| A.D. | | | PAGE |
| | The duchy of Urbino, how composed | 3 |
| | Its characteristic features, and traditional topography | 4 |
| | Origin of Italian communities | 4 |
| | Rise of the Guelph and Ghibelline factions | 5 |
| | Counts of the empire | 6 |
| | Republics established in Italy | 7 |
| | Opinions regarding their spirit | 8 |
| | The seigneurs attain to sovereignty | 10 |
| | Practical distinction of Guelph and Ghibelline | 11 |
| | Early military system | 12 |
| | Origin and influence of free companies | 14 |
| | The term Republic misapplied | 15 |
| | Their principle of liberty examined | 16 |
| | Political divisions of Romagna and La Marca in the fifteenth century | 18 |
| | Opposed to modern speculations and the aims of Young Italy | 19 |
| | Mariotti's admissions regarding freedom | 20 |
| | Examples of these ideas in the dynasties of Urbino | 22 |
| 1160. | | The early Counts of Montefeltro are invested with Urbino | 22 |
| 1371. | | Invited to Cagli | 22 |
| 1384. | | Received at Gubbio | 22 |
| 1433. | | Acquired Casteldurante | 23 |
| 1445. | | Purchased Fossombrone | 23 |
| 1474. | | Sinigaglia given to the della Rovere | 23 |
| 1513. | | They obtained Pesaro and Gradara | 23 |
| | Statistics of the state so composed | 23 |
| 1160-1631. | | Its dynastic changes | 24 |
| | Early genealogy of the Montefeltri | 24 |
| 1160-1815. | | The Counts of Carpegna | 25 |
| 1154. | | Antonio, first Count of Montefeltro | 25 |
| 1216. | | Buonconte, first Count of Urbino | 25 |
| 1268. | | Count Guido the Elder, his prowess | 26 |
| 1282. | | Takes Forlì by stratagem | 27 |
| 1289. | | Excommunicated as a Ghibelline | 27 |
| 1296. | | Abdicates and becomes a friar | 28 |
| 1294. | | Abdication of Celestine V. | 28 |
| ” | | Succeeded by Boniface VIII. | 28 |
| 1296. | | His feuds with the Colonna | 29 |
| ” | | He recalls Count Guido to the world | 30 |
| ” | | Dante's confession of the Count | 30 |
| ” | | How far consistent with fact | 32 |
| ” | | The Count's piety attested by Boniface | 33 |
| 1298. | Sept. 27. | His death at Assisi | 34 |
| 1300. | | The struggles of his successors | 35 |
| 1377. | | Antonio Count of Urbino | 36 |
| 1384. | | Extends his sway over Gubbio, Cagli, and Cantiano | 37 |
| 1390. | | His mild government and literary tastes | 37 |
| 1404. | May 9. | His death announced to the authorities of Siena by his son | 38 |
| ” | | His children | 39 |
| ” | | His daughter Battista, wife of Galeazzo Malatesta, Lord of Pesaro | 39 |
| ” | | Her literary acquirements | 40 |
| ” | | Battista takes the veil | 40 |
| ” | | Misfortunes of her daughter Elisabetta | 41 |
| 1404. | | Guidantonio Count of Urbino | 42 |
| 1408. | | Made Lord of Assisi | 42 |
| 1413. | | And Vice-general of Romagna | 43 |
| ” | | Braccio di Montone | 43 |
| 1417. | Nov. 11. | Election of Pope Martin V. | 44 |
| 1418. | Dec. | Count Guidantonio made Duke of Spoleto | 44 |
| 1420. | | Braccio reconciled to the Pope | 45 |
| 1424. | March 4. | The Count marries Caterina Colonna | 45 |
| ” | | His disputes with the Brancaleoni | 45 |
| 1430. | Sept. 3. | Made Captain-general of Florence | 46 |
| 1431. | March 3. | Election of Pope Eugenius IV. | 46 |
| 1438. | Oct. 9. | Death of Countess Caterina | 47 |
| 1442. | Feb. 20. | Death of Count Guidantonio | 47 |
| ” | | His children | 47 |
| ” | | His daughter Brigida Sueva's singular history | 48 |
| ” | | His natural children | 49 |
| ” | | Origin of the Ubaldini della Carda | 49 |
| ” | | Notice of Ottaviano Ubaldino | 50 |
| 1424. | | Birth of Count Oddantonio of Urbino | 51 |
| 1443. | April 26. | Made Duke of Urbino | 51 |
| ” | | His vicious career | 52 |
| 1444. | July 22. | His assassination | 53 |
| ” | | His intended marriage | 55 |
| 1439-1443. | | Two original letters from him to the magistrates of Siena | 56 |
| | The dukedom lapsed on his death | 58 |
| | Federigo Count of Urbino | 61 |
| 1422. | June 7. | The mystery and misstatements regarding his birth | 61 |
| 1424. | Dec. 22. | Set at rest by his legitimation | 62 |
| ” | | The Brancaleoni of Mercatello | 63 |
| 1430. | | Their heiress Gentile betrothed to Count Federigo | 64 |
| ” | | The state of Italy at this time | 64 |
| ” | | Rome and the Papacy | 65 |
| ” | | Florence and Central Italy | 66 |
| ” | | Lombardy and Venice | 67 |
| 1433. | | Federigo sent to Venice as a hostage | 68 |
