Genealogical Tables
End Matter
Index
A
Abernethy, 323, 325
Abingdon, chronicle of, 178
—— knight service of, 449
—— Ethelhelm, abbot of, 399, 450
—— history of, 416, 494
Adeliz, countess of Ponthieu, 64, 234
Ælfwold, abbot of St. Benet of Holme, 173
Agelwig, abbot of Evesham, 333
Agriculture, system of, 479, 480
Aire, river, passage of, 278, 279
Alan III., count of Brittany, 66, 72, 137, 341
Alan Fergant, duke of Brittany, 342
Alan, earl of Richmond, 200, 324, 361
Aldreth, Cambridgeshire, 298, 300
Alençon, 63, 91, 299
—— siege of, 94, 95
Alfred the Etheling, 47, 51
Alfred, King, 6, 12, 22, 25, 179, 394
Algar, English prisoner, 372
Alney, treaty of, 214
Ambrières, 118, 119
Angevin succession war, 126, 127, 130, 160, 304
Anjou, county of, 66, 88, 126, 127
—— counts of, see Fulk Nerra, Fulk le Rechin, Geoffrey Martel, Geoffrey le Barbu.
Ansgar the Staller (Esegar), 224, 238, 241, 424
Apulia, 97, 99
Aquitaine, 141
Archil, Northumbrian thegn, 265, 268
Argentan, 78, 79
Arlette, mistress of Robert I., 63, 64, 234
Army, the feudal, 456
—— —— numbers of, 450, 451
—— —— at Hastings, 196
Arnold, bishop of le Mans, 310, 312
Arnulf, son of Baldwin VI., of Flanders, 305, 306
Arques, county of, 101
—— siege of, 102-105
—— see William, count of.
Arthur of Brittany, 233
Arundel, castle of, 428
Arve, valley of, 76, 77, 123
Asbiorn, Earl, 271, 285, 291, 321
Ascelin, son of Arthur, 375
Assessment, principles of, 466-472
Athelstan, King, 19, 27, 28
Aubrey, earl of Northumbria, 353
Aversa, battle of, 106
Avranchin, the, 25, 138
Axholme, Isle of, 275
Azo, marquis of Liguria, 308
B
Baile Hill, York, 269
Baldwin, sheriff of Devon, 257, 422
Baldwin V., count of Flanders, 91, 105, 106, 108, 109, 126, 160, 171, 172, 305
Baldwin VI., count of Flanders, 305
Baldwin, son of Count Baldwin VI., 305, 307
Bamburgh, 317
Barking, 227, 233, 238
Battle, abbey of, 197, 397
Baudri de Guitry, 372, 373
Bavinkhove, battle of, 306
Bayeux, 102, 115
—— bishop of, see Odo.
Beaumont (Maine), castle of, 313, 360
Beaurain, 154
Beauvoisis, 112
Bec, schools of, 41-43
Bedfordshire, assessment of, 467-469
Bellême, county of, 39, 91, 105, 128, 429
—— see Mabel of.
Beneficium, 32
“Beorcham,” 221
Berengar of Tours, 42
Berkhamstead, Little, 222
Bertha of Blois, 130
Bessin, the, 25, 81, 121
Beverley, church of, 385
Bilsdale-in-Cleveland, 282
Biota of Mantes, 129, 131, 136
Blanchelande, peace of, 314-316, 344-346
Bleddyn, king of Gwynedd, 248, 262, 276
—— see Odo II., Theobald III., counts of.
Blyth (Notts), 441
Bonjen, valley of, 361
Bonneville, council of, 180
Border, the Scotch, 317, 318, 323, 324
Boscherville, 351
Brand, abbot of Peterborough, 228, 290
Bresle, river, 24
Breteuil, 117
—— laws of, 117
Bretford (Wilts), 67
Brian of Penthievre, 270, 277, 324
Brill (Bucks), 420
Brionne, siege of, 85
—— county of, 114
Bristol, 258
Brittany, 66, 138, 141
—— volunteers from, 168
—— —— at Hastings, 200, 201
—— see Alan, Conan, Hoel, counts of.
Broken Tower, the, 217
Buckingham, earldom of, 167
“Burh-bot,” 300
Burton-on-Trent, 420
C
Caen, 122, 351, 374, 375, 401
—— abbey of, Holy Trinity, 180, 358
—— —— St. Stephen’s, 42, 180
—— burial of William I. at, 374
Cambridge, 266, 298, 333
Canterbury, 217
—— see Anselm, Dunstan, Lanfranc, Robert of Jumièges, Stigand, archbishops of.
Capetian House, 360
—— in alliance with Normandy, 29, 33, 67, 68, 73, 79
Capital punishment, 87, 340
Cardiff, castle of, 354
Cardigan, 429
Carham, battle of, 317
Carisbrooke, castle of, 356
Carlisle, 323
Carolingian Empire, 1
Carolingian House, in alliance with Normandy, 26, 27, 29
Carucates, 470, 471
Castles, in England, 242, 243, 263, 264, 451-453
Castle-guard, 451, 452
Celibacy, clerical, enforcement of, 396, 397
Champagne, county of, 67, 141;
see also Blois.
Chancellor, the, 418
Chancery, the royal, 53
Charles III., king of West Franks, 25, 26
Chartres, schools of, 41
Chateauneuf, castle of, 346
Chaumont, 368
Chester, 276, 281, 283-285, 388, 429
—— earldom of, 167, 425, 429-431
—— see Gerbod, Hugh, earls of.
Christian, bishop of Aarhus, 271
Cicely, daughter of William I., 180
Claim of fealty, papal, 404, 405
Claire-sur-Epte, treaty of, 24, 25, 26, 40, 79
“Clamores” in Lincolnshire Domesday, 497, 498
Clarendon, constitutions of, 357
Cleveland, 176, 282, 317, 320
Clifford’s Tower (York), 265
Cluniac movement, 40, 385-387
Cnut, king of England and Denmark, 5, 15, 18, 44, 65, 147, 150-152, 211, 253
Cnut II. (Saint), king of Denmark, 271, 334, 335, 363, 365
Coesnon, river, 139
Conan, duke of Brittany, 67, 137-140
Confiscation, the great, 235-240
Constance, widow of King Robert I., 68
“Consul Palatinus,” 427
Copsige, earl of Northumbria, 233, 247
Corbie, 307
Cornwall, 259, 260
Cotentin, the, 25, 81, 101, 172
Councils, ecclesiastical, 392, 393
Court, the shire, 421, 422, 433, 437, 442
—— the hundred, 393, 394, 433, 442, 444
Coutances, church of St. Mary at, 137
—— see Geoffrey, bishop of.
Crowland, abbey of, 288, 290, 338
Cumberland, 317, 318, 321, 322
Curia, the papal, 55, 163, 164, 377
D
Danegeld, 460, 465, 466
Danelaw, 9, 10, 12, 24, 253, 272, 273
Dean, forest of, 272
Denmark, kings of, see Cnut I. and II., Gorm, Harold Blue-Tooth, Harold Hein, Swegen Forkbeard, Swegen Estrithson.
Derwent (Yorkshire), 178
Dieppe, 251
Dinan, siege of, 140
Dive, river, 81
—— —— estuary of, 102, 121, 182, 183
—— Church of Notre Dame at, 245
Dol, 138, 139, 341
Domesday Book, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 33, 57, 117, 173, 234, 235, 237-240, 257, 273, 280, 325, 327, 345, 367, 392, 411, 414, 415, 430, 457-501
—— Inquest, 437, 485, 486, 498, 499
—— arrangement of, 489-493
—— composition of, 486, 487
—— indefiniteness of, 482-485
—— legal theory underlying, 494-498
—— meaning of name, 500, 501
Domfront, 91-95, 101
Donald, son of Malcolm III., 323
Dover, 50, 156, 216, 217, 249-251
Downton (Wilts), 355, 420
Dreux, county of, 76, 77
Drogo, count of the Vexin, 367
Droitwich, 420
Dunbar, 317-325
Duncan, king of Scots, 318
Dunstan, Archbishop, 18, 20, 381, 406
Durham, 268, 324, 334
—— modern county of, 321
E
Eadgyth, wife of Edward the Confessor, 218
—— marriage of, 144
Eadmer, historian, 382
Eadric Streona, earl of Mercia, 15, 18, 45, 248
Eadric the Wild, 228, 248, 276
Ealdgyth, wife of Harold II., 171
Ealdred, archbishop of York, 71, 157, 221, 225, 230, 260, 263, 275, 384-387, 390
Ealdwulf II., earl of Northumbria, 58
Earldoms, the great, 14-17, 46, 424, 425
East Anglia, assessment of, 469, 470
Edgar the Etheling, 148, 151-153, 159, 212, 228, 289, 320, 325
—— elected king, 213
—— submission of, 221
—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244
—— flight of (1068), 262, 265
—— attacks York, 268
—— joins Danish fleet, 273
—— in Scotland, 295
—— final flight of, 321
—— receives offer of Montreuil, 326
—— returns to England, 327
Edgar, king, 9, 20, 394
Edington, battle of, 6
Edith the Swan-necked, 207
Edmund Ironside, 15, 21, 147, 209, 211
Edmund, sheriff of Hertfordshire, 231
Ednoth the Staller, 259
Edred, King, 19
Edward the Confessor, 21, 36, 49, 52, 54, 60-62, 66, 76, 91, 143-147, 331, 411
—— death of, 157
—— ecclesiastical appointments by, 385
Edward the Elder, 7, 19, 26
Edward the Etheling, 147, 148
Edward, sheriff of Wiltshire, 423
Edwin, earl of Mercia, 59, 61, 153, 177, 191-193, 212-215, 227, 230, 234, 412
—— accompanies William I. to Normandy, 244, 245
—— first revolt of, 261-264
—— flight and death of, 295-297
Edwy, king of Wessex, 8, 20
Elf, the, treaty of, 48
Ely, abbey of, 288, 432
—— Domesday Inquest relating to, 459
—— Isle of, 290-300, 321
—— private jurisdiction over, 440, 441
Emma, wife of Ethelred II., 29, 30, 31, 47, 65, 143
Emma, wife of Earl Ralf, 330, 334
English sheriffs, 424
Enguerrand, count of Ponthieu, 64, 76
—— death of, 104, 111, 234
Eon, count of Penthievre, 119, 200, 324
Epte, river, 24, 68
Eric, earl of Northumbria, 45
Eric of Upsala, 2
Esegar, see Ansgar.
