Cambridge

General Index — (For Names of Persons See P. 361.) — The Principal References Are in Black Type

Abbesses, Saxon, 312, 312 n.
Abbey lands and the University, 133, 270-71
Aberdeen University, 259
Abingdon Pigotts, 292
Academic year, the, 182 n., 241
“Accommodation,” doctrine of, 279
“Acts,” 163, 168, 169, 175, 176, 189
A.D.C., 239
Addenbrooke’s Hospital, 115
Additional MSS. Brit. Mus., cited, 6 n., 39 n., 161 n.
Ad eundem degrees, 195
Advanced students, 229, 241
Aegrotat degree, 188, 188 n.
Age of students, 217 n.-218 n.
Agriculture, professorship of, 190
studies, board of, 238
Alban’s Abbey, S., 172 n.
Ale, Cambridge, 221
Alexander (text book), 170
All Souls’, Oxford, 176 n., 218 n.
Almanacks, printing of, 100 n.
Almshouses, 18 n., 117 n.
Almum Collegium, 230
America and Cambridge, 61, 146
colonisation of, 262, 263
American fellows at Cambridge, 246 n.
independence, 268
professor, 192
Anatomy, 98 n., 180, 180 n., 181
Andrew’s (S.), parish of, 117
Street, 50
university, 284
Angers, 150
Angles, 3
Anglesey, Prior of, 24 n., 43 n.
Priory, 24, 24 n.
Anglo-Saxon burial ground, 318
Chronicle, 5, 6 n., 84
schools, see Saxon schools
Anjou, 151
Anne, S., hermitage of, 23
Antipuritanism in Cambridge, 60, 60 n.
Arabic professorship, 190
Archidiaconal jurisdiction, 28, 28 n., 55 n.
Aristotle, 153, 165, 166, 170, 170 n., 171 n., 178 n., 290
Aristotle’s logic, 15, 159 n., 165
Armiger bedell, see bedell
Art and universities, 251-2
‘Artist,’ the, 162 n.
Arts, faculty, 119, 153, 166, 168, 170
schools, 98 n.
the seven, 153
Ash Wednesday, ceremonies of, 160
Assembly of Ladies, cited, 57
Association of Assistant Mistresses, 335 n.
Astronomy, 180, 180 n.
Athanasian creed, 274
Audley-End, 129, 130
Augustinians, 18 n., 40, 91 n., 127, 127n., 272, 293
canons, 143, 292
habit, 91 n.
Hospitallers, 22 n.
Romites, see Austinfriars
rule of, 17, 18, 19 n., 23 n.
Aula, 44, 63, 115 n.
scholarium, 63, 71, 71 n.
Austinfriars, 22, 89, 91
in Cambridge, 22, 22 n., 23, 97, 98 n., 107, 174 n., 272, 293 n.
London, 151
Austin’s hostel, 25 n., 49, 50, 50 n., 101, 102 n.
Lane, 89
Avignon, 72, 79, 150

B.A., 104, 158, 168, 168 n., 184
Bachelor, the, 159-160, 168 n., 161
of arts, 206, 208 n., 217 n., 228, 231 n., 235
number of resident, 246 n.
Bachelors’ school, 98
‘Backs,’ the, 65, 324, 348
Bailiffs of the town, 16 n., 33, 37 n., 222 n.
Baker, Thos., cited, 122-123
Bale, cited, 20 n.
Ball, W. W. Rouse, cited, 95 n.
Balliol College, Oxford, 45 n., 174 n.
Balsham’s Judgment, cited, 28 n., 165 n., 203, 208 n.
Balsham, village, 55 n., 60, 191
Bannockburn, 64 n.
Barnwell, 31, 64
canons, 17, 18, 22 n., 49, 91
Chartulary, 6 n., 19, 20, 23, 325
fair, 215 n.
prior of, 40
priory, 17, 28, 113, 130, 227
Process, 59
Barons’ wars, 260
Bartholomew’s the Great (S.), London, 151
hospital, Oxford, 18 n.
Barton, advowson of, 44 n.
farm, 155
Basingstoke, 44 n.
“Bataille des Sept Arts,” 15 n.
Bath, road to, 6
Bathing, 222
B.C., 158, 168 n.
B.C.L., 167
B.D., 158, 169
Beata Maria de Gratia, 58
Beaufort, House of, 262
Bede, cited, 3 n.-4 n., 5 n., 10, 10 n.
Bedell, 8, 50, 160, 164 n., 207-8, 208 n.
Bedford College, 353
Bedfordshire, 19 n., 150
Bedmaker, 234
Begging friars, 22 n., 23 n.
Belfry, 72, 313
East Anglian, 66 n.
Benedict (S.), rule of, cited, 29 n.
Benedict XII., constitution of, 127, 144 n.
Benedictine hostels, 26, 49, 127, 128, 128 n., 129, 143
nuns in Cambridge, 16, 23, 25, 115, 116 n., 312 n.
Benedictines, 17, 25, 127, 127 n., 128 n., 143
‘black,’ in the fen, 12 n.
in Cambridge, 12, 25 n., 27, 29, 128, 128 n., 143, 143 n., 311 n.
prior of, at universities, 127, 128, 128 n.
Benet College, 78, 83, 176 n.
House, 149
Benet’s (S.) church, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89
parish of, 81
tower of, 96
Bernard, S., 109, 112 n.
Bernard’s (S.) Hostel, 49, 50, 83, 109
Berwick, 8 n.
Bethlemite friars, 23, 23 n., 91
Beverley, 150, 152
Bible, the English, 84, 100 n., 179, 272-273
clerks, 62 n., 153, 217 n.
Bibliotistae, 62 n.
Biology, chair of, see Quick professorship
Birmingham, 341, 346 n.
Bishop’s Hostel, 138
Mill, 11, 11 n., 97 n.
Black book, the, 20 n.
Black death, 86 n., 165 n.
in East Anglia, 79, 80, 86, 88, 117
Blackfriars, see Dominicans
Bletsoe, 150, 299, 305 n.
Boccaccio, 182
Bodleian, 99 n.
Bologna, 35, 166
Botanical gardens, 22, 98 n.
laboratory, 181
Botany, 180 n., 181
Botolph’s (S.) church, 83, 89
parish, 81
Bourne, barony of, 292 n., 303
Bowling green, 66, 70
Bridge, the great, 85, 90
Bridge “of Sighs,” 124, 125
Street, 90
British Museum, 99 n.
remains, 5
Brownists, the, 262, 277-8
Buckingham, earls and dukes of, 296, 297 n., 299, 300
College, 128, 129, 176 n.
‘Bull-dogs,’ 223, 237
Bulls, papal, at Cambridge, 276 n.
Burleigh’s 8 learned men, 274 n.
Burnet, bishop, cited, 284 n.
Bursar, 210, 210 n., 211
Burwell Rectory, 155
Bury-St.-Edmund’s, 8 n., 11, 12, 12 n., 15, 16, 16 n., 19, 143, 165 n., 166, 261, 293, 293 n.
patron saint, 15 n.
school, 15 n., 106 n.
Butley, 143
Butteries, 110, 137

Cair-Graunth, 5, 5 n., 6, 20 n.
Caius College, 100, 106 n., 107, 151, 153, 154, 229, 231, 246, 329 n.

statutes, 142
Caius, Dr. John, cited, 7 n., 48 n., 62, 99, 207 n., 217 n., 246 n., 326 n.
Calvinism, 145
Calvinists, anti-, at Cambridge, 281
Cam, the, 6, 7, 7 n., 9 n.
(and see the river)
Camboricum or Camboritum, 5
Cambridge, aldermen, 37, 222 n.
bailiffs, 16 n., 33, 37 n., 222 n.
bedells or beadles, 8
a British town, 5, 6
burgesses, 18, 18 n., 21, 34, 37, 261
castle, 5, 5 n., n, 39, 90, 113
castle mound, 5, 6, 7 n.
charters, 9, 34, 298
and the Conqueror, 5, 8, 8 n., 11
and the Danes, 8, 8 n.
and Domesday survey, 5, 8 n.
earldom of, 6 n., 36 n.
early landlords in, 23, 24, 24 n., 25, 25 n., 39, 41, 42 n., 43 n., 44, 97 n., 116 n., 132, 292, 292 n.
and Ely, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17
fair, see Stourbridge
fire at, 14
a fish market, 10-11
floods, 47
guilds, see guilds
and Henry I., 8, 13, 36, 36 n.
hospitals and almshouses, 18, 23, 32
Hundred Rolls, 43, 43 n., 44, 292, 294
in 1353, 88
and the Jews, 9, 9 n., 13, 22
under John, 11, 32, 36, 260, 261
jury, 35, 42
Lancastrian, 261
legends of its origin, 4, 20 n.
martyrs, 275
mayor, 33, 34, 37 n., 38 n., 222 n.
men, groups of, 291-7, 302-8
‘mind,’ the, 134, 174, 273, 280, 288, 289
a royal mint, 8 n.
the name, 5, 6, 6 n., 7 n.
the Norman town, 90, 91, 96
oldest academic site in, 122
‘oyer and terminer’ at, 261
place-names, 294 n.
pre-university history, 1
Roman roads in, 6
a Roman town, 4, 5, 6, 10 n.
the Saxon town, 5, 83, 89, 91, 96
schools, 14, 16, 16 n., 27, 33
schools, first glimpse of the, 33
sheriff of, 17, 34, 36 n.
shire, 7, 8, 11, 12 n., 152
town, 5, 7 n., 8, 10, 10 n., 11, 13, 36, 326 n., 341
university jurisdiction in, 222, 222 n., 223
Camden, cited, 7 n., 9 n.
Camus, 7, 7 n.
Cancellarius scholasticus, 203 n.
Candle rents, 84, 84 n.
Canon Law, new schools of, 24
Canonical Houses, 17
Canons, 227, 228
in Cambridge, 16, 17, 19, 24, 318
of S. Giles, see Barnwell
of S. John, see S. John’s Canons
in Norfolk, 77
of Sempringham, see Gilbertines
Cantaber, 4, 20 n.
Cante, 7 n.
Cantebrigge etc., see Cambridge, the name
Canterbury, 2, 4, 8 n.
archbishops of, 259 n.
archbishops and degrees, 193
Canterbury, psalter, 138
school, 176 n.
Cap and gown, 226-231
when worn, 231
Capitation fees, 154
Cappa, bachelor’s, 227, 228, 230, 231, 231 n.
Cardinal College, Oxford, colonised from Cambridge, 174, 272, 282
Carmelites at Cambridge, 16 n., 19-20, 26, 38, 89, 91, 102 n., 109, 292, 294, 325, 326
cloak of, 91
first to take degree, 20, 22
Carter, cited, 99, 104, 130 n., 203 n.
Carthusians, the London, 276
Castle, the Conqueror’s, see Cambridge
Castle Inn, 50
Cathedral officers, 203 n., 209
Catherine’s (S.) College, 100, 110, 114, 150, 153, 154, 156 n.
Catholic Emancipation, 269
martyrs, xvi c., 276, 294
Cavendish College, 148
laboratory, see laboratories
professorship, 192
Cavaliers in Cambridge, 60, 263, 264
Celar, 66 n.
Celts, 3
Chancellor, 14, 26, 35, 38 n., 53, 203-5, 206, 207, 209, 222 n.
and masters, 14, 35, 53, 203
Chancellors, in the xiv c., 203-4, 203 n., 295
list of, in Carter, 203 n.
Chapel of S. Lucy, 108 n.
of the university, 97, 98 n.
“Chapels,” 224
Chapels, College, 56, 70, 107, 176, 313
list of, 108
ritual and services in, 58, 145, 213, 223 n., 240 n.
Chaplains, 210, 213, 213 n.
Charterhouse, 55 n., 246
Chatteris Abbey, 12 n.
Chaucer in Cambridge, 88, 93-96
cited, 11, 47 n., 66
Chelmsford, 150, 151, 152
Cherry Hinton, 61, 62 n., 140 n.
Cheshunt College, 149
“Chest,” 99 n., 155, 156
college, 155
Chest, University, 114, 155, 313
Chesterton, 20, 44 n.
hundred, 42 n.
vicarage and rectory, 140, 140 n.
Chester, 6
Christ’s College, 25 n., 70, 101 n., 103 n., 117-120, 125, 133, 149, 150, 152, 153, 170 n., 176 n., 180, 210 n., 217 n., 235 n., 271, 275 n., 285, 313 n., 329 n.
statutes, cited, 210 n., 217 n., 220-221, 235 n.
Christ’s Pieces, 25
Churchmen, Cambridge, 254 n., 259
Cirencester, 6
Cistercians, 127 n., 128 n.
at Cambridge, 19 n., 25, 143
Rule of the, 19 n.
City companies and education, 322
Civil law, see Law
in the courts, 182 n.
Regius of, 190, 191
school of, 154
Clare College, 44, 49, 64-66, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 79, 82, 86 n., 87, 89, 95, 95 n., 101 n., 102 n., 114, 147, 153, 176 n., 214, 217 n., 218 n., 240, 293, 303, 312, 338
chapel, 109 n.
Clare, county, 293
‘Honour of,’ 22 n., 293, 298
statutes, cited, 109 n., 226 n.
Clarence, the title, 298
Clark, J. W., cited, 31, 44
Clark-Planché, cited, 103 n.
Classes of students, 217-219
Classical tripos, 172, 184, 187 n., 238 n., 322 n.
Classics at Cambridge, 119
decline of, 176
see Greek
“Cle,” the river, 7 n.
Clement’s (S.) church, 102 n.
Clergy and the University, 212, 213, 217 n., 242, 244
Clerk, 34 n.
-canon, 38
-friar, 38
and religious, 29, 30
Clerical patronage, 213
Clough Hall, Newnham, 338
Clubs, 214, 239
‘Coaching,’ 226, 233
Codex Augiensis, 138
Coe fen, 56, 56 n., 57, 57 n., 89, 325, 327
Colchester, 6
Colet’s school, 283
College, benefactors, 131 n., 155, 313
“on the boards of a,” 246 n.
building, eras of, 54-55
chapels, see chapels
cook, the, 234

court, see courts
expenses, 219-220, 234-5
gateway, see gateways
hall, see hall
kitchens, 234
libraries, 138 n.
lodge, see lodge
plan of a, 69-71
porter, 224, 225
rooms, 219-220, 232
scheme of a residential, 53-54
statutes of, 6 n., 67-68, 222
visitor of a, 63
the word, 63, 65 n.
of Physicians, 141, 167, 260
Colleges, built first for adult students, 54, 217 n.
decoration of, 82, 109 n.
early series of, 77
educational scope of, 153-154
founders, see founders
the ‘large’ and ‘small,’ 123
list and dates of, 55
numbers in, in xvi c., 246 n.
popularity of, 246, 246 n.
the first Protestant, 22, 55, 307 n.
rebuilt since their foundation, 114
related to different counties, 152
scope of foundations, 153
and the University, 52-53
wealth of, 155-156
Collegiate domus, 44, 63, 70
officers, 208-212
system, 53
Collegium, 64, 115 n., 122
Colonies, the, and Cambridge, 245
Combination room, 56, 69, 135, 135 n., 214
Commencement, Great, 160
‘Commencements,’ 107, 160
Commissary, 206
Commission documents, cited, 123
Common Prayer, book of, 100 n., 273, 274, 274 n.
‘Commons,’ 235
early allowance for, 235 n.
Commonwealth committee, 176 n.
marauders, 58
Congregation of the Senate, 205, 206
Congregationalists, 278
Connaught, Earls of, 293
Connecticut, 262
Consistory Court, 97
“Constitutionalize,” 215 n.
Constitutions of Honorius III., 25
Convivae of Christ’s College, 217 n.
Convocation, 194
Copyright libraries, 99
Cornhythe, the, see hythes
Corpus Christi College, 22, 24 n., 49, 67, 77, 78, 81-86, 87, 89, 89 n., 95 n., 100, 102 n., 106 n., 107, 110 n., 147, 150, 153, 153 n., 154, 156 n., 276, 282, 318, 325, 325 n.
antiquaries at, 85
arms of, 85
guild of, 23, 81 n., 87 n.
hall, 81 n., 130
library, 85
old court of, 209, 217 n., 232 n., 240
Corpus Christi, feast of, 84, 85
Oxford, 174 n., 283
procession in Cambridge, 85
Cosyn’s Place, 71 n.
Cottenham, 12, 12 n.
Council of Constance, 59
of Lyons, 23, 23 n.
Countesses, the four Cambridge, 151, 313
County College Association, 148
Court of the Vice-Chancellor, 223, 223 n.
Courts, College, 69, 70, 109 n., 142, 143 n., 240
arrangement of, 69-70
bonfires in, 227
cloistered, 110, 116
early, 79, 81-82, 132
grass-plots in, 240
oldest example of a, 32, 89
size of, 82, 102 n.
Covenant, the, refused at Cambridge, 263, 306 n.
Cross (S.), see Crouched Hostel
Crowland Abbey, 11, 12, 12 n., 13, 16, 24, 127, 128, 128 n., 129, 143
Croydon, Cambridgeshire, 151
‘Curtain,’ 230
Curteys’ Register, cited, 165 n.

Damietta, 69
Dandies, at Cambridge, 66
Danelagh, 8
Danes, 4, 8, 8 n., 10, 12 n.
David’s (S.) cathedral, 103
D.C.L., 107
D.D., 158, 169
Dean, the college, 210, 213, 223, 223 n., 224
Declamations, 107, 163, 176
Decoration of college rooms, 232 n.
Degree, conditions for the, 185, 186
Degrees, kinds of, 158
meaning of, 157
by royal mandate, 194, 265, 309
titular, 195
and women, 357
Deists, 279
Denney Abbey, 24, 25, 73, 73 n., 150
monks at, 25 n.
‘Determiner,’ 160
Deva, 62
Dialectic, 159 n., 185 n.
Diplomatists and the university, 243, 260
Discipline, college, 221, 223
early, 221, 223
present, 221, 223
university, 221, 223
Disce docendo, 161
Disputations, 97, 107, 159, 171, 182 n.
Diversoria Literarum, 63
Divinity, in Cambridge, 166, 192 n.
regius of, 190, 191
school of, ancient, 97, 98 n.
school of, modern, 98 n.
Divorce, question of the, 240, 271
Doctorate, the, 158, 161, 169
Doctores legentes, 161 n.
Doctors, as heads, 210 n.
Doctors’ hoods and gowns, 158 n., 226, 229
Domesday, 5, 6 n., 8 n.
Dominicans, 21, 22, 26, 91 n., 92
in Cambridge, 21, 38, 78, 91, 145, 146, 273, 292, 292 n.
priory of, 21 n.
Dominus, 160 n.
Domus scholarium, 44, 63, 65 n., 71, 71 n.
universitatis, 65 n.
‘Dons,’ 214, 215, 216, 231, 246, 248
married, 248-9
number of, 246 n.
‘Double-first,’ 184
Double monasteries, 311
Downing College, 65, 147, 151, 153, 154, 156 n.
professorships, 147, 192
Dramatists, 255, 256
list of the, 257
Dublin University, 160, 267, 278, 309, 344, 357
degrees for women, 344, 357
Dugdale, cited, 21 n., 116 n., 129, 293
Duns Scotus, 170
Dunwich, 3
Durham, 146
University, 360 n.
Dyer, cited, 28 n., 117 n., 163 n.

East Anglia and East Anglians, 3, 3 n., 4, 9, 12 n., 21, 44 n., 77, 78, 98, 150, 151, 152, 292, 311 n.
dialect of, 91, 93
Economics tripos, 179
Edinburgh University, 259
Edmund’s (S.) chapel, 58
house, 149
priory, 19
Educationalists, 251, 254 n., 312
Edward III. and his house, their connection with Cambridge, 36 n., 37, 37 n.-38 n., 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 95 n., 103 n., 104 n., 131, 222 n., 295 n., 297, 297 n.
letters of, cited, 95 n.
Edward VI.’s commissioners, 308
Edward (S.), church of, 65, 79
Ee or Ea, 7 n.
Egbert’s, Abp., Penitentiale, 84
Eirenicum of Stillingfleet, 279
Ejections of masters and fellows, 264, 276, 306 n.
Electoral roll, 205
Elizabeth, age of, 21, 215, 219 n., 233 n., 274, 274 n.
Elizabeth’s visit to the university in 1564, 73, 107, 108, 113
Ely, 6, 7, 10, 11, 11 n., 12, 12 n., 17, 25, 77, 140, 150, 311
Abbey, 11, 12 n., 25 n., 31, 49, 337
archdeacon of, 14, 55 n., 165 n.

bishops of, 14, 28, 28 n., 38, 54, 55 n., 117, 122, 164, 203, 204, 205 n., 235 n.
chartulary, cited, 122 n.
hostel, see hostel
Isle of, 8, 11, 12 n., 19, 36 n., 307 n.
jurisdiction of see of, 28, 55 n.
monks, 10, 91, 127, 128, 128 n.
register, cited, 164 n.
scholars, 37, 38, 45 n.,, 55, 56, 61, 122, 123, 326
school at, 12, 311
see of, 12 n., 16 n., 28, 55 n.
turbulence of men of, 11
Emmanuel College, 76, 107 n., 144-146, 151, 153, 154, 245, 246, 265, 285, 307, 307 n.
“Enchiridion” of Henry More, 287
Endowed colleges, 38, 44, 45 n., 217 n.
intention in, 54, 219 n.
Endowed foundations, 31, 52, 54
scholars, 38, 45 n.
Endowments vested in religious houses, 40
Engineering, electrical, 192
English philosophical temper, 289-290
Episcopal schools, 2, 12, 30, 30 n.
Episcopia, 30
Erasmus, cited, 170
Holbein’s picture of, 111
his “Three Colleges,” 313 n.
“Esperanto,” 182
Esquire bedell, see bedell
Essex, 100, 151, 152, 261
Ethics lecture, 210 n.
Ethnology, 192
Eton, 101, 101 n., 105 n., 106 n., 152, 164 n., 210, 221, 239, 246, 283, 354 n.
Provost of, 101 n., 105
Etonians, 101 n., 105, 221 n.
Euclid at Cambridge, 171, 185 n.
Evangelical movements, 145, 280
“Evidences of Christianity” of Paley, 178 n., 185 n.
Examinations, 107, 154, 189, 231
changing value of, 183
growth of system of, 163
Examinations, oral, 163, 164, 189
written, 162, 190
Exclusion, bill of, 265
Exercise, necessity for, 233
“Exercises,” scholastic, 107
Exeter, 341
College, Oxford, 176 n.
Exhibitions, 38 n., 107 n., 192 n.
Expenses, college, 219-220
Experimental Physics, chair of, see Cavendish professorship

Faculties, the learned, 166, 217 n., 226
Fairs, 32
“Fairy Queen,” the, 7 n.
‘Father,’ presiding, 160
Fellow-commoners, 218, 218 n., 220, 221, 230
Fellows, 68 n., 210, 211-213, 214, 217 n., 218 n., 220, 222, 226 n., 229 n., 235
clerical, 212, 213
married, 211-212, 213 n., 216, 249
number of, 246 n.
proportion of priests among, 68 n.
Fellowships, 28 n., 211, 217 n.
Macaulay on, 211
Fen Abbeys, 11, 12 n., 150
Fens, the, 11 n., 13
Ferry, the, 9
Fettes school, 107 n.
Fires in college halls, 313
Fisheries, 116 n.
Fitzwilliam museum, 57, 136 n.
Flavia Caesariensis, 8
Florence, 290
Flying coach, 215
Ford, the, 8
Forty great Englishmen, 252-254
Foundation scholars, see scholars
Founders, 76, 117 n., 251, 295 n., 297, 312
bishops as, 76
chancellors of England as, 76, 76 n.
kings as, 76
list of, 150
nationality of, 150
what constitutes, 117 n.
women, 76
Franciscan friary, 21
readers in Divinity, 21
Franciscans, 21, 25, 26, 27, 38, 91 n., 293
at Cambridge, 6 n., 21, 25 n., 33, 73, 73 n., 91, 97, 107, 137, 146, 152, 273
orders of, 23
of Waterbeach, 25 n.
Free school lane, 78
Free trade, 269
French influence in Cambridge, 69, 109, 152
Freshmen, 159
Friars at Cambridge, 19, 205 n., 307 n.
dissensions with university, 26
gate, 102 n.
rôle of the, 26
Frideswide, S., Oxford, 30 n., 31, 40 n.
Fuller, cited, 5 n., 16 n., 47 n., 99, 119 n., 120 n.-121 n., 126 n., 130, 130 n., 140, 160 n., 165 n., 167 n., 171 n., 173 n., 177 n., 180 n., 204 n.
Prickett-Wright, cited, 165 n.