| 1434. | | Made a companion of the Hose | 68 |
| ” | | Becomes a pupil of Vittorino da Feltre at Mantua | 69 |
| ” | | Character and system of Vittorino | 70 |
| 1433. | | Federigo knighted by the Emperor | 71 |
| 1437. | Dec. 2. | His marriage | 72 |
| ” | | Nicolò Piccinino successor of Braccio di Montone | 72 |
| 1438. | | Federigo serves under him in Lombardy | 74 |
| 1439. | | Next, under his brother-in-law Guidaccio Manfredi, Lord of Faenza | 74 |
| ” | | A midnight alarm | 74 |
| ” | | The Malatesta hereditary rivals of the Montefeltri | 75 |
| ” | | Sigismondo Pandolfo Lord of Rimini opposed by Federigo | 75 |
| 1440. | June 29. | The battle of Anghiari | 77 |
| 1442. | | Federigo recovers Montelocco | 77 |
| 1441. | | Description of S. Leo | 78 |
| ” | | Federigo takes it | 80 |
| ” | | Position of Francesco Sforza | 80 |
| ” | | Pedigree of the Sforza family | 80 |
| 1443. | | Federigo after his father's death rejoins Piccinino | 81 |
| ” | | Visits Naples with him | 81 |
| ” | Nov. 8. | Sforza defeats Piccinino at Monteluro | 82 |
| ” | | Sanzi's description of that battle | 82 |
| ” | | Federigo invested with Mercatello | 83 |
| 1444. | | He protects Galeazzo Malatesta's seigneury of Pesaro | 83 |
| 1445. | Feb. 21. | Is challenged by Sigismondo Malatesta of Rimini | 83 |
| 1444. | July 22. | Federigo accepted as successor of Duke Oddantonio in Urbino | 85 |
| ” | | Conditions imposed by the people | 86 |
| ” | | The state of Central Italy | 87 |
| ” | | Contemporary sketch of Federigo | 88 |
| ” | | Spite of Sigismondo Pandolfo | 89 |
| ” | | Sale of Pesaro and Fossombrone | 90 |
| 1445. | March 16. | Marriage of Alessandro Sforza, who becomes Lord of Pesaro | 91 |
| ” | | Mistakes of Sismondi | 91 |
| ” | | Francesco Sforza's breach with Filippo Maria Visconti and Sigismondo Malatesta | 91 |
| ” | June 22. | He is supported by Federigo, and visits Urbino | 92 |
| 1446. | | His position at La Marca, which he loses | 92 |
| ” | April. | Federigo excommunicated by Eugenius for adhering to Sforza | 93 |
| ” | | The fortune of war changes | 93 |
| 1447. | | Sforza is reconciled with the Duke of Milan | 94 |
| ” | Sept. 3. | Sigismondo attacks Fossombrone | 95 |
| ” | Feb. 23. | Death and character of Eugenius IV. | 95 |
| ” | | Death of the Duke of Milan | 96 |
| 1450. | | Succeeded by Francesco Sforza | 97 |
| 1447. | | Designs of Alfonso of Naples upon Tuscany | 97 |
| 1448. | March. | Opposed by Federigo for the Florentines | 98 |
| ” | | Sigismondo tricks Alfonso, and attacks Fossombrone | 98 |
| ” | Sept. | Alfonso and Federigo return home | 99 |
| 1449. | | Sigismondo attempts to dupe Federigo, but is foiled | 99 |
| 1450. | | Federigo made Captain-general by the Duke of Milan | 100 |
| ” | June 29. | Peace between Naples and Florence | 100 |
| ” | | Loses his eye in a tournament | 101 |
| 1450. | | The peace of Italy threatened by new combinations | 102 |
| ” | | Federigo quits the service of Milan for that of Naples | 103 |
| ” | | The King employs him without exacting sureties | 103 |
| 1451. | | The Emperor Frederick III. comes to Italy, and is crowned at Rome | 103 |
| 1452. | | The Neapolitan campaign in Tuscany under Federigo and the Duke of Calabria | 103 |
| 1452-1453. | | Federigo goes to Naples, and returns in the spring | 104 |
| 1453. | | Attacked by malaria fever | 104 |
| ” | July 26. | His letter to the Priors of Siena | 104 |
| ” | | Uninteresting conclusion of the war | 105 |
| ” | May 29. | Fall of the Greek empire, and taking of Constantinople | 106 |
| 1454. | | Efforts of Nicholas V. for a general league against the Turks | 107 |
| ” | April 9. | The peace of Lodi | 107 |
| 1455. | Mar. 24. | The death and character of Nicholas V. | 107 |
| 1454. | | Federigo's friendly visit to the King of Naples | 108 |
| 1455. | Jan. 26. | The King ratifies the league with an unfortunate reservation | 109 |
| 1457. | | Federigo takes measures for humbling Sigismondo | 109 |
| ” | April. | Visits Florence, Bologna, Milan, and Mantua | 109 |
| ” | | His fruitless interview with Sigismondo at Modena | 110 |
| ” | June. | He goes to Naples for assistance; many intrigues there | 110 |
| ” | | Death of his Countess Gentile | 111 |
| ” | Nov. 7. | Asks a mortar-founder from Siena | 111 |
| ” | | He attacks Sigismondo | 112 |
| 1458. | May 2. | His despatch to the Priors of Siena | 112 |
