A Short History of Italy (476–1900)

Appendix

I

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF POPES AND EMPERORS

Year of Accession.	Popes.	Emperors.	Year of Accession.
A.D			A.D.
468	Simplicius	Romulus Augustulus	475
483	Felix III	Anastasius I[1]	491
492	Gelasius I
496	Anastasius II
498	Symmachus
498	Laurentius (Anti-pope)
514	Hormisdas
		Justin I	518
523	John I
526	Felix IV
		JUSTINIAN[2]	527
530	Boniface II
530	Dioscorus (Anti-pope)
532	John II
535	Agapetus I
536	Silverius
537	Vigilius
555	Pelagius I
560	John III
		Justin II	565
574	Benedict I
578	Pelagius II	Tiberius II	578
		Maurice	582
590	GREGORY I (THE GREAT)[2]
		Phocas	602
604	Sabinianus
607	Boniface III
607	Boniface IV
		HERACLIUS	610
615	Deusdedit
618	Boniface V
625	Honorius I
638	Severinus
640	John IV
		Constantine III }
		Heracleonas, }	641
		Constans II }
640	Theodorus I
649	Martin I
654	Eugenius I
657	Vitalianus
		Constantine IV (Pogonatus)	668
672	Adeodatus
676	Domnus I
678	Agatho
682	Leo II
683?	Benedict II
685	John V	Justinian II	685
685?	Conon
687	Sergius I
687	Paschal (Anti-pope)
687	Theodorus (Anti-pope)
		Leontius	694
		Tiberius Apsimar	697
701	John VI
705	John VII	Justinian II restored	705
708	Sisinnius
708	Constantine
		Philippicus Bardanes	711
		Anastasius II	713
715	Gregory II
		Theodosius III	716
		LEO III (THE ISAURIAN)	718
731	Gregory III
741	Zacharias	Constantine V (Copronymus)	741
752	Stephen II
752	Stephen III
757	Paul I
768	Stephen IV
772	Hadrian I
		Leo IV	775
		Constantine VI	780
795	LEO III	Deposition of Constantine VI by Irene	797
		CHARLEMAGNE }Carlovingian	800
		Lewis I (the Pious) }Line.	814
816	Stephen IV	}
817	Paschal I	}
824	Eugenius	}
827	Valentinus	}
827	Gregory IV	}
		Lothair I }	840
844	Sergius II	}
847	Leo IV	}
855	Benedict III	Lewis II }	855
855	Anastasius (Anti-pope)	}
858	NICHOLAS I	}
867	Hadrian II	}
872	John VIII	}
		Charles II (the Bald)}	875
		Charles III (the Fat)}	881
882	Martin II
884	Hadrian III
885	Stephen V
891	Formosus	Guido }[3] Italians	891
		Lambert }	894
896	Boniface VI	Arnulf, German	896
896	Steven VI
897	Romanus
897	Theodore II
898	John IX
900	Benedict IV
		Lewis III (of Provence)	901
903	Leo V
903	Christopher
904	Sergius III
911	Anastasius III
913	Lando
914	John X
		Berengar, Italian	915
928	Leo VI
929	Stephen VII
931	John XI
936	Leo VII
939	Stephen VIII
941	Martin III
946	Agapetus II
955	John XII
		OTTO THE GREAT }Saxon	962
963	Leo VIII	}Line.
964	Benedict V (Anti-pope)	}
965	John XIII	}
972	Benedict VI	}
		Otto II }	973
974	Boniface VII (Anti-pope)	}
974	Domnus II	}
974	Benedict VII	}
983	John XIV	Otto III }	983
985	John XV
996	Gregory V
996	John XVI (Anti-pope)
999	SILVESTER II
		Henry II (of Bavaria)	1002
1003	John XVII
1003	John XVIII
1009	Sergius IV
1012	Benedict VIII
1024	John XIX	Conrad II }Franconian	1024
1033	Benedict IX	}Line.
		HENRY III }	1039
1044	Silvester (Anti-pope)	}
1045?	Gregory VI	}
1046	Clement II	}
1048	Damasus II	}
1048	Leo IX	}
1054	Victor II	}
		HENRY IV }	1056
1057	Stephen IX	}
1058	Benedict X	}
1059	Nicholas II	}
1061	Alexander II	}
1073	GREGORY VII (Hildebrand)	}
1080	Clement (Anti-pope)	}
1086	Victor III	}
1087	Urban II	}
1099	Paschal II	}
		Henry V }	1106