Galleries, college, 110, 125
musicians’, 130, 130 n.
Gamlingay, 43 n., 44 n., 147
Gardens, fellows’, 66, 70
master’s, 70
the, at Oxford, 65
Gateways, college, 70, 109 n., 140-41
“Gating,” 225
General Examination, the, 185, 185 n.
“excused the,” 187
Geographical studies, 238
Geology, 180 n., 181
museum of, 181
George I. and Cambridge, 267-8
Germany, Christianised, 1
Gibbs’ buildings, 102 n.
Gilbertines, 19, 22, 49, 57, 91, 227, 319 n.
of Chiksand, 19 n.
a double order, 19 n.
Giles, S., canons of, see Barnwell
church of, 17, 90, 101 n., 292, 318
parish of, 130, 247
Girton College, 148, 313, 315, 316, 317-324, 325 n., 326, 326 n., 327 n., 328, 330, 341, 343, 345, 348, 350, 352, 357 n., 359, 360
first committees, 317 n., 318 n.
Gisborne buildings, 57
Glasgow, 259
Glomerels, 14, 15, 16, 165 n., 218 n.
Glomeriae, vicus, 15 n.
Glomeriaus, clers, 15
Glomery Lane, 15 n.
Glomery, master of, 14, 164 n., 165 n., 207 n., 208
school of, 14-16, 164, 164 n.
God’s House, 25 n., 90, 101, 117, 117 n., 119, 150, 153, 154, 165 n.
Gogmagogs, 6
Golden ages of the university, 87
Gonville Hall, 24 n., 50, 67, 77-78, 78 n., 79 n., 86 n., 87, 89, 94 n., 106 n., 141, 143, 144, 150, 152, 154, 176 n., 296, 325
chapel, 109 n.
court, 143
Gonville and Caius, see Caius
“Graces,” 205
the three, in 1881, 347, 350, 354
Graduate, 52, 158, 195, 229 n.
Grammar at Cambridge, 14, 15, 119, 153, 164-5, 165 n., 185 n., 217 n., 218 n.
degrees in, 164-165
schools, 27, 228, 245
Granta, 5, 5 n., 6, 7, 7 n., 9
Grantabrigge, 5, 7
Grantanus, 20 n.
Grantchester, 5, 5 n., 6, 7, 8 n., 10, 10 n., 43, 89, 326, 326 n., 337
Gratian banished the schools, 167

Greek, in Cambridge, 170, 173-175, 175-176, 179, 180, 182, 210 n., 322 n.
College, Rome, 230
compulsory, 189
gospel, in examinations, 185 n., 186 n., 194 n.
and Italy, 172, 173, 173 n., 176 n.
and Oxford, 174 n.-176 n.
plays, 239
printing in England, 99
pronunciation of, 177 n.
regius professorship, 190, 191
revivers of, 174 n.-175 n.
“scholars” at Pembroke, 175 n.
Green, J. R., cited, 258, 258 n.
Greencroft, 90
Gregory VII., 248
Gregory’s (S.) Hospital, Canterbury, 18 n.
Greyfriars, see Franciscans
Guant, 7, 7 n.
Guild of the Annunciation, 79 n.
Blessed Virgin or S. Mary, 81, 85, 132, 153, 325
Corpus Christi, 80, 85, 153, 325
Holy Trinity, 79 n.
Guildhall chapel, 103
Guilds, 80, 81, 86 n., 87 n., 150, 207, 208
“Gyp,” the college, 234

Haddon Hall, 70, 110, 110 n., 296
Hall, the college, 59, 69, 70, 71
Hallam, cited, 121 n.
“Halls,” 221, 224, 234, 235
Harrow school, 106 n., 283
Haslyngfeld, 24 n.
Hat fellow-commoners, 230
Hatcher’s Hist. of Salisbury, cited, 151 n.
“Heads” of colleges, 195, 208, 210, 212, 223 n.
marriage of, 211-12 (and see Lodge, the Master’s)
powers of, 205, 210
Hebrew, Regius professorship, 190, 191
Helyg, 10
Henney, 24 n.
Lane, 79 n.
Henry III.’s rescripts, cited, 33-34, 34 n., 35, 46 n., 151 n., 203, 222
Henry VI., charter of, cited, 73 n.
Henry VIII., portrait of, at Trinity Lodge, 136 n.
Heraldry at Cambridge, 103 n.-104 n., 125
Hertfordshire, 7
High Commission, 265
High Steward, 206, 206 n.
High Street, 64, 66, 78, 89
Higher Education of Women, Association for the, 337
Higher Local Examination, 315, 326, 328
Hills Road, 148
“Hind and Panther,” Dryden’s, 305
Historia Croylandensis, 13 n.
Historical Tripos, 238, 238 n.
Historiola Cantabrigiae, 20
Hitcham building, see Pembroke
Hitchin, 19, 317 n., 318, 319 n., 321, 326, 328
Hobbism, 289
‘Hobson’s choice,’ 215 n.
Homer MS. at Corpus, 84
Honorary degrees, see degrees
Honours degree, 104, 161, 184, 185
examination for, 185 n., 187 n., 188 n.
Hoods, academic, 158-9 n., 213, 226, 226 n., 227 n., 228
Hospitia locanda, 47, 51 n., 63
Hostel, the, 25 n., 47, 48-51, 63, 148, 217 n., 227
Austin’s or Augustine’s (S.), 25 n., 49, 50, 50 n., 89, 102 n.
S. Bernard’s, 49, 50, 83
Bolton’s, 72
Borden’s, 49
Crouched, 24, 25 n., 49, 49 n., 63, 90, 133
S. Edmund’s, 19, 49
Ely, 26, 49, 79, 127, 128 n.
Garrett’s or Gerard’s, 90, 95 n., 133, 138
S. Gregory’s, 63, 133
Harleston, 49
Holy Cross, see Crouched
Jesu, 49, 57
S. John’s, 49
S. Margaret’s, 133, 293
S. Mary’s, 49, 50, 81 n., 83, 275 n.
Monks’, 49, 127, 128, 128 n., 129, 143, 144 n.
Newmarket, 49
S. Nicholas, 25 n.
Physwick, 49, 50, 133, 141
principal of a, 48, 51 n.
scholar-principal of a, 51 n.
Rud’s, 49
S. Thomas’s, 50, 72
Trinity, 50
Tyled, 133
University, 70, 71, 72
Hostels, catholic, 149
denominational, 148
jurists’, 50, 154
number of, 50, 90, 148
Peterhouse, 49, 56, 57, 58, 89
statutes relating to, 51 n.
Hulsean lecture, 192 n.
Hundred, 8 n.
Hundred Rolls, 6 n., 16 n., 24 n., 25 n., 35 n., 39 n., 41, 42 n., 43, 43 n., 44, 44 n., 292, 294, 325
entries re Merton scholars, 41-44
Hundred Rolls of Oxford, 25 n.
Huntingdon, earls of, 36 n., 297 n.
grammar school, 107 n.
Road, 6, 318
Huntingdonshire, 12 n.
Hygiene, college, 142-143
Hythe, hythes, 11 n.
Clay, 11 n.
Corn, 11 n., 132
Dame Nichol’s, 11 n.
Flax, 11 n.
Salt, 11 n.

Incorporation in Cambridge University, 193, 193 n., 194
Independence, declaration of, 268
Independents, 277-78
Index Monasticus, 44 n.
Indian civil service board, 237
languages, 182
Indulgence, declaration of, 266, 266 n.
“In Memoriam,” 139
Inns, 48, 50
“Installation Ode,” cited, 56
Ipswich, 93
Ireland and the Irish, 4, 37, 64 n., 150, 151, 151 n., 298, 301, 319 n.
Irish ‘Home Rule,’ 269
Isis, 9, 9 n.
Islands voyage, 282
Italian, early study of, 182

Jacobitism, 267
James II. and the University, 265, 266
Jerome’s four gospels, 84
Jessopp, Dr., cited, 10 n.
Jesus College, 115-117, 150, 153, 154, 176 n., 235 n., 271, 307, 319 n.
chapel, 109, 116, 116 n., 126
Jewish buildings at Cambridge, 15 n., 21 n.
Jews and Jewish quarter, 9, 9 n., 22
Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of, cited, 15 n.
John XXII., cited, 35
John of Jerusalem (S.), Order of, at Cambridge, 18 n., 24, 25, 25 n., 49
Baptist (or Zachary) (S.), church of, 24, 65, 79, 101, 109 n.
parish of, 24 n., 326
Zachary, London, 150
John’s (S.) canons, 18, 22 n., 91, 116 n., 122
house, 18, 124, 271
John’s (S.) College, 18, 55, 70, 76, 103 n., 107 n., 110, 114, 120, 121-126, 133, 141, 145, 150, 152, 156, 176 n., 215, 235 n., 246, 271, 274 n., 313 n., 328 n., 329 n., 338, 338 n., 349
chapel, 109, 126
Oxford, 115 n., 143 n.
statutes, 126
John’s (S.) Hospital, 18 n., 49, 56, 90, 122, 124, 127, 132
Street, 24, 96, 98 n.

Keeper or warden, 79 n., 210 n.
Kenilworth, defenders of, 307 n.
Kent, 2, 42, 151
King’s Childer’s Lane, 19 n.
King’s College, 5 n., 16 n., 25 n., 49, 55, 65 n., 67, 74, 89, 100-106, 109, 110, 110 n., 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 n., 116, 117, 117 n., 133 n.,

140, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 176 n., 184, 210, 217 n., 218 n., 271, 283, 317, 326, 337, 354 n.
chapel, 52, 89, 102-104, 107, 109, 137
old court of, 102 n.
original design for, 101 n., 102 n.
old gate of, 102 n.
provost of, 101 n., 107
scholars, 37
“privileges of, 104 n.
statutes, 101 n., 164 n., 218 n.
King’s ditch, 143
Mill, 11 n., 97 n., 326
scholars, 131
school, Canterbury, 106 n.
King’s Hall, 5 n., 6 n., 19 n., 65 n., 67, 68, 76, 77, 81, 87, 89, 95, 95 n., 106, 112, 112 n., 131-133, 131 n., 135 n., 139, 139 n., 140, 140 n., 141, 150, 153, 156, 176 n., 217 n., 218 n., 226 n., 273 n., 293
chapel, 5 n., 102, 137
statutes, 95 n., 228 n.
accounts of, cited, 112
Kirk’s coffee-house, 215
Knightbridge professorship, 190
Knights of Malta, see S. John, Order of

Laboratories, scientific, 98 n., 181, 237, 329 n., 338
Lady Margaret professorships, 120, 190, 191
Lambeth degrees, 192-194, 308 “articles,” 274
Lancaster, duchy of, 298
dukes and earls of, 89 n., 297 n.
house of, 262, 297 n., 299
“Lancastrian Chronicle,” 59
Lancastrians at Cambridge, 60, 261
Languages, modern, 181-2
oriental, 182
Latimer-Neville scholarships, 106 n.
Latin, 176, 181, 182
grace in hall, 176
professorship, 338 n.
pronunciation, 176 n.-177 n.
Latitudinarianism, 278, 284, 284 n., 285, 289
Law, study of, 79, 119, 153, 154, 166, 167, 242
civil and canon, 153, 167, 167 n., 208
civil and canon, schools of, 97, 98, 98 n.
tripos, 168, 169, 238 n.
Lawyers in Cambridge, 80, 242, 260
“Lay of Horatius,” parodied, 349, 349 n.
Lazars, see S. Anne’s Hermitage for
Lecture, the, 189-190
Lectures, 208, 231, 233, 329 n.
Lecturers, college, 210, 211
university, 192
“Legend of Good Women,” mentioned, 57
Leicester, earls of, 42 n., 297, 297 n.
Le Neve, cited, 16 n.
Leonard’s (S.) of Stratford le Bow, nuns of, 23, 96
Lepers, S. Magdalene’s Hospital for, 23
Lewes, 143
Lewis collection, 83
Liberalism, Manchester school of, 269
Libraries, college, 138 n.
Library, the ‘old’ or ‘great,’ 97, 98 n.
chancellor’s, 97, 98, 98 n.
Bishop Andrewes’, 75
Bishop Moore’s, 268
university, 97, 98-99, 98 n., 155, 231
Librarian, college, 211
university, 207
Licensed lodgings, 224, 225
Lichfield, 140
bishop of (1670), 138
Lincoln, 140
bishops of, 101, 101 n., 203
register of bishops of, 68
diocese, 12 n.
shire, 12 n.
Lists, classification of candidates in, 189
Literature and the university, 255-8
Litlyngton, advowson of, 65 n.
Litt.D, 158
“Little-go,” 163, 178 n., 183 n., 185 n.
Liverpool, 330
Livery stable, the first, 215 n.
LL.B, 158, 167, 168
LL.D, 158, 167, 168
LL.M, 158, 167, 168, 169
Local Examinations, University, 314 n., 324 n., 358
Locke’s works at the university, 178, 179
Lodge, the primitive master’s, 69, 82, 110, 120, 209
evolution of, in the xvi and xix centuries, 110-111, 125, 209
Lodging-house Syndicate, 225 n.
Logic, 14 n., 153, 159 n., 165, 178 n., 179, 179 n., 192 n., 210 n.
Lollards, 20, 269, 286
‘London Gazette,’ 214, 258
London university, 360 n.
Long Parliament, 277
vacation term, 241
Lowndean, 191
Lucasian, 190, 191
Lucy, S., chapel of, 108
Lurteburgh Lane, 78, 83
Lutheranism, 272, 275, 276
“Lycidas,” 119
Lydgate, cited, 7 n., 88 n.

M.A., 158, 161, 169, 183, 184, 206, 217, 230 n.
Macaulay, cited, 243
Mace, bedells’, 208 n.
Magdalene College, 76, 106 n., 127-131, 150, 156 n., 296
Magdalen College, Oxford, 156, 266
Magister, 161
scholarium, 15 n., 39
Malden manor, 39, 40, 41, 44, 44 n., 45
Mandate, royal, see degrees
Manfield, Wm. de, deed of, cited, 39 n.
Margaret, see Lady Margaret
S., of Montefiascone, 109, 112 n.
Market Hill, 137
Marlborough school, 107 n.
Marshal, university, 207
Martyrs, the Cambridge, 272, 275 n., 278
Mary, portrait of, 136 n.
Mary’s, Great S., 15 n., 21, 78, 81, 89, 107, 140, 140 n., 155, 160, 161 n., 169, 185 n., 231, 340
Guild, 80, 81 n., 87 n.
Hall, 81 n.
Hospital, 32
parish of, 22
Mary’s, Little S., 57, 58, 61, 74 n., 348
Massachusetts, 262, 277
Master of Arts, 27, 38 n., 99, 158, 160-161, 169, 217, 228, 230 n.
Master, the, 203, 208-9
election of, 107
Mathematical method, 170-171, 177
tripos, 167, 170-2, 184, 238 n.
Mathematics, 164 n., 170, 171 n., 177, 178, 179, 184
Matriculation, 154
‘Mayflower,’ the, 262, 278
May term, 31, 235, 239
“Mays,” the, 183 n.
M.B., 158, 168, 168 n.
M.C., 158
M.D., 158
Mechanical Sciences tripos, 183, 238 n.
Medical degree, 167, 168, 168 n.
jurisprudence, lecturer in, 192
school, new, 181
Medicine, study of, 119, 153, 154, 166, 167, 175 n., 180, 237, 242
school of, 98
Medieval and Modern Languages tripos, 183, 238 n.
Members of the university, number of, 206, 246 n.
Mental philosophy, see philosophy
Merchant adventurers, 144, 242, 282, 330
Taylors’ school, 106 n., 283, 354 n.
Mercia, 12 n.
Merton, 39, 44 n.
brethren of, 39, 44
Clerici de, 34 n., 42, 42 n.
College, Oxford, 40, 41, 43, 43 n., 45 n., 108, 125
estate, 39
Hall, 90, 327
house of, 41, 44, 45, 90
prior of, 44, 44 n.
priory, 40, 44 n.

scholars, 6 n., 34 n., 37, 39, 39 n., 40, 41, 42, 42 n., 43, 44, 45, 116 n., 233, 292, 298, 325
scholars, Oxford, 40, 41, 43, 43 n., 45
statutes, 44 n., 67, 68
statutes, cited, 40, 68 n.
Metaphysics, 170, 259
at Cambridge, 170 n.-171 n., 177, 178, 179
Michaelhouse, 16 n., 25 n., 63, 65 n., 67, 68, 77, 78 n., 89, 120, 133, 140, 150, 153, 154, 176 n., 217 n., 235 n.
book, 68
statutes of, 29
Michael’s (S.) church, 140, 150
rectory house, 24 n.
Middle class, effect on university of growth of, 242
Migrating students, 130 n.
Mildenhall, 15 n., 16 n., 137, 261
Mill Lane, 100
(Milne) Street, 11 n., 20, 24, 24 n., 25 n., 49, 89, 100, 101, 101 n., 133 n., 326
“Miller’s Tale,” 11, 93
Mills, 11 n., 97 n., 326, 327
Mirmaud-at-Welle, Isle of Ely, 19 n.
Moderators, 163 n., 183
Modern History, Regius of, 99, 192
Modern subjects at Cambridge, 198, 201, 238
Monks at Cambridge, 16, 25-6, 27, 29, 127-8, 143, 144 n.
Montfort, de, parliament of, 307 n.
Montpellier, 167
Moral Philosophy, professorship, 190
Moral Sciences tripos, 177-179, 187 n.-189 n., 290, 356-7
Mullinger, Hist. Univ., cited, 51 n., 68, 235 n.
Muniment room (or treasury), 70, 70 n., 141
Museums, new, 22
Mus.B., 158
Mus.D., 158
Mus.M., 158

Names, Cambridge, 292-5, 302-8
“Nation,” 208
“Nativity,” Milton’s “Hymn to the,” 119
Natural Sciences tripos, 168, 168 n., 179, 181, 182, 238, 238 n.
Navigators, early, 282
Neo-Platonism, 290
Nevile’s Court, 137
New College, Oxford, 102 n., 104 n., 105 n., 156, 176 n., 240
New England, 224, 263
New learning, the, 133, 270, 281, 282, 313 n.
men of, 270, 273, 281
Newnham, 20, 324, 325, 325 n., 326
College, 148, 313, 315, 316, 321 n., 324, 327, 332, 337, 359, 360
College Association, 337
Hall, 327, 337, 337 n., 338, 345
Hall Company, 337, 337 n.
Lane, 326, 326 n.
Mill, 11 n., 326, 327
“New Sect of Latitude-men,” quoted, 245
Newspapers, 214, 215, 258, 258 n.
Newton, statue of, 137
Newton’s works at the University, 170, 171, 179
Non-collegiate students, 220, 246
Nonconformists at Cambridge, 149, 247
Nonjurors, 267
Non-Regent, 161, 161 n.
Norfolk, 6, 44 n.
and Cambridge, 77, 80, 106 n., 144
canons, see Westacre
French of, 90
litigants, 80
Norman houses, 15 n., 90
town, the, 90, 91, 122
Normans, 17, 150, 152
Norrisian professorship, 191
Northampton, 46, 46 n.
chapter, 128 n.
S. Peter’s, 140 n.
shire, 150, 152
university, 45, 46, 46 n., 160 n.
Northern Christianity, 1
North of England Council of Education, 326, 328
Northumbria, 1, 2, 311 n.
Norwich, 16 n., 23, 75, 79 n., 91, 140, 141, 150, 151, 152, 341
monks, 27, 91, 128 n., 143
priory, 27, 143, 143 n.
school, 26, 106 n., 245

Observatory, 155
Opponencies, 159, 176
Ordinary degree, the, 161, 184, 317
examinations for, 185 n.-186 n.
“allowed the,” 186
Organs in college chapels, 109 n.
Oriel College, Oxford, 18 n.
Orléans, 12, 13, 14, 16, 16 n., 92, 165 n., 166
school of, 12, 13, 15
Ostia, titular bishop of, 307 n.
‘Our-Lady’ friars, 23, 91
Ouse, the, 7, 7 n., 9, 310
Over-Merton, 44 n.
Oving’s Inn, 50, 90, 133
Oxford, 9, 10 n., 11, 13 n., 15 n., 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46 n., 68 n., 72, 74, 93, 100, 100 n., 101, 106, 108, 115 n., 117 n., 120, 125, 128 n., 136 n., 143 n., 156, 167, 172, 173, 173 n., 174 n., 175 n., 176 n., 183, 194, 207, 207 n., 215, 218 n., 228 n., 236, 237, 238, 240, 245, 247, 252, 256, 259, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 275, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 288, 322 n., 359, 359 n.
“brethren,” 271
charter, 34 n.
depleted in 1209, 33
friars at, 26
“martyrs,” 275

Padua, 92, 141, 174 n., 228
Paley’s “Evidences,” 178, 178 n.
Papal bulls, 28, 28 n., 29
forged, 34 n.
“Paradise Lost” MS., 138
Paris, Matthew, cited, 23 n., 33 n., 55 n.
Paris, 16, 92
students at Cambridge, 33
university, 35, 38, 166, 176 n., 254, 284
Parish churches and the colleges, 56, 65, 71, 79, 82, 83, 108
Parliament and the Stuarts, 73, 263, 264
and the university, 145, 264, 264 n.
Parliamentary suffrage, 206, 206 n.
Parliaments at Cambridge, 8 n., 112 n.
Paston in Norfolk, 25 n.
Pato, moniales de, 25 n.
Patterne, Sir Willoughby, 315
Paul’s (S.) Inn, 50
School, 86, 106 n., 283
Pavia, 92
Peacock, Geo., dean of Ely, cited, 165 n.
Peasants’ revolt, 84, 261
Peers, 195, 218, 229, 232 n., 309
Pembrochiana, aula, 69
Pembroke College, 56, 65n., 67, 69, 70, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 95, 95 n., 100, 106 n., 108, 142, 150, 152, 153, 176 n., 189 n.,

217 n., 246, 275, 293, 312, 320
chapel, 72, 109
fellowships, 152, 152 n.
Hitcham building, 72
statutes of, cited, 152 n., 153 n.
Pembroke, earls of, 69, 297, 297 n., 298, 299
Penitentiae Jesu, de, friars, 22
Pensioners, 52, 217 n., 218, 220, 226 n., 229 n., 232n.
number of, in 1574, 217 n.
Pepysian library, 130
Perendinant, 217 n.
Pernare, 60
Peter of Blois, cited, 14, 14 n.
Peterborough, 12, 12 n., 140
bishopric of, 12
psalter, 84
see of, 12 n.
Peterhouse, 16 n., 19, 28 n., 45 n., 49, 55, 64, 65 n., 67, 69, 74 n., 76, 77, 89, 90, 107 n., 108 n., 122, 123, 137, 150, 153, 156 n., 167, 176 n., 183 n., 184, 217 n., 218 n., 227, 262, 271, 294, 302, 326, 328
chapel, 73
library, 56, 58
scholars, 62 n.
statutes, 29
statutes cited, 235
stone parlour, 57 n.
Peter Lombard, 167
Peter’s (S.) church, 56, 58, 90
college, see Peterhouse
parish, 23
Petrarch, 182
Pfeiffer buildings, 338
Philanthropy, 269
Philology, 192
Philosophy at Cambridge, 145, 170, 170 n., 177-179, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192 n., 285-290
school of, 154
Physics, Linacre lecture, 125
Physic, Regius of, 168, 190, 191
Physiology, 180, 181
Pileum, 230 n.
Pilgrim fathers, 262, 278
Pits, John, cited, 20 n.
Pitt Press, the, 99-100
Plague, the, see Black Death
Plate, the university, sent to Charles, 263
Plato, 289, 290
Platonists, Cambridge, 145, 277, 284-290
Plumian professorship, 191
Pluralists and the universities, 63
Poets, the, 255
Politics at Cambridge, modern, 268-269
“Poll” degree, 184, 184 n.
Pollard willows, 11 n.
Pope, the, and university degrees, 192, 193, 193 n.
Portraits, college, 136 n.
Preachership, 120
Prelates, great Cambridge, 259
Pre-Reformation Reformers, 120, 270
Presbyterianism in Cambridge, 149, 265, 276-277, 287
President, 210
of Queen’s, 110
Previous Examination, 165 n., 168, 185, 185 n., 189, 316, 321, 339
Principal, 48, 51 n., 210 n., 339 n.
Printing in Cambridge, 99-100
Proctor, 117 n., 210 n.
Proctors, 183, 206, 207 n., 223, 237
courts, 97
fines, 154
Professor, 158
Professorships, 179 n., 180 n., 190-192, 192 n.
Pro-proctors, 206
Protestant college, first, 146
Protestantism, 60 n., 144, 146, 270, 272, 275, 285, 287, 288, 290
Provost, 210
Psychology, 177-8, 179
Public orator, 175 n., 207, 207 n.
Public schools, 218, 221, 223, 245
connected with the university, 106 n.
Greek at, 173
Puritan college, first, 145
commissioners, 60 n.
Puritans, 22, 116, 145, 179, 263, 264, 276, 277, 286, 287, 288, 314
Pythagoras, 288
‘school of,’ 39, 122

