814; Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-11-1786, 4; Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 12-5-1782, 136; 11-7-1782, 132.
959 Deed No. 88, New Garden, Tp., Chester Co. (In Fireproof of Orthodox Friends in West Grove, Pa.).
960 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1797; Min. Ken. Mo. Mtg., 3-14-1793, 39.
961 Min. Goshen Mtg., 8-5-1796.
962 P. C. S. M., 1, 3, 33, and 90; Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-17-1692, 54; Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700, 254; 4-24-1720, 63.
963 Col. Rec. I, 36.
964 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-26-1784, 64.
965 P. C. S. M., I, 58.
966 Ibid., 5f.
967 Ibid., 175.
968 Ibid., 208.
969 Ibid., 139.
970 Ibid., 141.
971 Ibid., 265.
972 P. C. S. M., I, 237.
973 Ibid., 245.
974 Ibid., 116.
975 See Yearly Meetings’ Advices, 250.
976 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-7-1692, 54; 9-20-1693, 56.
977 2 Pa. Arch. XIX, 248.
978 Bean, 680.
979 There is found no record of his removal by letter, though he may have done so without, which, however, was not according to practice.
980 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689, 154.
981 Ibid., 3-29-1691, 146.
982 Weekly Mercury, Nov. 29, 1733.
983 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-28-1697, 227.
984 Ibid., 1-29-1700, 254.
985 P. C. S. M., I, 64.
986 Ibid., 101.
987 Ibid., 90.
988 Ibid., 266.
989 Ibid., 175.
990 Ibid., 334.
991 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123.
992 P. C. S. M., I, 33.
993 Simpson’s Lives of Eminent Philadelphians, 53. Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 128.
994 Ibid., 1-31-1699, 244.
995 Ibid., 1-27-1702, 326.
996 P. C. S. M., I, 126.
997 Ibid., 221.
998 P. C. S. M., I, 130.
999 Ibid., 161.
1000 Ibid., 158.
1001 Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-7-1692, 54.
1002 P. C. S. M., I, 133.
1003 Ibid., 274.
1004 Ibid., 131.
1005 P. C. S. M., I., 123.
1006 Ibid., 131.
1007 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689.
1008 In the references at the right hand margin of the table “Ph” refers to Minutes of Philadelphia Monthly Meeting for the date given; Darby refers to Minutes of Darby Monthly Meeting.
1009 Futhey and Cope, 308.
1010 From an old account book in possession of Albert Cook Myers, Moylan, Pa.
1011 Dewey, D. R., Financial History of the U. S., 39.
The reader is reminded of the fact that because of greatly depreciated currency the amounts paid, as shown in the above table, did not represent so much absolute increase. That some exact idea of the extent of depreciation of the continental currency may be gained, there is given the following table for the year 1779, when the depreciation became most marked.
| Jan. 14, 1779 | 8 to 1 |
| Feb. 3 | 10 to 1 |
| Apr. 2 | 17 to 1 |
| May 5 | 24 to 1 |
| June 4 | 20 to 1 |
| Sept. 17 | 24 to 1 |
| Oct. 14 | 30 to 1 |
| Nov. 17 | 38½ to 1 |
The fact of such depreciation was not officially recognized by Congress until March 18, 1780, it being then provided that paper be accepted for silver at a ratio of 40 to 1.
1012 See page 20.
1013 Min. London Grove Mtg., 3-4-1795, 62.
1014 Ibid., 1-31-1699, 244.
1015 Ibid., 1-27-1702, 326.
1016 P. C. S. M., I, 130.
1017 Ibid., 158.
1018 P. C. S. M., I., 126.
1019 Ibid., 130.
1020 Ibid., 128.
1021 Ibid., 145.
1022 Ibid., 216.
1023 Ibid., 221.
1024 Ibid., 239.
1025 Ibid., 266.
1026 Ibid., 288.
1027 Ibid., 276, 277, 279.
1028 P. C. S. M., I., 309.
1029 Ibid., 288.
1030 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg. 7-30-1779, 151.
1031 Ibid. (An extract of the report to the monthly meeting is given on page 71ff., chapter on Philadelphia, showing the state of schools in 1784.)
1032 Ibid., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
1033 Ibid., 1-25-1793, 184.
1034 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-23-1798, 149.
