| A. D. | | PAGE |
|---|
| Influence of the church on modern civilization | 17 |
| Effect of celibacy in moulding its destiny | 19 |
| I.—ASCETICISM. |
| Character of early Judaism | 21 |
| Oriental and Hellenic influences | 23 |
| Growth of asceticism | 25 |
| Pauline Christianity | 26 |
| Admission that celibacy is of post-apostolic origin | 28 |
| II.—THE ANTE-NICENE CHURCH. |
| Early ascetic tendencies | 31 |
| Exaggerated in the heresies | 33 |
| Influence of Buddhism | 34 |
| Objection to second marriages | 36 |
| c. 150 | “Digami” rejected from the ministry | 37 |
| Application of the Levitical rule | 38 |
| Growth of asceticism—self-mutilation | 40 |
| Vows of virginity and their results | 41 |
| c. 280 | Influence of Manichæism | 43 |
| Condemnation of marriage | 45 |
| 305 | First injunction of celibacy, by the Council of Elvira | 50 |
| 314 | Disregarded elsewhere | 51 |
| III.—THE COUNCIL OF NICÆA. |
| Growing centralization of the church | 52 |
| 325 | The first general council | 53 |
| It prohibits the residence of suspected women | 53 |
| The story of Paphnutius | 56 |
| 325-350 | Married priests not as yet interfered with | 58 |
| IV.—LEGISLATION. |
| 348-400 | Enforcement of voluntary vows | 59 |
| Prohibition of female ministry | 60 |
| 362 | Reaction—the Council of Gangra | 61 |
| 384 | Celibacy adopted by the Latin church | 64 |
| 385 | Decretal of Siricius | 65 |
| V.—ENFORCEMENT OF CELIBACY. |
| Resistance to enforced asceticism | 67 |
| 390 | Jovinian | 69 |
| 404 | Vigilantius | 70 |
| 390-419 | The church of Africa yields | 73 |
| 401 | Compromise of the Cis-Alpine church | 75 |
| Popular assistance in enforcing celibacy | 77 |
| Effect of enforced celibacy on clerical morals | 78 |
| General demoralization of society | 81 |
| VI.—THE EASTERN CHURCH. |
| Divergence between the East and the West | 83 |
| 381 | Compulsory celibacy unknown in the East | 84 |
| 400 | Council of Constantinople—Antony of Ephesus—Synesius | 85 |
| 430 | First enforcement of celibacy in Thessaly | 86 |
| Celibacy not obligatory | 86 |
| 528-548 | Legislation of Justinian | 86 |
| 680 | The Quinisext in Trullo—Discipline unchanged | 88 |
| 900 | Final legislation of Leo the Philosopher | 90 |
| The Nestorians—clerical marriage permitted | 91 |
| The Abyssinian church | 92 |
| VII.—MONACHISM. |
| Buddhist model of monachism | 94 |
| Apostolic order of widows | 96 |
| Devotees in the primitive church—no vows irrevocable | 97 |
| 250-285 | Paul the Thebæan and St. Antony | 97 |
| 350-400 | Increase of monachism | 98 |
| Early systems—vows not irrevocable | 101 |
| Greater strictness required of female devotees | 103 |
| c. 400 | Marriages of nuns still valid | 104 |
| 450-458 | Conflicting legislation | 105 |
| Strictness of the Eastern church—Political necessity of controlling monachism | 106 |
| 390-456 | Monks confined to their convents | 108 |
| 532-545 | Justinian renders monastic vows irrevocable | 108 |
| Disorders of Western monachism | 109 |
| 528 | St. Benedict of Nursia—vows not irrevocable under his rule | 111 |
| 590-604 | Gregory I. enforces the inviolability of vows | 113 |
| Continued irregularities of monachism | 115 |
| VIII.—THE BARBARIANS. |
| The Church and the Barbarians | 117 |
| The Merovingian bishops | 118 |
| The Spanish Arians | 120 |
| 589-711 | Neglect of discipline in Spain | 121 |
| 557-580 | State of discipline in Italy | 122 |
| Dilapidation of ecclesiastical property | 123 |
| 590-604 | Reforms of Gregory the Great | 123 |
| IX.—THE CARLOVINGIANS. |
| Demoralization of the VII. and VIII. centuries | 126 |
| Reorganizing efforts of the Carlovingians | 128 |
| 742-755 | Labors of St. Boniface | 131 |
| Resistance of the married clergy | 132 |
| 755 | Pepin-le-Bref undertakes the reform | 134 |
| Sacerdotal celibacy reëstablished | 135 |
| Reforms of Charlemagne and Louis-le-Débonnaire—Their inefficiency | 135 |
| 840-912 | Increasing demoralization under the later Carlovingians | 139 |
| 874 | Legal procedures prescribed by Hincmar | 140 |
| 893 | Sacerdotal marriage resumed | 142 |
| X.—THE TENTH CENTURY. |
| Barbarism of the tenth century—Debasement of the papacy | 144 |
| Tendency to hereditary benefices—Dilapidation of church property | 145 |