Quadrangle, see court and schools
Quadrivium, 153, 164
Queen’s College, 49, 64, 70, 74 n., 76, 101, 102 n., 109-112, 113, 114, 115, 123, 125, 140, 150, 152, 153, 156 n., 170 n., 176 n., 210, 221, 262, 263 n., 264, 282, 296, 313, 313 n., 326, 329 n.
statutes, 112 n.
Oxford, 87
Queens, English, and the university, 112 n., 113, 114
Queens’ Lane, 100, 102 n.
Questionist, 159
Quick professorship, 192

Ramsey, 12 n., 128, 137, 143
Readers, 192
Reading, Berks., 46, 318 n.
Rector, 101 n., 210 n.
Recruiting grounds of the university, 245-246
Red-brick buildings, 110
“Reeve’s Tale,” 89, 93, 95
Reform Bill, the, 268, 269
Reformers and Cambridge, 153, 269-271, 272, 274, 274 n., 275
early, 270, 276
later, 271-272
Regent master, 14, 50, 160, 161 n., 162 n., 207 n.
and non-regent houses, 97, 98, 205 n.
‘Regicides,’ 264, 265
Registrary, university, 100, 207
Registry, university, 155
MSS. cited, 89 n., 94 n.
Religion at Cambridge, 246-247
Religious Orders in Cambridge, 16-27, 29, 91
Renascence, 92, 131, 281-283
Residence obligatory, 185
Responsions and opponencies, 159
Restoration, the, and the university, 265
Revival of learning temp. Ed. IV., 112
Rhadegund, S., nunnery of, 16, 18, 90, 91, 116 n., 151 n.
Rhee, 7 n.
Rhetoric, 166, 210 n.
Rhodes, 176 n.
scholars, 239
Ridley Hall, 145, 148
“Ridley’s walk,” 75
Ritualistic movement at Cambridge early, 59, 145, 280
River, 6-7, 7 n., 9-10, 11 n., 233
Roman remains, 10 n., 318
Rome, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 176 n., 192, 193, 193 n., 205 n.
Romites in Cambridge, 22 n., 325
Roscellinus, 32
Roundheads at Cambridge, 264
Royal Exchange, 144
Injunctions, 151, 167 n., 176 n.
Society, 265, 283-284, 324
supremacy, 121, 167 n., 212 n., 276
Rugby school, 283, 296
“Rustication,” 225
Rutebeuf, the troubadour, cited, 15, 161 n.
Rye House plot, 265

Sack, friars, 22, 23, 49, 109 n.
Saffron Walden, 151
Salisbury, 46, 151
Sanitation, diploma in, 238
Sawston, 5 n.
Saxon nuns, 312
schools, 3, 3 n., 4, 4 n.
town, the, 83, 89, 91, 96
Saxons, 3, 96
Scapular of Mount Carmel, 20
“Scarlet days,” 240, 241 n.
Sc.D., 158
Scholar-fellow, 93, 217 n.
Scholar-principal, 5 n.
Scholars, 14, 34 n., 53, 54, 217, 217 n.
age of, 95, 95 n.
dress of, 226-231
early list of, 48, 139 n.
Hall of, 63
house of, 63

Lane, 24
major and minor, of Pembroke, 95, 217 n.
and masters, 46, 53, 233 n.
Scholars, poor, 39, 40, 47 n., 52, 62 n., 66, 92, 218 n., 220
secular, 30, 38, 122
Scholarships, extra collegiate, 241
tied, 106 n.
School Hall Street, Bury, 15 n.
School Street, 15 n., 24, 96
“Schoolmaster,” the, 283
Schoolmasters, famous Cambridge, 283, 354 n.
Schools, 27, 76 n., 89, 97, 98 n.
Anglo-Saxon, 1, 3, 3 n., 4, 4 n., 311
Enquiry Commission, 314 n.
monastic, 30 n.
new, of Philosophy and Law, 97, 154
pre-university, 14, 30, 166
quadrangle, 24, 25, 76 n., 89, 98, 133 n., 154
see civil law and divinity
Science and Cambridge, 14, 153, 154, 179, 180, 192 n., 290-291
revival of, at Restoration, 180
Scientists, eminent, 255, 290-291
S.C.L., 182 n.
Scotch universities, 360 n.
Scotland, 37, 61, 151, 151 n.
Scottish Church, the, 2
Scroope Terrace, 57, 325
Seaham, 3
Sects, growth of, in the xviith c., 286
Selwyn College, 148
Seminaries, clerical, 29
Semitic languages, 182
Senate, the, 194, 205
council of, 205, 205 n., 321 n.
numbers of, 206, 321 n.
Senate House, the, 100, 107, 155, 163, 183, 206, 233, 348, 359
Sepulchre’s, S., 90
Seven arts, the, 153
Sex viri, 206
Shakespeare and Cambridge men, 295-6
Shakespeare, cited, 295-6, 297 n., 307
“Shepherd’s Calendar,” 74
Sheriff of Cambridge, 36 n.
of Huntingdon, 36 n.
Shrewsbury School, 107 n.
Sidney Street, 21
Sidney Sussex College, 76, 146, 151, 152, 307 n.
Sidgwick Hall, 337
Silver St., 326
Singing taught at Clare, 153
Sixtus IV., Bull of, cited, 143 n., 144 n.
Sizar, 62 n., 74 n., 217 n., 218, 219, 219 n.
Skeat, W. W., cited, 7 n., 164
Slave trade and slavery, 269
Solarium, 58, 66 n., 69, 82
Soler, 66 n.
Hall, 66, 95, 95 n.
Sonneteers, 256 n.
Sophister, 159, 160 n., 171 n.
Sophisters’ school, 97, 183
Sophistry, 159 n., 217 n.
Soprana, 230
South and North riots, 34 n., 44 n., 45
Special examinations, the, 185, 186 n.
Spelman, cited, 165 n.
Spinning House, the, 222
“Sporting one’s oak,” 236
Sports, university, 236, 238
Staffordshire, 150, 152
Stamford, 46, 47, 150
Stans in quadragesima, 160
Stars and stripes, 61
Statesmen, 260
Stationers’ Company, 100 n.
Status pupillaris, 159, 223 n., 225 n., 231, 231 n.
Statuta antiqua, 28 n.
cited, 228 n.
Statutes, cited, 131 n., 164 n., 207 n.
college, 29, 54, 67-8, 222
of Elizabeth, 28 n., 210
of Victoria, 28 n.
Stoke Clare, 293
Stokys, cited, 164 n.
Stone houses in Cambridge, 15 n., 24 n., 39, 78 n., 89
Stour, the, 31
Stourbridge fair, 10, 31, 32, 207 n.
leper hospital, 23
S.T.P., 158
Stratford-le-Bowe, 25
prioress of, 43 n.
Stubbs’ Const. Hist., cited, 8 n., 27, 86 n., 87 n.
Students’ chambers, 70
“Students” of Christchurch, Oxford, 218 n.
Students, classes of, 14, 165 n., 217-219
migration of, 45, 46, 47
Studies in colleges, 70, 232 n.
Studium generale, 30 n., 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 68, 68 n.
Suffolk, 14, 16 n., 22 n., 293, 304
earls and dukes of, 78, 106, 296, 297, 301
Sunday in Cambridge, 240
Surgery, degrees in, 168 n.
Surplice, wearing of the, 240 n.

Tancred studentship, 144
Tanner, cited, 117 n.
“Tawdry,” 215 n.
Taxatores, see taxors
Taxors, 33, 48, 51 n.
Court of, 98
Teachers, training of, 335, 354 n.
Templars, 24, 25
Tennis courts, 70
Test act, 149, 212, 213 n.
“Tetoighty,” 209
Thames, 9
Theology, study of, 119, 153, 166, 208, 213, 242
tripos, 167, 168, 238 n.
Thirty-nine Articles, 60, 84, 274
Thorney, 12 n., 294 n.
Titular degrees, on whom conferrable, 195
Titles connected with Cambridge, 297, 297 n.
Tobacco, introduction of, 282
Tonsure, clerical, 92
Tories, 267
Tower of London, 126, 277
Town and gown, 14, 37, 221, 222 n., 232, 233 n.
lodgings, 14, 33, 47, 48
Tractarians, 280, 281
Treasury, 70 n.
Trinity College, 50, 63, 64, 68, 73, 76, 77, 89, 106, 106 n., 113, 116, 123, 130-140, 141, 145, 146, 147, 151, 153, 156, 213 n., 226 n., 229, 231, 246, 282, 293, 308 n., 315, 329 n., 335 n., 342
Babington rooms at, 302
Bishop’s hostel at, 138
chapel, 107, 108, 136-7
chapel, memorial brasses in, 137
Entrance Gateway, 36 n., 103 n., 104 n., 133, 136 n., 141
great court, 134, 136
Great Gate (Edward’s), 131, 132, 140
library, 137-38
Queen’s Gateway, 133, 135
sedan coach, 136 n.
Trinity Hall, 25 n., 64 n., 65 n., 74 n., 76, 77, 78-80, 82, 86 n., 87, 89, 90, 127, 143, 150, 152, 156 n., 176 n.
chapel, 109 n.
library, 79
Trinity, the, dedication to, 25 n.
church, 25 n.
Holy, monks of, at Cambridge, 25 n.
Holy, of Norwich, 79 n.
Holy, guild of, 25 n., 79 n.
Street, 96
Tripos, 162-3, 163 n., 200, 238 n.
double, 184
results, 238 n.
standard variable, 184
Triposes, divided, 185 n., 189, 231, 238 n.
list of, 182
not conferring a degree, 179, 184, 185 n.
popularity among the, 238 n., 356
Trivium, 153, 164, 164 n., 165 n., 166
‘Trojans,’ 173, 349 n.
“True Intellectual System” of Cudworth, 287 n.
Trumpington, 7, 7 n., 8 n., 23 n., 93
Street, 23, 23 n., 57, 62, 86, 91, 96, 100, 327
Tudor architecture, 102-3, 103

n.
Tudors, the, and Cambridge, 74, 87, 102-4, 104 n., 131, 133-4, 135, 136-7, 206 n., 281, 297
Tutor, 210, 211, 224, 225-226, 226 n.
Tyltey monks, 25 n.
Priory, 24

Ulster, earls of, 293, 295 n., 298, 298 n., 320 n.
Undergraduates, 99, 115, 160 n., 206, 217 n., 219, 223, 225, 231-237
numbers of the, 246, 246 n., 357 n., 358
entertainments given by, 224 n.
Union Society, 239
Unitarianism, 279
Universitas, 30 n., 53, 68 n., 166
University, the, 30, 30 n., 31, 38, 53, 166, 243, 244
aristocratic period of, 216, 220, 242-3, 244
“on the boards of,” 246 n.
University buildings, 96-100
Calendar, 192 n., 195
careers prepared by, 242-244
a chartered corporation, 30, 30 n.
charters, 34-35
chest, 155
church, see Great S. Mary’s
classes frequenting, 241-245
and the Colleges, 52, 154
diplomatists and, see diplomatists
discipline, see discipline
earliest existing references to, 33
and the education of women, 310, 354
and great Englishmen, 250-260
Extension lectures, 382
first public buildings in, 97
Hall, 64, 77, 89, 144 n., 150, 339
idea of a, 197-200
and intellectual movements, 281-291
jurisdiction, 37 n.-38 n., 222-223, see also chancellor
and the kings, see Henry III.’s rescript, Edward III. and his relation to the university;
and in the index of names of persons under John, Hen. III., Edw. I., II., and III., Edw. IV., etc.
legends of origin of, 3-4
and national movements, 281-291
officials, 203-208
and the popes, 28-9, 35, 78, 78 n., 143, 143 n.-144 n., 144, 193
licensed preachers at, 78 n.
precincts, 185, 185 n.
press, 155
and the professions, 197, 198, 242, 259-260
and religious movements, 269-281
secular and religious studies at, 26, 28
settlement, 247, 248
statutes, see statutes
a studium generale, 30 n., 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 68, 68 n.
and technical education, 197-198, 201
and the town, see town officers and, above, jurisdiction
wealth of, 154
University College, Oxford, 45 n., 150 n.
Universities Commission, 189
continental, 35, 53, 227 n., 228
Uppingham school, 107 n.

Valence-Mary College, 64, 69
Vercelli monastery, 140 n.
Via Devana, the, 6, 7, 8, 318
Vice-chancellor, 38 n., 204-205, 206, 207, 223, 223 n., 225 n., 231, 241 n., 254
Vicecomes of Cambridgeshire, see sheriff
Victoria University, 360 n.
Vineyards, Cambridge, 221
Visitation of 1401, 109 n., 217 n.
Visits of sovereigns to the university, 112-114
Viva voce examinations, 163, 169
‘Volunteers’ at King’s, 184

Walden Abbey, 128, 129, 143, 150
Wales and the Welsh, 150, 151, 151 n., 298, 301, 319 n., 330
Walsingham, 114, 293
Warden, 79 n., 93, 210 n.
Ware, Herts, 150
Wareham, 8 n.
Washington arms, the, 61
Waterbeach, see Franciscans
Wealth of the university, 154
Wesleyanism, 280
Westacre, Norfolk, 143
Westminster Abbey, 100, 103, 103 n., 120, 120 n., 150
Assembly, 277
College, 149, 151
Whigs, 267, 268
Whitefriars, see Carmelites
White Horse Inn, 272
‘White nights,’ 240 n.
Whittington Hospital, 18 n.
Whittlesey mere, 303
Winchester school, 102 n., 107 n., 221
Windsor, 150
“Wilderness” the, at S. John’s, 124
Willis, Prof., cited, 95 n.
Willis and Clark, cited, 58 n., 102 n., 110, 115, 123, 130 n., 141
“Wine,” the, 238
Wisbech school, 107 n.
Women, colleges for, at Cambridge, 310, 313, 314
and convents, 315
and education, 312, 313
and pioneer committee for, 314 n.
first Cambridge lecturers to, 328 n., 329 n.
and the ordinary degree, 117
Women and the Reformation, 314
subjects of study chosen by, 355-357
academic successes, 321, 339-40
university settlement, 342, 344, 352
university status of, 359, 360 n.
and the university, 216
Wranglers, 171, 172 n., 322 n.
senior, 171, 172 n., 189
Wyclif’s bible, 138
Wycliffism, 286 (& see Lollards)

Yeoman bedell, see bedell
York, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 140, 150, 151, 152, 330
School of, 2, 3, 4, 173, 311
York and Lancaster, 112, 262, 292, 296, 299
Yorkshire, 66, 91, 94, 141, 152, 311
dialect, 93

Zachary’s Inn (S.), 50

Notes

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z

Footnotes

1 Cf. iii. p. 172.

2 Siegebert, who had been baptized in France, on returning to his own country and becoming king of East Anglia “desiring to imitate those things which he had seen well ordered in France, at once set up a school in which youths could be instructed in letters, and was helped herein by bishop Felix who came to him from Kent, and who supplied him with paedagogues and masters after the custom of the men of Kent.“—Bede, cap. xviii.

3 Cair-Graunt means the Castle on the Granta, and is exchanged in the A-S. Chronicle for Grantacaester.

4 “Civitatulam quandam desolatam... quae lingua anglorum Grantacaestir vocatur.“—Bede, cap. xix.

5 The castle, ruinous by the middle of the xv c., was quarried to supply stone for King’s College and other university buildings in that and the next century. Edw. III. had quarried it for King’s Hall, and Hen. IV. granted more of the stone for King’s Hall chapel. Finally Mary gave the stone to Sir Robert Huddleston in 1557 for his new house at Sawston: “Hereby that stately structure, anciently the ornament of Cambridge, is at this day reduced next to nothing,” writes Fuller.

6 A-S. Chron., Grantebrycge. Domesday, Grentebrige. Henry I.’s charter (1118) Grantebrugeshire and borough of Grantebruge. In Matilda’s grant of the earldom of Cambridge (before 1146) Cantebruggescire. Temp. John, Cantebrige, Cantebrig. Temp. Hen. III., Cantebr. (1218) Cantabr. (1231, 1261) Cantabrigiense. Cauntebrigg. and Cantebrigg. in the same deed relating to the Merton scholars (1269-70) Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5832. f. 74. Hundred Rolls (1276-9) Cantebr. In a document of Hugh de Balsham’s, 1275, Cantabr. Barnwell Chartulary, circ. 1295, Cantebrige, Cantebrigesire, burgum Cantebrigiae. In the earliest college statutes (1324) Cantebrigia. In Chaucer, Cantebrigge, Cantebregge. In the first half of the next (xvth) century we have Cambrugge in a petition sent by King’s Hall to the Franciscans. Cf. also note infra p. 7, on the name of the river.

7 The Roman Deva.

8 Caius, writing in 1447, says that the town is divided into two parts by the Canta and the Rhee, called earlier le Ee; and by Spenser the Cle. We have Granta, Guant, and Cante: the r dropped out, and G was replaced by C in the name of both town and river (see supra). Cante does not seem to have been the name of a river at all. The river bank by Castle Mound is spoken of in the xiv c. as “the common bank called Cante“: one arm at least of the Cambridge river was known simply as “the water” [Prof. Skeat has pointed out that Ee is the xii, xiii, and xiv c. form of the A-S. éa, cognate with aqua] and for centuries there would appear to have been no need for any other name. In Henry of Huntingdon’s Chronicle (1130) the river is called the Grenta; but Lydgate writes

And of this noble vniuersitie
Sett on this ryver which is called Cante.

In the same decade Spenser knows only the Guant (Faery Queene, Book iv, Canto xi. 1590) and Camden for the first time tells us that it was called both Granta and Cam (alii Grantam, Camum alii. 1586) the name used as we have seen by Milton. If there was no river Cante à fortiori there was no river Cam; for the m in the name of the town is only another change in the original first syllable of Cambridge. See footnote, p. 6.

9 Trumpington is 2 miles S., Grantchester 2 miles S.S.W. of the town.

10 878. It was from the town (Grantebrycge) that the Danes set forth, two years before, and surprised Alfred at Wareham. In the time of Ethelred, just before the Danish invasion, Cambridge was a royal mint; it was so in the time of the Conqueror, and had a Danish ‘moneyer,’ and continued to be so under the Plantagenet kings: even Henry VI. coined money at Cambridge. In Domesday the town is described as a “Hundred,” a description, says Stubbs, belonging to big towns with large surrounding common land—Norwich and Canterbury are similarly described. After the history of the town became merged in that of the university, two parliaments were summoned there; in 1388, and in 1447 (afterwards held at Bury-St.-Edmund’s). For the city, see also p. 36 and v. p. 260.

11 Fuller, p. 7.

12 The edict expelling the Jews from England dates from 1290, and the Jews left Cambridge the year following.

13 The fancy appellations Cam and Isis appear to have both been due to Camden. They are not heard of before his work appeared in 1586.

14 Cambridge, writes Doctor Jessopp, existed as a town and fortress “a thousand years before Oxford was anything but a desolate swamp, or at most a trumpery village, where a handful of Britons speared eels, hunted for deer, and laboriously manufactured earthenware pots.”

15 They found a Roman stone coffin, sculptured; one, apparently, of many known to have been left there, for portions of Roman sarcophagi are even now to be seen walled up in the church at Grantchester. Bede, cap. xix.

16 The pollard willow is the chief denizen of the fens.

17 The water runs flows and dances through the Cantabrigian’s life. The king’s and the bishop’s mills, Newnham mill just beyond, the Mill street, and the hythes, all courted constant recognition. As at Ely, the hythes were the small trading ports along the river: there was Dame Nichol’s hythe, Cornhythe, Flaxhythe, Salthythe, Clayhythe.

18 For the vii c. foundation of Ely see chap. vi. p. 311. The see dates from 1107, when the minster became a cathedral. Crowland, in Lincolnshire on the borders of Cambridgeshire, was built over the tomb of Guthlac, a prince and a saint of the house of Mercia, in the vii c. Bury rose after the martyrdom of the East Anglian king Edmund (870) c. 903; it did not become a monastery till 1020. Peterborough was founded by Wulfhere, king of Mercia from 659 to 674: it formed part of the diocese of Lincoln till the xvi c. Ramsey and Thorney were other fen monasteries. Ramsey was on the borders, in Huntingdonshire, but Thorney was in Cambridgeshire. Peterborough and Thorney with Ely and Crowland were sacked by the Danes in 870. All these were ‘black Benedictine’ houses.

19 Cottenham 7 miles north of Cambridge; the benefice became an advowson of Chatteris abbey in the isle of Ely, and was bestowed by the abbess on Warham in 1500.

20 Joffred was appointed abbot of Crowland in 1109 in succession to Ingulph: the xiv c. forgery the Historia Croylandensis pretends to be written by Ingulph (nat. 1030) and continued by Peter of Blois. It contains fables about the antiquity of Oxford. See Ingulph and the Historia Croylandensis by W. G. Searle, M.A.

21 p. 8.

22 Fuller.

23 “The monk Odo, a singular grammarian and satirical poet, read grammar to the boys and those of the younger sort assigned to him”; logic and rhetoric were imparted to the elder scholars. Soi-disant Peter of Blois.

24 iii. p. 164. Their school was in the parish where the university schools rose later—under the shadow of Great S. Mary’s; and opposite was Le Glomery Lane (the Vicus Glomeriae).

25 La Bataille des vii Ars. Oeuvres Rutebeuf, Paris 1839, ii. 415.

26 Abbot Sampson (b. 1135) had himself been “a poor clerke” at the school of Bury, and William Diss, a Norfolk man, was the schoolmaster. In 1160 Sampson became its magister scholarum. He proceeded to buy certain stone houses—those solid structures which either as Jewish or Norman building were sought for at Cambridge and at Oxford also—so that the scholars might live rent free; and in 1198 he endowed the magister scolarum grammaticalium so that the tuition too became free. (The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond, newly edited by Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., F.S.A.) “School Hall Street” was just outside the abbey precincts, and answered to the “School Street” and the Vicus Glomeriae in Cambridge. There was an ancient chapel in Cambridge dedicated to the patron saint of Bury, and one of the chief possessions of that rich abbey was the manor of Mildenhall, which provided the expenses of its sacrist and cellarer: it is at least an interesting coincidence that Robert and Edmund of Mildenhall were original fellows of Michaelhouse; the former was its second master, third master, according to Le Neve, of Peterhouse, and chancellor of the university in 1334. An abbot and a monk of Bury are two of those to be specially commemorated in every mass said by the scholars of the new foundation of Michaelhouse (1324); and Curteys the 24th abbot of Bury was one of the personages invited by Henry VI. to assist at the laying of the foundation stone of King’s College. Walter Diss (a name well known in Bury) was a famous Carmelite friar at Cambridge in the xiv c. Fuller preserves the legend that Jocelyn, Abbot Sampson’s Boswell, had studied in the Cambridge schools, the source of which is Bale who was a Carmelite of Norwich and Cambridge. Together these things perhaps suggest that the schools of Cambridge and Bury had some relation to each other as well as to Orléans.
Bury was reckoned among fen monasteries because of its Suffolk property (of which Mildenhall formed part) where the See of Ely possessed several manors.

27 A Henry of Orléans was sub-bailiff of Cambridge in the 2nd year of Edw. I. (Hundred Rolls i. p. 49).

28 The transformation of houses of canons serving a church or cathedral into Regular Canons in the xii and xiii centuries was the effect of the rule indited by Yvo of Chartres which gave its final form and name to the “Canons Regular of S. Augustine” at the end of the xi c. The canons of S. Giles and Lanfranc’s hospital of S. Gregory at Canterbury were among the earliest of these communities to be converted, in the reign of Henry I., into Regulars.

29 In the xi and xii centuries a large number of hospitals of the order of S. Augustine were founded for the relief of poor and impotent persons, the type being that of the Whittington hospital in London. Sometimes their object was to succour the wayfarer, sometimes they were virtually almshouses where leprous and indigent “brethren” formed the larger part of the community with a few “healthful brethren” and the master to look after them. Such was the origin, in the xi c., of the Knights of Malta, or Order of the Hospital of S. John of Jerusalem. At Canterbury Lanfranc erected a hospital of S. Gregory; at Oxford the hospital of S. Bartholomew, founded in the reign of Hen. I., was bestowed by Edw. III. on Oriel College; and Magdalen, Oxford, was erected on the site of another S. John’s hospital, which numbered brethren and sisters among its members. Amalfi merchants trading to the Holy Land endowed the first “master and brethren” of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem; a well-to-do burgess endowed the Cambridge hospice, and the nobles, the bishops, and the sovereign himself are to be numbered among the founders and benefactors of these first almshouses and hospitals. Cf. ii. p. 117 n.

30 See chap. ii. Peterhouse and S. John’s.

31 See chap. ii. S. John’s and Jesus Colleges.

32 Fordham and Mirmaud-at-Welle. The Gilbertines of Chiksand in Bedfordshire had a house and garden in King’s Childers’ Lane by King’s Hall, which they leased to the university for the schools quadrangle in 1433. The Gilbertines were a double Order of nuns and canons; the former followed the Cistercian rule but were never affiliated to that Order. The canons followed the rule of S. Augustine, but the sympathies, like the dress, of the Gilbertines were Cistercian: “militat sub instituto Cisterciensi.” Only in this indirect way did Citeaux enter Cambridge: but see i. p. 25 and ii. p. 143.

