Chapter III
The Dawn of Haskalah
1794-1840
1
See Orshansky, in Yevreyskaya Biblyotyeka, ii. 240; Drabkin, in Monatsschrift, xix-xx.
2
FKN, pp. 27, 303.
3
JE, iv. 301; Plungian, op. cit, p. 59.
4
FKN, p. 193.
5
JE, iv. 407.
6
FKN, p. 193; Jellinek, Kuntres ha-Rambam, pp. 39f.
7
Occident, v. 360.
8
Jost, Culturgeschichte, Berlin, 1847, p. 302.
9
Steinschneider, ‘Ir Vilna, 1900, p. 146.
10
Voskhod, 1881, ii. 29-30; 1900, p. 55.
11
FKN, pp. 277-279.
12
See Rabinovitz, Ma’amar ‘al ha-Defosat ha-Talmud, Munich, 1876, p. 112. Cf. Zweifel, op. cit., iv. 7.
13
FKN, pp. 277-279.
14
Toledot Adam, pp. 14 b, 16 b, 24 b, 75 b, 84 a.
15
See Plungian, op cit., pp. 46-47, 91; Voskhod, 1900, ix. 77; Ha-Zeman (monthly), 1903, iii. 22-30; see also Die Zukunft, New York, July, 1913, pp. 713 f.
16
Voskhod, Dec., 1890, pp. 142 f.; Ha-Boker Or, Jan., 1881.
17
Voskhod, 1888, iii. 37 f; Rodkinson, Toledot ‘Ammude HaBaD.
18
Cohan, Rabbi Yisraël Ba’al Shem Tob, 1900, p. 67.
19
‘Ammude Bet Yehudah, xxvii., and see Ha-Zeman (monthly), ii. 8-15.
20
Buchholtz, op. cit., Beilage 14, pp. 137-138.
21
See Weissberg, op. cit., p. 53; Talmud Leshon Russiah, Vilna, 1825; Moda’ li-Bene Binah, ibid., 1826; cf. Baër Heteb, Introduction.
23
Keneset Yisraël, i. 138; Morgulis, Voprosi Yevreyskoy Zhizni, pp. 7-10.
24
Enziklopedichesky Slovar, St. Petersburg, 1895, xvii. 642.
25
Ha-Shahar, x. 44-52; FKN, p. 33; Ha-Boker Or, i. 145-146.
26
FSL, p. 164.
27
See Günzburg, Ha-Debir, Warsaw, 1883, ii. 55; Israelitische Annalen, 1840, p. 263.
28
Ha-Zeman (monthly), iii. 10.
29
Minor, op. cit, p. 46; Lerner, Yevreyi v Novorossiskom Kraye, Odessa, 1901, p. 234; Monatsschrift, xviii. 234 f., 477 f., 551 f.
30
Voskhod, 1881, i-iii; Ha-Zeman (monthly), iii. 11-14.
31
Op. cit, pp. 208-209.
32
Cf. Graetz, xi. 50; Kayserling, op. cit, p. 288; Fünn, Sofre Yisraël, Vilna, 1891, pp. 138-143; WMG, p. 135.
On the streets in tears we’re wading,
In our bairns’ blood we might be bathing;
What a misfortune, ah, wellaway—
Will never dawn the better day?
Little infants from heder are torn,
And forced to wear the soldier’s uniform;
What a misfortune, etc.
Our leaders, rabbis, and honored elders,
E’en help to impress them for the czar’s soldiers;
What a misfortune, etc.
Seven sons has Zushe Rakover,
Yet not a one for the army is over;
What a misfortune, etc.
Leah, the widow, has an only son,
And for the kahal’s sins he’s gone;
What a misfortune, etc.
40
Rabinovitz, op. cit., pp. 11-18.
41
On Volozhin, see Ha-Kerem, 1887, pp. 67-77; Bikkurim, 1865, pp. 6-45; Ozar ha-Sifrut, iii.; Ha-Asif, iii.; Ha-Meliz, 1900, nos. 16-18; Schechter, op. cit., i. 93-98; Horowitz, Derek ‘Ez ha-Hayyim, Cracow, 1895. The yeshibah was reopened under the deanship of Rabbi Raphael Shapira of Bobruisk, and still exists, though in a rather precarious condition.
42
Read the vivid description in WMG, p. 147.
43
Occident, ii. 563-564.
44
Uvarov’s opinion of the Talmud was “razvrashchal i raz-vrashchayet” (“it has been degrading and is degrading”). Nicholas granted special privileges to the Karaites, and claimed they were the genuine Israelites, chiefly because they did not follow the precepts of the Talmud.
See Loewe, Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore, London, 1890, i. 100, 231, 311-312, passim; Günzburg, Debir, ii. 99-108; (Dick), Ha-Oreah, Königsberg, 1860.
Notes
22 Helel ben Shahar, Warsaw, 1804, Introduction, and p. 81. See Peri ha-Arez Yashan, Letter 2, quoted by Dubnow, Pardes, ii. 210-211.
33 Graetz, xi. 590, 604, 606; Annalen, xx. 467; Kayserling, op. cit., p. 307; Landshut, Toledot Anshe Shem, p. 85.
34 [Hebrew: Yd Tshlhu ‘l Rm’’d Bsfri]. Weiss, Zikronotaï, p. 58, n.; Ha-Zeman (monthly), i. and iii. 18-19.
35 Zweifel, op. cit., pp. 35-40, and Ha-Hasidut we-ha-Musar in Ha-Meliz, 1897; Toledot Mishpehot Shneersohn, in Ha-Asif, v. 35-40, and Nefesh Hayyim, iii. 3.
36 Mandelkern, Dibre Yeme Russyah, iii. 98; American Israelite, nos. 15, 18, etc. (My Travels in Russia); Gordon, Ha-Azamot ha-Yebashot, Odessa, 1899; AZJ, 1854, p. 22; Zunser, Biography, New York, 1905, pp. 15-19 (Engl. transl., pp. 14-18); Shenot Ra’inu Ra’ah, in Ha-Meliz, 1860; Sefer ha-Shanah, iii. 82-101, and GMC, nos. 43-50. One of these songs runs as follows:
37 Gmc, no. 42. On similar enthusiasm among the Galician Maskilim, see Erter, Kol Kore, in Ha-Zofeh le-Bet Yisrael, Warsaw, 1890, pp. 131-133.
38 Elk, Die jüdischen Kolonien in Russland, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1886, pp. 28-53, 60-80, 119-140, 153-160, 205-208; Jastrow, Beleuchtungen, etc., Hamburg, 1859, pp. 109-113.
39 See Zunz, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, 1875, pp, 279-290; Jost, Freimüthige Beleuchtung, Berlin, 1830; and Culturgeschichte, pp. 302-303.
47 Günzburg, op. cit., pp. 115-117, 122-125; Leket Amarim (suppl. to Ha-Meliz), St. Petersburg, 1887, pp. 81-86; AZJ, ix. nos. 46-50; x. nos. 5, 49, etc.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 12, Lubliner, De la condition politique.... dans le royaume de Pologne, Brussels, 1860 (especially pp. 44-45).
48 Gmc, no. 255.