| ” | July 1. | Death of Alfonso of Naples | 113 |
| ” | Aug. 6. | Death of Calixtus III. | 113 |
| ” | | Ambitious intrigues of Giacomo Piccinino, who seizes on part of the ecclesiastical territory | 114 |
| ” | | Federigo continued as Captain-general by Ferdinand of Naples | 115 |
| ” | | New disputes for the crown of Naples | 115 |
| 1459. | May 27. | Pius II. summons a European congress at Mantua | 116 |
| ” | | His mediation between Malatesta and the Count of Urbino | 116 |
| ” | June 21. | His letter to Federigo | 117 |
| ” | | His award in favour of Federigo | 119 |
| | Federigo's domestic life | 120 |
| 1454. | | His sons Buonconte and Antonio legitimated | 120 |
| 1458. | Oct. | Buonconte dies at Naples of plague | 120 |
| ” | | Death of another son, Bernardino | 120 |
| 1459. | | Count Federigo's marriage to Battista Sforza proposed | 121 |
| ” | | Errors of Sismondi regarding her (note) | 121 |
| ” | | Her education and accomplishments | 121 |
| ” | Nov. | Her betrothal at Pesaro | 122 |
| 1460. | Feb. 10. | Her marriage celebrated at Urbino | 122 |
| ” | | Giovanni Sanzi's description of her | 122 |
| 1459. | | New wars in Italy interrupt the long-proposed Turkish crusade | 123 |
| ” | | Unpopularity of Ferdinand of Naples | 123 |
| ” | | State of the Angevine claimants to that crown | 123 |
| 1458. | May 11. | Jean Duke of Calabria made Seigneur of Genoa | 123 |
| 1459. | | Supported in his designs upon Naples by France, Genoa, and Florence | 124 |
| ” | | Opposed by Pius II. and the Duke of Milan, who adhere to the Italian league | 124 |
| ” | Oct. 4. | The Duke of Calabria sails from Genoa to invade Naples | 124 |
| 1460. | | Venice and Florence become neutral | 124 |
| ” | | Giacopo Piccinino deserts to the Angevines | 125 |
| ” | Mar. 30. | Evades Federigo and reaches the Abruzzi | 125 |
| ” | April. | The confederates follow him thither | 125 |
| ” | July 7. | Ferdinand is beaten at Sarno | 125 |
| ” | | Armies of the League and of Piccinino meet at San Fabbiano | 126 |
| ” | | Tournament before the battle | 126 |
| ” | | Accident to the Count of Urbino | 126 |
| ” | July 22. | Battle of San Fabbiano | 127 |
| ” | ”” | Mistakes as to the date of it (note) | 127 |
| ” | Aug. 2. | The confederates retreat | 128 |
| ” | | Anecdote of Count Federigo | 129 |
| ” | | Ferdinand saved by his Queen's intercession | 130 |
| ” | | Count Federigo re-engaged by Pius II. | 130 |
| ” | Oct. | Rome threatened by Piccinino | 130 |
| ” | Dec. | Count Federigo goes to Rome for Christmas | 131 |
| 1461. | | Sigismondo Malatesta put on trial | 131 |
| 1462. | Apr. 14. | Burned and excommunicated | 132 |
| 1461. | June. | Count Federigo crosses the Apennines | 132 |
| ” | July. | His conversation with Pius II. on ancient history | 133 |
| ” | Oct. | He reduces Aquila and Sora | 133 |
| ” | ” | Is complimented by Pius II. | 134 |
| 1461-1462. | | Visits Rome and Naples | 134 |
| 1461. | Mar. | Angevine prepossessions of the Genoese changed by a revolution | 135 |
| ” | July 17. | Total defeat of King René there | 135 |
| ” | | George Scanderbeg supports Ferdinand | 135 |
| 1462. | | Sigismondo Malatesta's force augmented | 135 |
| ” | Aug. | Count Federigo hurries into La Marca to meet him | 136 |
| ” | ” 12. | Overthrows him at the Cesano, near Sinigaglia | 137 |
| ” | ”” | Rejects his offers of friendship | 137 |
| ” | Oct. 6. | His conduct approved by Pius II. | 138 |
| ” | Nov. 3. | Made lieutenant-general of the ecclesiastical forces | 139 |
| ” | Sept. 20. | Mondavio capitulates to him; the miseries of war | 139 |
| ” | Oct. 22 | Giovanni Malatesta taken prisoner at Montefiori, and liberated by him | 140 |
| ” | ” 31. | He obtains Verucchio by a dishonourable trick, and winters there | 140 |
| ” | Aug. 18. | Piccinino defeated at Troia | 141 |
| ” | Sept. 13. | The Prince of Tarento deserts the Angevines | 141 |
| 1463. | Aug. | Piccinino follows his example | 141 |
| 1464. | | The Duke of Calabria finally quits Italy | 141 |
| 1463. | July. | Fano besieged by Count Federigo | 142 |
| ” | Sept. 28. | It is surrendered by Roberto Malatesta | 143 |
| ” | ”” | His generosity to Sigismondo's family | 143 |
| ” | ”” | The satisfaction of Pius | 143 |
| ” | Oct. 5-25. | Sinigaglia and Gradara surrender to Federigo | 144 |
| ” | ” | Venice mediates in behalf of Sigismondo | 144 |