33 The Carmelite Bale says: ex omni factione sua primus tandem fuit qui theologicus doctor sit effectus. Pits says the same in the De illust. Angl. Script. For Carmelite property in Cambridge see also vi. pp. 325-6.

34 This was the treatise known in Cambridge as ‘the black book,’ in which Prior Cantilupe tells of Cantaber and his son Grantanus, and their foundation of Cambridge on the site of Caergrant.

35 The prison or tolbooth had been the house of Benjamin the Jew, which became university property in the reign of Elizabeth, but after a famous trial in the next reign reverted to the citizens. Like the Jewish houses elsewhere it was amongst the most solid structures in the town.

36 Dugdale says “before 1275.” Their priory was enlarged and perhaps refounded by Alice, wife of de Vere second Earl of Oxford.

37 Chap. ii., Sidney Sussex and Emmanuel Colleges.

38 v. p. 275.

39 All branches of the Augustinians were represented at Cambridge: the Augustinian canon at Barnwell, the hospitaller at S. John’s, and the hermit-friar at the Austin friary. ‘The friars heremites of the order of S. Austin’ were settled in Suffolk from the middle of the xiii c., probably by Richard de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Lord of the honour of Clare. One of their chief benefactors was Elizabeth de Burgh. See Clare College chap. ii. p. 64.

40 Confraternities and friars “of the Sack,” known as Sacconi in their birthplace, Italy, and so called because of the loose gown or ‘sack’ common to begging friars and confraternities, and also because of the large sacks which they sometimes carried when begging for the poor, were associations due to the preaching of S. Francis and especially of S. Antony of Padua in the first quarter of the xiii c. So that the Cambridge friars, dispersed after the Council of Lyons in 1307, were one of the earliest of these communities; and it is interesting to find them addicted to scholarship.

41 Matthew Paris, anno 1257. Concessa est mansio fratribus Bethleemitis in Cantabrigia, silicet in vico qui ducit versus Trumpintonam.

42 They were begging friars following the rule of S. Austin.

43 They had held land in Cambridge for over 100 years “of the gift of the earl of Mandeville.” At the Suppression they were seized of land in Haslyngfeld, co. Cambridge. Cf. ii. p. 96.

44 The property was situated “in Henney,” a well-known part of Mill Street in the parish of S. John Baptist, and included the stone house on the high street by S. Michael’s rectory house which passed to the family of Sir John Cambridge in 1311 was by him bequeathed to Corpus Christi College, and became the nucleus of Gonville Hall. The prior of Anglesey is found leasing this land in the reign of Edward III., and selling it to Henry VI. in 1447. The priory lay between Cambridge and Newmarket.

45 Rot. Hund. ii. 360. Cf. also ibid. p. 370.

46 pp. 25 n., 49 and ii. p. 90.

47 Another piece of this ground was conveyed by Henry VI. (who bought it of the university in the same year) to Trinity Hall in 1440 (and became the college garden). It is there described as “a void ground” pertinent priori et confratribus sancti Johannis in Anglia. Crouched hostel had already been pulled down for the schools. Like other hostels in Mill Street—God’s house, S. Nicholas, and Austin’s (see King’s and Christ’s Colleges) it stood, as we see, on open ground: “a certain garden of the hostel of the Holy Cross” we hear of in 1421.

48 It is supposed that monks from Denney and Tyltey came here to study. The former was in fact a cell to Ely abbey before Marie de Chatillon transferred the Franciscans of Waterbeach thither. The two ‘nuns of the Order of S. Clare’ who were friends of Erasmus at Cambridge were probably inmates of Denney. In Rot. Hund. two other communities are recorded: the moniales de Pato, of whom we know nothing—there is a Paston in Norfolk and another in Northants.; and ‘the monks of the Holy Trinity at Cambridge’ who are mentioned in the Oxford Hundred Rolls of the 7th year of Edw. I.: the name affords another instance of the antiquity and popularity of this dedication to the Trinity, which we find at Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Trinity church, and in the guild of the Trinity at Cambridge.

49 p. 127.

50 Fuller.

51 For later monastic influences in Cambridge, see ii. pp. 127-9, Magdalene College.

52 Pembroke College p. 69. For Scrope see ii. 94, v. 295; for Thorpe ii. 75, 96, v. 295.

53 ...in statutis universitatis ejusdem... familia scholarium... immunitate et libertate gaudeant qua et scholares, ut coram archidiacono non respondeant.... (Balsham’s Judgment A.D. 1275/6). The Statuta Antiqua, the old body of statutes of the university, have for the most part no chronological arrangement, and the date cannot in some cases be determined to within a century. The earliest ‘grace’ to which a date is attached belongs to the year 1359, but there is another referable to the year 1275/6. The latest, reduced to chronological order, is of the year 1506. The Statuta Antiqua were replaced in the 12th year of Elizabeth by a fresh body of statutes, and these again by the statutes of Victoria, 1882. The former are printed in Dyer’s Privileges of the University.

54 Simon Montacute (1337-1345) ceded the right of the bishops of Ely to the presentation of fellowships in their own college of Peterhouse. Cf. also iv. pp. 203-4.

55 Dated February 20, 624; and 689. Martin’s bull recognises their authority. Copies exist in the Cambridge Registry, Nos. 107 and 114 in the catalogue.

56 “Si quis de ordine sacerdotium in monasterio suscipi rogaverit, non quidem citius ei assentiatur.“—Regula S. P. Benedicti, caput lx.

57 See, chap, ii., Michaelhouse, Corpus, Gonville, and Trinity Hall.

58 A chartered corporation and a university in the sense of a studium generale possessing European privileges. Cambridge was a universitas many years before this, and was so familiarly styled by Henry III. in 1231.

59 It has been pointed out that our knowledge of Oxford’s intellectual activity during the xii c. is confined to the visits of three or four celebrated teachers who lectured to its changing population and in its schools, among which the priory school of S. Frideswide was the most important. We must not of course confuse the activities of monastic and episcopal schools with those of a university.

60 Matthew Paris, in anno 1209: Ita quod nec unus ex omni universitate remansit.

61 p. 47.

62 Satis constat vobis quod apud villam nostrum Cantebr’ studendi causa e diversis partibus tam cismarinis quam transmarinis confluit multitudo, quod valde gratum habemus et acceptamus, cum exemplum toti regno nostro commodum non modicum, et honor nobis accrescat, et vos specialiter inter quos fideliter conversantur studentes non mediocriter gaudere debetis et laetari.

63 Clerk and scholar were used interchangeably in the xiii c. as they are in these two rescripts, clericus being employed in the rescript of 1218 and in that addressed to the sheriff (vicecomes) of the county cited above: Quoniam ut audivimus plures nominantur clerici apud Cantabr. qui sub nullius magistri scholarum sunt disciplina et tuitione, sed potius mentiuntur se esse scholares cum non sint.... In a further rescript of the king’s the meaning is no less clear: Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetis. (Referring to “insults recently offered to certain northern scholars of the university of Cambridge,” 1261.) In the Hundred Rolls, at the same period, we have clerici de Merton and scholares de Merton; and clerici in scholis degentes is W. de Merton’s own description of his scholars.

64 The charter of Oxford university belongs to the same reign.

65 Rot. Hund. 7th Edw. I.

66 The Pope no doubt refers to the forged bulls (p. 28) but his reference to previous royal rescripts is likely to be more correct, and to have been supplied by Edward himself.

67 See studium generale pp. 30 n., 31.

68 The importance of Cambridge was steadily growing in the reigns of Henry I. and Stephen. The isle of Ely supported Matilda; and the earldom of Cambridge was conferred both by her and by Stephen for the first time. The former by her letters, issued before the year 1146, bestowed it on her favourite Aubrey de Vere, “if the King of Scotland hath it not,” as prior in dignity to the counties of “Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, or Dorsetshire” one of which he was to take if Stephen’s gift of the earldom of Cambridge to Saint David of Scotland held good. De Vere had to accept the county of Oxford which has since remained in that family—the earldom of Cambridge passing to royal hands and becoming in time a royal dukedom. David of Scotland held Cambridge in his own and Huntingdon in right of his wife. Malcolm of Scotland held both earldoms together in exchange for the northern counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. The union of these earldoms is still represented by the union of Huntingdon and Cambridge under one vicecomes or sheriff. Edward III. created his wife’s brother (the Count of Hainault) and after him his son Edmund Langley, earls of Cambridge. Edmund’s son Richard held the earldom until his attainder, and his son Richard Duke of York was again created Earl of Cambridge by Henry V. (p. 295). This was Edward IV.’s father in whom the earldom became merged in the crown. The arms of Edmund Langley, Duke of York and Earl of Cambridge, are on the first of the 6 shields of arms of Edward’s sons over the entrance gate of Trinity; beneath is inscribed: Edmondus D. Ebor. C. Cantabrugie.

69 See “Town and Gown” chap. iv. p. 233 n.

70 Cf. “the students from regions near home” (e partibus diversis tam cismarinis...) of his father’s rescript p. 33.

71 For other references to this important document see ante pp. 14, 28; chap. iii. p. 165 n, iv. p. 203.

72 Henry VI., VII., VIII., and Edward VI. continued the favour shown by the Henrys and Edwards to Cambridge; the exceptions were Henry V. and Edward IV. See ii. p. 101, v. p. 262. For the relation of the English queens to the university see Queens’ College pp. 109, 112, and p. 114.
Edward III. allowed the university to appropriate any church of the yearly value of £40; to receive (through its chancellor) the oaths of the mayor and aldermen and the bailiffs; to take cognizance of all causes in which the scholars were concerned, “maim and felony” excepted; and required that the chancellor should not be disquieted if he imprisoned offenders; that masters of arts should not be cited out of the university; and that the mayor should make assay of the weight of bread as often as the chancellor demanded it.

73 pp. 29, 54.

74 Peterhouse p. 55, S. John’s pp. 122-3.

75 Except Kilkenny’s exhibitioners, infra p. 40.

76 “I have given to God, the Blessed Virgin, blessed John Baptist, and to the House of the Scholars of Merton“: these words occur in the same deed with those in the text. Harl. Add. MSS. 5832. ff. 74, 75. The gift includes a stone house in the town: Dedi etiam et concessi prefatae domui... domum illam lapideam in Cauntebrigg. cum gardino et curia adjacente.... Three deeds relating to the same transaction are dated mense Martii 54th of Hen. III. In Rot. Hund. 7th Edw. I. p. 366, a certain John gives a quit rent to the scholars of Merton for 18 acres of this property.

77 The priory of S. Frideswide granted him land in 1265, and he obtained much more two years later.

78 The wording provides for the existing or any other ordinatio Merton may formulate.

79 “Domus scolarium de Merton.” Burg. Cantebr. Rot. Hund. i. 55.

80 Rot. Hund. ii. 360.

81 The “Merton clerks,” clerici de Merton, are mentioned again in the next paragraph. At the same date a certain Johanna declares that she had as a marriage portion from her father a messuage given him by Cecil at the Castle, for which is paid a quit rent of twelve pence a year to “the scholars of Merton.” Rot. Hund. ii. 379. In the Hundred of Chesterton (p. 402) we find that “the scholars of Merton hold of the fee of Hervey Dunning” such and such properties. They also paid a quit rent to Edmund Crouchback for lands he held (on the death of de Montfort) as earl of Leicester.

82 Rot. Hund. ii. 364, 407.

83 The general rule in these Rolls is to add no qualification of origin in cases where the owner, or religious house, has another habitation in the locality to which the transaction refers. Hence we find “the prior of Anglesey,” “the prioress of Stratford,” side by side with “the scholars of Merton” in the Cambridge Hundred Rolls (cf. Rot. Hund. ii. 364).

84 Grantchester (7th Edw. I. p. 565): et tota dicta pars alienata est scolaribus Oxon’ per dominum Walter’ de Merton’, nescit quo warranto. Gamlingay: “William of Leicester sold the whole of that holding to dominus Walter de Merton and the said Walter gave it all to the scholars of the domus de Merton Oxonie.”

85 “Villani ejusd’ Gunnor’ dicunt quod prior de Mertone” held the advowson of the church of Barton. (Rot. Hund. ii. 564.)
The Bishop of Nelson points out that the scholars were called not after Walter de Merton, but after the place—Merton priory. Merton himself had no surname; he was born at Basingstoke, and was perhaps educated at the priory from which he also took his name. Beket was certainly educated at this well-known Merton, which gave its name to the “Statute of Merton” devised there in 1236, and was also the theatre of a council held by the archbishop 22 years later. At the evaluation of 1291, the priory held property in Norfolk (Index Monasticus). The Cambridge estates settled on the scholars of the domus apud Meandon (Malden) in 1270 were in Gamlingay, Merton, Over-Merton, Chesterton, etc. It is worth notice that among a number of scholars who received the king’s pardon in 1261 for the part they had taken in a riot, there is a William de Merton, servant to two of the East Anglian scholars implicated.

86 For the “Ely scholars” see ii. pp. 122-3. The first to leave an endowment for scholars was William of Durham in 1249; but several years elapsed before the fund was utilised, scholars maintained, or University College Oxford founded. University College was thus the outcome of an earlier intention to endow, and Balliol College was an earlier foundation in embryo, than either Peterhouse or Merton.

87 The preamble of these letters addressed to the civic authorities at Northampton is as follows: Occasione cuiusdam magnae contentionis in villa Cantabrigiensi triennio jam elapso subortae nonnulli clericorum tunc ibidem studentium unanimiter ab ipsa villa recessissent, se usque ad villam nostram praedictam Northam. transferentes et ibidem (studiis inherendo) novam construere universitatem cupientes. The letters are dated from Westminster 1 Feb. in the 49th year of his reign (1265). Rot. Claus. 49, Hen. III. membr. 10. d. [1 Feb. 1264-5].

88 Chaucer shows us that the system of private lodgings continued in vogue at Oxford even in the late xiv c. His “pore scholer” lodges in the house of a well-to-do carpenter.

89 p. 33.

90 Cf. the regulations for lodgings at the present day, iv. pp. 224, 225.

91 Caius speaks of “two principals” overseeing respectively the studies and the economics of Physwick hostel.

92 Cf. ii. Trinity Hall p. 79, Magdalene pp. 127, 128.

93 Crouched, Crutched, for Crossed. So the Trinitarians who also wore a conspicuous cross on their habit were known in England as Crutched friars.

94 p. 56.

95 S. Austin’s or Augustine’s hostel had a length of 220 feet with 80 of breadth.

96 See pensioners, iv. p. 217 n.
Mr. J. Bass Mullinger has published (Hist. Univ. Camb. pp. 218-220) a highly interesting statute relating to hostels which dates in all probability from the end of the xiii c., and shows how rapidly university rights in these hospitia locanda were extended as a consequence of Henry’s rescript (p. 47). Any scholar who “desired to be principal of a hostel” offered his “caution“—with sureties or pledges—to the landlord and became ipso facto its head, and could be instituted by the chancellor against the will of the landlord. The scholar, who has become principal, may not abdicate in favour of a fellow scholar but only give up possession to the said landlord. The next candidate could also appeal to the chancellor should the landlord refuse his request to succeed when a vacancy in the principalship occurred. An interesting clause provides that though the landlord should agree with the scholar-principal that “mine hostel” should not be taxed, the scholars who come to live there may, in spite of both of them, have the house taxed by the taxors, “inasmuch as agreements between private persons cannot have effect to the prejudice of public rights.”

97 For university and collegiate officials, see iv. pp. 203-10.

98 i. 29, 38, ii. 55-6.

99 See iv. 217 n., and early college discipline pp. 221-2.

100 Balsham (a village 9-1/2 miles S.E. of Cambridge) was one of the 10 manorhouses, palaces, and castles of the bishops of Ely in the xiv c. Montacute resided here in 1341. In 1401 a controversy regarding archidiaconal jurisdiction in the university was held here: a similar dispute occurred in Balsham’s time (p. 28). On the alienation of this manor from the see of Ely it was purchased by the founder of the Charterhouse, and now forms part of the endowment of that college. There is a mention of Hugh de Balsham (Hugo de Belesale) in Matthew Paris.

101 S. John’s College, pp. 122-3.

102 iv. p. 214.

103 Gray, Installation Ode. There has been little water in Coe fen for the last hundred years. The wall and water gate were made during the mastership of Warkworth and the episcopacy of Alcock (1486-1500) and ornamented with the arms of the latter, who was probably a Peterhouse man.

104 i. p. 22. Their house was on a messuage purchased by them “opposite the chapel of S. Edmund“: it lay on the south of the two hostels, and reached “as far as the marsh“—i.e. Coe fen.

105 The rebuilding of the hall and combination room took place in 1866-70. Gilbert Scott, William Morris, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown were called in, and an excellent piece of work accomplished, the fellows’ old “Stone parlour” and “inner parlour” being thrown into one to make the present picturesque combination room.

106 College libraries, p. 138 n. The two Beauforts, the Cardinal and the Duke of Exeter, and two of Henry VI.’s physicians Roger Marshall and John Somerset (p. 106), all enriched this library.

107 Beata Maria de Gratia. For S. Peter’s church and Peterhouse chapel, see Willis and Clark, i. p. 40.

108 v. p. 280.

109 v. pp. 263-4. Isaac Barrow uncle of his great namesake was one of the fellows ejected by the Puritan commissioners, before his nephew who had been entered for the college could come into residence. Crashaw was another; and Whitgift was a third fellow whose name stands for anti-Puritanism.

110 Both sent by Edward VI. to inculcate Protestant doctrine in Cambridge.

111 See v. p. 278.

112 In the reign of Richard II. the merits of the Peterhouse scholars were as celebrated as their “indigence” was “notorious”; they continued in unceasing exercise of discipline and study, and the tithes of Cherry Hinton appear to have been bestowed in the hope of providing through them a bulwark against lollardry.

113 The Bible-clerks (bibliotistae) were so called because it was their duty to read the Scriptures in hall at meal time: they were a sort of poorer scholar or ‘sizar,’ see iv. p. 219.

114 He was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II.; Canon of York and Wells, and Rector of East Dereham and of North Creake in Norfolk. For Michaelhouse, see also Statutes p. 67 and Trinity College p. 133.

115 Elizabeth de Burgh speaks of “the college” of her “aforesaid house.” Cf. the words used by the founder of Trinity Hall as regards his own foundation: University Calendar sub rubrica Trinity Hall.

116 See royal visits, p. 113.

117 See Mill Street, pp. 96-7 n.

118 She was daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford by Joan daughter of Edward I. Her brother and co-heir fell at Bannockburn 1314. Like Lady Margaret she was three times married, first to John de Burgh son and heir of Richard Earl of Ulster, her third husband also being an Irishman.
Chancellor Badew was a member of the Chelmsford knightly family of that name.

119 April 5 1340. Grant by the university of the domus universitatis to Elizabeth de Burgh Lady de Clare, in consideration of her gift of the advowson of Litlyngton. See Caius p. 144 n.

120 Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Clare House—the earliest name for a Cambridge college; Corpus also was incorporated as the Domus Scholarium Corporis Christi, etc. King’s Hall is the first to be so styled and is followed by Pembroke Hall. In 1440 we have King’s College. Peterhouse and Trinity Hall are now the only colleges which retain the older style, although Clare itself was called Clare Hall until 1856.

121 Cf. p. 109 n.

122 “Soler,” apparently used for a loggia or balcony. East Anglian belfries were called bell-solers. Cf. solarium for an upper chamber, and nei solai (Ital.) for “in the garrets.” In early Cambridge college nomenclature solar was an upstairs, celar (cellar) a downstairs room.

123 Simon Montacute, 17th Bishop of Ely, re-wrote the statutes of Peterhouse, 1338-44.

124 Cf. Merton’s “Oxoniae, vel alibi ubi studium vigere contigerit” (1264), and the words in Alan Bassett’s bequest for monastic scholars at Oxford or elsewhere ubi studium fuerit universitatis (1233).

125 See also p. 86 footnote.

126 The proportion of priests among the fellows (i.e. scholars on the foundation) was to be 6 in 30, 4 in 20, 2 in 12. See also pp. 152 and 153.

127 Cf. King’s Hall, p. 132.

128 The xv c. library at Pembroke was over the hall; the older library of the same date at Peterhouse was next the hall.

129 The earliest of these features appears at Pembroke, which had a treasury. For the combination room see p. 135 and iv. p. 214. For the gateway, p. 140. For students’ studies, iv. p. 232 n.

130 Cf. Peterhouse p. 56. The Christian church evolved in Rome no doubt originated in the domestic aula, the basilica, of a great private house, and was surrounded by those dwelling-rooms which constituted the first titulus or domus ecclesiae. So at Cambridge we have a domus collegii, and domus vel aula scholarium sancti Michaelis or Clarae.

131 After the founder’s death two rectors were to exercise complete jurisdiction, one of these was to be a secular graduate but the other is to be a Franciscan. Moreover the fellows of the college were “to give their best counsel and aid” to the abbess and sisters of Denney abbey who had from the founder “a common origin with them.” For Denney, see i. p. 25, 25 n.

132 Notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium quod inter omnia loca universitatis... mirabiliter splendet et semper resplenduit.

133 Spenser entered as a sizar.

134 Gray left Peterhouse on account of some horseplay on the part of its students who raised a cry of fire which brought him out of bed and down from his window overlooking Little S. Mary’s church in an escape which his dread of fire had induced him to contrive. Of his treatment at Pembroke he writes that it was such as might have been extended to “Mary de Valence in person.”

135 Pitt in introducing his son to the college writes: “Such as he is, I am happy to place him at Pembroke; and I need not say how much of his parents’ hearts goes along with him.” (Letter to the Senior tutor of the college, 1767.)

136 He was afterwards fellow of Trinity Hall, and Spenser dedicates one of the Eclogues to him there.

137 See Trinity Hall, p. 80.

138 The asterisks denote Masters of the College. Whitgift migrated from Queens’ to Pembroke, and was subsequently fellow of Peterhouse and Master of Pembroke. Langton of Winchester was a fellow.

139 pp. 27 and 96.

140 v. p. 275.

141 Reyner D’Aubeney and Robert Stanton.

142 p. 68 n.

143 Alcock himself, by a unique arrangement made with Rotherham, held the Seals conjointly with that prelate, then Bishop of Lincoln, from April to September 1474; and he had acted in parliament in the same capacity for Stillington in 1472. Merton whose Cambridge operations were described in the last chapter was Lord Chancellor; so was Sir Robert Thorpe who began the Schools, and so were Booth and Rotherham who completed the Schools quadrangle and built the old library. John Somerset, who was chiefly instrumental in the founding of King’s College, was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VI.

144 Cf. nationality of founders of colleges p. 150.

145 The stone house (p. 24 n.) and John Goldcorn’s property—all opposite Michaelhouse—were then fashioned by Bateman, after the founder’s demise, as Gonville Hall.

146 See Gonville and Caius, pp. 143-4.

147 Twelve preachers from each university were annually licensed for any diocese in England. Gonville was now allowed two such licences on its own account.

148 p. 141.

149 He landed at Yarmouth in June, and the charter of foundation is dated November 20.

150 Magdalene, p. 127.

151 The style “the keeper and scholars of the college of the Holy Trinity of Norwich,” reminds us that the original dedication of this and Gonville corresponds to that of two of the ancient Cambridge guilds—the Holy Trinity and the Annunciation.

152 The N.E. corner was obtained four years after the foundation by the purchase of a house at the corner of Henney Lane.

153 See also King’s.

154 See also Caius.

155 Account given of the building of Corpus by Archbishop Parker’s Latin secretary, John Jocelyn, fellow of Queens’. It is supposed that the hall of the guild of Corpus Christi was near the old court; S. Mary’s guild met at the hostel of that name near the present Senate House. See also p. 83.

156 Ibid.

157 The brethren and sisters of the two guilds presumably thus taxed all house property bequeathed by them to their college, to defray the expenses of the wax lights so freely used in funeral and other liturgical rites. It has been pointed out that the riots occurred two days after the feast of Corpus Christi, with its recent procession in England, the contribution of wax tapers for which may have greatly aggravated the grievance. The feast is of xiii c. origin, the outdoor procession dates from the late xivth.

158 She was heiress to her sister Eleanor who had been betrothed to Edward IV. They were the daughters of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth’s only child Ann was wife to Richard of York murdered in the Tower.

159 The dearth of clerks or clergy and the failure of learning: the former engaged the attention of the founders of Gonville, Trinity Hall, and Corpus, the latter of the founder of Clare who writes: “to promote... the extension of these sciences, which by reason of the pestilence having swept away a multitude of men, are now beginning to fail rapidly.”