Estrith, sister of Cnut, 65
Ethelmer, bishop of Elmham, 389
Ethelnoth, Kentish thegn, 244
Ethelred II., 8, 15, 18, 20, 29, 30, 44, 143
Ethelric, bishop of Selsey, 389
Ethelwine, bishop of Durham, 266, 268, 389
Ethelwold, prior of Peterborough, 292, 295
Eu, 24, 105
—— county of, 100
—— see Robert, William, counts of.
Eudo fitz Hubert (de Rye), 418
Eustace, count of Boulogne, 50, 169, 228, 231, 249, 250, 300
Evesham, abbey of, 281
—— see Agelwig, abbot of.
Evreux, county of, 70
—— see William, count of.
Exeter, 30, 252, 254, 259, 277, 454
—— revolt of, 253-257, 267
—— see of, 383
Exning, 330, 332, 340
F
Fagadun, 334
Falaise, 63, 78, 121
Falkirk, 350
Feasts, 409
Fécamp, 39, 71, 76, 245, 401
—— council at, 70, 71
Feigned flight at Hastings, 203-205
Fenland, 288
Feudal rights, 34
Feudum, 32
Five Boroughs, 7
—— assessment of, 472, 473
Flanders, county of, 27, 38, 52, 108, 109, 141, 160, 305-307
—— volunteers from, 168
—— visited by Robert Curthose, 346, 348
—— see Baldwin V. and VI., Robert, Arnulf, counts of.
Flat Holme, the, 258
Fleet, the English, 173, 174, 178
—— the Norman, 165-168
Fresnay, castle of, 312, 313, 360
Fulford, battle of, 177
Fulk the Lame, 167
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 71-89
Fulk le Rechin, count of Anjou, 127, 304, 308, 312-315
Fyrd, the English, 255, 323, 333, 341, 445, 454, 455
G
Gainsborough, 272
Gamel, the son of Orm, 59
Gateshead, 352
Gatinais, the, 127
Gebuin, Archbishop of Lyons, 404
Geoffrey Alselin, 238
Geoffrey “le barbu,” count of Anjou, 127
Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, 128, 225, 277, 384, 400, 408, 409, 454
Geoffrey “Grenonat,” count of Rennes, 341
Geoffrey de Mandeville, 238, 241, 424
Geoffrey “Martel,” count of Anjou, 89, 112, 116, 160, 304
—— war of 1048, 90-95
—— refrains from war of 1054, 112-116
—— attacks Ambrières, 118, 119
—— count of Maine, 118, 128, 130
—— death, 126
Geoffrey of Mayenne, 118-120, 308, 310-312
Gerald the Seneschal, 167
Gerbevoi, castle of, 347, 360
—— battle of, 347, 348
Gersendis of Liguria, 308, 311
Gertrude of Holland, 305
Gervaise, bishop of Le Mans, 128
Gherbod, earl of Chester, 429, 430
Gilbert, count of Brionne, 72, 74, 76
Gilbert Crispin, castellan of Tillières, 77
Gilbert of Ghent, 170
Gilbert Maminot, bishop of Lisieux, 369
Gilbert, Bishop Walcher’s deputy, 351, 352
Gloucester, 51, 415, 453
Gloucestershire, 426
Godwine, earl of Wessex, 16, 18, 47, 49, 50, 51, 109, 145, 146, 156
—— House of, 319
Gospatric, Northumbrian thegn, 59
Gospatric, earl of Northumbria, 268, 319, 320
—— appointed earl (1068), 248
—— flight of (1068), 262
—— joins Danish army, 273
—— makes submission, 282
—— harries Cumberland, 321, 322
—— deposition of, 325
Gratian, 394
Grimbald de Plesis, 82, 87
Guildford, 47
Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 401
Gunhild, daughter of Earl Godwine, 258
Guntard, abbot of Jumièges, 370
Gustavus Vasa, 4
Guthrum of East Anglia, 6, 24
Guy of Brionne, 71
—— revolt of, 80-88
Guy-Geoffrey of Aquitaine, 105, 111
Guy, count of Ponthieu, 111, 115, 154, 183
Gyrth, earl of East Anglia, 57, 202
Gytha, wife of Earl Godwine, 150, 207, 257, 258
H
Hacon, earl of Worcestershire, 45
Hacon, Danish earl, 334
Hainault, county of, 305
Hamon de Thorigny, 82
Hamon, viscount of Thouars, 223
Harold “Blue Tooth,” king of Denmark, 45
Harold “Hein,” king of Denmark, 271, 335, 363
Harold I., king of England, 47
Harold II., king of England, 49, 52, 56, 57, 257, 302
—— joins in Breton war, 139, 155
—— earl of Wessex, 147
—— continental tour of, 148, 149
—— designs upon English throne, 148
—— visit to Normandy and oath, 154-157
—— becomes king of England, 157-160
—— refuses papal arbitration, 161, 163
—— marriage of, 171
—— campaign of Stamfordbridge, 177-179
—— campaign of Hastings, 191-194
—— battle of Hastings, 194-205
—— death, 205, 206
—— character, 208-210
—— illegitimate sons of, 258, 259, 270
Harold Fair Hair, king of Norway, 2
Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, 3, 48, 49, 175-179, 183, 253, 273
Harthacnut, 46, 48
Hastings, battle of, 54, 133, 194-206, 286
—— castle of, 187
—— base of Norman army, 188, 195, 211
Hayling Island, grant of, 231
Henry de Beaumont, 264, 408, 451
Henry IV., emperor, 160
Henry I., king of England, 219, 233, 260, 369, 370, 419
Henry II., king of England, 348, 419, 423
Henry, son of Henry II., 349
Henry de Ferrers, 169, 408
Henry I., king of France, 34, 37, 68, 71, 77, 100, 160
—— guardian of William, 74
—— raids in Normandy, 78
—— at Val-es-dunes, 83-85
—— war with Anjou, 90
—— supports William of Arques, 103, 104
—— invades Normandy, 110-117
—— retreat of, 116
—— defeated at Varaville, 121, 122
—— character of reign, 125
—— death, 126
—— grants Vexin to Robert I. of Normandy, 367
Herbert “Bocco,” regent of Maine, 129
Herbert “Eveille-Chien,” count of Maine, 129
Herbert II., count of Maine, 118, 130, 131
Hereford, earldom of, 49, 53, 167, 243, 328, 329, 342, 425-427
—— castle of, 248
—— county of, 276
Hereward, 289-295, 297-303, 316
Herlwin, abbot of Bec, 41
Herlwin of Conteville, 64
Herlwin, knight, 374
Hidage, the Tribal, 462, 463
—— the Burghal, 463, 464
—— the county, 465
Hides, 460, 461
Hiesmois, county of, 70, 78, 83, 105, 121
Hildebrand, see Pope Gregory VII.
Hoel, duke of Brittany, 140, 314, 341, 342
Holderness, 176, 320
Housecarles, 445
Hoveringham (Notts), Domesday description of, 476-482
Hubert, papal legate, 404
Hubert of Fresnay, 312
Hubert, viscount of Maine, 360-363
Hugh fitz Baldric, 423
Hugh de Chateauneuf, 346
Hugh, earl of Chester, 78, 167, 356, 430, 433
Hugh of Gournai, 113
Hugh de Grentmaisnil, 243, 348
Hugh of Liguria, 308
Hugh IV., count of Maine, 118, 129
Hugh the Great, count of Paris, 26
Hugh de Montfort, 113, 167, 243, 249
Humber, the, 58
Humphrey de Tilleul, 243
Huntingdon, 191, 266
—— earldom of, 329
I
Iceland, 3
Ingelric the Priest, 232
Ingibiorg, wife of Malcolm III., 323
Ipswich, 271
J
Jersey, 66
John, king of England, 162
John de la Flèche, 308, 313-315
John, archbishop of Rouen, 246
Judith, wife of Earl Tostig, 109
Judith, wife of Earl Waltheof, 234, 332, 337, 342
Jumièges, 39, 245
Junquené, archbishop of Dol, 76, 138
Jurisdiction, ecclesiastical, 386, 387
K
Kent, earldom of, 167, 425, 431
Knight service, institution of, 444, 446-451
Knights’ fee, 446, 447
L
La Flèche, siege of, 314
Land-loan, 33
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 214, 358, 389
—— head of school of Bec, 41
—— opposes William’s marriage, 107
—— abbot of St. Stephen’s, Caen, 180
—— visits Rome (1067), 245, 246
—— relations with Roger of Hereford, 328, 329
—— conduct in 1075, 334-336
—— suggests arrest of Bishop Odo, 357
—— letter to, 371
—— policy as archbishop, 390-397
—— dispute with the Curia, 403
Law, Old English, 10, 499
—— canon, 394
Leicester, 264
—— earldom of, 167
Le Mans, 127, 132-134, 309-313
—— see of, 127-129
—— see Arnold, Gervase, Vulgrin, bishops of.
Leobwine, favourite of Bishop Walcher, 352
Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, 384
Leofric, earl of Mercia, 18, 45, 49, 145
—— House of, 262, 296, 319
Leofric, abbot of Peterborough, 228
Leofwine, Earl, son of Godwine, 57, 202
Leofwine, bishop of Lichfield, 230
Lewes, priory of, 397
Ligulf, Northumbrian thegn, 352
Lijmfiord, 364
Lillebonne, council of (1066), 165, 170, 172, 408
—— —— (1080), 351, 406
Lincoln, 187, 191, 266, 273
Lindsey, 173, 275, 276, 278
Lisois de Monasteriis, 278, 279
London, 133, 192
—— citizens of, 153, 224
—— citizens of, charter to, 240
—— Tower of, 227
—— Bridge, 57, 219
Lothian, 317, 323, 325
Louis d’Outremer, 9, 28, 29
Lugg, river, 248
Lyting, bishop of Worcester, 384
M
Macbeth, king of Scots, 318
Magnus I., king of Norway, 46, 48, 49
Magnus Bareleg, king of Norway, 4
Maine, 39, 88, 92, 118-120, 160
—— revolt of (1072), 307-316
—— revolt of (1084), 359-362
—— baronage of, 129, 308
—— see Hugh, Herbert, counts of.