| 938 | Leo VII. vainly prohibits sacerdotal marriage | 148 |
| 952 | It is defended by St. Ulric of Augsburg | 153 |
| 925-967 | Unsuccessfully resisted by Ratherius of Verona and Atto of Vercelli | 150 |
| Opposing influences among prelates | 152 |
| Relaxation of the canons | 154 |
| 942-1054 | Three Archbishops of Rouen | 155 |
| Indifference of Silvester II. | 157 |
| Celibacy practically obsolete | 158 |
| XI.—SAXON ENGLAND. |
| Corruption of the ancient British church | 159 |
| Asceticism of the Irish and Scottish churches | 160 |
| 597 | Celibacy introduced among the Saxons by St. Augustin | 161 |
| Disorders in the Saxon nunneries | 163 |
| 747, 787 | Councils of Clovesho and Chelsea | 164 |
| Neglect of discipline in the ninth and tenth centuries | 165 |
| 964 | St. Dunstan undertakes a reformation | 166 |
| 964-974 | Energy of Edgar the Pacific | 168 |
| 975 | Reaction after the death of Edgar | 170 |
| 1006 | Failure of Dunstan’s reforms | 171 |
| 1009 | Council of Enham—Sacerdotal polygamy | 172 |
| 1032 | Legislation of Cnut | 173 |
| Sacerdotal marriage established | 175 |
| XII.—PETER DAMIANI. |
| 1022 | Council of Pavia—Efforts to restore discipline | 178 |
| 1031 | Council of Bourges | 179 |
| Clerical marriage and profligacy | 180 |
| Revival of asceticism—San Giovanni Gualberto | 183 |
| 1046 | Henry III. undertakes the reformation of the church—Clement II. | 184 |
| St. Peter Damiani | 185 |
| 1049 | Leo IX. | 187 |
| Damiani’s Liber Gomorrhianus | 188 |
| Reformatory efforts of Leo—Councils of Rheims and Mainz | 188 |
| 1051-1053 | Attempts to reform the Italian clergy | 189 |
| Failure of the Reformation | 190 |
| 1058 | The Papacy independent—Damiani and Hildebrand | 192 |
| 1059 | Appeal to the laity for assistance | 194 |
| 1059 | Council of Melfi—Deposition of Bishop of Trani | 197 |
| 1060 | Damiani endeavors to reform the prelates | 198 |
| The persecuted clergy organize resistance | 199 |
| 1061 | Schismatic election of Cadalus | 200 |
| He is supported by the married clergy | 201 |
| 1063 | Renewed efforts of Alexander II. and Damiani | 202 |
| Their failure | 204 |
| XIII.—MILAN. |
| Milan the centre of Manichæism | 207 |
| 1045 | Election of an archbishop—four disappointed competitors | 209 |
| Marriage universal among Milanese clergy | 210 |
| Landolfo and Arialdo excite the people | 211 |
| 1056 | Popular tumults—Plunder of the clergy | 212 |
| 1058 | The Synod of Fontaneto defends the married priests | 212 |
| A furious civil war results | 213 |
| 1059 | Damiani obtains the submission of the clergy | 213 |
| 1061 | Milan embraces the party of Cadalus | 215 |
| Death of Landolfo—Erlembaldo takes his place | 215 |
| 1062 | His success | 216 |
| 1066 | Excommunication of Archbishop Guido—Martyrdom of Arialdo | 216 |
| 1067 | Compromise and temporary truce | 217 |
| 1069 | Guido forced to resign—War between Gotefrido and Azzo for the succession | 218 |
| 1075 | Death of Erlembaldo—Tedaldo archbishop in spite of Gregory VII. | 219 |
| Influence of celibacy on the struggle | 220 |
| 1093-1095 | Triumph of sacerdotalism | 221 |
| Similar trouble throughout Tuscany | 222 |
| XIV.—HILDEBRAND. |
| 1073 | Election of Gregory VII.—His character | 223 |
| Necessity of celibacy to his scheme of theocratic supremacy | 225 |
| 1074 | Synod of Rome—Repetition of previous canons | 227 |
| Attempts to enforce them throughout Europe—Resistance of the clergy | 228 |
| Three bishops—Otho of Constance—Altmann of Passau—Siegfrid of Mainz | 229 |
| 1074 | Gregory appeals to the laity | 232 |
| Resultant persecution of the clergy | 234 |
| 1077 | Violent resistance of the married clergy | 236 |
| Political complications | 237 |
| 1085 | Papalists and Imperialists both condemn sacerdotal marriage | 239 |
| XV.—CENTRAL EUROPE. |
| Depression of the Catholic party—Sacerdotal marriage connived at | 241 |
| 1089 | Urban II. renews the persecution | 242 |
| 1094 | Contumacy of the German priesthood | 243 |
| 1105 | Deposition of Henry IV.—Germany restored to Catholic unity | 244 |
| 1118-1175 | Sacerdotal marriage nevertheless common | 245 |
| 1092-1257 | First introduction of celibacy in Hungary | 248 |
| 1197-1279 | Introduction of celibacy in Poland | 251 |