160 The fact that we have a guild college built in Cambridge is especially interesting, for, as Dr. Stubbs has shown, Cambridge ranks highest among English towns for its guild history. Even the Exeter statutes do not rival those of one of its ancient guilds which united the craft or religious guild with the frith-guild—the guild instituted for the religious interests of its members or to protect craftsmen and their craft, and the guild which was an attempt “on the part of the public authorities to supplement the defective execution of the law by measures for mutual defence.” The Cambridge statutes, in fact, show us the guild as an element in the development of the township or burgh, one of those communities within a community which was the earliest expedient of civilisation, the earliest essay in organisation, everywhere. The guild which combined these two institutions was a thanes guild. It made and enforced legal enactments; it paid the blood-money if a member slew a man with righteous cause, and exacted eight pounds from any one who robbed a member. “It is improbable” writes Dr. Stubbs “that any institution on so large a scale existed in any other town than London.” In Athelstan’s reign we have a complete code of such a London frith-guild. (Constitutional History of England, vol. i. p. 414.)
It is against this historic background that we find the guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin uniting to add a common scholastic interest to interests civil and religious, by founding a college. The guilds were lay institutions; in two of the best known Cambridge guilds priests were either excluded, or, if admitted, denied a share in the government; and a chaplain for the guild of the Blessed Virgin was only to be maintained if the necessary assistance to the poorer members permitted of it.

161 “Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyne
 As chieffe schoole and vniuersitie
 Vnto this tyme fro the daye it began”

162 The “good duke of Lancaster” was Alderman of the Guild of Corpus Christi. John of Gaunt greatly befriended the college. It was anno 1356 that the “translation of the college of Corpus Christi out of lay hand to the patronage of the duke of Lancaster,” took place; a document so entitled once formed part of the Registry MSS.

163 Augustinians never enjoyed their habit in comfort; in the xiii c. they were obliged to make their leather girdle long and their tunic short because they were suspected of a desire to pass as corded and sandalled Franciscans, and to cover over their white tunic with black in the streets lest they should be taken for friars preachers.

164 pp. 127, 128 n., and p. 143, 143 n.

165 Recorda et placita coram cancellario Ric. le Scrope in le Tollebouth. 2 Ric. II. 1378-9. MS. No. 49 in the Cambridge Registry.

166 Stephen le Scrope was chancellor in 1400 and 1414, Richard Scroop (who had been Master of King’s Hall) in 1461, and Lady Anne Scroope was one of the early benefactors of Gonville’s hall; see vi. p. 325, 325 n.

167 Edward himself speaks of it as “so important a college” in 1342. See p. 132. Since going to press I see that Mr. Rouse Ball identifies King’s Hall as ‘Solar Hall’ in his monograph on Trinity College, published in March 1906. Prof. Willis conjectured that ‘Solar Hall’ = Garrett Hostel.

168 King’s Hall statutes name 14 as the age.
It will be remembered that Pembroke, Clare, Corpus, and King’s Hall were all directly or indirectly connected with the reigning house. For the group of great names connected with Edward’s household and with Cambridge at this time cf. v. pp. 291-295.

169 The main artery of the xiv and xv century university was not, as now, the High street, but the Mill street (Milne street). It lay in a direct line between Clare Hall and Queens’ Lane, and 7 colleges had their entrances on it: Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Clare, old King’s College, S. Catherine’s, and Queens’. Gonville was approached from the north end, and King’s Hall lay on the same side. The church and property of the Knights of S. John and Garret’s and Ovyng’s hostels were in the same street. Mill street began at Queens’ Lane, and led northwards from the King’s and the Bishop’s Mills, which gave it its name. The larger part was alienated in 1445 to build the second King’s College.
Another characteristic feature of old Cambridge was the King’s Ditch made by Henry III. in 1267, which starting from Castle Mound, with a walk beside it, formed the western boundary of King’s Hall, Michaelhouse, and Trinity Hall, and polluted the water supply of Peterhouse even in Andrew Perne’s time.

170 Temp. Laurence Booth, chancellor.

171 See Loggan’s print, 1688. The great schools in the School street are first mentioned 1346-7. The divinity schools were the first to be completed, by Sir William Thorpe’s executors, in 1398. The quadrangle was completed c. 1475. The eastern front was rebuilt in 1755. The buildings lie under the present library and are now used for the keeping of “acts” and for discussions, but not for lectures in the various faculties. The new Divinity schools are in S. John’s street, and were erected by friends as a memorial of Bishop Selwyn. The Science schools, school of Human Anatomy, chemical laboratories, etc. are on the site of the university botanical garden which was once Austinfriars’ property.

172 The room where these were treasured was the libraria communis or magna (in the time of Caius the “old” or “public” library), which still exists on the south side, with Chancellor Rotherham’s library on the east. The ancient two-storeyed building on the west which existed as early as 1438 still contains the old Canon Law (now the Arts) school, with the original library and the university chapel (disused for centuries) above (p. 97).

173 Fuller and Caius both record this fact.

174 It consists of 700 MSS. and 30,000 volumes. Other and earlier benefactors to the library were Perne (1574), Fulke Greville, Stephen Perse of Caius, and George Villiers Duke of Buckingham.
There is a library “Chest” and endowments, amounting to about £2000, plus the income of £4500 from the common university Fund.

175 A copy of every book and pamphlet published in England is sent here, to the British Museum, and to the Bodleian.

176 The printing of bibles and of the Book of Common Prayer is still confined to the king’s printer and the 2 universities. Until 1779 the printing of almanacks was also restricted to the universities and the Stationers’ Company.

177 See iii. p. 183, and iv. p. 205.

178 Cf. the laying of the foundation stone of the Norman church of S. Giles in 1092, when Anselm of Canterbury and the Bishop of Lincoln (then the diocesan) were present.

179 In 1439. Its site was the present ante-chapel, see Christ’s College p. 117.

180 The king’s design did not at first include the connexion of Eton and King’s. The foundations of a college and chapel for a rector and 12 scholars were first laid opposite Clare, between Mill Street and the Schools, on April 2, 1441. Within three years this foundation was changed into a society which, like Eton, is under a Provost and which was bound to provide the free education of poor Etonians. Here Henry imitated William of Wykeham, and the statutes which he drew up follow the lines laid down by the founder of Winchester and New College. The original “mean quadrant” was used till 1828 when it was sold to the university for the library extension on that side. The chapel fell down in 1536. A wall and gateway on the west, remain. The new design had the original court and Clare on the north, Austin’s hostel and Whitefriars on the south: the chapel was to form the north side of a quadrangle measuring 230 × 238 feet (cf. the measurements of Corpus); and, as in previous colleges, the west side was to contain the hall and provost’s lodging, a library and lecture rooms. The south and east sides were to be for the chambers and the latter was to have a gateway and tower. The present Queens’ College is on the site of the Whitefriars’ house; and the old gate of King’s which led from the chapel yard to Queens’ Lane used to be known as “Friars’ gate.” (For a full account of this most interesting design the reader is referred to Messrs. Willis and Clark’s book.)
For the modern buildings four separate ranges were designed, the first to be erected being the Gibbs’ building on the west: the southern side and the screen have been built since 1824, Wilkins being the architect; on this side are the hall, combination room, and library, and the Provost’s lodge. Sir Gilbert Scott erected the building on the south east, which was projected after 1870.

181 The Norfolk name of Boleyn is found at the university in the xv c. Henry Boleyn was proctor in 1454-5, and Anne’s uncle was churchwarden of S. Clement’s.

182 It has been suggested that Tudor architecture might be styled Heraldic architecture, so freely does heraldry and blazonry enter into its plan and the scheme of decoration. England’s two great specimens of the Perpendicular—King’s College chapel and Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster—are pervaded by a “gorgeous display of heraldry.” The west and south entrances of King’s are decorated with bold carvings of the badges of Henry VII.—the crowned rose and portcullis. “No person ever glanced his eye over the wonders around and above him, without being awestruck at the daring of the architect that could plan, and the builders that could erect such a structure. The whole of the lower part of the Chapel beneath the windows is divided into panels, and every panel is filled with the arms of the king who erected the building.” “The immense pendants hanging from the gorgeous roof are ornamented with the rose, the royal badge of both the king and queen at this period.” (Clark’s Introduction to Heraldry, edited by J. R. Planché, Rouge Croix.) The arms and supporters of Eton, Henry VI. and VIII., Richard II., Edward IV. and VIth, Mary and Elizabeth, appear also. The gateway towers of Christ’s and John’s afford other examples of heraldic display as the exclusive scheme of decoration—they bear the arms, supporters, and badges of their founder, the mother of Henry VII. Finally the Entrance Gateway tower of Trinity exhibits the arms of Edward III. and his six sons (William of Hatfield being represented by a blank shield); above is a statue of Henry VIII. No street—no town—in England presents anything like this “boast of heraldry” which Gray had always under his eyes in Cambridge. It is a permanent record of the two royal groups in England who preferred this university; the gateway at Trinity being the trait d’union between them.

183 “The scholars of King’s enjoyed the questionable privilege of drifting into their degrees without examination. Lectures and rare compositions in Latin were the only demands upon their time,” writes Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. The same arrangements obtained at New College Oxford until 50 years ago.

184 The “13 poor men” who are to form part of the foundation at Eton are an addition of Henry’s own; they do not appear on Wykeham’s foundation.

185 For the Days, see v. p. 273 n. Wickham was vice-provost of Eton.

186 Somerset returned to Cambridge in later life, after he had fallen into disgrace and poverty, and met, like Metcalfe of John’s, with small gratitude. Dr. Philip Baker, though a Catholic, retained the provostship under Elizabeth till 1570. For King’s men see also pp. 174-5, 272-3-4 n., 283.

187 Eton is the only public school joined from its foundation with a Cambridge college. Merchant Taylors’ used however to be related to Pembroke (which owes Spenser’s presence there to this circumstance) and the ancient school of Bury used, it is said, to send its alumni to Gonville. S. Paul’s school has tied scholarships and exhibitions at Corpus Christi and Trinity: Corpus was connected with Norwich school and Norfolk by Bacon, Parker, and other Norfolk benefactors, and has tied scholarships with King’s School, Canterbury, and Westminster; the last being also closely connected with Trinity College. Harrow has two tied scholarships at Caius; Magdalene holds the Latimer Neville scholarships for Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Uppingham, and Fettes schools, and tied exhibitions from Wisbech school. Uppingham is similarly connected with Emmanuel; Peterhouse with Huntingdon Free Grammar School, and S. John’s with 18 schools all over England and with several towns as well.

188 A chapel of S. Lucy (erected 1245) came into the possession of Peterhouse with the property of the friars of the Sack (1309) and was used by the fellows towards the end of that century. The licences obtained by Bateman (1352 and 1353) for chapels in Trinity Hall and Gonville were never acted upon. Gonville however had a house chapel in 1393. At this date Clare also had a chapel, which was used at the primate’s visitation in 1401. The Clare Statutes (1359) direct that S. John Baptist’s church be used. For ritual in the college chapels, see pp. 59, 145. Organs were placed in most of the chapels in the reign of Charles I., at a time when the courts, gates, and frontage of colleges underwent repair and decoration.

189 Cf. with the dimensions of Corpus old court which was considerably larger (220 by 140), of the proposed quadrangle at King’s p. 102 n., and with the frontage of some of the hostels p. 50.

190 Haddon Hall in Derbyshire; the first owners of which were those Peverels (”of the Peak”) who figure in Cambridge history at the time of the Conquest (i. p. 17). The house passed to the Bassetts, a name which was also well known in the university; and from there—so the old story runs—Dorothy Vernon, a daughter of the last owners of the manor, ran away with Sir John the first Lord Manners.

191 For the marriage of a xvi c. President of Queens’, see iv. pp. 209, 212.

192 Pearson was educated here, then at King’s of which he became fellow, and was Master of Jesus and, in 1662, of Trinity.

193 See Bernard’s hostel p. 109.

194 Margaret had however called it “the quenes collage of sainte Margarete and S. Bernard.” In her petition for a charter she tells the king: “in the whiche vniuersitie is no college founded by eny quene of Englond hidertoward.” The statutes were drawn up by Millington first Provost of King’s, and others.

195 Accounts of King’s Hall. Here, too, the king was to have been lodged for the parliament of 1447.

196 Henry VII. was on his way to the same celebrated shrine when he came to Cambridge in 1506.

197 He was at S. John’s Oxford, which he left without his degree.

198 “Hall of S. Katerine,” the only foundation since King’s College founded as a hall not a college.

199 Willis and Clark.

200 It was the gift of Malcolm “the Maiden” of Scotland. The monastery was much enlarged and enriched by him circa 1160. Dugdale dates the house to the middle of Stephen’s reign or perhaps as early as 1130. In the xiii c. Constantia wife to Earl Eustace granted to the nuns all the fisheries and water belonging to the town of Cambridge, and the convent at that time shared with the canons of S. John’s and the Merton scholars the fame of being the greatest landlords in the town. See i. pp. 16, 18 and 36 n., vi. p. 311 and ii. p. 109. On a stone by the south-eastern corner of the south transept in the church there is this inscription (A.D. 1261):
Moribus ornata
Facet hic bona Berta Rosata.

201 Fuller.

202 See iii. p. 165 n. Dyer points out that William Byngham is called “proctor and Master of God’s House,” but not founder: he considers that Hen. VI. was the founder, Byngham being its procurator as Doket was procurator of Queens’ and Somerset of King’s colleges. The facts recorded here and in chap. iii. appear to support this conclusion. At the same time Byngham in his letter to the king in 1439 distinctly claims to have built the house: “Goddeshous the which he hath made and edified in your towne of Cambridge.” In the case of every Cambridge college the founder is the man who endows it. A college may owe its existence (as certainly in Byngham’s case) to the energies of some one else, but its founder remains the man by whom it was built and endowed. A God’s House at Ewelme in Oxfordshire was founded about the same time by William de la Pole and Alice his wife, Earl and Countess of Suffolk. “It is still in being,” writes Tanner, “but the Mastership is annexed to the King’s professor of Physic in the university of Oxford.” A God’s house was an almshouse for some object of mercy. Thirteen poor men were maintained at Ewelme.

203 Founder of Emmanuel College. Fuller says he was “a serious student in” and benefactor of this college.

204 Refer to iv. p. 217 n.

205 p. 153, iii. p. 165 n.

206 She diverted some of her gifts to Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster, with the king’s consent, in favour of S. John’s College Cambridge.

207 “Fryvelous things, that were lytell to be regarded, she wold let pass by, but the other that were of weyght and substance, wherein she might proufyte, she wolde not let for any payne or labour, to take upon hande. All Englonde for her dethe had cause of wepynge... the students of both the unyversytees, to whom she was as a moder; all the learned men of Englonde, to whom she was a veray patroness... all the noblemen and women to whom she was a myrroure and exampler of honoure; all the comyn people of this realme, for whom she was in their cause a comyn medyatryce, and toke right grete displeasure for them.”
Fisher was created cardinal priest of S. Vitalis, in the modern Via Nazionale (the ancient titulus Vestinae) by Paul III. When Henry VIII. heard that the Hat had been conferred, he exclaimed that he would not leave the bishop a head to wear it on. The following prayer appears in the Roman breviary for the feast day of Blessed John Fisher (June 22):—Deus, qui beato pontifici tuo Joanni pro veritate et justitia magno animo vitam profundere tribuisti; da nobis ejus intercessione et exemplo; vitam nostram pro Christo in hoc mundo perdere, ut eam in coelo invenire valeamus.
“The most inflexibly honest churchman who held a high station in that age.“—Hallam. Fisher was confessor to Catherine of Aragon and to Lady Margaret.

208 See i. 38; ii. 55-6. An old Ely Chartulary says: “Henry Frost ought never to be forgot, who gave birth to so noted a seat of religion, and afterwards to one of the most renowned seats of learning in Europe.”

209 History of the College of S. John the Evangelist, Baker-Mayor, pp. 22-3.

210 Lit. Pat. 9 Edw. I. membr. 28 (23 Dec. 1280). Printed in Commission Documents vol. ii. p. 1.

211 Willis and Clark.

212 See p. 103 n.

213 v. p. 278.

214 Overall had been a scholar at Trinity, and was Master of S. Catherine’s.

215 Metcalfe was the Catholic Master who made the great reputation of S. John’s, but whom “the young fry of fellows” combined to oust in 1534. “Did not all the bricks of the college that day double their dye of redness to blush at the ingratitude of those that dwelt therein?” (Fuller.)

216 He was buried by the side of Sir Thomas More in the chapel of S. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower.

217 Constitutions for the reform of the Black Benedictine, Cistercian, and Augustinian Orders, issued in 1335, 1337, 1339.

218 i. p. 27. The university for English and Irish monks provided by papal authority and by the Cistercian Constitutions was Oxford. The licence for Monks’ hostel Cambridge stipulates that all monks of the order of S. Benedict in England or in other the king’s dominions shall henceforth dwell there together during the university course. There was a small recrudescence of monastic studies in Cambridge in the xiv c. when Ely hostel was built, and from this time forward 3 or 4 Ely monks were regularly to be found pursuing the university course there (Testimony of John of Sudbury, prior of students, at the Northampton chapter in 1426). But there was no prior of students at Cambridge till towards the end of that century; Ely hostel itself was dismantled before the middle of the century; the black monks of Norwich however came to Cambridge under Bateman’s influence with what the bull of Sixtus IV. 150 years later shows to have been considerable constancy. See Caius pp. 143-4, 144 n.

219 Chambers for Crowland were built by its abbot John of Wisbeach in 1476. John de Bardenay had preceded John of Sudbury as prior of Benedictines in 1423, and both were probably Crowland monks.

220 Dugdale. When Charles V. heard that Stafford Duke of Buckingham had been beheaded through the machinations of the butcher’s son Wolsey, he exclaimed: “A butcher’s dog has killed the fairest buck in England!”

221 It is clear from the masonry of the chapel that this was anterior to the college of 1519. See Willis and Clark ii. 362, 364.

222 Corpus hall is the only one in Cambridge not provided with a musicians’ gallery.

223 The retired position of the earlier college had been, he held, a salutary assistance to study: it “stood on the transcantine side, an anchoret in itself, severed by the river from the rest of the university.”

224 Fuller and Carter say the college site was purchased by the convents of Ely, Ramsey, and Walden. Cf. p. 128.

225 Grindal is a good instance of a migrating student: he entered at Magdalene, and subsequently migrated to Christ’s and Pembroke, where he became fellow and Master.

226 The university statute providing for the commemoration of benefactors and others, directs that mass be said every 5th of May for Edward II. as founder of King’s Hall.

227 Which is on the site of the hall, pulled down in 1557 to make room for the chapel.

228 For changes made in the Mill Street district in the xv c. when the School’s Quadrangle and King’s College were built, cf. pp. 24, 24 n., 25 n., 97 n., 101.

229 There was a fellows’ “parloure” in King’s Hall as early as 1423-4.

230 There is a fine series of most valuable portraits in the Lodge; among them one of Mary, and the standing portrait of the young Henry VIII. which Wordsworth made the subject of a poem. A careful list of university portraits appears at the end of Atkinson’s volume, but such a list—useful and valuable as it is—tucked away somewhere in a book on Cambridge is not an adequate homage to so important a source of university history as these portraits. The loan exhibition at the Fitzwilliam Museum in 1884-5 was the first attempt to collect the Cambridge pictures: the example was followed by Oxford in 1904-6, and the Catalogue of portraits then published is a model of what can and should be done.
No complete list of the portraits of either university, however, at present exists. Many canvasses remain unidentified or misidentified; some are doubtless perishing for want of care, and the artist’s name has long disappeared from many more. The work therefore that remains to be done is a big one, but is eminently worth the doing.

231 A sedan coach is preserved in the entrance hall of Trinity Lodge, and is used to transport visitors from the Gateway to the Lodge when the Master entertains. It is the college tradition that the coach was presented by Mrs. Worsley, wife of the then Master of Downing, to Christopher Wordsworth Master of Trinity, and brother of the poet (1820-41).

232 This is the largest college library but it is not the most ancient. Peterhouse led the way in the xiii century with divinity and medicine books of Balsham’s. In 1418, 380 volumes were catalogued, containing “from six to seven hundred distinct treatises.” Here were to be found books on law, medicine, astrology, and natural philosophy, as well as the preponderating theological tomes. Trinity Hall was another famous xiv century library, and Pembroke has a catalogue of books in that and the next century amounting to 140 volumes. In the xv century Queens’ had 224, and S. Catherine’s 137 (in 1472 and 1475). In 1571 the French ambassador to this country deemed the library at Peterhouse “the worthiest in all England” Cf. the university library, p. 98.

233 His name appears in the House List of King’s Hall.

234 The tithes of Great S. Mary’s and Chesterton both belonged to King’s Hall, on which the advowson of S. Peter’s Northampton was bestowed, as Cherry Hinton had been bestowed on Peterhouse. The rectory of Chesterton, which had pertained till then to the monastery of Vercelli, was given by Eugenius IV.

235 Removed to its present position by Nevile in 1600; see p. 132.

236 p. 102 n.

237 See p. 133.

238 Willis and Clark.

239 iii. p. 179.

240 iii. p. 174.

241 iii. p. 180.

242 Closed courts, however, continued to be built at Oxford; a late instance being the second court of S. John’s built by Laud so that his college should not be outshone by its Cambridge namesake.

243 Bull of Sixtus IV. 1481. The bull recites that in the time of William Bishop of Norwich the Norwich Benedictines had been accustomed to lodge at Gonville and Trinity Hall where Bateman had made convenient arrangements for them. When the pope proceeds to say that Benedict XI. had required all Benedictines who wished to study in Cambridge to live in certo alio collegio dictae universitatis, “deputed ad hoc,” he is mistaking the authorisation of Monks’ hostel 50 years before for the papal Constitution of 150 years before, as he mistakes Benedict XI. for Benedict XII. The suggestion that he refers to University Hall (the hospicium universitatis) is certainly erroneous: the words above quoted simply mean “in the said university” and not “the college called university college“: there was no such house for monks in Cambridge between 1347 and 1428, when “the college deputed in the said university ad hoc“—Monks’ College—was founded. Benedict’s Constitution does not specify whether the religious are to dwell in common, or not.

244 Cf. Magdalene, p. 127.

245 v. p. 286. Cudworth was afterwards Master of Clare, then of Christ’s; Whichcote became Provost of King’s.

246 p. 126.

247 The spot is marked by the black tombstone in the present farmyard, half way between Cambridge and Ely.

248 At her own request made to Louis XI. The tomb was destroyed during the Revolution.

249 The seat of the Bedfordshire Beauchamps, her mother’s family.

250 A headless skeleton found, before the middle of last century, near the spot where tradition says that Henry Duke of Buckingham suffered, is presumed to be that of the duke, of whose burial there is no other record. Hatcher’s History of Salisbury, 1843.

251 Elizabeth Clare was heir to her brother who fell at Bannockburn: Marie Chatillon was widow of Valence Earl of Pembroke who fell in the wars against Bruce. The only Scotch benefactor was Malcolm the Maiden who endowed the nunnery of S. Rhadegund; but this was before colleges were built.

252 “Ex omni dioecesi et qualibet parte hujus regni nostri Angliae, tam ex Wallia quam ex Hibernia.” There were, however, Scotchmen at Cambridge in the xiv c., i. p. 37.

253 To this day Pembroke fellowships are open to men “of any nation and any county,” whereas at other colleges (as e.g. Corpus) the restriction is to “any subjects of the king, wherever born.” Cf. Jebb’s “Bentley,” p. 92.

254 See divinity, canon and civil law, medicine, arts, and grammar in the next chapter, pp. 164-7.

255 To these must be added: insurance, rates, and taxes, repairs, legal expenses, printing, and stationery, gifts made by the university, and the honorarium paid to the university preacher.

256 Fuller.

257 Magdalene, S. Catherine’s, Downing, Queens’, Peterhouse, Corpus, and Trinity Hall are the small and least wealthy colleges, and in this order. All the others have a gross income of over £10,000 a year. The income of all the colleges is published annually in Whitaker.

258 University College contributed £50.

259 See p. 167.

260 A man’s university and the faculty in which he has graduated are shown by the hood: the Cambridge master’s hood is black silk lined with white silk; the bachelor’s black stuff hood is trimmed with white rabbit fur. The doctors in the three faculties wear scarlet silk hoods lined with pink and violet shot silk (D.D.), cherry silk (LL.D.) and magenta silk (M.D.).
B.D.’s wear a hood of black silk inside and out; LL.M.’s wear an M.A.’s hood; LL.B.’s, a B.A.’s hood; M.B.’s a black hood lined with scarlet.
The Mus.Doc. wears a brocaded hood lined with cherry satin; Mus.Bac. black silk lined with cherry silk and trimmed with rabbit fur; Litt.D. scarlet silk inside and out; D.Sc. scarlet, lined with shot pink and light blue silk.

261 Thus the knight bachelor is one enjoying the titular degree and rank of knighthood, without membership of any knightly order, to the companionship of which he is supposed to be an aspirant.