1035 Quoted in Jenkins’ Hist. Collections of Gwynedd, 396-7.
1036 The works from which the notices were taken: Watson, Annals of Philadelphia; Simpson, Lives of Eminent Philadelphians; Jordan, Colonial Families of Philadelphia; Oberholtzer, Philadelphia City and Its People; W. Thompson, History of Philadelphia.
1037 Vaux, Memoirs, p. 7; also Keyser, Old Germantown, I, 79.
1038 P. C. S. M., I, 33.
1039 Ibid., 117.
1040 Oberholtzer, I, 233.
1041 P. C. S. M., I, 117.
1042 Vaux, Memoirs, p. 8
1043 P. C. S. M., I, 114.
1044 Ibid., 115.
1045 Ibid., 161.
1046 Ibid., 244.
1047 Ibid., 311.
1048 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-31-1782, 28.
1049 For list of his works, see Hildeburn or Smith.
1050 P. C. S. M., I, 21.
1051 Pa. Gaz., No. 673, 1741.
(Advertising for pupils in newspapers was not the usual rule among Quaker masters in early Pennsylvania, though some cases occurred. 345 advertisements from 1730 to 1790 have been noted in various newspapers of the period. Of a list of seventy Quakers who are known to have taught school, only 15 were found in the list of advertisers. The papers examined were the Weekly Mercury, Pennsylvania Gazette, Freeman’s Journal, Evening Post, Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, Pa. Packet, and the Pa. Chronicle; also the Courrier Francais (which is not mentioned in the bibliography).)
1052 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123.
1053 Ibid., 1-25-1793, 184.
1054 Ibid., 2-23-1798, 149.
1055 Ibid., 11-28-1800, 300.
1056 Oberholtzer, I, 181.
1057 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700, 254.
1058 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-24-1702, 329.
1059 Ibid., 6-27-1703, 376.
1060 Am. Wk. Mercury, Nov. 29, 1733.
1061 Watson I, 287.
1062 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1691, 146.
1063 Collections of the Protestant Episcopal Historical Soc., 1851, Vol. I, XIX to XX.
1064 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.
1065 Moses Patterson was the first teacher in the Negro School. Phila. Mo. Mtg. Min., 6-29-1799, 398.
1066 P. C. S. M., I, 274.
1067 P. C. S. M., I, 208.
1068 Ibid., 272.
1069 Ibid., 288.
1070 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-26-1748, 64.
1071 P. C. S. M., I, 101.
1072 Ibid., 84.
1073 Ibid., 122.
1074 Ibid., 131.
1075 Ibid., 133.
1076 Pa. Gaz., No. 1403, 1755.
1077 P. C. S. M., I, 133.
1078 P. C. S. M., I, 106.
1079 Ibid., 122.
1080 Ibid., 131.
1081 Ibid., 141.
1082 Ibid., 188.
1083 Simpson, 912-13.
1084 P. C. S. M., I, 175.
1085 Ibid., 234.
1086 Ibid., 334.
1087 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123.
1088 Robert Proud Ms. Col., No. 20, 27.
1089 Watson, I, 282.
1090 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
1091 The Public School Gazetteer, 1777, in Norris Ms. Collections, H. S. P.
[1092] P. C. S. M., I, 90.
1093 Ibid., 117.
1094 Ibid., 198.
1095 Ibid., 199.
1096 Ibid., 266.
1097 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
1098 Ibid., 1-30-1784, 123f.
1099 Watson, I, 290f.
1100 Ibid., 292.
1101 Ibid., 290.
1102 Ibid., 291.
1103 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.
1104 P. C. S. M., I, 24.
1105 Ibid., 165.
1106 Pa. Gaz., No. 1951, 1766.
1107 Ibid.
1108 Pa. Gaz., No. 1865, 1764.
1109 P. C. S. M., I, 164.
1110 Ibid., 173.
1111 The last eight mentioned are named as teachers in Gwynedd neighborhood school, by Joseph Foulke. (Jenkins, 396-7.)
1112 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1711, 73.
1113 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-27-1722, 83.
1114 Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 10-29-1753, 111.
1115 Pa. Gaz., No. 2371, 1774. Ibid., No. 2147, 1770. Ibid., No. 2118, 1769. Ibid., No. 1821, 1763.
1116 Wickersham, 26.
1117 Ibid., 27.
1118 Prowell, I, 539.
1119 Ibid., 541
1120 Name found in the account book for the Jonathan Walton Fund used for that meeting, p. 1. (Deposited at Friends Meeting House in Quakertown, Pa.)
1121 Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 4-28-1784.
1122 Ibid.
1123 Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-11-1793.