Malcolm I., king of Scots, 317
Malcolm II., king of Scots, 317, 318
Malcolm III., king of Scots, 173, 265, 266, 317-323, 350
—— marriage of, 322
Malger, archbishop of Rouen, 71
—— deposition of, 106, 107
Malmesbury, abbey of, 289
—— schools of, 398
Mantes, 112, 368, 369
Margaret of Maine, 130, 131, 136
Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., 322
Marleswegen, sheriff of Lincoln, 192, 229, 262, 268, 273, 321
Marmontice, abbey of, 181, 397
Matilda, the empress, 163, 233
Matilda, wife of William I., 105-110, 143
—— contributes to the fleet, 167
—— regent of Normandy (1066), 181, 241
—— regent of Normandy (1068), 251
—— regent of Normandy (1069), 269
—— coronation of, 260, 261
—— assists Robert her son in exile, 346
—— death and character, 358, 359
Mauritius, archbishop of Rouen, 42, 245
Maxines, abbey of, 306
Mayenne, castle of, 134
Monasteries, foundation of, 380
Monasticism, in Normandy, 40
—— revival of, in England, 397-400
Mons, 306
Montacute (Somerset), siege of, 277
Montgomery (Normandy), castle of, 67, 72
Montgomery (England), castle of, 427
—— see Hugh, Roger, William de.
Montlouis, battle of, 89, 90
Montreuil-sur-Mer, 326, 347
Mora, the, 167, 185
Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 59, 60, 153, 171, 177, 191-193, 212-215, 227, 261, 319, 372, 412
—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244, 245
—— first revolt of, 261-264
—— flight to Ely, 295, 296
—— imprisonment of, 299
Morecambe Bay, 265
Mortain, see Malger, Robert, William, counts of.
Mortemer, campaign and battle of, 114, 115, 183, 367
Moulins, 105, 111
N
Nantes, county of, 137
Neel de St. Sauveur, 82, 85
Newburn on Tyne, 247
Newcastle on Tyne, 323
—— castle of, founded, 350
Nicæa, 72
Nicholas, abbot of St. Ouen, 71, 167
Normandy, boundaries of, 24, 25
—— condition of (1035), 74, 75
—— condition of (1066), 141
—— dukes of, see Robert I., II., Rollo, Richard I., II., III., William I., II.
Northampton, 59, 60
Northamptonshire, 59
—— French barons of, 171
Northumbria, 8, 9, 58, 213, 214, 230, 259, 262, 273, 391
—— revolt of (1065), 59, 60
—— opposition to Harold, 171
—— revolt of (1068), 262, 263
—— revolt of (1069), 273-279
—— harrying of, 279-283, 286, 287
—— earls of, see Aubrey, Copsige, Gospatric, Morcar, Oswulf, Robert de Comines, Robert de Mowbray, Siward, Tostig, Walcher, Waltheof.
Norway, kings of, see Harold Fair Hair, Harold Hardrada, Magnus I., II., Olaf (Saint), Olaf Tryggvasson, Olaf Kyrre, and Sigurd.
Norwich, 244, 254, 272, 333, 334
Nottingham, 264, 278
O
Oath of Harold, 153-157
Odensee, 364-365
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 40, 64, 128, 231, 249, 250, 259, 384, 390, 415, 416, 434
—— contributes to the fleet, 166
—— at Hastings, 202
—— joint regent (1067), 243, 246
—— earl of Kent, 423, 431, 433
—— harries Northumberland, 352, 353
—— arrested and imprisoned, 355-358
—— released, 372
Odo, brother of Henry I. of France, 113, 115
Odo II., count of Blois, 68, 77
Oise, river, 68
Olaf (Tryggvasson), king of Norway, 4
Olaf (Saint), king of Norway, 8
Olaf (Kyrre), king of Norway, 363
Olne, river, 85, 122
Ordericus Vitalis, 287, 336, 337, 339, 429
Orkneys, 3, 176
—— Paul and Erling, earls of, 176
Osbern the Seneschal, 72, 76, 427
Osbern, bishop of Salisbury, 401
Ostmen of Dublin, 52
Oswulf, earl of Northumbria, 247, 319
Ouse (Yorkshire), river, 176, 265, 273, 279, 282
Oxford, 60
P
Paula of Maine, 308
Peterborough, abbey of, 288-295
—— abbots of, see Brand, Leofric, Therold.
—— knight service due from, 449
Peter’s Pence, 404
Pevensey, 7, 54, 179, 185-187, 226, 244
Philip I., king of France, 160, 304
—— succeeds, 126
—— temporary alliance with Flanders, 307
—— grants Montreuil to Edgar the Etheling, 326
—— supports Breton insurgents, 341
—— supports Robert of Normandy, 347
—— acquires Vexin, 368
—— war of 1087, 368, 369
Poissy, 83
Pontefract, 278, 279
Ponthieu, county of, 183
—— see Enguerrand, Guy, counts of.
Pontoise, 368
Pope, Alexander II., 161, 402, 405
—— Benedict X., 389
—— Gregory VII., 162, 357, 358, 402-406
—— Innocent II., 163
—— Innocent III., 162
—— Leo IX., 107
—— Nicholas II., 107
Porlock (Somerset), 54
Precarium, the, 32, 33
—— —— after 1066, 438-443
Private war, in Normandy, 35
R
Raimalast, castle of, 346
Ralf of Mantes, earl of Hereford, 49, 53
Ralf III., count of Valois, 368
Ralf de Wacy, 72, 78
Ralf de Wader, earl of East Anglia, 272, 329, 330, 333-335, 341-342
Ramsey, abbey of, 288, 294, 295
Randolf de Brichessart, 81, 85
Redemption of land by English, 234-236
Reginald of Clermont, 113-115
Remigius (Remi), bishop of Lincoln, 167, 401
Rennes, counts of, 137
—— county of, 138
Rheims, General Council of, 106, 107
Rhiwallon of Dol, 138, 139
Rhiwallon, king of Powys, 248
“Ricardenses,” the, 69, 101
Riccall (Yorkshire), 176, 179
Richard I., duke of Normandy, 28, 29, 37, 38, 39, 379
Richard II., duke of Normandy, 29, 38, 41, 101, 379
Richard III., duke of Normandy, 64
Richard of Hugleville, 103
Richard, son of Count Gilbert of Brionne, 261
Richard, second son of William I., 260
Richildis of Hainault, 305, 306
Richmond, earldom of, 324
Ripon, church of, 385
Rippingdale (Lincolnshire), 290
Robertian House, 25, 27, 29
Robert, duke of Burgundy, 360
Robert de Comines, earl of Northumbria, 267, 268, 319
Robert, count of Eu, 100, 113, 166, 261, 276
Robert “the Frisian,” count of Flanders, 160, 305-307, 326, 346, 363
Robert, bishop of Hereford, 401
Robert of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury, 53, 245, 385
Robert, count of Mortain, 64, 166, 259, 260, 261, 276, 277, 414
Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumbria, 353
Robert d’Oilly, 169
Robert, count of Paris, 25
Robert I., duke of Normandy, 34, 37, 63-72, 143, 245, 367
Robert II. (Curthose), duke of Normandy, 130, 136, 181, 233, 260, 404
—— joint regent of Normandy (1068), 251
—— recognised as count of Maine, 314-316
—— revolt of, 345-349
—— character of, 349, 350
—— Scotch expedition of, 350
—— designated heir of Normandy, 371
Robert fitz Richard, castellan of York, 265, 268, 269
Robert, archbishop of Rouen, 70, 75
Robert de Vieux-Pont, 314
Robert, the son of Wymarc, 189, 190
Roche-Mabille, foundation of, 120
Rochester, 219
—— church of, suit relating to, 434-436
—— see Gundulf, bishop of.
Roger de Beaumont, 166, 181, 251, 264, 299, 348
Roger de Busli, 441
Roger, earl of Hereford, 372, 408, 426
—— revolt of, 328-335
Roger de Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, 39, 120, 166, 261, 287, 314, 348, 358, 408, 425, 427-429, 433
Roger de Toeny, 75
Rollo, duke of Normandy, 24-27, 30
Romney, 215, 216
Rotrou, count of Mortagne, 346
Rouen, 87, 351, 369
—— priory of St. Gervase at, 369, 373
Rudolph of Burgundy, king of West Franks, 26
Rye, 83
S
St. Albans, abbey of, 449
—— schools of, 398
St. Aubin, 103, 234
St. Benet of Holme, abbey of, see Alfwold, abbot.
—— knight service due from, 449
St. Davids, visited by William I., 353
St. James, castle of, 138
St. Omer, 258
St. Suzanne, siege of, 359-362, 372
St. Valery, 166, 183, 184
St. Wandville, 39, 68
Saintonge, 88-90, 127
Salisbury, 277, 285
—— oath of, 364-366
—— see Osmund, bishop of.
Samson, Queen Matilda’s messenger, 347
Sandwich, 172, 173
Sarthe, valley of, 134, 312
“Sawold,” sheriff of Oxford, 231
Sees, translation of, 391, 392
Seine, valley of, 25, 112
—— English, 423
Shrewsbury, 276, 283
—— earldom of, 167, 425, 427, 428
—— see Hugh, Roger, de Montgomery, earls of.
Sicily, volunteers from, 168
Sigurd (Jerusalem-farer), king of Norway, 4
Sillé, castle of, 310-313
—— see Hugh of.