262 The study of sophistry or dialectic, which preceded Aristotle’s analytical logic.

263 Junior and senior sophister and bachelor: Fuller writing of Northampton says: “But this university never lived to commence Bachelor of Art, Senior Sophister was all the standing it attained unto. For, four years after,” etc.
On tutors’ bills a century ago the style of dominus was always given to bachelors, that of “Mr.” to masters; the undergraduate had to be content with “freshman” or “sophister.” The bachelors are still designated dominus in the degree lists; a style which reminds us of the clerical “dan” of Chaucer’s time, and the Scotch “dominie” for a schoolmaster. For the degree ceremonies and processions see Peacock, Appendix A.

264 Regent: regere like legere, to teach; cf. the doctores legentes and non-legentes of Bologna: regere scholas, and officium regendi occur in Bury school records, xii c. (Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 14,848, fol. 136). A congregation of the Cambridge masters, regents and non-regents, met in S. Mary’s church as early as 1275.

265 It must be realised that the degree in arts always differed from degrees in theology law and medicine inasmuch as these latter implied competence to exercise the corresponding professions. There was no such corresponding profession in the case of arts, except that of the schoolmaster. The clergyman, lawyer, or doctor at least exercised himself in these subjects, but the “artist” unless he was a regent-master, or a magister scholarum elsewhere, left his studies when he left his university.

266 “The Tripos is a paper containing the names of the principal graduates for the year. It also contains 2 copies of verses written by two of the undergraduates, who are appointed to that employment by the proctors.“—Dyer. An extract from one of these sets of tripos verses is given in Dyer, Hist. Camb. ii. 89.

267 It was at this time that the moderators were substituted for the proctors, see p. 183.

268 pp. 168, 169.

269 Cf. p. 189, the lecture.

270 The derivation is Prof. Skeat’s.

271 The school of glomery was nourishing in 1452 (Ely Register anno 1452); but a few years previously, when the statutes of King’s College were written, it was understood that grammar would be studied at Eton not at Cambridge. A century later (1549) the parliamentary commissioners introduced mathematics into the trivium where it replaced grammar. A school of grammar existed at the university side by side with the school of glomery [see the provision for the teaching of grammar at God’s House (below) and Peterhouse and Clare p. 153 of the last chapter]. As late as 1500 there was a magister grammaticae and a magister glomeriae, who, in ejus defectu, is represented by proctors (Stat. Cant.). “The Master of Grammar shall be browght by the Bedyll to the Place where the Master of Glomerye dwellyth, at iij of the Clocke, and the Master of Glomerye shall go before, and his eldest son nexte him.” A.D. 1591 (Stokys in G. Peacock). By Fuller’s time the master of glomery had ceased to exist. His work seems to have resembled the preparatory work of the Previous Examinations at the university to-day.
In the Curteys Register of Bury-St.-Edmund’s (in the time of Abbot Sampson xii c.) we have the students of dialectic distinguished from the students of grammar and the latter from other scholars—“dialecticos glomerellos seu discipulos,” and “glomerellos seu discipulos indistincte”; surely a clear reference to two branches of the trivium. The use of the word glomerel in O.E. law to signify an officer who adjusts disputes between scholars and townsmen, is obviously the result of a misinterpretation of Balsham’s rescript of 1276 “Inprimis volumus et ordinamus quod magister glomeriae Cant. qui pro tempore fuerit, audiat et dicedat universas glomerellorum ex parte rea existentium.... Ita quod sive sint scholares sive laici qui glomerellos velint convenire... per viam judicialis indaginis, hoc faciat coram magistro glomeriae....” The form of the latter’s oath to the Archdeacon of Ely and the functions which fell to the master of glomery when the school became decadent, may also have led to the mistake (which was made by Spelman as regards the Cambridge glomerels). Cf. i. p. 14, iv. p. 207 n., and Fuller, Prickett-Wright Ed. pp. 52-4. The second of these editors, indeed, was the first to call attention (in 1840) to the irrefutable evidence in the Cole and Baker MSS. as to the meaning of master and school of glomery, and to light on the confirmation from the university of Orléans in the verses of the troubadour Rutebeuf. For glomery, see also Peacock, Appendix A, xxxii-xxxvi.
The foundation of God’s House in 1439 was due to Parson Byngham’s zealous desire to remedy “the default and lack of scolemaisters of gramer,” following on the Black Death. In a touching letter to the king (Henry VI.) Byngham points out “how greatly the clergy of your realm is like to be empeired and febled” by the default, and relates that “over the est parte of the wey ledyng from Hampton” to Coventry alone, “and no ferther north yan Rypon,” 70 schools were empty for lack of teachers. “For all liberall sciences used in your seid universitees certein lyflode is ordeyned, savyng only for gramer.”

272 See chapter i. p. 33.

273 Royal Injunctions to the university of 1535, requiring the denial of papal supremacy. “King Henry stung with the dilatory pleas of the canonists at Rome in point of his marriage, did in revenge destroy their whole hive throughout his own universities,” Fuller. The last Cambridge doctor in canon law “commenced” in this reign.

274 The usual course is to take the special medical examinations with the First Part of the natural sciences tripos. Sometimes however these are taken in addition to the ordinary B.A. degree. The last of the three M.B. examinations is divided into two parts, of which Part I. is taken at the end of the fourth year of medical study, and Part II. after six years, three of which must have been spent in medical and surgical practice and hospital work. The keeping of the “act” is not intended to be a mere form, and students are advised to prepare for it during the years of their hospital practice.

275 The degrees of bachelor of surgery (a registrable qualification) and master of surgery require no separate examination; the candidate must have done all that is required of a bachelor of medicine; but bachelors of surgery who are not also masters of arts cannot incept until three years have passed since they took the B.C., and masters of arts must have become legally qualified surgeons.

276 Whitgift’s thesis for the D.D. degree (1570) was “Papa est ille anti-Christus“—‘the pope is himself anti-Christ.’

277 Erasm. Epist. (London 1642), Liber secundus, Epist. 10. Letter to Bullock dated from the Palace at Rochester, August 31, 1516.

278 Or were relegated to the previous examinations.

279 Till then it had meant Aristotle: the statutes of Queens’ and Christ’s, framed within 50 years of one another, provide for its teaching—“the natural, moral, and metaphysical philosophy of Aristotle”; and even in Fuller’s time these metaphysics were the study of the bachelor of arts: “Let a sophister begin with his axioms, a batchelor of art proceed to his metaphysicks, a master to his mathematicks, and a divine conclude with his controversies and comments on scripture....”
Philosophy, meaning Aristotle, had come in to disturb the peace and the sufficiency of the old ‘seven arts.’

280 William Everett, M.A., 1865.

281 It has been said that senior wranglers are hidden in country rectories and are never heard of again. In a hundred and sixty years (1747-1906) there have been eight senior wranglers who could be placed in the first rank as mathematicians and physicists:

Herschell 1813	Adams 1843
Airy 1823	Todhunter 1848
Stokes 1841	Routh 1854
Cayley 1842	Rayleigh 1865

Paley, in 1763, was the first distinguished senior wrangler. On the other hand Colenso Whewell and Lord Kelvin were second wranglers, so was the geometrician Sylvester; de Morgan and Pritchard were fourth wranglers; the learned Porteous was tenth wrangler, Lord Manners (Lord Chancellor of Ireland) was 5th, Lord Ellenborough (Lord Chief Justice) 3rd, Lord Lyndhurst (Lord Chancellor) second.

282 Another distinguished Oxonian, and East Anglian, Grosseteste, attempted in the xiii c. the re-introduction of Greek into England; but the foreign linguists whom he invited to St. Albans left no successors.

283 The west countryman Grocyn (b. 1442) who learnt his Greek in Italy and returned to teach it in Oxford was, chronologically, the first English classical scholar since the revival of learning.

284 “All students equally contributed to his” (Croke’s) “lectures, whether they heard or heard them not.” Fuller.

285 Revivers of Greek in Cambridge.

First period: Early patrons of Greek learning, and the group round Erasmus.

1. John Fisher, b. Beverley, Yorks, 1459. Chancellor of the university, Master of Michaelhouse, President of Queens’, a co-founder of S. John’s. Though not himself a Greek classic, one of the chief instruments of its introduction into Cambridge. See also ii. pp. 120-21.

2. John Tonnys, D.D. prior at Cambridge and provincial of the Augustinians. Ob. 1510. One of the first men in the university to desire to learn Greek.

3. John Caius, ii. pp. 141-2 (lectured in Greek at Padua after leaving Cambridge).

4. Erasmus, D.D. Queens’, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, and lecturer in Greek. Befriended by Fisher, Warham, Tunstall, and Fox, but opposed by the Oxonian Lee, Abp. of York. Left Cambridge 1513.

5. Richard Fox (Bishop of Winchester) Master of Pembroke College. Introduces Greek learning into his college of Corpus Christi, Oxford, and founds the first Greek lectureship at the sister university.

6. Cuthbert Tunstall (Balliol Oxford, King’s Hall Cambridge, and university of Padua) b. 1474. Ob. 1559. Bishop of Durham.

7. Henry Bullock, fellow of Queens’ and vice-chancellor.

8. John Bryan, fellow of King’s, ob. 1545. Lectured on Greek before the appointment of Croke.

9. Robert Aldrich, fellow of King’s, senior proctor 1523-4, Bp. of Carlisle.

10. Richard Croke or Crooke, scholar of King’s 1506; later a pupil of Grocyn’s; studied Greek in Italy at the charges of Abp. Warham. Greek tutor to Henry VIII. Appointed first Reader in Greek at Cambridge 1519; and was first Public Orator. Afterwards professor of Greek at Oxford.

11. Tyndale, b. circa 1486, ob. 1536 (resided at Cambridge between 1514-1521, and owed his Greek to that university). Left Oxford for Cambridge, as Erasmus had done, probably on account of the sworn hostility at Oxford to classical learning. See his “Answer” to Sir Thomas More, written in 1530 (Mullinger, The University of Cambridge p. 590).

Greek Classics, Second period.

Roger Ascham, b. 1515, fellow of S. John’s. Reader in Greek and Public Orator in the university. Tutor to Mary, Elizabeth, and Lady Jane Grey.

Sir Thomas Smith, b. 1514, LL.D. Queens’. Regius Professor of Law and Reader in Greek at Cambridge, and Public Orator.

Sir John Cheke, b. 1514 at Cambridge, fellow of S. John’s. First Regius Professor of Greek. [”Thy age, like ours, O soul of Sir John Cheek | Hated not learning worse than toad or asp, | When thou taught’st Cambridge, and King Edward, Greek” (Milton).]

Nicholas Carr, fellow of Pembroke, who replaced Cheke. Ob. Cambs. 1568-9. (As with other Cambridge men he joined science and classics, and afterwards became a doctor of physic.)

Richard Cox, scholar of King’s (v. pp. 272-4). One of the introducers of Greek and the new learning into Oxford.

Francis Dillingham, fellow of Christ’s. One of the translators of the English bible.

Dr. Thomas Watts, of Caius, who endowed 7 “Greek scholars” at Pembroke College in the xvi century.

A few later names.

Augustine Bryan, ob. 1726, Trinity College,
Jeremiah Markland, b. 1693, fellow and tutor of Peterhouse.
Richard Bentley, 1662-1742, of S. John’s, Master of Trinity.
Richard Porson, 1759-1808, scholar and fellow of Trinity, Regius Professor of Greek.
Thirlwall, b. 1797, fellow of Trinity, Bishop of S. David’s.
W. H. Thompson, ob. 1886, Trinity. Regius Professor of Greek, Master of Trinity.
Sir R. C. Jebb, ob. 1906, Trinity, Regius Professor of Greek.

Revivers of Greek in Oxford.

1. William Selling. Got his love of Greek from Italy. Taught at Canterbury. Afterwards of All Souls’ Oxford.

2. Linacre, b. circa 1460 and studied at Canterbury with Selling, and at Oxford under Vitelli, but learnt his Greek in Italy. Lectured in Oxford on physic. Tutor to Prince Arthur. Ob. 1524.

Inspired by
Linacre to start
for Italy to
learn Greek.

{3. Grocyn b. Bristol 1442. New and Exeter Colleges, Oxford. The first to lecture on Greek.
{4. William Latymer, educated at Padua, but afterwards a fellow at Oxford.
{5. William Lily, b. Hants. 1468, learnt Greek at Rhodes and Rome.

6. Colet, b. 1466. At Oxford and Paris; learnt Greek in Italy.
7. Thomas More, b. 1480. Learnt Greek with Linacre and Grocyn.
8. Richard Pace.

286 Namely “in King’s Hall, King’s, S. John’s and Christ’s Colleges, Michaelhouse, Peterhouse, Gonville, Trinity Hall, Pembroke Hall, Queens’, Jesus, and Buckingham Colleges, Clare Hall and Benet College.” Royal Injunctions of 1535.

287 The ancient pronunciation of Latin (so far as it can be recovered) has been taught, as an alternative, at Cambridge for the last 25 years, and has of late been widely adopted there, as elsewhere. Perhaps at the bottom of the preference for English Latin there lies the notion that without it Latin would no longer be the English scholar’s second tongue. The simple retort is that with it Latin is no longer (has not been for centuries) a common medium, the second tongue, of European scholars. Anglicised Greek is due to Sir John Cheke and Sir Thomas Smith, though it was promptly abolished at the time by Stephen Gardiner then chancellor of the university, and opposed also by Caius. “Nor mattereth it if foreigners should dissent, seeing hereby we Englishmen shall understand one another,” so Fuller explains the position.

288 Paley continued to keep his traditional hold on Cambridge through the divinity paper in the “Little Go” which is based upon the “Evidences for Christianity.” On the other hand logic has recaptured the place which Aristotle held in the general curriculum by being admitted, since 1884, as the alternative subject for Paley’s “Evidences.”

289 Lord Maynard of Wicklow (S. John’s College) endowed a professor of logic at Cambridge in the reign of James I., with £40-50 a year.
For university activity in philosophy in the xvii c. see chapter v. pp. 284-90.

290 One must not forget, however, that both the remarkable men who planted the study of the experimental sciences in Cambridge were distinguished ‘classics’ as well as scientists.

291 Letter of Vice-Chancellor Byng to Burleigh then chancellor of the university, 14 Dec. 1572, in which he advises him of a “greate oversighte of Dr. Caius” who had long kept “superstitious monuments in his college.” “I could hardly have been perswadid,” he continues, “that suche things by him had been reservid.”
“Some since have sought to blast his memory by reporting him a papist; no great crime to such who consider the time when he was born, and foreign places wherein he was bred: however this I dare say in his just defence, he never mentioneth protestants, but with due respect, and sometimes, occasionally, doth condemn the superstitious credulity of popish miracles.... We leave the heat of his faith to God’s sole judgment, and the light of his good works to men’s imitation,” writes old Fuller.

292 Chairs of anatomy, botany, geology, and astronomy had been created in the first quarter of that century. See also Peterhouse p. 153.

293 For the natural sciences professorships, see pp. 190-92, and n. p. 192.

294 “In barb’rous Latin doom’d to wrangle” writes Byron of the Cambridge of his time.

295 The year is counted from the beginning of the academic year, i.e. Oct. 1747—the first degrees were taken in 1748.

296 A classified list of civil law graduates exists from the year 1815. There used to be a university title S.C.L. (Student of Civil Law) in relation to the civil law classes. The Act of 20-21 Vict., disestablishing civil law in the courts, led to a revolution of law studies at Cambridge. From then dates the abolition of the old quaint ceremonies and disputations connected with this faculty.

297 From 1870, before the creation of the history tripos, examinations were conducted in a mixed law and history tripos.

298 Among educational reformers in the second half of the xviii c. Dr. John Jebb must not be omitted. To him is due the annual test examinations of tripos students called ‘the Mays,’ and perhaps also the “Little-Go.” He was a distinguished scientist, and member of Peterhouse.

299 Cf. chap. ii. p. 61 and chap. iv. p. 241.

300 “Poll,” [Greek: oi polloi οἱ πολλοἱ].

301 In 1835 Goulburn (afterwards Bishop of Trinidad) was second wrangler and senior classic; in 1828 Selwyn, another bishop, was senior classic and sixth wrangler. For the 2 triposes cf. iv. p. 238 n.

302 “Within 2-1/2 miles in a direct line” from Great S. Mary’s. For the academic year see iv. p. 241, and n. p. 182.

303 Part I. of most of the divided triposes entitles to the degree. Advanced and research students (p. 241) are entitled to the B.A. and higher degrees after receiving a “certificate of research” and residing for 6 terms at the university.

304 The Previous Examination or “Little-Go,” as it is popularly called, consists of two parts, the first containing 5 papers on (a) one of the four Gospels in Greek (set book) (b) a Latin classic (set book) (c) a Greek classic (set book) (d) simple unprepared passages in Latin (e) simple Latin and Greek syntax. Since 1884 a Greek or Latin classic may be substituted for the Greek Gospel. Part II., since June 1903, consists of 5 papers on (1) Paley’s Evidences, for which since 1884, elementary logic may be substituted (2) geometry (3) arithmetic (4) elementary algebra (5) subjects for an English essay from some standard English work or works. Until 1903 the geometry paper was exclusively on Euclid’s lines, and required knowledge of the first three books and of parts of the vth and vith books. To qualify for admission to an ‘Honours’ examination a student must pass in certain subjects ‘additional’ to the ordinary Previous Examination. He is now allowed to choose between (1) additional Mathematics (Mechanics and Trigonometry) (2) French (3) German.
A student must satisfy the examiners both as to grammar and orthography in answering the questions—a last relic of the grammar studies of the university!
The General Examination, taken by those who read for the ordinary degree, includes (in Pt. I.) (1) a Greek classic (2) Latin classic (3) mechanics (4) simple trigonometry [(5) English passages for translation into Latin prose]. (Pt. II.) (1) The Acts of the Apostles in Greek (2) English history, selected period (3) subjects for an English essay, from the selected period (4) elementary hydrostatics and heat [(5) a paper on a Shakespeare play or on Milton’s works]. The 5th paper in each part is not obligatory.
The Cambridge General Examination for the ordinary degree leaves much to be desired.
The Special Examination for the ordinary degree may be in one of the following subjects: (a) Theology (b) Political Economy (c) Law (d) History (e) Chemistry (f) Physics (g) Modern Languages (h) Mathematics (i) Classics (k) Logic (l) Geology (m) Botany (n) Zoology (o) Physiology (p) Mechanism and Applied Science (q) Agricultural Science (r) Music. The standard for the subjects k, l, m, n, o, is that of the papers on those subjects in the first part of the moral and natural sciences triposes. The standard in the Theological Special examination may be judged from the following: Pt. I. (1) Outlines of O. T. history (2) a gospel in Greek [(3) history of the Jews from the close of O. T. history to the fall of Jerusalem]. Pt. II. (1) Selected portions of historical and prophetical books (2) one or more of the epistles in Greek (3) outlines of English Church history to 1830 [(4) selected portion of historical books of O. T. in Hebrew. (5) outlines of Early Church history to the death of Leo the Great. (6) paper on a selected period of English Church history]. (7) Essay subjects on the subject matter of papers (1) (2) and (3). But paper (3) in Pt. I. and 4, 5, and 6 in Pt. II. are not obligatory. Law Special examination:—Pt. I. (a) some branch of English constitutional law (b) English criminal law [(c) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. Pt. II. (1) elementary English law relating to real property (2) English law of contract or tort, or similar. [(3) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. (4) Essay on the subject matter of (1) and (2).
The first part of the Historical Special examination consists of 3 papers on English history before 1485, the third on a special period being optional. Pt. II. contains 5 papers (1) outline of general English history from 1485-1832. (2) outlines of English constitutional history for the same period (3) a period or a subject in foreign history (4) a special period of English history. [(5) an essay, optional]. The Mathematical Special is all elementary. The Classical Special is on the lines of the Previous Examination—set papers on portions of two Greek and Latin prose and two Greek and Latin poetic authors; to which is added an unprepared Greek and an unprepared Latin translation and a Latin prose composition. The papers on Greek and Roman history belonging to Pt. I. (Greek) or Pt. II. (Latin) are optional. Candidates for all these examinations may present themselves again in case of failure.
The standard of the tripos examination may be gauged by the following examination schedules for (A) Classics (B) Moral Sciences. (A) Pt. I. 15 papers—4 composition papers; 5 translation; (10) History of words and forms, and syntax, in both classical languages. (11) Short Greek and Latin passages relating to history and antiquities of Greece and Rome for translation and comment. (12) A paper on history and antiquities. (13) Same as 11, with reference to Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, sculpture and architecture. (14) Same as 12 (the questions on Greek philosophy being on portion of a set book). (15) Essay.
Pt. II. Examination in 1 or 2 of the 5 following sections: (1) Literature and criticism (2) ancient philosophy. (3) history. (4) archaeology. (5) language. The following are examples of Sections (1) and (5): I. (a) Questions on the history of Greek literature and passages illustrating Greek literary history or criticism for translation and comment. (b) The same, Latin. (c) Passages from Greek and Latin authors for interpretation, grammatical comment, or emendation; on the paleography and history of Greek and Latin MSS., and the principles of textual criticism; questions on textual criticism of a Greek or Latin author (set book). (d) A special author (set book) or a special department of Greek or Latin literature. (e) paper of essays. V. (a) Greek etymology and history of Greek dialects. Greek syntax. (b) Latin, collated with cognate Italic dialects, and syntax. (c) Easy passages from Sanskrit authors (set books) for translation and comment, and simple Sanskrit grammar. (d) and last, general questions on the comparative grammar and syntax of the Indo-European languages. Early Indo-European civilisation. Indo-European accent. Greek and Italic alphabets. The Italic dialects. The whole of these two examinations, with the exception of one portion of paper 14 in Pt. I. and one portion of papers c and d in Pt. II. Section I., deal with unseen Greek and Latin authors.
(B) Moral Sciences:—Pt. I. Psychology (2 papers). Standpoint, data, and methods of psychology. Its fundamental conceptions and hypotheses. Relations of psychology to physics, physiology, and metaphysics. (a) analysis of consciousness. (b) sensation and physiology of the senses—perception. (c) Images and ideas. (d) Thought and formation of concepts. Judgment. (e) Emotions, and theories of emotional expression. (f) Volition—pleasure and pain—conflict of emotions. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge on these subjects is required, plus a knowledge of the physiology of the senses and nervous system, etc., and of mental pathology in its relation to psychology.]
Logic (2 papers). Province of logic, formal and material. Relation of logic to psychology, and to the theory of knowledge. (a) names and concepts, definition and division, predicables. (b) classification of judgments and propositions. Theory of the import of propositions. (c) laws of thought, syllogisms, symbolic logic. (d) induction and deduction. (e) observation and experiment, hypotheses, classification, theory of probabilities. (f) inference and proof. Fallacies. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge of these subjects and of the controversies connected with them is required.]
Ethics (1 paper), (a) moral judgment, intuition, and reasoning, motives, pleasure and pain, free will and determinism, (b) ends of moral action—right and wrong—moral sanctions—obligation—duty—pleasures and pains. (c) types of moral character. Principles of social and political justice. (d) The moral faculty, its origin and development. (e) relation of ethics to psychology, sociology, and politics.
Two papers on political economy and an essay paper exhaust Pt. I.
For those who proceed to Pt. II., two papers on metaphysical and moral philosophy (as below) must be answered, one on the general history of modern philosophy, and one or two of the 3 following papers (A) Psychology II.; (B) Logic II.; (Special) history of modern philosophy (subject announced each year); or (C) papers in politics and in advanced political economy:
Metaphysical and moral philosophy:—(a) analysis of knowledge, material and formal elements of knowledge, self-consciousness, uniformity and continuity of experience. (b) identity and difference, relation, space and time, unity and number, substance, cause. (c) certainty, and necessities of thought. (d) fundamental assumptions of physical science—causality, continuity etc. (e) sources and limits of knowledge, relativity of knowledge, phenomena, and things in themselves. (f) fundamental assumptions of ethics, absolute and relative ethics, intuitionism, utilitarianism, evolutionism, transcendentalism. (g) mechanical and dynamical theories of matter, relations of mind and matter, problem of the external world, idealism, dualism, freedom of intelligence, and of will, good and evil in the universe, teleology.

305 Even if the candidate answer most of the tripos papers the conditions of the aegrotat degree preclude his being placed in any one of the classes. Edmund Spenser the poet and Lancelot Andrewes the scholar-bishop were both on the aegrotat list of Pembroke College—in 1571—before, however, this necessarily implied absence from any of the university “acts.”

306 Since going to press, this change has been effected.

307 See chap. iv. p. 225.

308 This professorship was an expansion of the natural science lectureships founded by the great Linacre.

309 A chair of history was endowed by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, with £100 a year, in the reign of Charles I. It no longer exists.

310 A list of the professorships, with date of creation and emoluments, and of the readers and lecturers, appears in the University Calendar every year.
There were no less than 7 chairs of medicine and natural science before 1851 when the tripos was created. The chairs existed, but with no scientific school to support them.