| ” | ” | He humbles himself to the Pope, and is absolved | 145 |
| ” | Nov. 1. | Peace with the Malatesta, giving the Count an accession of territory | 146 |
| 1463-1464. | | The home administration of Federigo | 147 |
| ”” | | Scantily illustrated by his biographers | 147 |
| ”” | | His court and establishment | 150 |
| ”” | | Its hospitalities | 152 |
| 1454. | | A new palace begun at Urbino | 154 |
| 1463-1464. | | Its appearance | 154 |
| ”” | | Designed by Luziano Lauranna | 155 |
| ”” | | Federigo's patent in his favour | 156 |
| ”” | | And continued by Baccio Pontelli | 157 |
| ”” | | Who makes a plan of it for Lorenzo de' Medici | 157 |
| ”” | | Fallacy regarding Francesco di Giorgio | 158 |
| ”” | | His frieze of trophies and pompous inscription | 158 |
| ”” | | Description of the palace, and view from it | 159 |
| ”” | | Its decorations in stone and intarsia | 160 |
| ”” | | Fallacy as to its museum of art | 161 |
| ”” | | The saloons for books and manuscripts | 162 |
| ”” | | State of bibliography at this period | 163 |
| ”” | | Federigo a collector of manuscripts | 164 |
| ”” | | Attested by Sanzi and Vespasiano | 164 |
| ”” | | Regulations of his library | 167 |
| ”” | | Notice of its librarians | 168 |
| ”” | | Its extent and cost | 168 |
| ”” | | The stable-range built by Francesco di Giorgio | 169 |
| ”” | | Cost of the palace | 170 |
| ”” | | Anecdote of its foundation | 170 |
| ”” | | Churches founded by Federigo | 171 |
| ”” | | Description of his palace at Gubbio | 171 |
| ”” | | His other residences | 174 |
| ”” | | The extent and resources of his state | 175 |
| 1464. | Aug. | The projected crusade abandoned | 177 |
| ” | ” 14. | Death of Pius II.; succeeded by Paul II. | 177 |
| ” | ” | Sanzi's lines on his death | 178 |
| ” | Sept. 28. | Count Federigo made Gonfaloniere of the Church | 179 |
| ” | ” | Explanation of that title (note) | 179 |
| ” | Oct. 24. | Returns to Urbino after visiting Naples | 179 |
| 1465. | July. | His expedition against Anguillera | 179 |
| ” | Nov. 20. | Death of Malatesta Novello of Cesena | 180 |
| 1466. | Jan. | His state annexed to the Church by Count Federigo | 180 |
| ” | Mar. 8. | Death of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan | 180 |
| ” | ” | Count Federigo goes to Milan | 181 |
| ” | June 6. | Is reappointed captain-general by Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza | 181 |
| ” | ” | Returns home | 181 |
| ” | | The protracted tranquillity and glory of Italy | 182 |
| 1465. | July 12. | Murder of Giacomo Piccinino at Naples | 183 |
| 1464. | Aug. 1. | Death of Cosimo de' Medici, Pater patriæ | 184 |
| 1464-1466. | | State of parties in Florence | 184 |
| 1466-1467. | | The exiles engage Colleoni to invade Tuscany | 185 |
| 1467. | May 15. | Federigo's honourable condotta by the League | 185 |
| ” | July 25. | Battle of La Molinella in the Bolognese, where field artillery was first used | 187 |
| ” | ” | Giovanni della Rovere distinguishes himself | 187 |
| 1468. | | Federigo visits the Duke of Milan | 190 |
| ” | June. | Sent by him to meet his bride at Genoa | 190 |
| ” | July. | Returns home | 190 |
| ” | Sept. | Recalled to Milan | 190 |
| ” | Oct. | Presented by him with a palace in that city | 190 |
| ” | Nov. | Reduces Brisella | 190 |
| 1469. | Jan. | Commissioned by him to wait upon the Emperor | 190 |
| ” | March 1. | Returns home | 190 |
| 1468. | Oct. 9. | Death of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta | 191 |
| ” | | His character and tastes | 191 |
| ” | | His service in the Morea | 194 |
| ” | | Pretensions of his son Roberto on Rimini | 195 |
| ” | | The Pontiff outwitted by him | 195 |
| 1469. | | Rimini besieged by Alessandro Sforza | 196 |
| ” | Aug. 30. | Great victory of Federigo near Rimini | 199 |
| ” | ” | His generosity | 200 |
| ” | Nov. | Roberto regains his father's state | 201 |
| 1470. | | Federigo in high favour with Galeazzo Maria | 200 |
| ” | | Rupture of the League from foolish jealousies | 200 |
| 1469. | Dec. 3. | Death of Pietro de' Medici | 201 |
| 1470. | Dec. 22. | The League renewed | 201 |
| ” | July 7. | Federigo's letters to the Signory of Siena | 201 |
| 1471. | ” 28. | Death of Paul II. | 202 |
| ” | | Roberto Malatesta invested with Rimini | 203 |
| 1472. | Mar. 28. | Marries Princess Elisabetta of Urbino | 203 |
| ” | April. | Note as to his title of Magnificent | 203 |