1118	Gelasius II
1118	Gregory (Anti-pope)
1119	Calixtus II
1121	Celestine (Anti-pope)
1124	Honorius II
		Lothair II (the Saxon)	1125
1130	Innocent II
	(Anacletus, Anti-pope)
1138	Victor (Anti-pope)	[Conrad III][4] }Hohenstaufen	1138
1143	Celestine II	}Line.
1144	Lucius II	}
1145	Eugenius III	}
		FREDERICK I }	1152
		(BARBAROSSA)}
1153	Anastasius IV	}
1154	Hadrian IV	}
1159	ALEXANDER III	}
1159	Victor (Anti-pope)	}
1164	Paschal (Anti-pope)	}
1168	Calixtus (Anti-pope)	}
1181	Lucius III	}
1185	Urban III	}
1187	Gregory VIII	}
1187	Clement III	}
		HENRY VI }	1190
1191	Celestine III	{ [Philip] }	1198
1198	INNOCENT III	{ Otto IV of Brunswick
		Otto IV	1208
		FREDERICK II }Hohenstaufen	1212
1216	Honorius III	}Line.
1227	GREGORY IX	}
1241	Celestine IV	}
1241	Vacancy	}
1243	Innocent IV	}
		[Conrad IV] } }	1250
		[William] }
1254	Alexander IV	Interregnum	1254
		[Richard, Earl of Cornwall] }	1257
		[Alfonso, King of Castile] }	1257
1261	Urban IV
1265	Clement IV
1269	Vacancy
1271	Gregory X
		[Rudolf I (of Hapsburg)]	1272
1276	Innocent V
1276	Hadrian V
1276	John XXI[5]
1277	Nicholas III
1281	Martin IV
1285	Honorius IV
1289	Nicholas IV
1292	Vacancy	[Adolf (of Nassau)]	1292
1294	Celestine V
1294	BONIFACE VIII
		[Albert I (of Hapsburg)]	1298
1303	Benedict XI
1305	Clement V }Avignon,
	}seat of	HENRY VII (of Luxemburg)	1308
1314	Vacancy }Papacy.	Lewis IV (of Bavaria)	1314
1316	John XXII }
1334	Benedict XII }
1342	Clement VI }
	}	Charles IV (House of Luxemburg)	1347
1352	Innocent VI }
1362	Urban V }
1370	Gregory XI }
1378	Urban VI, Clement VII }Great	[Wenzel (House of Luxemburg)]	1378
	(Anti-pope) }Schism
1389	Boniface IX }
1394	Benedict (Anti-pope) }
	}	[Rupert (Count Palatine)]	1400
1404	Innocent VII }
1406	Gregory XII } }
1409	Alexander V } }
1410	John XXIII } }	Sigismund (House of Luxemburg)	1410
1417	Martin V
1431	Eugene IV
		[Albert II (of Hapsburg)][6]	1438
1439	Felix V (Anti-pope)
		Frederick III	1440
1447	NICHOLAS V }Popes
1455	Calixtus III }of the
1458	Pius II }Renaissance.
1464	Paul II }
1471	SIXTUS IV }
1484	Innocent VIII }
1493	Alexander VI }	[Maximilian I]	1493
1503	Pius III }
1503	JULIUS II }
1513	LEO X }
		CHARLES V	1519
1522	Hadrian VI
1523	Clement VII
1534	Paul III }Council
1550	Julius III }of Trent.
1555	Marcellus II }
1555	Paul IV }
	}	[Ferdinand I][7]	1558
1559	PIUS IV }
		[Maximilian II]	1564
1566	Pius V
1572	Gregory XIII
		[Rudolph II]	1576
1585	SIXTUS V
1590	Urban VII
1590	Gregory XIV
1591	Innocent IX
1592	Clement VIII
1605	Leo XI
1605	Paul V
		[Matthias]	1612
		[Ferdinand II]	1619
1621	Gregory XV
1623	Urban VIII
		[Ferdinand III]	1637
1644	Innocent X
1655	Alexander VII
		[Leopold I]	1658
1667	Clement IX
1670	Clement X
1676	Innocent XI
1689	Alexander VIII
1691	Innocent XII
1700	Clement XI
		[Joseph I]	1705
		[Charles VI]	1711
1720	Innocent XIII
1724	Benedict XIII
1740	Benedict XIV
		[Charles VII]	1742
		[Francis I, husband of Maria Theresa]	1745
1758	Clement XII
		[Joseph II] }House of	1765
1769	Clement XIII	}Hapsburg
1775	Pius VI	}through
		[Leopold II] }Maria Theresa.	1790
		[Francis II] }	1792
1800	Pius VII
		Abdication of Francis II	1806
1823	Leo XII
1829	Pius VIII
1831	Gregory XVI
1846	PIUS IX
1878	LEO XIII
1903	Pius X