311 In 1524 the executors of Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, endowed tres liberae lecturae in humane letters, logic, and philosophy; and many distinguished men have been invited to deliver this annual lecture. The Hulsean lecture was founded in the xviii c.
The first exhibitions were founded in the xiii c. by Kilkenny, 9th Bishop of Ely, Balsham’s predecessor, for “2 priests studying divinity in Cambridge.”

312 Towards the end of the xv c. we have several instances of papal degrees conferred on members of religious orders which were followed by incorporation and full membership of Cambridge university. Thus frater Steele “of Rome” was incorporated in 1492, and frater Raddyng as a doctor five years later.

313 1539 Eligius Ferrers, D.D.; 1544 a Venetian B.A. ad eundem; 1559, circa, a B.D.; 1615 an M.A. created B.D.; 1617 the same; 1619 an M.A.; 1635 the archdeacon of Essex M.A., is created B.D.

314 Archbishop Sumner (1848-62) 120 degrees; Langley (1862-68) 46; Tait (1868-82) 101; Benson (1882-96) 55; Temple (1896-1903) 12.

315 Degrees in the 3 faculties are conferred without examination. Since Aug. 1858 degrees in medicine have carried with them no qualification to practise.
All candidates for the M.A. must pass an examination in preliminary arithmetic, Greek gospels, and English language and literature: the two classical languages, modern languages, mathematics, mental and moral sciences, and the natural sciences, forming 6 subjects from which the candidate must choose two, and the standard enforced being “that of candidates for honours at the universities.” The Stamp Duty and other expenses reach at least £55.

316 An ad eundem was given in 1501 to a Roman graduate by grace of the Senate.

317 See iv. p. 218.

318 Cf. ii. pp. 52-3.

319 The cancellarius scholasticus of a cathedral chapter.

[320] The earliest chancellor of whom we have a mention belongs to the year 1246 (Baker MSS.). A list of chancellors exists from the year 1283, and is reprinted in Carter, History of the University. Among xiv c. chancellors belonging to great families, we have—

Stephen Segrave	1303-6
Richard le Scrope	1378
Guy de Zouche	1379
John de Cavendish	1380
John de Burgh	1385.

See v. p. 307 n. The name recorded in 1246 is Hugo de Hottun (Hatton?).

321 By acts of the university 1504 and 1514.

322 Fuller places the first vice-chancellor in the year 1417, after Stephen le Scrope and Repingale Bishop of Chichester had held the chancellorship—1414 and 1415. Men “of great employment” began then to fill the position, and hence, he says, the necessity. 1454 is however the date of the earliest vice-chancellor usually given, and there were only intermittent appointments between then and 1500. In that year Richard Fox was chancellor, and Henry Babington vice-chancellor, and was succeeded in 1501 by John Fisher who filled both offices. In 1413 a friar was chosen as “president” of the university in the absence of Chancellor Billingford sent by Henry V. with the Bishop of Ely and the chancellor of the sister university to Rome.

323 In this body, which was created by act of 19th-20th Vict., are concentrated the powers of the houses of regents and non-regents, the ancient governing body of the university. Its 10 members are chosen from the roll.

324 The high steward is elected in the same way as the chancellor. He appoints a deputy who must be approved by the senate. The Cambridge high stewardship has been frequently held by favourites of the sovereign; Elizabeth gave it to Leicester, and Henry VII. to Empson. The present holder, Lord Walsingham, bears a name intimately connected with the history of the university.

325 At the last parliamentary election, January 1906, the university electorate numbered 6972.

326 The proctors are appointed according to a statutory cycle—they are nominated by the colleges in turn, two colleges nominating each year. The proctors at Oxford originally represented the north countrymen and the south countrymen. Entries of Cambridge proctors exist from 1350. The office, of course, is kin to that of the procurator of monastic orders; and the Cambridge proctors supervised Stourbridge fair, the markets, weights and measures, and all those matters which affected the supply of provisions for the university or its finances: to which were added their scholastic functions.

327 The first public orator was Richard Croke; Sir T. Smith, Sir J. Cheke, Roger Ascham, and George Herbert the poet, all held the office. Caius supposes that the master of glomery was university orator, whose duty it was to entertain princes and peers and to indite the epistles of the university on great occasions. He supposes also that as “senior regent” he collected and counted the suffrages in all congregations: the Statutes however show us this officer in company with two junior regents sorting the votes cast for the proctors. See also iii. p. 164 n.

328 Thus a guild order in 1389 runs: the alderman “ssal sende forthe the bedel to alle the bretheren and the systeren.”

329 We find Archbishop Laud writing of Oxford: “If the university would bring in some bachelors of art to be yeomen-bedels... they which thrived well and did good service might after be preferred to be esquire-bedels.”

330 The first esquire or armiger bedell on the Cambridge register is Physwick in the xiv c.; no one else is entered for this office till 1498 when Philip Morgan held it. After him there is another esquire bedell in 1500. The yeoman bedell probably stood in the same relation to the esquire bedell as the trumpeter to the herald. The herald did not blow his own trumpet and the esquire bedell of the university was doubtless not a macebearer. The original two bedells, nevertheless, used to go before the chancellor and masters virgam deferentes; and Balsham in 1275 arranges that the bedell of the master of glomery shall not carry his stave on these occasions, but only when on his superior’s own business. A bedell is mentioned in the xiii c. hostel statute referred to on p. 51.

331 Letter of Rennell to Stratford Canning, Nov. 16, 1807.

332 Until 1534 only those who had graduated doctor were elected to the office.

333 Principal (see vi. p. 339 n.), warden, keeper, proctor, and rector are all titles which at one time or another were familiar in Cambridge.

334 In the xviii c. the colleges had already 4 lecturers in rhetoric, logic, ethics, and Greek. Cf. the provisions in the statutes of Christ’s College xvi c. The college bursar, the purse-bearer of his college, is its treasurer and oeconomus: a senior and junior bursar are appointed.

335 The decreasing value of the statutable stipends in the xvii c. led to the adoption (in 1630) of the new scale of payments.

336 He signed the university instrument which was presented to Henry renouncing the pope’s supremacy; Ridley, who was proctor at the time, signed after him.

337 From 1741 two chaplains were appointed in each college, to replace the fellows who before this used to take the chapel services in rotation. The Trinity College rule which provided that a fellow engaged in instruction in his college for ten years kept his fellowship for life or until he married, made the first rift in the obligation to take orders within a certain period after election, or forfeit the fellowship.

338 An American student, 20 years before the abolition of the Religious Test Act, was scandalised at the manner in which the reception of the sacrament was used as a mere condition for obtaining the certificate of fitness for orders. Men who had not made 3 communions in their college chapel during their stay, came up afterwards for the purpose, and received thereupon a document certifying that they had entirely satisfied “the vice-chancellor and the 8 senior fellows” of their fitness for their vocation.

339 In the same century Hobson, who died in 1630 at a great age, was the famous Cambridge carrier and kept the first livery stable in England. His numerous clients would find a large stable full of steeds from which “to choose” (with bridle whip and even boots provided); but everyone was expected to take the horse next the door: hence ‘Hobson’s choice,’ which has become an English household phrase, as has another Cantab expression, ‘constitutionalize’ for walking. Yet another phrase is ‘tawdry,’ the name given to the flimsy gaily coloured chains which were sold at Barnwell (now Midsummer) fair on the eve of S. Awdrey’s day. Hobson was immortalised by verses of Milton’s.

340 Colleges were not at first built for the ‘undergraduate.’ The scholar of the xiii, xiv, and xv centuries was the socius (fellow) of to-day. His clerical position was that of a young man in minor orders, his scholastic that of a bachelor in art. He attended the schools of the doctors and masters, and was assisted by his fellowship and by exhibitions in the learned faculties to study for the degrees (master of art, and doctor in the faculties). The pensioner, who might or might not be an undergraduate in standing and who lived at his own charges, was provided for in the hostel. It was not till the visitation of 1401 that we find socii and scholares distinguished; and when King’s College was founded in the same half century its scholars were young students and nothing else. Nevertheless, although such was the original conception of the endowed college—at Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Pembroke, Corpus—the later developments were outlined from the first. The bible clerks at Peterhouse were poor students not of the standing of bachelors, and a proviso in the statutes enabled the college to maintain “2 or 3 indigent scholars well grounded in grammar” when its funds shall permit. At Clare (1359) the sizar was regularly recognised. At Pembroke (1347) there were in addition to the “major scholars” 6 “minor scholars” who might fit themselves to be major scholars. At King’s Hall (Statutes Ric. II.) boys from 14 years old were admitted. At Christ’s (1505) the standing of the scholar was defined by requiring him to give instruction in sophistry; but the pensioner was contemplated for the first time as a regular inmate of the college. In fact the perendinant who ate at the college tables became, before the middle of the xv c., the commensalis; the class being fully recognised 50 years later in the convivae of Christ’s. There were no fewer than 778 convivae or pensioners in the colleges in the time of Caius 1574.
As to the age at which youths went up, it was not until the xix c. that the university was finally regarded as the complement to a full ‘college’ (public school) course elsewhere. The grammar boys at Clare and Peterhouse, the richer youths at King’s Hall, and the glomery students, must always have kept Cambridge peopled with little lads: but when grammar disappeared altogether (in the xvi c.) from the university curriculum, scholars continued to go up very young. In the xvi c. Wyatt went to S. John’s at 12, Bacon and his elder brother to Trinity at 12 and 14; Spenser was in his 16th year. In the xvii c. George Herbert was 15, so was Andrew Marvell, Milton had not attained his 15th year; Newton went to Trinity at 17, and Herschell to S. John’s at the same age. Pitt was a precocious exception in the xviii c. at 14.
All the scholars of the early colleges were to be indigent; the one exception was King’s Hall, but the proviso appears again in the statutes for King’s College.
We may note that All Souls’ Oxford retains the characteristic of the ancient college foundations, in being a college of fellows only. The title “students” for the fellows of Christchurch recalls the same intention.

341 When Gresham went to Gonville in Hen. VIII.’s time the fellow-commoner had just made his appearance. Cambridge was full of them in the reign of Elizabeth.

342 Jeremy Taylor was a sizar, Newton and Bentley sub-sizars.

343 Statutes of Christ’s College.

344 The scholars of Eton were directed to recite the Matins of our Lady while making their beds.

345 This right was given up in 1856. The legal powers and privileges of the university date from the xiii c. and the reign of Henry III.: Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetis is the clause inserted in 1261 in the matter of a quarrel between students from the north and south parts of the realm. The privileges granted to the university by Edward III. include the power of imprisoning offenders; and even the king’s writ could not be invoked to free them. In the 10th year of Edward’s reign the university chancellor maintained this right both over scholar and townsman. The oath taken by the mayor of Cambridge to maintain the “privileges liberties and customs of the university” dates from the same reign (when the mayor bailiffs and aldermen were obliged to swear to respect the chancellor’s rights). When the riots of 1381 led to a suspension of the town charter its privileges were transferred to the university, till the restoration of the charter in 1832.

346 The vice-chancellor’s court for persons in statu pupillari is composed of the vice-chancellor and six heads of colleges elected by grace.

347 It will be observed that the academic dean possesses disciplinary functions like his predecessor and prototype the monastic dean. The academic dean is also the presiding official at the chapel services.

348 Undergraduates may not give entertainments in taverns or public halls without permission of their tutor: even then more than 5 men in statu pupillari cannot meet together in a public place without a further permit from the proctor.
It was agreed in 1856 that the licence of any ale house was liable to be revoked if a complaint in writing was made by the vice-chancellor to the Justices of the Peace.

349 Lodging house keepers sign a hard and fast undertaking with the Lodging-house Syndicate. They cannot let to other than members of the university without permission.

350 The tutor probably made his first appearance at King’s Hall; his office was firmly established by the middle of the xvi c. (later Statutes of Clare College, 1551), and marks the epoch when students other than those on the foundation were also firmly established as college inmates. Before the xviii c., however, the official tutor of to-day was not known; any fellow whom the master designated filled the post. In some colleges the tutor is appointed for life; at Trinity for a term of 10 years.

351 Like all other items of headgear the derivatives of the hood acquired ceremonial significance. The removable hood of the xiv c., which was slung over the shoulder or attached to the arm, became the capuce of the dignified clergy, of the doctors in the 3 faculties, rectors of colleges, and others in authority. It is preserved to-day in the pellegrino of the Roman Church. The hood itself appears to have gained this ceremonial importance in the xv c.; and it is in the middle of that century that the hood as head-gear disappears, and is replaced by the various caps and bonnets which were formed from it.

352 The amess was a capuce of fur.

353 Statutes of Peterhouse 1338-1342. The same is prescribed for the junior students of King’s Hall (temp. Richard II.). Precisely the same regulations—for the tonsure and vestis talaris—were made for the scholar at the university of Paris.

354 This accorded with the custom at Bologna and at Salamanca (xiv c.)—una capa scolastica... foderata sufficienter pellibus pecudis. At Salamanca each scholar received annually one cappa lined with sheepskin, and one unlined, and a lined hood.

355 The object of most of the rules regarding scholars’ dress seems to have been to enforce sumptuary restrictions, and impose something clerical and sober in appearance—decenter et honeste are the words used in the statutes of King’s Hall. The same is true of similar regulations in Italian universities.

356 The cappa (with a hood?) probably constituted the speciem scholasticam which pseudo-scholars in the town were forbidden to imitate. (Statuta Antiqua, statute 42.)

357 An order of the time of Henry V. (documents Nos. 90, 91 in the Registry) requires the Cambridge bachelors to dress like those at Oxford; which probably referred to the black capuce or hood of the Oxford bachelor?

358 This feat was celebrated by verses inscribed: Mutantque Quadrata Rotundit. A square cap (called both ‘scholastic’ and ‘ecclesiastical’) was recognised as the proper head-gear for Cambridge fellows graduates and foundation-scholars in the later xvi. c. Pensioners were to wear a round cap.

359 For the coloured gown see infra.

360 The pileum placed on the head of the new master of arts in the xv? and xvi centuries, probably symbolised the termination of the status pupillaris. Cf. Haec mera libertas, hoc nobis pilea donant; and servos ad pileum vocare (Livy). The tall silk hat signified the same thing. It was worn by young M.A.’s, and by the ‘Hat-fellow-commoners,’ and is still worn by M.A.’s on a visit to their alma mater though not by resident ‘dons.’

361 This was not worn at Trinity, King’s, and one or two other colleges.

362 It is interesting to note that the Scotch universities retain the violet gown. The Scots’ College in Rome (founded in 1600) dresses its collegians in a violet cassock, over which is a black soprana.

363 Bachelors of arts whether they be scholars reading for a fellowship or young graduates preparing for the ‘Second Part’ of a tripos, are still in statu pupillari. Perhaps, then, the more important gown, the bachelor’s, retained this vestige of the older dress which has been lost in the modification undergone by the undergraduates’. That the strings indicate a state of dependence is confirmed by their being found on the dress of the pope’s lay chamberlains called camerieri di cappa e spada; the papal palfrey men and other domestics being also provided with them.

364 A custom now dying out.

365 Christopher Wordsworth became Master of his college.

366 Studies were much later additions in the colleges, and at first a room would be fitted with 8 or 10 ‘studies,’ alcoves or cabinets 5 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., which would be eagerly hired by students. Sometimes the studies were furnished by the pensioners with the necessary desk and shelves. No attempt at decoration of college rooms appears to have been made till the poet Gray placed scented flowers in his window and bought Japanese vases of the blue and white china afterwards to become so fashionable—which caused much remark. When young peers came up to Cambridge attended by their tutor and an ample suite the colleges were much put about to lodge them, and we find Lady Rutland as early as 1590 sending hangings for her son’s with-drawing-room at Corpus.

367 The enmity of ‘town and gown,’ a consequence, no doubt, of the thronging of our university towns with an alien population, is traditional, and we first hear of it in 1249 before any colleges were built. Fifty years later (in 1305) the townsmen attacked the gownsmen, wounding and beating both masters and scholars “to the manifest delaying of their study” says the King’s letter on the subject (33rd of Edw. I.). Bad relations between ‘town and gown’ prevailed throughout the reign of Elizabeth. Cf. v. p. 261.

368 The allowance per head per week for food or “commons” was at Michaelhouse 12d. in 1324, and no more was allowed in the xvi c. at Christ’s and S. John’s. The allowance at Jesus College was 4d. a week in excess of this, and this was the sum which Archbishop Arundel had sanctioned for fellows’ commons earlier in the century (1405). Peterhouse statutes made no provision, but the Bishop of Ely as visitor restricted commons to 14d. a week in 1516. Mullinger, Hist. Univ. Camb. p. 461.

369 Undergraduates have perhaps shown a tendency to get out of hand since the day a few years back when some of the dons invited an expression of their opinion, apparently expecting that a serious question affecting the university would receive illustration from a little hooliganism.

370 In June 1905 there were 647 tripos candidates, 146 for the Natural Sciences, 127 for History, 111 Classics, 95 Law, 63 Mathematics, 28 Mechanical Science, 25 Theology, 13 Modern Languages, 5 Moral Sciences, 5 Economics, 1 Oriental Languages. The year before Natural Sciences was also at the top of the poll with 131 graduates; the Classical came next with 112, the Mathematical 67, History 63. Some 30% therefore take Natural or Mechanical Sciences, and some of the mathematical students stay on for scientific work. The far larger number of men now take the First Part of the Mathematical, Classical, or Natural Sciences tripos in their third year, which gives them the B.A., and do not proceed to the Second Part. For the proportion of First and Second classes obtained cf. vi. p. 356 n.
It was, however, only very gradually that the classical and other triposes worked their way to an equality in popularity with the mathematical. It was not till 1884, after the division of the tripos, that the classical men were slightly in excess of the mathematical (see chap. iii.).

371 On the other hand Oxford has had 9 wins in succession.

372 The wearing of the surplice in chapel on Sundays and holidays by all undergraduates, scholars, and bachelors, is a very interesting historical survival at Cambridge, which has successfully resisted the attacks of Puritanism. It is worn by all members of a college on ‘white nights’ (vigils and feasts), and is the ancient dress of the canon and of clerks of all grades at divine service.

373 “Scarlet days” are Easter, Christmas, Ascension, Whitsunday, Trinity Sunday, All Saints, the first Sunday in November (when benefactors are commemorated) and Commencement Tuesday (the next before June 24). The vice-chancellor may appoint other days.

374 Everett, On the Cam. Everett’s father was United States ambassador at the Court of S. James’, and he himself was a graduate of Trinity College.

375 Wolsey, son of a well-to-do Suffolk butcher, was sent to Oxford, but Thomas Cromwell, who was the son of a blacksmith, probably was not educated at a university.

376 The New Sect of Latitude-men, 1662.

377 Eton—Cambridge and Oxford—3 each; Oxford had 3 from Winchester, all the rest coming from the lesser public schools, Haileybury (3), and church schools such as Radley.

378 A very interesting symptom is the recent election of an American fellow at Trinity and Christ’s Colleges.

379 In the time of Caius the number of students was 1783 (see p. 217 n.).

A.D. 1573.

Trinity held 359 of these, John’s 271, Christ’s 157, King’s 140, Clare 129, Queens’ 122. Magdalene and S. Catherine’s were the smallest with 49 and 32 respectively. The remaining 6 colleges held between 62 and 96 students each, except Jesus which had a population of 118.

A.D. 1672.

A hundred years after Caius the numbers were 2522. 3000 is about the maximum at either university since the xiii c. At Cambridge the undergraduate population at the present date (October 1906) exceeds 3200, with over 350 resident bachelors, and about 650 M.A.’s and doctors, 400 of whom are fellows.

Cf. with the figures given on p. 206. A man may keep his name on the boards of his college by a payment varying from £2 to £4 a year. The number of men “on the boards” of the university includes all those on the boards of their colleges and has grown in 150 years from 1500 (in 1748) to 13,819 in 1906-7.

380 Those marked with an asterisk are included principally for their influence on education.

381 Or Walter de Merton.

382 Raleigh was entered as a boy for Oriel College but never resided there.

383 Gladstone was by race a pure Scotsman, but was English by birth and breeding.

384 Miss Nightingale is taken as a representative of the work of Howard, Clarkson, Shaftesbury, Hannah More, Mrs. Fry, and others of the same noble army among whom she is perhaps typical for the English adventuresome and pioneer spirit.

It would not be possible to choose 40 great Englishmen whom every one should agree to be among the 40 greatest, or the best types in the lines indicated. Some great English names—as e.g. Simon de Montfort—do not appear for the same reason which excludes William the Conqueror, viz. that they were not Englishmen.

The following is a short analysis:—

(1) Men representing English Learning and education: Hild. Bede. Alcuin. Alfred. Grosseteste. William of Wykeham. Lady Margaret. Dean Colet, Ox. Bishop Fisher, C. Thomas More, Ox. Roger Ascham, C.	(2) English Churchmen: Stephen Langton. Robert Grosseteste, Ox. William of Wykeham. Fisher, C. Wolsey, Ox. Cranmer, C. Jeremy Taylor, C.	(3) English Religion: Wyclif, Ox. Lady Margaret. More, Ox. Jeremy Taylor, C. Bunyan. Wesley, Ox.	(4) English politics: Alfred. Stephen Langton. Grosseteste, Ox. Edward I. Elizabeth. Cromwell, C. Milton, C. John Locke, Ox. Pitt, C. Gladstone, Ox.
(5) Literature and makers of English language: Bede. Chaucer, C. Ascham, C. Philip Sidney, Ox. Shakespeare. Francis Bacon, C. Milton, C. Bunyan. Locke, Ox.	(6) Philosophers: Locke. Mill.	(7) English Science: Roger Bacon, Ox. Francis Bacon, C. Harvey, C. Newton, C. Darwin, C.	(8) English Adventure: Drake. Raleigh. Clive. Nelson. Nightingale.

385 See the list of dramatists below.387

386 Sonneteers: Wyatt, Cambridge. Surrey, Cambridge? Thomas Watson, Oxford? Philip Sidney, Oxford. Samuel Daniel, Oxford. Lodge, Oxford to Cambridge. Drayton, none.

387

The Dramatists.
Greene	(Cambridge).
Lyly	(Oxford to Cambridge).
Peele	(Oxford).
Lodge	(Oxford to Cambridge).
(disciple of Greene)
Christopher Marlowe	(Cambridge).
Kyd	(none).
Shakespeare	(none).
Ben Jonson	(Cambridge).
Nash	(Cambridge).
Chapman	(?)
Marston	(Oxford).
Dekker	(nothing known).
Thomas Heywood	(Cambridge).
Middleton	(nothing known).
Munday	(“The pope’s scholar in the seminary at Rome”).
Fletcher	(Cambridge).
(12 years at Benet College)
Beaumont	(Oxford).
Webster	(nothing known).
Massinger	(Oxford).
Rowley	(nothing known).
Ford	(Oxford?).
James Shirley	(Oxford to Cambridge).
The Novelists.
Richardson	(none).
Fielding	(University of Leyden).
Defoe	(none).
Steele	(Oxford).
Smollett	(none).
Sterne	(Cambridge).
Goldsmith	(none).
And the 7 great names of our century:
Jane Austen.
Scott	(none).388
The two Brontës.
Thackeray	(Cambridge).
Dickens	(none).
George Eliot.
Meredith	(none).

388 Scott attended the law classes at Edinburgh university.

389 “The first of the great English writers in whom letters asserted an almost public importance.” In the new ‘republic of letters’ Dryden was “chosen chief”; “He had done more than any man to create a literary class”; “he was the first to impress the idea of literature on the English mind.” Master “alike of poetry and prose, covering the fields both of imagination and criticism.... Dryden realized in his own personality the existence of a new power which was thenceforth to tell steadily on the world... our literature obeyed the impulse he had given it from the beginning of the eighteenth century till near its close.”—J. R. Green.

390 The first number appeared in November 1665 and was called “The Oxford Gazette,” the court being at that time at Oxford on account of the plague which was then raging in town.

391 The succession of archbishops of Canterbury from 1486 is: Cardinal Morton, Oxford; Warham (1500), neither university; Cranmer, Cambridge; Pole, Oxford; Parker, Cambridge; Grindal, Cambridge; Whitgift, Cambridge; Bancroft (1604), Cambridge.
Among the names given above, those with an asterisk were further connected with their university as founders, Masters and fellows of colleges, or as chancellors.

392 Sydenham took a medical degree at Cambridge.

393 Cf. the Duke of Exeter, ii. pp. 58 n., 156.

394 The plate of Queens’ College is preserved at Oxford to this day.

395 Chief of whom was the Earl of Manchester, like Cromwell himself a Cambridge man. Cromwell and Lord Grey of Wark had “dealt very earnestly” with the Heads of colleges to extract a loan of £6000 for the public use. The earnest dealing included shutting most of them up till midnight. Cromwell on their refusal declared he would have taken £1000; not that that sum would have been of any service, but because it would have shown that they had one of the universities on their side. All that Cambridge had, however, was sent to Charles.