Simon de Crepy, count of Valois and the Vexin, 368
Siward Barn, 372
Siward, earl of Northumbria, 49, 57, 58, 145, 318, 319
—— House of, 325
Sogne Fiord, 176
Soissons, county of, 100
Somme, estuary of, 183
Sorel, castle of, 346
Southwark, 51, 54, 219
Southwell (Notts), church of, 385
Stafford, 252, 276, 278, 285, 388
Stamford, 191
Stamfordbridge, battle of, 48, 177-179, 187, 189, 192
—— saga of, 176
Stephen, king of England, 163, 219, 249
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, 55, 56, 225, 300
—— submits at Wallingford, 153, 220
—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244
—— deposition of, 389
Subinfeudation, 446-450
Sulung, the, 469
Sussex, devastation of, 188
—— earldom of, 428
—— ports of, 53
Swegen Estrithson, king of Denmark, 160, 253, 255, 270, 271, 290, 291, 294, 334, 335
Swegen Forkbeard, king of Denmark, 4, 15, 44, 46, 272
Swegen, son of Cnut, 46
Swegen, son of Earl Godwine, 49
T
Tactics, 197, 198
Tadcaster, 177, 191
Tapestry, the Bayeux, 166, 201, 202
Taw, river, 270
Tees, river, 58, 282, 317, 320, 323
Telham, 199
Terouenne, 306
Thegns, 238-240, 447, 448
Theobald III., count of Blois, 141
Theodoric, count of Holland, 305
Thomas I., archbishop of York, 390
Thorney, abbey of, 288
Thorold, abbot of Peterborough, 289-291, 295
Thurcytel de Neufmarché, 72
Thurstan, abbot of Ely, 300
Thurstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 399
Thurstan Goz, revolt of, 78
—— Richard, son of, 78, 97
Tillières, 76-78, 117, 123
Title to English crown, 149-153, 232, 233
Tochi (Tokig), son of Outi, 169, 238
Tokig of Wallingford, 348
Tostig, earl of Northumbria, 9, 57-60, 109, 171-179, 319
Tours, schools of, 41
Trade, 53, 65, 109
Treaty of 1054, 116, 117, 130
Truce of God, 36, 380
Tyne, river, 176, 350
U
Ulfketil, abbot of Crowland, 290
Units of assessment, 467-469, 471, 472, 474, 475
Urse d’Abetot, 333, 423, 424
V
Val-es-dunes, battle of, 79, 80, 84, 85, 380
Valognes, 82, 87, 101
Valois, House of, 368
—— see Simon, Ralf, counts of.
Value of manors in Domesday, 480-482
Varaville, battle of, 37, 122, 123, 149
Vermandois, county of, 27
Vernon, castle of, 82, 86
Vexin Français, 68, 129, 131, 167
Vire, estuary of, 83
Vulgrin, bishop of Le Mans, 167
W
Walcher of Lorraine, 351
—— bishop of Durham, 324
—— earl of Northumbria, 342, 343
—— murder of, 352, 416
Waleran, brother of Guy, count of Ponthieu, 115
Waleran, count of Meulan, 75
Wales, 432
—— expedition into, 353, 354
Wallingford, 220
Walter Giffard, 102, 167, 408
Walter de Lacy, 333
Walter of Mantes, 129, 131, 135, 368
Walter Tirel, 170
Waltham, minster of, 207
Waltheof, earl of Huntingdon, 60, 231, 261, 295, 302, 345, 414
—— submits at Barking, 234
—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244
—— joins Danish attack on York, 273, 274
—— submits by the Tees, 282
—— created earl of Northumbria, 325
—— disaffection of (1075), 329-332
—— condemnation and execution, 336-340
Warwick, 264
—— earldom of, 167
Watling Street, 13, 420
Wearmouth, 321
Wedmore, treaty of, 25
Westminster, 157, 251, 287, 364
—— abbey of, 225, 260, 261
—— charters relating to, 229, 230
Wharfe, river, 176, 177
Wight, Isle of, 54, 172, 356, 366
Wigod of Wallingford, 169
William, duke of Aquitaine, 119
William, count of Arques, 70, 71, 96
—— revolt of, 101-105
William Busac, 96
—— revolt of, 99, 100
William of Jumièges, chronicler, 65, 69, 381
William Malet, 269, 275
William of Malmesbury, historian, 382
William, count of Mortain, 97-99
William de Moulins, 314
William I. (Longsword), duke of Normandy, 27, 28
William II., duke of Normandy and king of England, 4, 5, 7, 9, 25, 37, 40, 48, 56;
birth of, 63, 64;
recognised as heir of Normandy, 70, 71;
minority of, 72-80;
ward of King Henry I., 73, 74;
in war of Tillières, 76-80;
suppresses revolt of 1047, 80-88;
besieges Brionne, 85, 86;
supports Henry I. against Geoffrey Martel, 90;
captures Domfront and Alençon, 91-95;
banishes William, count of Mortain, 97-99;
suppresses revolt of William Busac, 99, 100;
suppresses revolt of William of Arques, 101-105;
marries Matilda of Flanders, 105-110;
resists invasion of 1054, 110-117;
concludes peace with King Henry I., 116, 117;
founds Breteuil, 117;
engages in war of Ambrières, 118-120;
founds Roche-Mabille, 120;
defeats invasion of 1058, 120-123;
wins battle of Varaville, 122, 123;
receives commendation of Herbert II. of Maine, 118, 130;
invasion and conquest of Maine, 132-135;
takes possession of Le Mans, 133, 134;
illness of, 136, 137;
engages in Breton campaign of 1064, 137-139;
relief of Dol and siege of Dinan, 139, 140;
position of, at close of 1064, 140-142;
first visit to England, 146;
claim to English throne, 150-152;
receives oath from Harold, earl of Wessex, 153-157;
negotiations with foreign powers, 160;
submits his cause to the pope, 161-163;
gathers an army, 164, 165, 168;
and fleet, 165-168;
demands fulfilment of Harold’s oath, 170;
receives Earl Tostig, 172;
preparations for the invasion of England, 180, 181;
delayed at the Dive estuary, 182, 183;
at St. Valery, 183, 184;
voyage to England, 185;
lands at Pevensey, 185, 186;
builds castles at Pevensey and Hastings, 187, 188;
devastations in Sussex, 188;
receives a message from Harold, 189, 190;
battle of Hastings, 195-206;
generalship of, 197, 198;
moves out of Hastings to the English position, 199;
details of battle, 200-206;
causes Harold’s burial on the shore of Hastings, 207;
takes quarters at Hastings, 211;
march on London, 215-219;
burns Southwark, 219, 220;
crosses Thames at Wallingford, 220;
receives submission of English leaders, 221, 222;
receives offer of the crown, 222, 223;
dealings with “Esegar” the Staller, 224, 225;
coronation, 225, 226;
builds Tower of London, 227;
extent of his authority 1066–7, 230, 231;
at Barking, 227, 233, 234;
grants charter to citizens of London, 240, 241;
visits Normandy, 241, 243-246;
return, 246;
suppresses revolt of Exeter, 253-257;
progress in Cornwall, 259, 260;
at Westminster for Matilda’s coronation, 260;
northern campaign of 1068, 262-266;
receives submission of Malcolm III., 265, 266;
appoints Robert de Comines earl of Northumbria, 267;
second visit to York, 269;
in forest of Dean, 272;
march on Lindsey, 275, 276;
at Stafford, 276, 277;
at Nottingham, 278;
at Pontefract, 278, 279;
harrying of Northumbria, 279-281, 286, 287;
Christmas feast at York, 282;
march to the Tees and return to York, 282, 283;
march to Chester, 283-285;
agreement with Earl Asbiorn, 285;
campaign of Ely, 297-299;
relations with Robert the Frisian, 306, 307;
suppression of Mancel rising, 312, 313;
campaign of La Flèche, 313, 314;
concludes peace of Blanchelande, 314-317;
relations with Malcolm III., 317-323;
treaty of Abernethy, 323;
creation of earldom of Richmond, 324;
dealings with Edgar the Etheling, 325-327;
relations with, and condemnation of, Earl Waltheof, 336-340;
engages in Breton war of 1076, 341, 342;
last phase of reign, its character, 344, 345;
relations with Robert, 345, 346, 348-350;
campaign of Gerberoi, 347, 348;
movements during 1080, 351;
expedition into Wales, 353, 354;
arrest of Odo of Bayeux, 355-358;
death of Queen Matilda, 358, 359;
campaign of St. Suzanne, 359-361;
prepares for a Scandinavian invasion, 363, 364;
takes Oath of Salisbury, 364-366;
last departure from England, 366;
campaign of Mantes, 368, 369;
mortal injury of, 369;
illness of, 370-373;
disposition of inheritance, 371;
release of prisoners, 372;
death, 373;
burial, 374, 375;
ecclesiastical ideas of, 376-378, 381;
reform of English church, 388-402;
relations with the Curia, 402, 403;
administrative changes introduced by,—see under castles, Commune Concilium, Curia Regis, earldoms, fyrd, knight service, private jurisdiction, sheriffs, writs;
orders taking of Domesday Inquest, 457
William II., king of England, 219, 233, 369, 371
William fitz Osbern, earl of Hereford, 93, 117, 230, 231, 261, 269, 287, 328, 414, 425-427, 433, 492
—— contributes to fleet, 166
—— regent of England, 243, 246, 415
—— death, 306
William Peverel, 451
William of Poitiers, biographer, 90, 381
William, archbishop of Rouen, 403, 404
William de Warenne, 243, 397
Wimund, commander of Moulins, 105
Winchelsea, 251
Winchester, 218, 219, 254, 260, 269, 277, 282, 337, 364, 419
Witanagemot, 17, 20
—— nature of, 410-414
Woodstock (Oxfordshire), 420
Worcestershire, 333, 426
Writs, the king’s, 168, 254, 420, 421
—— early Anglo-Norman, 227-231
Wulf, son of King Harold, 372
Wulfnoth, son of Earl Godwine, 212, 372
Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, 230, 333, 391
Wulfwig, bishop of Dorchester, 232
Wyce, valley of, 354
Y
York, 49, 171, 177, 190, 191, 252, 254, 262-265, 268, 269, 273-275, 279, 282-285
—— church of, 335, 385
—— kingdom of, 7
Footnotes
1. From the Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum, Anglo-Saxon Series.
2. From the Traité de Numismatique du Moyen Age, by Arthur Engel and Raymond Serrure.
3. From the Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in British Museum.
4. The boundary of the Danelaw in its full extent is proved by certain twelfth-century lists of shires which divide England into “Westsexenelage,” “Mirchenelage,” and “Danelage.” With regard to earlier times, the territory of the Five Boroughs is delimited by the fiscal peculiarities described below (Chapter XII.), and the kingdom of Northumbria substantially corresponds with Yorkshire as surveyed in Domesday Book, but it is very uncertain how far Guthrum’s kingdom extended westward after his final peace with Alfred. London was annexed to Wessex, but the boundary does not seem to have coincided in any way with the later county divisions.