1 All the Emperors between Romulus Augustulus and Charlemagne reigned at Constantinople.

2 Capitals distinguish the most eminent Popes and Emperors.

3 Two names bracketed together indicate rival claimants.

4 Those in brackets never received the Imperial crown.

5 This Pope skipped No. XX.

6 From 1438 to 1806, with the exception of Francis I of Lorraine, the House of Hapsburg was on the Imperial throne.

7 Ferdinand and his successors took the title Emperor Elect.

---

II

GENEALOGY OF THE MEDICI

Giovanni Bicci, d. 1429.
			|
|						|
Cosimo, Pater Patriæ, d. 1464.						Lorenzo, d. 1440.
|						|
Piero, d. 1469.						Piero Francesco, 1467.
|						|
|					|	|
Lorenzo the Magnificent, d. 1492.				Giuliano, d. 1478.		Giovanni, m. Caterina
|					|	Sforza, d. 1498.
|			|		|	|
Piero, d. 1503.		Giovanni, Pope		Giulio, Pope Clement		|
|		Leo X, d. 1521.		VII, d. 1534.		|
Lorenzo, Duke						Giovanni, “delle
of Urbino, d. 1519.						bande nere,” d.1526.
|						|
|			|			|
Alessandro,		Caterina, m. Henri II				Cosimo I, Grand
d. 1537.		of France, d. 1589.				Duke, d. 1574.
						|
			|			|
			Francesco I, d. 1587, m. Joanna			Ferdinand I, d. 1609.
			of Austria, also Bianca Cappello.			|
			|			|
			Maria, m. Henri IV of France.			Cosimo II, d. 1621.
						|
						Ferdinand II, d. 1670.
						|
						Cosimo III, d. 1723.
						|
					Giovanni Gastone, d. 1737.