396 Compton and Trelawney.

397 There had been a previous meeting at Lambeth Palace in which Turner, White, Tenison (then rector of S. Martin’s) and Compton, the suspended Bishop of London, took part. All were Cambridge men except Compton. At a consultation of London clergy Tillotson, then Dean of Canterbury, Sherlock, Master of the Temple, Stillingfleet, Archdeacon of London and Dean of S. Paul’s, and Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, supported Edward Fowler (an Oxonian) in a declaration that they were unable to publish the Indulgence. Every one of these men was from Cambridge.

398 He had not received his call in time to sign the protest of the seven bishops. Lloyd was at Cambridge, Frampton at Oxford.

399 See ii. p. 57, the dissolution of the friars of the Sack.

400 Scory, Bishop of Hereford, had been given preferment by Cranmer on the dissolution of the Dominicans; he was put into the see of the deprived Catholic bishop Day of Chichester, a King’s man, and was one of Parker’s consecrators. In 1554 he renounced his wife and did penance before Bonner. The other, Day of King’s, Bishop of Winchester and brother of the Catholic prelate, was an ardent reformer.

401 Heath of Clare College was successively Bishop of Rochester and Worcester, and Primate of York.

402 Cuthbert Tunstall, who had come to King’s Hall from Oxford, and afterwards studied at Padua, was himself one of the translators of the 1540 bible.

403 See ii. p. 84. Corpus Christi College.

404 Tillotson and Stillingfleet, the most prominent churchmen in the reign of James II.

405 They were Matthew Parker of Corpus, Cox of King’s, Grindal of Pembroke, Bill and Pilkington of S. John’s, May and Sir Thomas Smith of Queens’, and David Whitehead.

406 Rowland Taylor of Christ’s College, a Suffolk rector, suffered in 1535. Latimer who had argued on the Catholic side at the university, was persuaded to Protestantism by Bilney. With Bilney Thomas M’Arthur, a fellow of S. John’s and then Principal of S. Mary’s Hostel, recanted.

407 Rogers b. 1509 at Birmingham. Burned at Smithfield Feb. 1555.

408 It was Cromwell who, as chancellor, began to wean the university from the pope; and he removed its papal script—bulls, briefs, and dispensations—which was not returned till such time as he judged the substitution of the king for the pope to be complete.

409 Falkland, b. 1610. Chillingworth born and educated in Oxford. Taylor born and educated in Cambridge. Stillingfleet, b. 1635, fellow of S. John’s, bishop of Worcester.

410 ob. 1648.

411 Cf. Peterhouse pp. 58-9, and Emmanuel p. 145. For religion in Cambridge at the present day, see iv. pp. 246-7.

412 Burnet, the historian of the movement, writes: “They loved the constitution of the church, and the liturgy, and could well live under them; but they did not think it unlawful to live under another form.... They continued to keep a good correspondence with those who differed from them in opinion, and allowed a great freedom both in philosophy and in divinity; from whence they were called men of latitude. And upon this, men of narrower thoughts and fiercer tempers fastened upon them the name of Latitudinarians.”

413 “Within the bosom of Protestantism they kindled for the first time the love of this nobler speculation.” (Tulloch, vol. 2. p. 24.)

414 Cf. Tulloch, Rational Theology in England in the xvii century (1872) vol. 2. p. 13, to whose able and interesting account of the movement I am very much indebted. “They sought,” writes Tulloch, “to confirm the union of philosophy and religion on the indestructible basis of reason and the essential elements of our higher humanity”: and again: “It is the glory of the Cambridge divines that they welcomed this new spirit of speculation” and “gave it frank entertainment in their halls of learning.” “Their liberalism takes a higher flight” than that of Hales and Chillingworth.

415 His True Intellectual System of the Universe was published in 1678.

416 Afterwards fellow of Queens’, Hebrew lecturer and Greek praelector.

417 Whichcote’s moral and philosophical style of preaching now replaced “that doctrinal style which Puritans have curiously always considered to be more identical with the simplicity of Scriptural truth.” Tulloch.

418 The Conqueror gave him the barony of Bourne in the fen.

419 The de Vere of Matilda’s time had been her faithful adherent; Cambridgeshire was one of the ten English counties in which the Veres held lands, and they were the benefactors of the Cambridge Dominicans.

420 See also i. pp. 19, 44, ii. p. 110 n. and p. 296.

421 Manfield was nephew to Castle-Bernard another Cambridge landowner.

422 Dugdale, Monasticon p. 1600. Stoke in the deanery of Clare was within the liberty of S. Edmund. The Augustinian hermits, as we have seen, came to Cambridge about the same time.

423 Stanton is a Cambridge place-name; other names derived from places in the district (besides of course ‘Cambridge’ and ‘Croyland’) being Walsingham, Walpole, Gaunt, Balsham, Bourne, Chatteris, Haddon, Milton, Newton, Caxton, Drayton, Brandon, Connington, Shelford; and Chancellor Haselfield (1300, 1307) probably took his name from Haslyngfield. Long Stanton was the seat of the Hattons.

424 The name appears early in the fen country as that of an abbot of Thorney—xiv c.

425 Cf. iv. p. 204.

426 2nd son of Edmund Langley. His wife was Anne Mortimer great-granddaughter of Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence; the son of Hastings, who figures in the earlier conspiracy, married her granddaughter.
Richard’s son was earl of Ulster and lord of Clare in right of his mother. The sons of Edw. III.—Clarence, Gaunt, Edmund Langley, and Thomas of Woodstock—were all allied to founders of Cambridge colleges (see Tables I, II, III). Scrope’s brother Stephen was chancellor of the university; see p. 94, 94 n.

427 “In all which time, you, and your husband Grey, were factious for the house of Lancaster.” Richard III. Act i. scene 3.

428 Pembroke held by the Clares, Mareschalls, Valence, Hastings. Huntingdon by David of Scotland and Malcolm the Maiden, by Hastings, and Grey. Buckingham by Stafford and Villiers. Suffolk by Pole, Brandon, Grey, and Howard. Leicester passed from the Beaumonts to the de Montforts, from the earls of Lancaster to John of Gaunt, the Dudleys and the Sidneys (p. 42 n.).

⁴²⁹ From her, her grandson Mortimer Earl of March derived the title of Earl of Ulster.

430 Cowper was not himself at Cambridge, but he lived near by and frequently visited his brother a fellow of Benet College.

431 Langley and Langham were both names known at Cambridge in early days.

432 He married Anne daughter of the first Lord St. John of Bletsoe, a descendant of Margaret Beauchamp the mother of Lady Margaret.

433 See Trinity College pp. 135, 7, 9.

434 His ancestor Dr. Richard Sterne was one of the Masters ejected for refusing the Covenant.

435 In the Mildmay-Ratcliffe alliance, the two Protestant foundations of the xvi c. meet. The Ratcliffes, in addition to the alliance with Sidney, intermarried with the Staffords and Stanleys.
Beside the xv c. Bynghams and Bassetts and Percies, and the xiv c. names so often recorded, it should not be forgotten that few early figures in the university are more interesting than that of Chancellor Stephen Segrave mentioned on pp. 203 and 259. Segrave was Bishop of Armagh and titular bishop of Ostia. He had been a clerk in the royal household, and was the champion of the university against the friars. It will be remembered that Nicholas Segrave—a baron of de Montfort’s parliament in 1265—had been one of those defenders of Kenilworth who held out in the isle of Ely till July 1267.

436 Cf. pp. 203 n., 294 n.

437 One of the Pastons married Anna Beaufort a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt.

438 Gray took the LL.B. on returning to the university.

439 Morland improved the fire engine and invented the speaking trumpet—one of his trumpets is preserved in the library at Trinity. He was 10 years at Cambridge, and was assistant to Cromwell’s secretary, Thurloe.

440 Woodward went to Cambridge when he was 30 years old.

441 The original double monastery of Ely did not become Benedictine till 970. See i. p. 12. Etheldreda (‘S. Audrey’) was the daughter of Anna king of the East Angles, and of Hereswitha sister of Hild, and wife to Oswy king of Northumbria. She thus united in her person the destinies of the northern provinces and East Anglia (where she was born) a union which has been perpetuated in the university of Cambridge. She was born circa 630, and died in 679. As “the Lady of Ely” her will, living or dead, was held to decide the fortunes of the city.

442 i. p. 16. Her name was given to the only monastic house in Cambridge. Rhadegund was abbess of Ste. Croix A.D. 519-587.

443 It is sufficiently remarkable that a conspicuous rôle pertained almost exclusively to Englishwomen who were of the blood royal. This is true in the case of the great abbesses, and from the time of Hild and Etheldreda to that of Lady Margaret.

444 For the circumstances in which Clare and Pembroke were founded, see chap. ii. pp. 67-8 and 69, 71-2.

445 The countesses of Clare, Pembroke, Richmond, and Sussex.

446 Erasmus’ “three colleges” which represented for him the university and its new learning were Queens’, Christ’s, and S. John’s, all founded by women.

447 Lady Mildred Cecil gave money to the Master of S. John’s “to procure to have fyres in the hall of that colledg uppon all sondays and hollydays betwixt the fest of all Sayntes and Candlemas, whan there war no ordinary fyres of the charge of the colledg.” And pp. 72, 86, 120, 155.

448 A pioneer committee had been formed in October 1862 to obtain the admission of women to university examinations; Miss Emily Davies was Hon. Secretary. The first step taken was to secure the examination of girls in the university Local Examinations which had been started in 1858, and a private examination for girls simultaneously with that for boys was held on the 14 Dec. 1863. These examinations were formally opened to girls in February 1865 (infra p. 358). Meanwhile the Schools Enquiry commission of the previous year had brought into relief the absence of any education for girls after the school age. The commissioners were memorialised, and the immediate outcome was the scheme for a college, and the formation of a committee to carry it into effect. Cf. pp. 317-18 n.

449 There were present Mrs. Manning, *Miss Emily Davies, *Sedley Taylor, and *H. R. Tomkinson. *Madame Bodichon, who was ill, was not present, but George Eliot wrote to her four days before the meeting, à propos of an appointment to see one of the members of the committee: “I am much occupied just now, but the better education of women is one of the objects about which I have no doubt, and I shall rejoice if this idea of a college can be carried out.”
On the General Committee of Hitchin College the bishops of Peter borough and S. David’s, the Dean of Ely, Lady Hobart, Lord Lyttelton, Prof. F. D. Maurice, Sir James Paget, Rt. Hon. Russell Gurney, M.P., Miss Anna Swanwick, and Miss Twining, sat with several others. On the Executive Committee were Mme. Bodichon, *Lady Goldsmid wife of Sir Francis Goldsmid elected liberal member for Reading in 1866, *Mrs. Russell Gurney, Prof. Seeley, Dean Stanley, and the members of the 1867 committee: while a Cambridge Committee included Professors Adams, Humphry, Lightfoot, Liveing, Drs. J. Venn, T. G. Bonney, the Revv. J. Porter, R. Burn, T. Markby, W. G. Clark; Henry Sidgwick, and Sedley Taylor. The asterisked names denote those who also constituted with 11 others the first members of Girton College (p. 321).

450 Incorporated from 1872 as Girton College.

451 Two or three of the Cambridge colleges were built at a distance from the schools and the centre of the town: thus Alcock described Jesus College as “the college of the Blessed Virgin Mary, S. John Evangelist, and S. Rhadegund, near Cambridge.” Hitchin in Hertfordshire, the first site of Girton, was one of the homes of the English Gilbertines, a double order for men and women which was also established in Cambridge. i. p. 19 and n.

452 This was followed by a bequest of £10,000.

453 It is interesting to find the names of Dillon and Davies continuing in the case of the first college for women at Cambridge the Irish and Welsh traditions of college founders. It is perhaps still more interesting to find that on her mother’s side Lady Stanley was descended from the companion-in-arms of de Burgh the “red earl” of Ulster, and that a Dillon intermarried with the heiress of the 2nd earl of Clare, names honoured as those of the woman founder of one of the first Cambridge colleges.

454 See the original committee supra pp. 317-18 n. The existing members elect the majority of new members. The first official recognition of the existence of the college was made in 1880 when the Council of the Senate elected three members of the college from among its number, and so exercised a power conferred on it in the original articles of association.

455 The college still prepares for this examination; at Newnham it must be prepared for at the student’s own expense. It is however now usually taken by all students before coming up.

456 Classics: R. S. Cook (Mrs. C. P. Scott) and L. I. Lumsden. Mathematics: S. Woodhead (Mrs. Corbett) senior optime.

457 This was in 1882. First class honours in this tripos did not become usual until women came up better prepared from schools. A Cambridge man, however, writing in 1873 declares that a man may be a wrangler when his mathematical knowledge was contemporary with his admission to the university, but that “no one was ever placed in any class of the (classical) tripos who came up to the university knowing only the elements of Greek grammar.... The classical man, if plucked,” (i.e. in mathematics) “loses 10 years’ labour”—the time spent in classics from early school days. Women, nevertheless, belied this dictum from the first; many have not known even “the elements of Greek grammar” when they came up, and few indeed have 10 years’ Greek studies on their shoulders when they take the tripos.

458 The Claude Montefiore prize was founded in memory of the donor’s wife, who was at Girton. The Agnata Butler prize is awarded to classical students by the Master of Trinity and his wife. One of the early scholarships, offered by Mr. Justice Wright, was described as “a year’s proceeds of an Oxford fellowship.” Dr. W. Cunningham, fellow of Trinity College, assigned, in 1898, the entire profits of his book Growth of English Industry and Commerce towards a fund for publishing dissertations of conspicuous merit written by certificated Girton students. The above-named city companies have always been generous donors to the women’s colleges.

459 The committee of 1862 had had (as we see) for its avowed object the “obtaining the admission of women to university examinations”: the subsequent committee (of December 1867) was formed “for the establishment of a college holding to girls’ schools and home teaching a position analogous to that occupied by the universities towards the public schools for boys.” The following was the reply given by the first named committee when approached in March 1868 with a view to a joint memorial asking for “advanced examinations for women”:—“That this committee, believing that the distinctive advantage of the Cambridge University Local Examinations consists in their offering a common standard to boys and girls, and that the institution of independent schemes of examination for women exclusively tends to keep down the level of female education, cannot take part in the proposed memorial to the university of Cambridge for advanced examinations for women above the age of eighteen.”

460 “The brethren of Mount Carmel had a site at Newnham where they dwelt and where they founded their church, which site they had of Michael Malherbe” (Hundred Rolls ii. 360). “Here they made many cells, a church, a cloister, and dormitory, and the necessary offices, sufficiently well constructed, and here they dwelt for 40 years” (Barnwell Chartulary). See i. p. 20.

461 Scroope Terrace occupies part of the ground of Newnham Manor. Like the other great benefactors of colleges, Lady Elizabeth Clare and Lady Margaret Beaufort, Lady Anne was three times married. Her mother was a Gonville. Corpus Christi College benefited by tithes and houses in the manors both of Girton and Newnham (p. 318).

462 Those who held that Grantchester and Cambridge were but one and the same town, told us that the principal part lay on the north, towards Girton, while Newnham Lane, beyond the mill, extended as far as Grantchester “the old Cambridge”: Ad Neunhamiae vicum, ultra molendinam, que se longius promovebat versus Grantacestriam.... (Caius).

463 It may be recorded here that Madame Bodichon’s scheme was for a college (a) in Cambridge (b) with the same intellectual conditions and tests as applied to men and (c) free of denominationalism. A chapel was not erected at Girton till after 1895. Of Mme. Bodichon as a pioneer it has been said that she had the singular faculty for realising in her imagination exactly what she wanted, down to the last detail—the creative power. Her failing health for the last fourteen years of her life made impossible the active share in the work which had been so ungrudgingly undertaken by her between 1867 and 1877; but her interest extended to every student who went up to Girton, and she was at pains to know them and to find out from their conversation how the college might be improved.

464 This house, 74 Regent Street, had been hired by (Professor) Henry Sidgwick in the spring of the year at his own financial risk, and here Miss Clough came in September.

465 The names of the 16 men (one being a Frenchman) who first lectured to women at the university are treasured at Newnham. Six were S. John’s men, 4 Trinity, and the other colleges represented were Christ’s, Queens’, and Caius. They were:

†F. D. Maurice.	†W. K. Clifford.
†W. W. Skeat.	J. Venn.
†J. E. B. Mayor.	†A. Marshall.
J. Peile.	Prof. C. C. Babington.
W. C. Green.	T. G. Bonney.
M. Boquel.	P. T. Main.
†Prof. Cayley.	G. M. Garrett, Mus.D.
J. F. Moulton.	S. Taylor.

Dr. (afterwards Sir) Michael Foster, Adam Sedgwick, Frank Balfour (all of the Physiological laboratory) H. Sidgwick, Mr. Archer-Hind, Dr. E. S. Shuckburgh, and Mr. Keynes were also among the earliest lecturers.

The general committee then formed included the first 3 of these names, and Nos. 7, 8, and 10; with Prof. Adams, Mr. Henry Jackson, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. C. Jebb. The Executive were: Prof. Maurice, Mr. T. G. Bonney, Mr. Ferrers (afterwards Master of Gonville and Caius) Mr. Peile (now Master of Christ’s) Mrs. Adams (the wife of the Lowndean professor) Mrs. Fawcett (the wife of the professor of Political Economy) Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Venn (the wife of Dr. Venn of Caius) H. Sidgwick and T. Markby, Hon. secretaries, and Mrs. Bateson (the wife of the Master of S. John’s) Hon. treasurer.

Certain courses of lectures in the public and inter-collegiate lecture rooms were open to women from 1873—22 out of the 34. A few years later 29 were open, and now all are open.

466 Memoir of her aunt, by Blanche Athena Clough, Arnold, 1897—to which I am indebted for many of these details.

467 In her diary written the year she came of age she writes that honour and praise were not what she cared for. “If I were a man I would not work for riches or to leave a wealthy family behind me; I would work for my country, and make its people my heirs.”

468 This she lived to see accomplished. A training college for women was proposed by Miss Buss in 1885 and Miss E. P. Hughes was its first principal and guiding spirit at Cambridge. Out of this grew the latter’s Association of Assistant Mistresses.

469 The Association formed to promote the interests of students working for the university Higher Local examinations; see p. 326. The Newnham Hall Company was constituted in 1874 to build the first Hall.

470 The cost of which was mainly defrayed by a bequest for the benefit of women left by Mrs. Pfeiffer and her husband.

471 Mrs. Sidgwick is the daughter of the late James Balfour and of Lady Blanche Cecil, who was the sister of one Prime Minister as Mrs. Sidgwick is of another. Miss M. G. Kennedy is the daughter of the late Benjamin Hall Kennedy, one of the revisers of the New Testament with Lightfoot, Westcott, and Hort; fellow of S. John’s, Canon of Ely, and Regius Professor of Greek, in whose honour the Latin professorship was founded.

472 The style of Principal was, as we have already seen, used for the chief of a hostel in the university; it was also the tide of the head of the domus universitatis, University Hall (1326).

473 See page 355. 1874 was the year in which Prof. James Ward was alone among the men in the first class when two of the examiners thought Mary Paley (Mrs. Marshall) should be there also, and two placed her in the second: no one doubts that Miss Paley attained the first class standard of any other year.

474 Professor of Anatomy.

475 Afterwards Mrs. Koppel.

476 October 1906. There are at Newnham 6 scholarships worth £50 a year, 1 of £70, 1 of £40, and 2 of £35. There is also a studentship of £75 and another of £80 a year, tenable for one year or more. Of these, two are for natural science students, one for a classic.
Through the munificence of private donors Newnham has been enabled to appoint 4 fellows of the college, and a fund is being formed which it is hoped will place these fellowships on a permanent basis.

477 These include many who read for a tripos, and a large number who in early days passed in the various Higher Local “Groups,” besides all who have taken special courses of study.

478 Professor Seeley’s rendering of her views for use at the public meeting at Birmingham. In a leaflet appealing for funds, Miss Clough said that the Cambridge lectures had been “a free-will offering” made to women by members of the university; here at Cambridge women of “different occupations, different stations in life, and different religious persuasion” were brought together to receive in common “at least some share of academic education.” “If we are right,” she says, “in thinking our object one of national importance” the expense should not be thrown on Cambridge residents, “much less should members of the university, who are already giving their time ungrudgingly, be called upon to give money also.” The journey to Birmingham was made with Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Fawcett addressed the meeting.

479 It is interesting to note that there have been several students at both colleges bearing old Cambridge names, some known there in the xii, xiii, xiv and xv centuries: Bassett, Mortimer, Frost, Gaunt, Bingham, Booth, Parker, Alcock, Skelton, Crook, Bullock, Bentley, Parr, Creighton, Cartwright, Ridley, Day, May, Wallis, Sanderson, Morland, Herschell, Jebb, Sedgwick, Paley, and several others.

480 Some forty members of Parliament voted in favour of the “Graces” on this occasion.

481 See p. 338 n.

482 Another clergyman also—the Rev. E. W. Bowling, afterwards rector of Houghton Conquest, and a light blue champion in the boat race.

Battle of the Pons Trium Trojanorum, Thursday Feb. 24. 1881.

Aemilia Girtonensis
By the Nine Muses swore
That the great house of Girton
Should suffer wrong no more.
By the Mutes Nine she swore it
And named a voting day
        ..........
But by the yellow Camus
Was tumult and affright
        ..........
‘O Varius, Father Varius,
 To whom the Trojans pray,
 The ladies are upon us!
 We look to thee this day!’
        ..........
The Three stood calm and silent
And frowned upon their foes,
As a great shout of laughter
From the four hundred rose.

483 The first man to maintain that girls had a right to as good an education as boys, was a Cantab (Eton and King’s College) a master at the new Merchant-Taylors’ school, and afterwards headmaster of Colet’s school. Lancelot Andrewes was one of his pupils. This famous Cantab and famous schoolmaster—Richard Mulcaster—also advised that teachers should be trained to teach. In the xviii c. Defoe’s appreciation of the woman with ‘knowledge’—“well-bred and well-taught”—led to his suggestion that there should be a college for her higher education.

484 For the subjects of this tripos, see iii. pp. 187-189.

485 For the 20 years from 1886 to 1906:—

Mathematics 345 candidates, 31 wranglers
	First and 2nd classes 56 per cent.
Classics 296 candidates, 54 first classes	First and 2nd classes 61 per cent.
Moral Sciences 83 candidates, 21 first classes (this excludes the triumphs of the first 12 years)	First and 2nd classes 76 per cent.
Natural Sciences 246 candidates, 64 first classes	First and 2nd classes 70 per cent.
History 290 candidates, 49 first classes	First and 2nd classes 64 per cent.
Medieval and Modern Languages (tripos created in 1886) 246 candidates, 73 first classes	First and 2nd classes 74 per cent.

Hence in these 6 triposes the highest percentage of Firsts has been obtained in the Moral Sciences, Languages, and Natural Sciences, Classics coming fourth; while in the percentage of First and Second classes the order is again: Moral Sciences, Languages, Natural Sciences, followed by History, Classics, and Mathematics.

In the first 10 years 250 students took a tripos, of whom one in five (51) was placed in the first class.

Among the men the percentage of First Classes for the years 1900-1905 is: mathematics 39 per cent, classics 28 per cent. For the subjects chosen by men cf. iv. p. 238 n.

486 There are, roughly, 3000 men and 300 women at the university. Since 1881, 94 women and 168 men have taken this tripos—the proportion should have been 940 men.

487 The founders of Girton have been steadfast in demanding the degree. In 1887, 842 members of the senate signed a petition in favour of it. Miss Clough had signed a similar petition earlier. The objections to opening the degrees to women have been adequately met in the pamphlet “Women in the Universities of England and Scotland,” Cambridge, Macmillan and Bowes, 1896.

488 The entries for 1863, when girls were first informally examined, were 639, the next year they rose to 844.

489 Statutes regulating the examination of women, and opening to them the Mathematical, Natural Sciences, and Modern History schools, were voted in 1886 by a majority of 464 votes to 321. Responsions and the other schools were opened to women in 1888, 1890, and 1893 (the Theological school, Oriental studies, and the D.Mus.) and in 1894 the remaining examinations were opened. Pass and honour examinations are both open to women at Oxford, and the names of successful candidates appear in the official lists. The certificate, however, is given by the Oxford Association for the Education of Women, who restrict it to those students who have qualified like the men on all points.
The position of women in other universities.
In 1856 the first application was made—by Jessie White to London university—for admission as a candidate for the medical degree. A similar request was made seven years later. A supplementary charter establishing special examinations for women was procured by this university in 1869. In 1878 it made “every degree, honour, and prize awarded by the university accessible to students of both sexes on perfectly equal terms.” Since 1889 all disqualification for women in Scotch universities has ceased. The Victoria university, by its original charter 20 April 1880, admitted both sexes equally to its degrees and distinctions; and in 1895 Durham became a “mixed” university. All the more recent universities treat men and women equally.