5. See below, Chapter XII.
6. Chadwick, Studies in Anglo-Saxon Institutions, chapter v.
7. Chadwick, op. cit.
8. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, 167.
9. See the account of the council at Bretford, below, page 61.
10. See Plummer, Life and Times of Alfred the Great, 67.
11. “Unready” here represents the A. S. unrædig—“devoid of counsel”—and is applied to Ethelred because of his independence of the advice of the witan.
12. E. H. R., vii., 209.
13. See Eckel, Charles le Simple.
14. This identification cannot be considered certain. See Flodoard, ed. P. Lauer.
15. The main features of Norman society in the eleventh century are described in outline by Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, i., chapter iii., on which the following sketch is founded.
16. The scanty evidence which exists on this matter is summarised by Pollock and Maitland, H. E. L., chapter iii., and by Haskins, E. H. R., Oct., 1907.
17. See on this matter F. Lot, Fidèles ou Vassaux.
18. See Histoire Général de France, Les Premiers Capetiens, p. 90; also Sœhnée, Catalogue des Actes d’Henri Ier No. 38.
19. See Bohmer’s Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie, 20.
20. The fullest account of Cnut’s reign is given by Freeman. Norman Conquest i., chapter vi. Freeman was disposed to underrate the value of Scandinavian evidence, and hence considered Cnut’s reign almost exclusively from the English standpoint.
21. See the lives of Earls Eric and Eglaf in the notes to the Crawford Charters, No. xii.
22. P. and M., i., 20.
23. The most recent discussion in detail of this episode is that of Plummer, Two Saxon Chronicles, ii. Freeman’s attempt to clear Godwine of complicity was marked by a very arbitrary treatment of the contemporary authorities.
24. Heimskringla, trans. Morris and Magnusson, vol. iii., p. 10.
25. Op. cit., p. 181.
26. This is the duty of “hospitium,” exemption from which was frequently granted in Anglo-Norman charters.
27. Swegen, Godwine’s eldest son, went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and died on his way back.
28. See the map of the earldoms in 1066 given by Freeman, Norman Conquest, ii.
29. In the next generation there was a tradition that Gospatric had been murdered by Queen Edith on her brother’s behalf, Florence of Worcester, 1065.
30. Victoria History of Northamptonshire, i., 262–3.
31. In addition to the future Conqueror one other child was born to Robert and Arlette—a daughter named Adeliz, who married Count Enguerrand of Ponthieu; and after Robert’s death Arlette herself became the lawful wife of a Norman knight named Herlwin of Conteville, whose two sons, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and Robert, count of Mortain, play a considerable part in the succeeding history.
32. Ralf Glaber, iv., 6.
33. De la Borderie, Histoire de Bretagne, iii., 8–12.
34. Round, Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, 526.
35. This grant rests solely on the authority of Ordericus Vitalis, but it is accepted by Flach, Les origines de l’ancienne France, 528–530.
36. The meeting place of this council is only recorded by William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ii., 285.
37. Ordericus Vitalis, iii., 431.
38. Among contemporaries who made the journey may be mentioned Count Fulk Nerra of Anjou and Archbishop Ealdred of York.
39. Ordericus, ii., 369. Tutorem sui, Ducis.
40. Gesta Regum, ii., 285.
41. Gesta Regum, ii., 285. “Normannia fiscus regalis erat.” Henry of Huntingdon, 189.
42. This is the opinion of Luchaire, Institutions monarchiques, ii., 17.
43. William of Jumièges, vii., 3.
44. Round, Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, No. 37.
45. Round, Calendar, No. 251.
46. Luchaire, Institutions monarchiques, ii., 233.
47. This is asserted very strongly by Freeman, ii., 201, and is implied by Luchaire, Les Premières Capétiens, 163.
48. The whole story of the duke’s ride from Valognes to Falaise rests upon the sole authority of Wace, and is only given here as a matter of tradition.
49. The topography of the battle is derived from Wace.
50. William of Poitiers, 81.
51. Ordericus Vitalis (iii., 342) makes a pointed reference to the length of time occupied by the present siege in comparison with the capture of Brionne in a single day by Robert of Normandy in 1090. But it is impossible to accept his statement that the resistance of Guy of Burgundy was protracted for three years.
52. William of Poitiers, 81: “Bella domestica apud nos in longum sopivit.”
53. In the imperfectly feudalised state of England a stricter doctrine seems to have prevailed: see, on Waltheof’s case below, page 338.
54. This rests on no better authority than Wace. We know with more certainty that the lands which Grimbald forfeited were bestowed by William upon the See of Bayeux, of which Odo, the duke’s brother, became bishop in 1048.—Eng. Hist. Rev., xxii., 644.
55. “Vicissitudinem post hæc ipse Regi fide studiosissima reddidit.”
56. William of Poitiers, 82.
57. William of Poitiers, 82.
58. William of Poitiers, 87.
59. William of Poitiers, 88.
60. William of Jumièges, vii., 18.
61. William of Jumièges, vii., 18. The duke’s oath is given by Wace: Roman de Rou, 9468.
62. William of Poitiers, 89.
63. William of Jumièges, vii., 19.
64. William of Jumièges, vii., 20.
65. The visit of William to England in 1051 will be considered below, Chapter IV., in its bearing upon the general question of the English succession.
66. William of Poitiers, 92.
67. This is definitely asserted by William of Malmesbury.
68. See on this episode, Round, Feudal England, 382–385.
69. Page 95.
70. William of Jumièges, vii., 7.
71. Labbè Concilia, xi., 1412.
72. For example, Freeman, N. C., iii., 92.
73. Count Baldwin III. assumed the title of Marquis on the coins which he issued.
74. Vita Eadwardi (R.S.), 404.
75. Page 97. On this question there is a conflict of evidence William of Jumièges, whose authority is only second to that of William of Poitiers, definitely asserts Geoffrey’s participation in the campaign. See Halphen, Conté d’Anjou, 77. On the other hand, although the argument from the silence of William of Poitiers should not be pressed too far, the terms of the treaty of 1053 (see below) certainly suggest that the king held Geoffrey guilty of a breach of feudal duty, and later writers, such as Orderic, cannot be trusted implicitly in regard to the detailed history of this period.
76. William of Poitiers, 99.
77. See note, page 112.
78. William of Jumièges, vii., 25.
79. See The Laws of Breteuil, by Miss M. Bateson, Eng. Hist. Rev., xx.
80. William of Poitiers, 99, 100.
81. In a charter abstracted by Round, Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, No. 1256, there is a reference to a knight named Richard who was seized by mortal illness while defending the frontier post of Châteauneuf-en-Thimerais in this campaign.
82. William of Poitiers, 101. Wace gives topographical details.
83. William of Jumièges, vii., 28. The battle of Varaville led to the king’s retreat, but a sporadic war lasted till 1060. It is probable that Norman chroniclers have attached more importance to the battle than it really possessed.
84. See Halphen, Comté d’Anjou, p. 133.
85. The history of Maine at this period has recently been discussed by Flach, Les origines de l’ancienne France, vol. iii., p. 543–9.
86. The native Mancel authorities have little to say about the war of 1063, the course of which is described by William of Poitiers, 103 et seq.
87. See the table on page 506.
88. Round. Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, No. 937.
89. Rhiwallon was brother of Junquené, the archbishop of Dol, whose presence at the Norman court during William’s minority has been noted above. De la Borderie, iii., p. [missing].
90. William of Poitiers (109–112) is the sole authority for this war and he gives no dates. He definitely asserts the presence of Harold and his companions in the Norman army, and his narrative contains nothing irreconcilable with the relevant scenes in the Bayeux tapestry. The war was probably intended to enforce Norman suzerainty over Brittany, and the rising of Rhiwallon of Dol probably gave William his opportunity. De la Borderie, Histoire de Bretagne, iii., p. [missing].
91. The canons of Chartres celebrated his obit on December 11th, a fact which discounts the story in William of Jumièges that Conan was poisoned by an adherent of William. If William had wished to remove Conan the latter would certainly have died before William had sailed for England.
92. The scheme of policy which Green (Conquest of England, 522–524, ed. 1883) founded in relation to their marriage rests upon this assumption.
93. Poem in Worcester Chronicle, 1057.
94. Vita Eadwardi Confessoris (R. S.), 410.
95. Worcester Chronicle, 1042: “All the people chose Edward and received him for King, as it belonged to him by right of birth.”
96. Chadwick, Studies in Anglo-Saxon Institutions, Excursus iv., p. 355.
97. The one contemporary account of Harold’s oath which we possess is that given by William of Poitiers (ed. Giles, 108). According to this Harold swore (1) to be William’s representative (vicarius) at Edward’s court; (2) to work for William’s acceptance as king upon Edward’s death; (3) in the meantime to cause Dover castle to receive a Norman garrison, and to build other castles where the duke might command in his interest. In a later passage William of Poitiers asserts that the duke wished to marry Harold to one of his daughters. In all this there is nothing impossible, and to assume with Freeman that the reception of a Norman garrison into a castle entrusted to Harold’s charge would have been an act of treason is to read much later political ideas into a transaction of the eleventh century. William was Edward’s kinsman and we have no reason to suppose that the king would have regarded with disfavour an act which would have given his cousin the means of making good the claim to his succession which there is every reason to believe that he himself had sanctioned twelve years before.
98. Vita Edwardi Confessoris (R. S.), 432.
99. William of Poitiers, 123.
100. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ii., 299.