1124 Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 4-28-1784.
1125 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 4-28-1784, 510f.
1126 Ibid.
1127 Ibid., 10-31-1787, 60f.
1128 Pa. Mag. Hist., XXV, 3.
1129 Proud, Hist. of Pa., I, 233 and 109f. See Ms. description of the province of Pennsylvania written by William Penn relating to the first settlement written 1682. A copy in Logan Ms. Collections, Vol. 1.
1130 2 Pa. Archives, XVI, 234.
1131 Hazard, Annals of Pa., 331. N. Y. Col. Doc. II, 213-14.
1132 Col. Rec., XII, 99.
1133 Laws of Pa., III, 269-272; 3 Pa. Archives, XVIII, 303-430.
1134 Ms. Ancient Rec. of Phila., July 28, 1702.
1135 Turner, The Negro in Pa., 79.
1136 London Yr. Mtg., Epistles, 1772, 394.
1137 3 Pa. Archives, XVIII, 303-430.
1138 Turner, The Negro in Pa.
1139 Stat. at Large of Pa., II, 107, 285.
1140 Ms. Bd. of Trade Papers, Proprieties, IX, Q, 39, 42; Stat. at Large of Pa., II, 543-4.
1141 Watson, Annals of Phila., II, 264.
1142 Ms. Bd. of Trade Papers, Proprieties, IX, Q, 39, 42; Stat. at Large of Pa. II, 543-4.
1143 Votes and Proceedings, 1726-1742, 31.
1144 Smith, Hist. of Del. Co., 261; Kaln, Travels, I, 391.
1145 Pa. Gaz. and Wk. Advt., 1779, No. 2580.
1146 Col. Rec., XII, 99.
1147 The quality of the clothing on their backs does not necessarily mean they enjoyed a good location. It was in many cases stolen goods.
1148 Pa. Gaz., No. 2568, 1779.
1149 Watson, Annals, I, 406.
1150 Heatwole, Hist. of Ed. in Va., 299.
1151 Pa. Mag. of Hist., XXIX, 363.
1152 Smith, H. W., Life of W. Smith, I, 238.
1153 Pa. Gaz., 1740, 624; Am. Wk. Mer., 1740, No. 1097.
1154 Am. Wk. Mer., 1722-3, IV, 16.
1155 Ibid.
1156 Pa. Archives, XVIII, 303-430. Ibid., XXI, 165-324. Ibid., XVII, 489-685.
1157 Christian Doc. Prac. and Dis. Relig. Soc. of Friends, 1727, 122, (published 1861). Ibid., extract of 1758.
1158 Friends’ Lib., I, 79.
1159 Woolman’s Works, 15.
1160 Turner, Negro in Pa., 67.
1161 Woolman’s Words, 156-7.
1162 Ibid., 78.
1163 Ibid., 44.
1164 Woolman’s Works, 96-7.
1165 Ibid., 244.
1166 Most significant works are given in the bibliography.
1167 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 128.
1168 Ibid., 6-29-1770, 398.
1169 Benezet, A Short Account of the People Called Quakers, 81-2.
1170 Vaux, Memoirs of Lay and Sandiford.
1171 Pa. Mag. of Hist., XIII, 265; Old Germantown, Lippincott’s Mag., Feb., 1884, 118ff., containing an account of the protest; Phila. Quarterly Meeting would not take action, it being considered too weighty a question (Min. Phila. Q. Mtg., 4-4-1688, 136.)
1172 Pa. Mag. of Hist., 266, 268.
1173 Christian Doc. Prac. and Discipline, 1727, pub. 1861, 122.
1174 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-30-1756, 215.
1175 Epistles London Yr. Mtg., 1772, 394.
1176 Christian Doc. Prac. and Discipline, 1758, pub. 1861, 122.
1177 Extracts Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-6-1762, 107.
1178 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-30-1756, 215; Concord Mo. Mtg., 6-9-1779, 86; Horsham Sch. Com, 8-17-1792; Chester Mo. Mtg., 10-25-1779, 31; Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 9-9-1779, 65f.; Sadsbury, 7-17-1782, 340.
1179 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-30-1756, 215 and 1-25-1765, 7.
1180 Ibid., 7.
1181 Ibid., 1-26-1770, 371; (Proud in his Ms. History of Philadelphia gives Benezet the whole credit of establishing the Negro school. There were two branches, one for boys and one for girls, taught by different tutors. He says the successful outcome of this school of Benezet’s was the incentive which caused the Abolition Society to establish others.) See Proud’s Ms. History, p. 64. H. S. P.