| 1471. | | Federigo attends the coronation of Sixtus IV. | 203 |
| ” | | Entertains the Persian envoys at Urbino | 204 |
| 1472. | | Entertains Cardinal Pietro Riario at Gubbio | 205 |
| 1472. | Jan. 24. | His son Guidobaldo born at Gubbio | 207 |
| ” | June 18. | Captures Volterra; its sack | 211 |
| ” | ” | Misstatements regarding his great MS. Hebrew Bible | 212 |
| ” | ” | His triumphant welcome at Florence | 212 |
| ” | ” | His fortunate position | 213 |
| ” | July 6. | The death of his Countess Battista | 214 |
| ” | ” | His letters on that event | 214 |
| ” | ” | Notice of her life and character | 216 |
| ” | ” | Her portrait | 218 |
| ” | Aug. 17. | Her obsequies | 219 |
| 1472-1474. | | Federigo at home | 219 |
| 1474. | Aug. 20. | He goes to Rome | 220 |
| ” | ” 21. | Is invested with the ducal dignity | 220 |
| ” | ”” | And is made Gonfaloniere of the Church | 221 |
| ” | ” | Obtains the Golden Rose | 221 |
| ” | ” | The marriage of his daughters Giovanna and Agnesina | 222 |
| ” | Sept. 11. | Is invested with the order of the Ermine at Naples | 223 |
| ” | ” | And with that of the Garter at Grottoferrata | 224 |
| ” | | Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere sent against Città di Castello | 225 |
| ” | Nov. 2. | A new league | 225 |
| ” | | Federigo's patronage of learned men | 225 |
| 1475. | | Books dedicated to him | 227 |
| ” | | Curious letter to him from the Priors of Arezzo | 228 |
| ” | | Testimony of Vespasiano | 231 |
| ” | | And of Giovanni Sanzi | 231 |
| 1476. | Dec. 26. | Assassination of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza | 234 |
| ” | | His character by Sanzi | 235 |
| 1477. | Jan. | Federigo prepares to march upon Milan, but attacks Montone | 236 |
| 1473. | | Count Girolamo Riario invested with Forlì and Imola | 236 |
| ” | | He is betrothed to Caterina Sforza | 236 |
| ” | | Her education and character | 237 |
| 1477. | | Their marriage | 237 |
| ” | | The friendship of Sixtus for Lorenzo de' Medici soon interrupted | 237 |
| ” | | Revolutions in Florence usually sprang from family feuds | 239 |
| ” | | Origin of the Pazzi conspiracy | 239 |
| 1478. | April 26. | It explodes; Giuliano assassinated | 240 |
| ” | | Italian conspiracies and politics | 241 |
| ” | | The Pope is compromised | 242 |
| ” | | Lorenzo appeals to his fellow citizens | 243 |
| ” | | The parties to a new war in Tuscany | 243 |
| ” | | The Duke's letter to an astrologer | 244 |
| ” | | The campaign narrated by Federigo | 245 |
| ” | | He breaks his leg | 247 |
| ” | Dec. 23. | He goes to the baths of Petriolo | 247 |
| 1479. | May 23. | He leaves Petriolo | 247 |
| ” | | Defection of Roberto Malatesta | 247 |
| ” | | The Florentines successful at Thrasimene, but worsted in the Val d'Elsa | 247 |
| ” | Nov. 12. | Colle surrenders | 248 |
| ” | ” | Its siege painted on a bicherna (note) | 248 |
| ” | | State of the Italian artillery | 248 |
| ” | | Notices of it by Duke Federigo | 249 |
| ” | Nov. 20. | He goes to Siena and receives a donative | 251 |
| ” | ” 27. | A truce for three months | 251 |
| ” | | The unfortunate position of Florence, and disorganisation of its army | 251 |
| ” | Dec. 6. | Lorenzo de' Medici goes to Naples to negotiate a treaty | 252 |
| 1480. | Mar. 25. | Peace proclaimed | 252 |
| ” | Dec. | Humiliation of the Florentines before Sixtus | 253 |
| 1479-1480. | | Intrigues of the Duke of Calabria at Siena | 253 |
| ”” | | Federigo winters at the baths of Viterbo | 253 |
| ”” | | He receives the Sword and Hat | 253 |
| 1480. | May 19. | His letter to the magistrates at Siena | 254 |
| ” | | He returns home | 254 |
| ” | | Count Girolamo takes possession of Forlì | 254 |
| ” | | Description of his Countess | 255 |
| 1474-1479. | | Progress of the Turks in Europe | 256 |
| 1480. | Aug. 11. | They take Otranto by concert with the Venetians | 257 |
| ” | | Consequent panic in Italy, and new combinations of its powers | 257 |
| ” | | Federigo summoned by Ferdinand, but detained by Sixtus | 257 |
| 1481. | May 3. | Death of Sultan Mahomet | 257 |
| ” | Aug. 10. | Otranto recovered from the Turks | 257 |
| 1481. | | Sixtus combines with the Venetians against Ferrara | 258 |
| ” | | Federigo declines their offers, and vainly inculcates peace | 259 |
| 1482. | April 17. | He is engaged to command the League in defence of Ferrara | 259 |