101. The statement that William promised, if successful, to hold England as a fief of the papacy is made by no writer earlier than Wace, who has no authority on a point of this kind.
102. Monumenta Gregoriana.
103. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 8.
104. William of Poitiers, 124.
105. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum.
106. The list followed here is that printed by Giles as an appendix to the Brevis Relatio. Scriptores, p. 21.
107. Guy of Amiens, 34: “Appulus et Caluber, Siculus quibus jacula fervet.”
108. Kingsley, Hereward the Wake, ed. 1889, p. 368.
109. This was Freeman’s final view. N. C., iii., 625.
110. Florence of Worcester, 1066.
111. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 120.
112. Chronicles of Abingdon, Peterborough, and Worcester, 1066.
113. John of Oxenedes, a thirteenth-century monk of St. Benet of Holme, asserts that Harold entrusted the defence of the coast to Ælfwold, abbot of that house. The choice of an East Anglian abbot suggests that his appointment was intended as a precaution against the Scandinavian danger.
114. See Introduction, above, page 48.
115. Heimskringla, page 165.
116. Simeon of Durham, 1066.
117. This episode forms the last entry in the Abingdon version of the Chronicle, and it is described in a northern dialect.
118. Round, Calendar of Documents preserved in France, No. 1713.
119. William of Poitiers, 122.
120. W. P., 123. “Turmas militum cernens, non exhorrescens.”
121. Guy of Amiens, ed. Giles, 58.
122. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ii., 300.
123. William of Poitiers, 125.
124. William of Poitiers, 126.
125. Abingdon Chronicle, 1066.
126. Guy of Amiens: “Diruta quae fuerant dudum castella reformas; Ponis custodes ut tueantur ea.”
127. W. P.: “Normanni previa munitione Penevesellum, altera Hastingas occupavere.”
128. See on this point Round, Feudal England, 150–152.
129. William of Poitiers, 128.
130. William’s real numbers probably lay between six and seven thousand.
131. See the paraphrase of this passage in the Roman de Rou, Freeman, N. C., iii., 417.
132. Guy of Amiens, p. 31: “Ex Anglis unus, latitans sub rupe marina Cemit ut effusas innumeras acies. Scandere currit equum; festinat dicere regi.”
133. Gaimar, l’Estoire des Engles, R. S., i., p. 222. Gaimar wrote in the twelfth century, but he followed a lost copy of the A.-S. chronicle.
134. For the chronology of the campaigns of Stamfordbridge and Hastings the dates given by Freeman are followed here.
135. Worcester Chronicle, 1066: “He com him togenes at thœre haran apuldran.”
136. The statement that Harold further strengthened his position by building a palisade in front of it rests solely on an obscure and probably corrupt passage in the Roman de Rou (lines 7815 et seqq). Apart altogether from the textual difficulty, the assertion of Wace is of no authority in view of the silence both of contemporary writers and of those of the next generation. In regard to none of the many earlier English fights of this century have we any hint that the position of the army was strengthened in this manner; nor in practice would it have been easy for Harold to collect sufficient timber to protect a front of 800 yards on the barren down where he made his stand. The negative evidence of the Bayeux tapestry is of particular importance here; for its designer could represent defences of the kind suggested when he so desired, as in the case of the fight at Dinan.
137. Spatz, p. 30, will only allow to William a total force of six to seven thousand men.
138. W. P., 133. “Cuncti pedites consistere densius conglobati.” For the arrangement of the English army on the hill see Baring, E. H. R., xx., 65.
139. It is probable that the expressions in certain later authorities (e.g. W. M., ii., 302, “pedites omnes cum bipennibus conserta ante se testudine”) from which the formation by the English of a definite shield or wall has been inferred mean no more than this. The “bord weal” of earlier Anglo-Saxon warfare may also be explained as a poetical phrase for a line of troops in close order. See Round, Feudal England, 360–366.
140. This fact, which must condition any account to be given of the battle of Hastings, was first stated by Dr. W. Spatz, “Die Schlacht von Hastings,” section v., “Taktik beider Heere,” p. 34.
141. This point is brought out strongly by Oman, History of the Art of War.
142. Spatz, p. 29, uses this fact to limit the numbers of the Norman army.
143. W. P., 132.
144. Guy of Amiens: “Lævam Galli, dextram petiere Britanni. Dux cum Normannis dimicat in medio.”
145. W. P., 132.
146. Florence of Worcester, 1066: “Ab hora tamen diei tertia usque ad noctis crepusculum.”
147. Guy of Amiens. W. P., 133: “Cedit fere cuncta Ducis acies.”
148. “Fugientibus occurrit et obstitit, verberans aut minans hasta.”—W. P., 134.
149. Bayeux tapestry scene: “Hic Odo episcopus, baculum tenens, confortat pueros.”
150. W. P., 134.
151. “Animadvertentes Normanni... non absque nimio sui incommodo hostem tantum simul resistentem superari posse.”—W. P., 135.
152. “Normanni repente regirati equis interceptos et inclusos undique mactaverunt.”—W. P., 135.
153. “Bis eo dolo simili eventu usi.”—William of Poitiers, 135.
154. “Languent Angli, et quasi reatum ipso defectu confitentes, vindictum patiuntur.”—W. P., 135.
155. Baring, E. H. R., xxii., 71.
156. “Jam inclinato die.”—W. P., 137. Crepusculi tempore.—Florence of Worcester, 1066.
157. Baring, E. H. R., xxii., 69.
158. Guy of Amiens.
159. See the Waltham tract, De Inventione Sancti Crucis, ed. Stubbs. William of Malmesbury was evidently acquainted with this legend.
160. It is probable that Wulfnoth had been taken together with Harold by Guy of Ponthieu, and had been left behind in Normandy as a surety for the observance of his brother’s oath to William.
161. Gesta Regum, R. S., 307.
162. Thomas Stubbs, ed. Raine; Historians of the Church of York, R. S., ii., 100.
163. William of Poitiers, 139.
164. William of Poitiers, 139.
165. Guy of Amiens, 607.
166. William of Poitiers, 140.
167. Guy of Amiens, 617.
168. The embassy to Winchester is only mentioned by Guy of Amiens, who omits all reference to William’s illness, which is derived from William of Poitiers. Guy, however, places the message at this point of the campaign.
169. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 4.
170. This is clearly meant by the statement of William of Poitiers that William’s troops burned “quicquid ædificiorum citra flumen invenere.”
171. William of Poitiers, 141.
172. The Worcester Chronicle, followed by Florence of Worcester, 1066, asserts that Edwin and Morcar submitted at “Beorcham,” but William of Poitiers, whose authority is preferable on a point of this kind, implies that they did not give in their allegiance until after the coronation. On the geography relating to these events see Baring, E.H.R. xiii., 17.
173. William of Poitiers, 142.
174. Guy of Amiens, 687 et seqq.
175. William of Poitiers, 143.
176. “Vehementer trementem,” Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 157.
177. Florence of Worcester, 1066.
178. William of Poitiers, 147–8.
179. This writ was issued in favour of one Regenbald, who had been King Edward’s chancellor. It was printed by Round in Feudal England, 422, with remarks on its historical importance.
180. Monasticon, i., 383. See also Round, Commune of London, 29.
181. Monasticon, i., 301. The date assigned here to these documents, of which the text in the Monasticon edition is very faulty, is a matter of inference; but the personal names which occur in them suggest that they should be assigned to the very beginning of William’s reign.
182. Round, Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, No. 1423. See also Commune of London, 30.
183. William of Poitiers, 148; Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 165.
184. Peterborough Chronicle, 1066. “And menn guldon him gyld... and sithan heora land bohtan.”—D. B., ii., 360. “Hanc Terram habet abbas... quando redimebant Anglici terras suas.” The combination of these statements led Freeman to make the suggestion referred to in the text.
185. It may be noted that there exist a few proved cases in which a Norman baron had married the daughter of his English predecessor, so that here the king’s grant to the stranger would only confirm the latter in possession of his wife’s inheritance.
186. D. B., i., 285 b. (Normanton on Trent).
187. Victoria History of Northamptonshire, i., 324.
188. Frequently printed, e.g., by Stubbs, Select Charters, 82.
189. Suggested by Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 439.
190. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 167. The mercenaries were paid off at Pevensey before William sailed for Normandy.
191. Peterborough Chronicle, 1087.
192. William of Poitiers (149) states that William Fitz Osbern was left in charge of the city “Guenta,” which is described as being situated fourteen miles from the sea which divides the English from the Danes, and as a point where a Danish army might be likely to land. These indications imply that Norwich (Venta Icenorum) was Fitz Osbern’s headquarters, although the name Guenta alone would naturally refer to Winchester (Venta Belgarum). The joint regency of Odo and William is asserted by Florence of Worcester, 1067, and the phrase in William of Poitiers, that Fitz Osbern “toto regno Aquilionem versus præesset,” suggests that the Thames was the boundary between his province and that of Odo. The priority of Fitz Osbern in the regency is suggested by the fact that in a writ relating to land in Somerset, he joins his name with that of the king in addressing the magnates of the shire. Somersetshire certainly formed no part of his direct sphere of administration at the time. For further references to this writ see below, Chapter XI.
193. The fullest list of names is given by Orderic, ii., 167.
194. William of Poitiers, 155.
195. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 170.
196. Simeon of Durham, under the year 1072. He asserts that Oswulf himself slew Copsige in the door of the church.
197. Simeon of Durham, under 1070.
198. Florence of Worcester, 1067.
199. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 173.
200. The fullest account of the affair at Dover is given by Orderic (ii., 172–5), who expands the slighter narrative of William of Poitiers.
201. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 178.
202. Ordericus Vitalis., ii., 179.
203. “Ad Danos, vel alio, unde auxilium aliquod speratur, legatos missitant.”—William of Poitiers, 157.
204. The story of the revolt of Exeter is critically discussed by Round, Feudal England, 431–455.
205. Worcester Chronicle, 1067; Florence of Worcester, 1068; William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ii., 312.
206. The source of our information is an original charter granted by William to the church of St. Martin’s le Grand on May 11th.—E. H. R. xii., 109.
207. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 183.
208. The rising of Edwin and Morcar is not mentioned by the English authorities, which are only concerned with the movements of Edgar and his companions. Florence of Worcester says that the latter fled the court through the fear of imprisonment. They had given no known cause of offence since their original submission, but it is probable that they would have been kept in close restraint if they had been in the king’s power when the northern revolt broke out and that they fled to avoid this.
209. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 184.
210. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 185.
211. Simeon of Durham, 1069.
212. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 188. From his statement that Earl William beat the rebels “in a certain valley,” it is evident that the military operations were not confined to the city of York.
213. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 189.
214. For the events of 1069 Orderic is almost the sole authority, and his narrative is not always easy to follow. On the other hand he is doubtless in great part following the contemporary William of Poitiers, and his tale is quite consistent with itself if due allowance is made for its geographical confusion.
215. The exact scene of Waltheof’s exploit is uncertain. Orderic implies that the entire Norman garrison in York perished in the unsuccessful sally. Florence of Worcester states that the castles were taken by storm. The latter is certainly the more probable, and agrees better with the tradition, preserved by William of Malmesbury, of the slaughter at the gate. The gate in question, on this reading of the story, will belong to one of the castles; it cannot well be taken to be one of the gates of the town.
216. The mutilation is only recorded by a late authority, the Winchester Annals.
217. Ordericus’ narrative at this point is not very clear, but this is probably his meaning.
218. By Ordericus William is made to return to York through Hexham (“Hangustaldam revertabatur a Tesca”). This being impossible it is generally assumed that Helmsley (Hamilac in D. B.) should be read for Hexham, in which case William would probably cross the Cleveland hills by way of Bilsdale.
219. “Desertores, vero, velut inertes, pavidosque et invalidos, si discedant, parvi pendit.”
220. Chester castle was planted within arrow shot of the landing stage on the right bank of the Dee, and also commanded the bridge which carried the road from the Cheshire plain to the North Wales coast.
221. Peterborough Chronicle, 1069.
222. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum, § 420.
223. Domesday Book, i., 346.
224. Peterborough Chronicle, 1070.
225. The passages which follow are founded on the narrative of Hugh “Candidus,” a monk of Peterborough, who in the reign of Henry II. wrote an account of the possessions of the abbey, and inserts a long passage descriptive of the events of 1070. The beginning of his narrative agrees closely with the contemporary account in the Peterborough Chronicle, but his tale of the doings of the Danes in Ely after the sack of Peterborough is independent, and bears every mark of truth. Wherever it is possible to test Hugh’s work, in regard to other matters, its accuracy is confirmed. See Feudal England, 163, V.C.H. Notts, i., 222. Hugh’s Chronicle has not been printed since its edition by Sparke in the seventeenth century.
226. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 216. The death of Edwin formed the conclusion of the narrative of William of Poitiers as Orderic possessed it.
227. Florence of Worcester, 1070.
228. Historia Eliensis, 240.
229. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 216.
230. Florence of Worcester, 1071.
231. Historia Eliensis, 245.
232. See “Ely and her Despoilers,” in Feudal England, 459.
233. Gaimar, L’estoire des Engles, R. S.
234. Gesta Herewardi, R. S.
235. See Varenbergh, Relations Diplomatiques entre le comté de Flandre et l’Angleterre. Luchaire, Les Premiers Capetiens, 169.
236. Halphen, Comté d’Anjou, 180, has shown that Azo had appeared in Maine by the spring of 1069.
237. The authorities for the present war are the history of Ordericus Vitalis and the life of Bishop Arnold of Le Mans, ed. Mabillon; Vetera Analecta.
238. “Facta conspiratione quam communionem vocabant.”—Vet. An., 215.
239. Gesta Regum, ii., 316.
240. Vetera Analecta, 286.
241. Hoel, unlike his predecessors, followed a policy of friendship towards Anjou, and restored to Fulk le Rechin the conquests made by Count Conan on the Angevin march. De la Borderie, iii., 26.
242. The terms of the peace of Blanchelande are given by Orderic.
243. E. H. R., xx., 61.
244. See table H.
245. Simeon of Durham, 1072.
246. This third flight of Edgar to Scotland rests solely upon the authority of Simeon of Durham, and it is quite possible that the latter may have been confused about the course of events at this point.
247. Worcester Chronicle, 1073.
248. Brian’s tenure of the earldom of Richmond is proved by a charter to the priory of St. Martin de Lamballe, in which lands are granted by “Brientius, comes Anglica terra.” (De la Borderie, iii., 25.) As Brian’s father, Count Éon of Penthievre, did not die before 1079 the title “comes” cannot refer to any French county possessed by Brian. As in the eleventh century every “earldom” consisted of a shire or group of shires, it would seem to follow that Richmondshire at this date was regarded as a territorial unit distinct from Yorkshire.
249. Norman Conquest, iv., 517.
250. Worcester Chronicle, 1075.
251. Worcester Chronicle, 1075.
252. According to Wace Ralf had served among the Breton auxiliaries at the battle of Hastings.
253. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 258 et seq.
254. Florence of Worcester, 1074.
255. Worcester Chronicle, 1076.
256. Epistolæ Lanfranci.
257. Florence of Worcester, 1074.
258. It does not appear that any medieval historian regarded this as an act of treachery on Waltheof’s part.
259. F. N. C., iv., 585.
260. Gesta Regum, ii., 312.
261. This point is made by Pollock and Maitland. H. E. L., i., 291.
262. For the rest of the Conqueror’s reign, there was peace between Normandy and Brittany, except that in 1086 William, to whom the new count Alan Fergant, the son of Hoel, had refused homage, crossed the border once more and laid siege to Dol. In this siege also he was unsuccessful, and speedily came to terms with Alan, who received Constance, the Conqueror’s daughter, in marriage.
263. Simeon of Durham, 1075.
264. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 290.
265. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 259.
266. Charter of King Philip to St. Quentin, Gallia Christ; X. Inst. 247. Among the witnesses are Anselm of Bec, and Ives de Beaumont, the father-in-law of Hugh de Grentemaisnil.
267. Worcester Chronicle, 1079.
268. S. D., Gesta Regum, 1080.
269. Round, Calendar, No. 1114.
270. Ibid., 1113.
271. Ibid., 78.
272. Orderic, ii., 315.
273. This fact is of importance, as giving an example, rare in England, of a true “vicecomes,” an earl’s deputy as distinguished from a sheriff.
274. For all these events Simeon of Durham is the authority giving most detail.
275. Hist. Monast. de Abingdon, ii., 10.
276. Brut y Tywysogion, 1080.
277. Mon. Angl., vii., 993, from an “inspeximus” of 31 Ed. I. The charter in question is dated “apud villam Dontonam,” which in the index to the volume of Patent Rolls is identified with Downton, Wilts. William, at Downton, may very well have been on his way to one of the Hampshire or Dorset ports.
278. iii., 168. On the other hand, Giesbrecht (iii., 531) has suggested that a political difference was the occasion of the quarrel between Odo and William, the former wishing to take up arms for Gregory VII., while the latter was on friendly terms with the emperor. But Gregory himself in a letter addressed to William (Register, viii., 60), while reproving his correspondent for lack of respect towards his brother’s orders, admits that Odo had committed some political offence against the king. As to the nature of that offence, we have no contemporary statement, nor do we know how far Gregory may have possessed accurate information as to the motives which induced William’s action.
279. William of Malmesbury.
280. Ordericus Vitalis, iii., 196.
281. An isolated reference to the siege of Saint-Suzanne occurs in the Domesday of Oxfordshire, in which county the manor of Ledhall had been granted to Robert d’Oilly, “apud obsidionem S. Suzanne.”
282. Heimskringla, iii., 198.
283. The severity of the devastation should not be exaggerated, for in 1086 Lincolnshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk were the most prosperous parts of England.
284. Cnut’s preparations and death are described at length in his life by Ethelnoth, printed in the Scriptores Rerum Danicarum.
285. Peterborough Chronicle, 1086.
286. See Flach, Les Origines de l’ancienne France, 531–534.
287. The ecclesiastical history of Normandy and England in the eleventh century is treated by Böhmer, Kirche und Staat in England, und in der Normandie, on which book this chapter is based.
288. See above, Introduction, ii., pp. 39, 40.
289. Especially in the Danelaw, V. C. H., Derby i., Leicester i.
290. Stubbs, Select Charters, 85. The writ in question probably belongs to the year 1075.
291. Pollock and Maitland, i., 89.
292. Peterborough Chronicle, 1083.
293. Abbot Ethelhelm of Abingdon was considered to have offended in this respect. Hist. Monast. de Abingdon, ii., 283.
294. See above, Chapter V.
295. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 315.
296. Easter, 1069: King William; Matilda, the Queen; Richard, the King’s son; Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury; Ealdred, archbishop of York; William, bishop of London; Ethelric, bishop of Selsey; Herman, bishop of Thetford; Giso, bishop of Wells; Leofric, bishop of Exeter; Odo, bishop of Bayeux; Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances; Baldwin, bishop of Evreux; Arnold, bishop of Le Mans; Count Robert (of Mortain), Earl William Fitz Osbern, Count Robert of Eu, Earl Ralf (of Norfolk?), Brian of Penthievre, Fulk de Alnou, Henry de Ferrers; Hugh de Montfort, Richard the son of Count Gilbert, Roger d’ Ivri, Hamon the Steward, Robert, Hamon’s brother.—Tardif, Archives de l’Empire, 179.
Christmas, 1077: King William; Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury; Thomas, archbishop of York; Odo, bishop of Bayeux; Hugh, bishop of London; Walkelin, bishop of Winchester; Remi, bishop of Lincoln; Maurice, the chancellor; Vitalis, abbot of Westminster; Scotland, abbot of Ch. Ch., Canterbury; Baldwin, abbot of St. Edmunds; Simeon, abbot of Ely; Aelfwine, abbot of Ramsey; Serlo, abbot of Gloucester; Earl Roger of Montgomery, Earl Hugh of Chester, Count Robert of Mortain, Count Alan of Richmond, Earl Aubrey of Northumbria, Hugh de Montfort, Henry de Ferrers, Walter Giffard, Robert d’ Oilli, Hamon the Steward, Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester.—Ramsey Chartulary, R. S., ii., 91.