[1182] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-23-1770, 376.
1183 Ibid., 3-30-1770, 379.
1184 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-30-1770, 379.
1185 Ibid.
1186 Ibid., 1-25-1771, 430.
1187 Ibid., 6-29-1770, 398.
1188 Ibid., 1-25-1771, 430.
1189 Ibid., 2-28-1777, 438.
1190 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-31-1782, 28; 1-25-1793, 184; 3-30-1770, 379.
1191 Ibid.
1192 Ibid.
1193 Ibid.
1194 Ibid.
1195 Dewey, p. 39.
1196 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-30-1770, 379.
1197 Ibid., 4-26-1771, 444, and 21-25-1772, 145.
1198 Ibid., 7-28-1786, 271.
1199 Ibid., 1-30-1784, 128.
1200 Ibid., 1-25-1793, 184.
1201 Ibid.
1202 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-25-1793, 184.
1203 For an insight to the real value of the money see note p. 212 of this work; also Dewey, p. 39.
1204 Ibid.
1205 Ibid., 2-23-1798, 149.
1206 Ibid.
1207 Ibid.
1208 Ms. Minutes of the Committee on Negro Education, I, 19; other expenditures mentioned are for copy books, ciphering books, child’s spelling books, lessons for youth, writing paper, red blotting paper, slates, quills, ink, tutors’ assistants, Cheap Repository, 4 volumes, and one set Murray’s Introduction, I, 138.
1209 Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-28-1800, 300; Ibid., 2-23-1798, 149.
1210 Ibid.
1211 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 7-26-1764, 519.
1212 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 9-9-1779, 65; Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 7-17-1782, 340.
1213 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 9-9-1779, 65f.
1214 Ibid.
1215 Min. Deercreek Mo. Mtg., 7-24-1779, 304.
1216 Ibid., 11-23-1776, 274.
1217 Ibid.
1218 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 7-17-1782, 340.
1219 Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 10-25-1779, 31.
1220 Extracts, Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-6-1779, 202; (this was a part of the discipline).
1221 Ibid., 12-6-1762, 107.
1222 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 9-9-1779, 65f.
1223 Cf. Report on Philadelphia, pp. 68f.
1224 Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 7-26-1764, 519.
1225 Ibid., 10-26-1758, 301.
1226 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 10-12-1756, 287.
1227 Ibid., 1-11-1757, 300; 4-10-1759, 28; 6-8-1764, 54; 7-8-1766, 139.
1228 Ibid., 7-8-1766, 139.
1229 Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1768, 209.
1230 Ibid., 7-10-1770, 286.
1231 Ibid.
1232 Ibid., 10-8-1776, 102; 8-13-1779, 171; 11-12-1779, 179.
1233 Ibid., 12-10-1778, 145.
1234 Ibid., 11-13-1778, 140.
1235 Ibid., 7-1-1780, 198.
1236 Ibid., 7-13-1790, 7.
1237 Ibid.
1238 See p. 228ff.; also Davis, Hist. Bucks Co., II, 294.
1239 Col. Rec. XII, 99.
1240 Davis, Hist., II, 297.
1241 Davis, Hist., II, 295.
1242 Ibid.
1243 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 8-1-1782, 535.
1244 Ibid., 8-7-1783, 557.
1245 Extracts, Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-6-1762, p. 107.
1246 Ibid., 11-2-1778, 181.
1247 Min. Bucks Q. Mtg., 8-28-1777, 29.
1248 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-6-1779, 202.
1249 Min. Bucks Q. Mtg., 2 vols., 1684-1804. Newtown First Nat’l Bank.
1250 Ibid., 6-27-1730.
1251 Ibid.
1252 Ibid., 8-28-1766.
1253 Ibid., 8-27-1772.
1254 Ibid., 8-28-1777, 29.
1255 Min. Bucks Q. Mtg., 8-28-1777, 29.
1256 Ibid., 11-27-1777, 33.
1257 Ibid., 8-27-1795.
1258 Ibid., 2-28-1799, 289.
Ibid., 2-7-1758.
1259 Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 2-2-1757.
1260 Ibid., 8-7-1771, 86; 8-5-1772, 105; 9-6-1780, 275; 8-6-1783, 350.
1261 Ibid., 8-1-1781, 301; 3-2-1763; 2-4-1767; 7-2-1769.
1262 Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 11-2-1778, 181; 8-1762, 107.