| ” | ” 23. | His departure for the campaign | 260 |
| ” | | Description of the seat of war | 261 |
| ” | May 3. | War declared by Venice | 262 |
| ” | ” 11. | The Venetians besiege Ficheruolo | 262 |
| ” | ” 4. | Federigo's letter to Lorenzo de' Medici | 262 |
| ” | ” | He goes to Milan and Mantua for reinforcements | 264 |
| ” | ” 20. | Returns to La Stellata | 264 |
| ” | June. | Fatal effects of malaria | 264 |
| ” | ” 29. | Ficheruolo taken | 265 |
| ” | July. | Ferrara hard pressed, but obstinately defended by Federigo | 265 |
| ” | ” | His appeal to the Pontiff, who perseveres in his schemes of nepotism | 265 |
| ” | ” | Lawless condition of Rome | 266 |
| ” | ” | Federigo attacked by fever, and relapses | 266 |
| ” | ” | He resigns his command, and retires to Ferrara | 267 |
| ” | Sept. 10. | Prepares for death and expires | 267 |
| ” | ” | Simultaneous death of Roberto Malatesta | 269 |
| ” | ” | Character of Duke Federigo, by Poggio Bracciolino | 270 |
| ” | ” | By Francesco di Giorgio | 270 |
| ” | ” | By Pirro Pirotti and Cyrneo | 271 |
| ” | ” | By Vespasiano | 272 |
| ” | ” | Anecdotes preserved by him | 273 |
| ” | ” | His military commands | 282 |
| ” | ” | His funeral | 283 |
| ” | ” | His body subsequently exposed | 283 |
| 1482. | | Notice of his portrait, by Piero della Francesca, with his Countess | 284 |
| ” | | By Mantegna, with his son | 285 |
| ” | | By an unknown artist | 286 |
| ” | | By Fra Carnevale | 287 |
| ” | | By Justus of Ghent | 288 |
| ” | | By an unknown artist | 288 |
| ” | | His children and their marriages | 289 |
| 1482. | | Retrospect for Duke Federigo's reign | 295 |
| 1472. | Jan. 24. | Birth of his son Guidobaldo, who is confirmed by Cardinal Bessarion | 296 |
| ” | July 6. | Death of Guidobaldo's mother | 296 |
| ” | | His precocious genius and sweet temper | 296 |
| ” | | Attested by his tutor Odasio | 297 |
| 1482. | Sept. 17. | His father's death | 299 |
| ” | | Position of the duchy | 299 |
| ” | Sept. 17. | Investiture of Duke Guidobaldo I. | 300 |
| ” | | He is continued in his father's command | 301 |
| 1483. | Jan. 6. | Sixtus deserts the Venetians, and joins the League | 301 |
| ” | | Guidobaldo in the service of Naples | 303 |
| ” | July 19. | Death of Costanzo Sforza of Pesaro | 303 |
| 1484. | Aug. 13. | Death of Sixtus IV. | 304 |
| ” | ” 29. | And election of Innocent VIII. | 304 |
| ” | ” 11. | Treaty of Bagnuolo | 305 |
| 1485. | | The Pontiff attacks Naples. | 305 |
| ” | | Guidobaldo retained by him | 305 |
| ” | Aug. 11. | Peace restored | 305 |
| 1486. | | Guidobaldo serves under Trivulzio | 306 |
| ” | | The regency of Ottaviano Ubaldini terminates | 306 |
| 1488. | April 14. | The assassination of Count Girolamo Riario, and revolution at Forlì | 307 |
| ” | | Energetic measures of his widow | 307 |
| ” | | The regulations and manners of the court of Urbino | 309 |
| ” | | Duke Guidobaldo betrothed to Elisabetta Gonzaga of Mantua | 311 |
| 1489. | Oct. | Their marriage and disappointment of children | 312 |
| 1490. | | Comparative repose of Italy | 313 |
| 1492. | April 7. | Death of Lorenzo de' Medici | 314 |
| ” | July 25, 29. | And of the Pope | 314 |
| ” | Aug. 11. | Succeeded by Alexander VI. | 314 |
| 1492. | | Condition of the papacy on the accession of Alexander VI. | 315 |
| ” | | His family descent and debauched life | 316 |
| ” | | Circumstances of his election | 317 |
| ” | | His children and their scandalous conduct | 318 |
| ” | | Pedigree of the Borgia | 320 |
| ” | | The aspect of Italy at the close of her golden age | 321 |
| ” | | Described by Guicciardini | 322 |
| ” | | Sketch of the disputed succession of Naples, and its results | 322 |
| ” | | The condition of Milan and Venice | 325 |
| ” | | And of Florence | 326 |
| ” | | Character of Charles VIII. of France, and his views upon Italy | 327 |
| ” | | Negotiations for an Italian League frustrated by Pietro de' Medici | 328 |
| ” | | State of the Roman Campagna and its rival barons | 329 |
| ” | | Their feuds fire the train | 331 |
| ” | | Ludovico il Moro invites Charles into Italy | 331 |
| 1493. | | Military circumstances of Italy | 332 |
| ” | | The condottiere system gradually abandoned | 333 |
| ” | | Condemned by Machiavelli | 334 |
| ” | | A new system introduced | 335 |
| ” | | Lances, stradiotes, and infantry | 335 |
| ” | | The Swiss infantry | 337 |