---

III

SKELETON TABLE OF THE KINGS OF THE TWO SICILIES26

NAPLES	KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES						SICILY
		NORMAN CONQUEST,
		last half of eleventh century.
Roger, d. 1154.
			|
		|			|
	William the Bad, d. 1166.			Constance, d. 1198,
		|			married
	William the Good, d. 1189.			Henry VI, Emperor, d. 1197.			}Hohenstaufen
					|		}Line.
		|					}
		Frederick II, Emperor, d. 1250.					}
		|					}
		|				|	}
		Conrad IV, d. 1254.			Manfred, d. 1266.		}
		|					}
		Conradin, d. 1268.					}
FRENCH CONQUEST, 1266.
Charles of Anjou, 1266-1282.
					SICILIAN VESPERS, 1282.
House of Anjou, 1266-1442.					House of Aragon, 1282-1442.
Alfonso of Aragon,
1442-1448.
|
|							|
House of Aragon, illegitimate, 1448-1504.						House of Aragon, legitimate, which, on marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon with Isabella of Castile, became House of Spain. 1448-1504.
SPANISH CONQUEST, 1504.
		Ferdinand the Catholic, 1504-1516.
|
		Charles V, Emperor, 1516-1556.
|
		Spanish Crown, 1556-1713.
		TREATY OF UTRECHT, 1713.
Austria, 1713-1720.						Savoy, 1713-1720.
		WILL OF QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE, 1720.
		Austria, 1720-1738.
		PEACE OF VIENNA, 1738.
		Spanish Bourbons, 1738-1798.
		[French invasion, 1798-1802.]
		Spanish Bourbons, 1802-1805.
		Joseph Bonaparte, 1806-1808.
		Joachim Murat, 1808-1815.
		Spanish Bourbons:
			Ferdinand I, 1815-1825.
			Francis I, 1825-1830.
			Ferdinand II, 1830-1859.
			Francis II, 1859-1860.

Footnote

26 When the two kingdoms are united the names of the kings are put in the middle column, when separate in the side columns respectively.

---

IV

LIST OF BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING

For the Middle Ages

Italy and her Invaders	Thomas Hodgkin.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	Edward Gibbon.
History of Latin Christianity	Dean Milman.
Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the German by Mrs. G. W. Hamilton	F. Gregorovius.
Mediæval Europe	Ephraim Emerton.
Italian Chronicles of the Middle Ages	Ugo Balzani.
Story of the Byzantine Empire	C. W. C. Oman.
History of the Later Roman Empire	J. Bury.
The Holy Roman Empire	James Bryce.
Historical Documents of the Middle Ages	Ernest F. Henderson.
The Papal Monarchy	William Barry.
A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages	H. C. Lea.
An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church	H. D. Lea.
History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church	H. C. Lea.
History of Western Europe	J. H. Robinson.
First Two Centuries of Florence (translated from the Italian by Linda Villari)	Pasquale Villari.
Florence, Mediæval Towns Series	E. C. Gardner.
The History of Venice	W. Carew Hazlitt.
A Short History of Venice	W. R. Thayer.
Church Building in the Middle Ages	Charles Eliot Norton.
The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard (translated from the French)	Montalembert.
The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages	H. O. Taylor.
Life of St. Francis of Assisi (translated from the French by L. S. Houghton)	Paul Sabatier.
For the Renaissance
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (translated from the German by S. G. C. Middlemore)	Jakob Burckhardt.
The Cicerone	Jakob Burckhardt.
Renaissance in Italy (The Age of the Despots, Revival of Learning, Fine Arts, Literature, Catholic Reaction)	John Addington Symonds.
History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (translated from the French)	S. de Sismondi.
History of the Popes of Rome (translated from the German by Sarah Austin)	Leopold Ranke.
The Papacy during the Reformation	M. Creighton.
The Renaissance	Cambridge Mod. History.
History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages (translated from the German)	L. Pastor.
The Council of Trent	J. A. Froude.
Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters	Robinson & Rolfe.
Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (translated from the Italian by Mrs. Foster)	Giorgio Vasari.
Journal of Montaigne’s Travels in Italy.
For the Eighteenth Century
Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy	Vernon Lee.
Goldoni’s Memoirs, translated by	W. D. Howells.
Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi	J. A. Symonds.
For the Risorgimento
The Liberation of Italy	Evelyn M. Cesaresco.
Italian Characters of the Epoch of Unification	Evelyn M. Cesaresco.
The Union of Italy (1815-1895)	W. J. Stillman.
Life of Victor Emmanuel II	G. S. Godkin.
The Dawn of Italian Independence	W. R. Thayer.
Modern Italy, 1748-1898 (translated from the Italian by Alice Vialls)	Pietro Orsi.