Easter, 1080: King William; Matilda the Queen; Robert, the king’s son; William, the king’s son; William, archbishop of Rouen; Richard, archbishop of Bourges; Warmund, archbishop of Vienne; Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances; Gilbert, bishop of Lisieux; Count Robert, the king’s brother; Count Roger of Eu, Count Guy of Ponthieu, Roger de Beaumont, Robert and Henry, his sons, Roger de Montgomery, Walter Giffard, William d’ Arques.—Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, ed. J. H. Round, No. 78.
297. Printed in Transactions of Somerset Archæological and Historical Society, xxiii., 56
298. Bath Chartulary (Somerset Record Society), i., 36.
299. Hist. Monasterii de Abingdon, R. S., ii., 9.
300. Ibid., 10.
301. Round, Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, No. 712.
302. Henry I. is seldom found north of Nottingham.
303. Monasticon, iii., 377.
304. V. C. H., Warwick, i., 258.
305. See above, Chapter VI.
306. See the complaints of his aggressions in Heming’s History of the Church of Worcester; Monasticon, i., 593–599.
307. William of Malmesbury, ii., 314.
308. Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, No. 77.
309. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 178.
310. Compare Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 322.
311. See the charters of William II. in Monasticon, viii., 1167.
312. Ordericus Vitalis, ii., 219.
313. Reproduced herewith.
314. Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i., 339.
315. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, 80-83.
316. Charter of William I., Monasticon, i., 477.
317. Foundation charter of Blyth Priory, Monasticon, iv., 623.
318. There is some evidence to suggest that the lord of a vill could cause a court to be held there by his steward. This, however, is the result of seignorial, not communal, ideas.
319. Round, Feudal England, 225–314, has given the clearest account of the introduction and development of knight service in England.
320. Feudal England, as quoted above, page 447. See also Morris, Welsh Wars of Edward, i., 36, arguing for a total of 5000.
321. Frequently printed, e.g. by Stubbs, Select Charters, 86.
322. Birch, Cartularium, i., 414.
323. Birch, Cartularium, iii., 671; Maitland, Domesday Book, 502.
324. Birch, Cartularium, iii., 671; Maitland, Domesday Book, 456.
325. Maitland, D. B. and Beyond, 4.
326. The fact that the assessment of southern and western England was based upon a conventional unit of five hides was first enunciated by Mr. J. H. Round in Feudal England.
327. Vinogradoff, E. H. R., xix., 282.
328. Feudal England, 98–103.
329. For the “six-carucate unit” see Feudal England, 69. Victoria Histories, Derby, Notts, Leicester, and Lincoln.
330. Feudal England, 42.
331. V. C. H., Derby, i., 295.
332. This was the view of Professor Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, 24.
333. The contemporary description of the Domesday Survey published by Stevenson, E. H. R., xxii., 72, makes it probable that the bordars were in theory distinguished from other classes by the fact that they possessed no share in the arable fields of the vill.
334. See V. C. H., Hertford, i., 293.
335. V. C. H., Bedford, i., 200.
336. The former view is that of Mr. Round, the latter that of Professor Maitland.
337. We also know that the returns were checked in each county by a second set of commissioners who were deliberately sent by the king into shires where they possessed no personal interest.—E. H. R., xxii., 72.
338. Feudal England, 141.
339. Dialogus de Saccario (ed. 1902), p. 108.
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TURKEY. Stanley Lane-Poole.
MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA. Z. A. Ragozin.
MEDIÆVAL FRANCE. Prof. Gustave Masson.
HOLLAND. Prof. J. Thorold Rogers.
MEXICO. Susan Hale.
PHŒNICIA. George Rawlinson.
THE HANSA TOWNS. Helen Zimmern.
EARLY BRITAIN. Prof. Alfred J. Church.
THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. Stanley Lane-Poole.
RUSSIA. W. R. Morfill.
THE JEWS UNDER ROME. W. D. Morrison.
SCOTLAND. John Mackintosh.
SWITZERLAND. R. Stead and Mrs. A. Hug.
PORTUGAL. H. Morse-Stephens.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. C. W. C. Oman.
SICILY. E. A. Freeman.
THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. Bella Duffy.
POLAND. W. R. Morfill.
PARTHIA. Geo. Rawlinson.
JAPAN. David Murray.
THE CHRISTIAN RECOVERY OF SPAIN. H. E. Watts.
AUSTRALASIA. Greville Tregarthen.
SOUTHERN AFRICA. Geo. M. Theal.
VENICE. Alethea Wiel.
THE CRUSADES. T. S. Archer and C. L. Kingsford.
VEDIC INDIA. Z. A. Ragozin.
BOHEMIA. C. E. Maurice.
CANADA. J. G. Bourinot.
THE BALKAN STATES. William Miller.
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA. R. W. Frazer.
MODERN FRANCE. André Le Bon.
THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Alfred T. Story. Two vols.
THE FRANKS. Lewis Sergeant.
THE WEST INDIES. Amos K. Fiske.
THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND. Justin McCarthy, M.P. Two vols.
AUSTRIA. Sidney Whitman.
CHINA. Robt. K. Douglass.
MODERN SPAIN. Major Martin A. S. Hume.
MODERN ITALY. Pietro Orsi.
THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. Helen A. Smith. Two vols.
WALES AND CORNWALL. Owen M. Edwards.
MEDIÆVAL ROME. Wm. Miller.
THE PAPAL MONARCHY. Wm. Barry.
MEDIÆVAL INDIA. Stanley Lane-Poole.
BUDDHIST INDIA. T. W. Rhys-Davids.
THE SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Thomas C. Dawson. Two vols.
PARLIAMENTARY ENGLAND. Edward Jenks.
MEDIÆVAL ENGLAND. Mary Bateson.
THE UNITED STATES. Edward Earle Sparks. Two vols.
ENGLAND. THE COMING OF PARLIAMENT. L. Cecil Jane.
GREECE: EARLIEST TIMES TO A.D. 14. E. S. Shuckburgh.
ROMAN EMPIRE, THE, B.C. 29-A.D. 476. By N. Stuart Jones, M.A.
Transcriptions of Genealogy Tables
1‘Rollo’ 11William I. 111Richard I. 1111Richard II. m. Judith of Brittany 11111Richard III.
111111Nicholas, abbot of St Ouen 11112Robert I. 111121William II.
1111211Robert II. 111122Adeliz→(Table C) 11113Adeliz m. Reginal, count of Burgundian Palatinate
111131Guy of Brionne 11114Malger, archbishop of Rouen 11115William, count of Arques 1112Robert, archbishop of Rouen
11121Ralf de Wacy 1113Malger count of Mortain
11131 William ‘the Warling’ 1114William, count of Eu
11141Robert, count of Eu
11142William, ‘Busac’
11143Hugh, bishop of Lisieux 1115Mahaut = Odo II of Blois 1116Emma = Ethelred II.
11161Alfred the Etheling
11162Edward the Confessor 1117Hawise = Geoffrey I. of Brittany →(Table B)
1Arlette m. Robert of Normandy 11William 12Adeliz m. Enguerrand, count of Ponthieu 121Adeliz m. Eudes, count of Champagne
1211Stephen, count of Aumâl (claimant for England, 1095) 122Judith m. Waltheof, earl of Northampton
1221Maud m David I. king of Scots m. Herlwin de Conteville
13Odo, bishop of Bayeux
14Robert, count of Mortain
15Muriel
1Hugh II. 11Hugh III. 111Herbert I. ‘Eveille-chien’ †1035 1111Hugh IV. †1051 11111Herbert II. †1063 11112Gersendis m. Azo, marquis of Liguria
111121Hugh (claimant in 1073) 11113Margaret (betrothed to Robert of Normandy) 11114Paula m. John de la Flèche 1112Biota = Walter of Mantes count of the Vexin Français 12’Herbert ‘Baccon’ (regent of Maine, 1036–1040)
2Ethelred II. m. (1) Ælfgifu 21Edmund Ironside 211Edward the Etheling
2111Edgar the Etheling m. (2) Emma (12)
22Edward the Confessor
3Swegn Forkbeard 31Cnut m. Emma {12} 32Estrith m. Ulf, viceroy of Norway (41)
321Swegn Estrithson
4Thorgils Sprakalegg 41Ulf, viceroy of Norway m. Estrith(32) 42Gytha m. Godwin
421Harold II.
1Baldwin IV. †1036 11Baldwin V. †1067 m. Adela of France 111Baldwin VI. m. Richildis, heiress of Hainault
1111Arnulf (inherited Flanders)
1112Baldwin (inherited Hainault) 112Robert ‘le Frison’ †1093 m. Gertrude, widow of Florence I. count of Holland 1121Robert II. †1111
11211Baldwin VII. †1119 1122Adela m. Cnut, king of Denmark
11221Charles ‘le Bon’ †1127 113Matilde = William duke of Normandy 1131Robert duke of Normandy
11311William (claimant in 1127) 12Judith m. Tostig earl of Northumbria
1Uhtred, earl of Northumbria †1016 m. (1) Ecgfryth 11Ealdred, earl of Bernicia, †circ. 1038 111Ealdred, earl of Bernicia †circ. 1038 1111Ealdgyth m. Ligulf, (favourite of Bishop Walcher) †1080 → 1112Ælflœd m. Siward, earl of Northumbria †1055
11121Waltheof, earl of Bernicia Huntingdon → 12Eadwulf, earl of Bernicia †1041
121Oswulf, earl of Bernicia †1067 13Gospatric †1064 m. Ælfgifu, daughter of Ethelred II. 14Ealdgyth m. (1) Duncan (22)
141Malcolm III. king of Scots 1057–1093 → m. (2) Maldred (21)
141Gospatric, earl of Bernicia 1067–1068 1069–1072 →
2Crinan, lay abbot of Dunkeld
21Maldred
22Duncan, king of Scots †1040