| ” | | The lansquenets and Spaniards | 338 |
| ” | | Introduction of fire-arms and artillery | 338 |
| 1494. | Jan. | Alfonso II. succeeds to the crown of Naples | 341 |
| ” | | Position of the Italian powers at the invasion of Charles VIII. | 341 |
| ” | | Alfonso's efforts to conciliate the Pontiff and his children | 342 |
| ” | | His son Cesare made Cardinal Valentino | 343 |
| ” | | The Pope employs Guidobaldo against the Orsini | 344 |
| ” | | His first attack of gout | 344 |
| ” | | The marriage of Lucrezia Borgia to Giovanni Sforza of Pesaro | 344 |
| ” | | Its scandalous orgies | 345 |
| ” | June. | Her visit to Urbino | 345 |
| ” | | Double-dealing of Alexander with Alfonso | 345 |
| ” | | The calamities of the French invasion | 346 |
| ” | | Description of Charles VIII. by Guicciardini | 346 |
| ” | | And by Mantegna | 347 |
| ” | | And by Ludovico il Moro | 347 |
| ” | | The campaign opened by Sir Bernard Stuart of Aubigny | 348 |
| ” | Aug. 20. | Charles leaves Vienne and reaches Milan | 348 |
| ” | | Alfonso alone prepares to oppose him | 348 |
| ” | | Sends the Duke of Calabria into Romagna | 348 |
| ” | | He is supported by the Duke of Urbino, but without avail | 348 |
| ” | Nov. 9. | Tuscany welcomes Charles, and expels the Medici | 349 |
| ” | | This revolution graphically described | 350 |
| ” | | Financial expedient proposed at Florence | 351 |
| ” | Dec. 31. | Charles enters Rome | 351 |
| 1495. | Jan. 28. | Leaves it for Naples | 351 |
| ” | ” 23. | Alfonso abdicates the crown, and dies soon after | 351 |
| ” | ” | Succeeded by his son Ferdinand II., who retires to Ischia | 352 |
| ” | ” 22. | Charles takes possession of Naples | 352 |
| ” | Mar. 31. | A new League formed against the French | 352 |
| 1494. | Oct. | Ludovico il Moro becomes Duke of Milan | 353 |
| 1495. | | The demoralisation of the French army | 353 |
| ” | May 20. | It leaves Naples | 353 |
| ” | July 6. | Battle of the Taro, at Fornovo | 354 |
| ” | Oct. | It re-enters France | 354 |
| ” | July. | Ferdinand II. restored at Naples | 354 |
| 1496. | | Whose French garrison surrenders | 355 |
| ” | | Results to Italy of this invasion | 355 |
| 1495. | | The Pisan war, in which Guidobaldo was engaged by the Florentines | 356 |
| ” | | Their conduct leads to fresh discord | 356 |
| ” | | And to an invasion by Maximilian | 357 |
| ” | | Guidobaldo recalled by the Pope to aid in restoring Ferdinand II. | 357 |
| 1496. | Oct. | Who dies soon after | 358 |
| ” | ” | Peace again troubled by Alexander, who attacks the Orsini | 358 |
| ” | ” | Aided by Guidobaldo | 358 |
| ” | | His petty campaign against Bracciano | 359 |
| 1497. | Jan. 23. | Is beaten, and taken prisoner | 360 |
| ” | | The Venetian Signory interfere in his behalf | 361 |
| ” | | A heavy ransom extorted from him with the Pope's connivance | 361 |
| 1497. | | Ambitious nepotism of Alexander VI. | 363 |
| ” | | Divorce of Lucrezia | 363 |
| ” | June 15. | Murder of the Duke of Gandia | 364 |
| ” | ”” | Its mystery and scandals | 364 |
| ” | ”” | Its effect upon the public | 366 |
| ” | ”” | And on the Pope | 366 |
| ” | ” 19. | His oration, repentance, and relapse | 366 |
| ” | | Followed by new favours to Cesare Borgia | 369 |
| ” | Sept. 5 | Who returns from his Neapolitan embassy a rejected suitor | 369 |
| 1498. | Aug. | Marriage of Lucrezia to the Duke of Bisceglia | 369 |
| ” | | Guidobaldo's expedition against the Baglioni of Perugia | 369 |
| ” | | He is engaged by the Medici to arm for their restoration to Florence | 370 |
| ” | | Failure of the expedition | 370 |
| ” | | His illness at Bibbiena | 370 |
| 1499. | | He adopts his nephew Francesco Maria della Rovere, as heir of the dukedom | 371 |
| 1498. | April 7. | Death of Charles VIII. | 372 |
| ” | ” | Succeeded by Louis XII. | 372 |
| ” | | His views upon Italy | 372 |
| ” | | State of parties there | 372 |
| ” | | Ambition of Alexander to secure to Cesare a sovereignty | 373 |
| ” | Sept. 17. | His ecclesiastical orders annulled, and his embassy to Paris with the King's divorce | 373 |
| ” | ” 28. | Letter of the Pope to Louis | 374 |
| ” | | By whom Cesare is created Duke Valentino | 375 |
| ” | | He aspires to the crown of Naples | 375 |
| ” | | His magnificence | 375 |
| 1499. | | Again rejected by a Neapolitan princess | 375 |
| ” | | His intrigues as to Louis' divorce | 375 |
| ” | | A new league against the French proposed | 376 |