1263 Davis, Hist. Bucks Co., II, 297.
1264 Ibid., 296.
1265 Ibid., 297.
1266 Min. London Mo. Mtg. 1792, I (deposited at L. G. Mtg.).
1267 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 8-16-1770—439.
1268 Ibid., 10-16-1777, 619.
1269 Ibid., 1-14-1779, 658.
1270 Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 8-14-1788, 887.
1271 Futhey and Cope, 424.
1272 Min. New Garden Mo. Mtg., 12-5-1778, 419 (committee had been appointed in 1774).
1273 Ibid., 5-5-1781, 108.
1274 Ibid., 9-1-1781, 119.
1275 Ibid., 8-6-1785, 256.
1276 Ibid., 9-5-1789, 419.
1277 Futhey and Cope, Hist. of Chester Co., 424.
1278 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 3-1-1765, 66.
1279 Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 9-9-1779, 65f.
1280 Ibid.
1281 Ibid.
1282 Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 1-7-1699, 113.
1283 Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 7-17-1782, 340.
1284 Ibid.
1285 Ibid.
1286 Col. Rec., XII, 99; Laws of Pa., III, 268-272.
1287 Futhey and Cope, 424.
1288 Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 10-25-1779, 31.
1289 Ibid.
1290 Ibid., 7-30-1781, 73f.
1291 Ibid., 9-23-1785, 177.
1292 Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 6-9-1779, 86.
1293 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 10-18-1756.
1294 Ibid., 7-18-1757.
1295 Ibid., 7-17-1758.
1296 Ibid., 2-5-1762.
1297 Ibid., 8-6-1762.
1298 Ibid., 2-10-1764.
1299 Ibid., 4-5-1776.
1300 Ibid., 3-7-1777.
1301 Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 7-10-1778.
1302 Ibid., 12-11-1778.
1303 Ibid., 8-11-1780.
1304 Futhey and Cope, 424.
1305 This statement is based on the results of G. Cope’s study of local history.
1306 Bunting, Recs., Mtg. Phila. Yr. Mtg., 24.
1307 Rec. Horsham School Com., 11-15-1793.
1308 Martindale, Hist. of Byberry and Moreland, 49.
1309 Ibid., 50. (The sources used by Martindale are not found.)
1310 Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 9-15-1779.
1311 Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1756, 215.
1312 Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 7-27-1756, 164.
1313 Ibid., 7-28-1767, 13.
1314 Ibid., 7-26-1768, 40.
1315 Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 8-27-1775, 202.
1316 Ibid., 5-25-1779, 306.
1317 Ibid., 8-26-1783, 172.
1318 Ibid., 7-27-1790, 112.
1319 Kaln, P., Travels into North America, I, 390, 394.
1320 Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-16-1776, 11.
1321 Ibid., 9-20-1779, 73. (Warrington Meeting, in the County of York.)
1322 Applegarth, Quakers in Pa., Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, VIII-IX, 56.
1323 Mention should also be made of the Friendly Ass’n for Preserving Peace with the Indians. For reference see Vol. 3, Penn’s MS., relating to Indian Affairs, pp. 17-18, an address to Governor Dewey, 1757; also p. 89, an address to Proprietaries Thomas Penn and Richard Penn on same subject.
1324 Col. Rec. II, 16.
1325 Ibid., III, 356.
1326 Bowden, II, 70.
1327 London Yr. Mtg. Epistles, 1795, 487.
1328 Conduct of the Society of Friends towards Indians, 98-99.
1329 Ibid.
1330 A brief account of the Committee’s proceedings (pub. in Phila.), 7.
1331 Ibid.
1332 Ibid.
1333 Ibid.
1334 Conduct of the Society of Friends towards Indians, 10.
1335 Ibid., 8, 9, 10.
1336 Ibid., 11.
1337 See page 263.
1338 No summary is given of conditions in each of the meetings; if desired, see in index, “negro education.”
1339 The digest of the standards to be attained may be seen on pages 172f.
1340 Bowden, II, 247ff. (tables showing the particular monthly, and quarterly meetings, etc.).
1341 See in index: Merion and Valley, for example.
1342 Bowden, II, 157.
1343 Ibid., 156; quoted from Oldmixon, I, 304.
1344 6,200 new settlers came in 1729 (Bowden, II, 156).
1345 Ibid., 157.
1346 Winterbotham, II, 438-439; also, census report, 1790.