| ” | | The marriage of Duke Valentino | 376 |
| ” | Oct. 6. | The French conquer Lombardy and enter Milan | 377 |
| ” | June. | Guidobaldo's visit to Venice, and condotta by the Signory | 377 |
| 1499. | | Valentino's schemes upon Romagna | 379 |
| ” | | Its condition, as detailed by Sismondi | 379 |
| ” | | Strictures upon his views | 383 |
| ” | | Valentino marches upon Imola | 384 |
| ” | | Our last notice of Caterina Riario Sforza | 384 |
| ” | Dec. 31. | He takes that town, and goes to Rome | 385 |
| 1500. | | Ludovico il Moro carried captive to France | 385 |
| ” | | The prodigality of the Borgia | 386 |
| ” | | Supplied by sacrilege and simony | 387 |
| ” | Oct. 27. | Cesare, supported by the French, seizes Pesaro | 388 |
| 1501. | April 22. | And Faenza; murder of its princes | 389 |
| ” | | He is made Duke of Romagna | 389 |
| ” | | Sismondi's eulogy on his administration | 389 |
| ” | | Imitating Machiavelli and Filosseno | 390 |
| ” | | But contradicted by Sanuto | 391 |
| ” | | The true spirit of his government | 392 |
| ” | | Arrested in his designs upon Bologna and Florence | 392 |
| ” | Sept. 3. | Seizes upon Piombino | 393 |
| ” | | Louis invades Naples | 393 |
| ” | | Its partition betwixt France and Spain | 394 |
| ” | | Abdication of Federigo of Naples; he retires to France, where he died in 1504 | 394 |
| 1503. | | His kingdom passes to Spain | 394 |
| 1501. | | New crimes and intrigues of the Borgia | 395 |
| ” | | Lucrezia's fourth marriage to the Prince of Ferraro | 396 |
| 1502. | Jan. 18. | She visits Urbino on her way home | 397 |
| ” | | Her reformed life | 397 |
| 1519. | June. | Letter of condolence on her death | 397 |
| 1502. | | Guidobaldo's retired life | 399 |
| 1500. | | Visits Rome for the Jubilee | 399 |
| 1501. | Nov. 6. | Death of his brother-in-law the Prefect | 399 |
| 1502. | April 24. | Succeeded by his son Francesco Maria | 399 |
| ” | | The Duchess of Urbino at Venice | 400 |
| ” | | New schemes of Valentino | 400 |
| ” | June 20. | He surprises Urbino | 401 |
| ” | ” 28. | The Duke narrates his flight to Mantua | 401 |
| ” | ” | Further details | 407 |
| ” | | He finds refuge in Venice | 409 |
| ” | | Improbable rumour regarding him | 409 |
| ” | June 21. | Cesare enters Urbino | 410 |
| ” | | And seizes Camerino | 411 |
| 1502. | | His brutal character | 411 |
| ” | | He goes to Milan, and justifies himself with Louis XII | 412 |
| ” | | His lust of further sway | 412 |
| ” | Sept. | Diet at La Magione of the menaced princes | 412 |
| 1502. | | Character of Liverotto da Fermo | 412 |
| ” | Oct. 5. | S. Leo lost to Valentino and retaken | 413 |
| ” | ” 8. | Letter from him (note) | 414 |
| ” | ” | A general rising throughout Urbino | 414 |
| ” | ” | Cruelly checked by Don Michelotto | 415 |
| ” | ” | But supported by the confederates of Magione | 415 |
| ” | ” | Valentino retrieves himself, and recruits his forces | 415 |
| ” | ” 18. | Guidobaldo returns and is welcomed | 416 |
| ” | ” 28. | Valentino wins back the confederates | 418 |
| ” | Dec. 8. | Finding resistance vain, the Duke retires in broken health | 419 |
| 1503. | Jan. 27. | His despatch to the Doge of Venice | 422 |
| ” | ” 31. | And narrative of his escape to that city | 423 |
| | Authors in the family of Montefeltro | 427 |
| | Specimens of their compositions | 428 |
| | Wardrobe inventory of Sister Serafina | 433 |
| | Poetry of Ottaviano Ubaldini | 436 |
| | Concessions of Duke Federigo to the citizens on his election in 1444 | 438 |
| | Devices and mottoes of the Dukes of Urbino | 443 |
| | Illuminated MSS. in the Urbino Library | 446 |
| | The MS. Hebrew Bible | 446 |
| | The MS. Latin Bible | 447 |
| | The MS. Dante | 448 |
| | The MS. Lives of the Dukes of Urbino | 449 |
| | Duke Federigo made a Knight of the Garter | 450 |
| | His letters to Edward IV. and the English courtiers | 450 |
| | Anstis' account of it | 456 |
| | Sanzi's account of it | 457 |
| | Porcellio's account of it | 459 |
| | Army of Charles VIII. in 1493 | 460 |
| | Battle of the Taro in 1495 | 463 |
| | Duke Valentino's arrival at the French court in 1498 | 468 |
| | Ludovico il Moro's entry into Lyons in 1500 | 470 |
| | Marcello Filosseno's sonnet on Italy | 472 |
| | Lucrezia d'Este's marriage festivities at Ferrara, 1502 | 473 |
Note.—The Editor's notes are marked with an asterisk.