| 1213-1248 | Disregard of the canons in Sweden | 252 |
| 1117-1266 | Their enforcement in Denmark | 253 |
| 1219-1271 | Their neglect in Friesland | 254 |
| XVI.—FRANCE. |
| 1056-1064 | Efforts to introduce sacerdotal celibacy | 255 |
| 1074-1078 | Contumacy of the clergy | 256 |
| 1080 | William the Conqueror intervenes—First allusion to licenses to sin | 257 |
| Successful resistance of the Norman and Breton clergy | 258 |
| 1076-1094 | Troubles in Flanders | 259 |
| Confusion caused by the attempted reform | 262 |
| 1095 | Council of Clermont—Its canons disregarded | 263 |
| Condition of the monastic establishments | 264 |
| Hereditary transmission of benefices | 265 |
| Miracles invoked in aid of the reform | 266 |
| 1119 | Calixtus II. commences a new reform | 267 |
| Resistance of the Norman priesthood | 268 |
| Abelard and Heloise—Standard of morals erected by the church | 269 |
| 1212 | Continuance of clerical marriage | 270 |
| XVII.—NORMAN ENGLAND. |
| 1066 | Canons not enforced by William I. | 271 |
| 1076 | First effort made by the Council of Winchester | 272 |
| 1102 | St. Anselm undertakes the reform—Council of London | 273 |
| Resistance of the priests—Failure of the movement | 275 |
| 1104 | Henry I. uses the reform as a financial expedient | 276 |
| 1108 | He enforces outward obedience | 277 |
| 1126 | Stubborn contumacy of the priesthood | 279 |
| 1129 | Henry again speculates on clerical immorality | 280 |
| 1138-1171 | Disorders of the English church | 281 |
| Consorts of priests no longer termed wives | 283 |
| 1208 | King John discovers their financial value | 283 |
| Venality of the ecclesiastical officials | 284 |
| “Focariæ” still universal | 285 |
| 1215 | Indignation of the clergy at the reforms of Innocent III. | 286 |
| 1237 | Cardinal Otto and the Council of London | 288 |
| Popular poems concerning the reform | 289 |
| 1250-1268 | Gradual extinction of clerical marriage in England | 290 |
| Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln | 292 |
| Fruitless legislation against concubinage | 293 |
| 12th-15th C. | Sacerdotal marriage in Wales | 293 |
| XVIII.—IRELAND AND SCOTLAND. |
| Degradation of the Irish church prior to the twelfth century | 295 |
| 1130-1149 | Reforms of St. Malachi—Influence of Rome | 296 |
| Monastic character of the reformed church | 297 |
| 1186-1320 | Condition of the church in the English Pale | 298 |
| Degeneration of the Scottish Culdees | 299 |
| 1124-1153 | David I. reforms the church and reestablishes celibacy | 300 |
| 1225-1268 | Immorality of the Scottish clergy | 301 |
| XIX.—SPAIN. |
| 11th Cent. | Independent barbarism of the Spanish church—Marriage universal | 302 |
| 1068-1080 | Encroachments of Rome—sacerdotal marriage condemned | 303 |
| 1101-1129 | Reforms of Diego Gelmirez—Marriage not interfered with | 305 |
| 1260 | Legislation of Alfonso the Wise—Concubinage universal | 308 |
| 1323 | Concubinage organized as a safeguard by the laity | 310 |
| Corruption throughout the middle ages | 311 |
| XX.—GENERAL LEGISLATION. |
| 1123 | Marriage now first dissolved by Holy Orders | 313 |
| 1130 | The innovation not as yet enforced | 314 |
| 1139 | Sacerdotal marriage formally declared void by the Second Council of Lateran | 315 |
| 1148 | Confirmed by the Council of Rheims—Denied by Gratian | 316 |
| 1150 | The new doctrine receives no obedience | 318 |
| 1158-1181 | Alexander III. insists upon it | 319 |
| But excepts immoral ecclesiastics | 320 |
| Conflict of rules and exceptions | 322 |
| 1206-1255 | Case of Bossaert d’Avesnes | 323 |
| Alexander III. proposes to restore clerical marriage | 325 |
| 1187-1198 | Efforts of the popes to enforce the canons | 326 |
| 1215 | Fourth Council of Lateran—Triumph of Sacerdotalism | 327 |
| XXI.—RESULTS. |
| Recognition of the obligation of celibacy | 330 |
| Increase of immorality | 331 |
| 13th-15th C. | Fruitless attempts to restrain corruption | 333 |
| 1231 | Recognition of children of ecclesiastics | 335 |
| 1225-1416 | Efforts to restrict hereditary transmission | 338 |
| 1317 | Recognition of concubinage | 339 |
| Successful resistance to reform | 340 |
| 12th-15th C. | Morals of the papal court | 341 |
| Influence on society of sacerdotal celibacy | 346 |
| Influence of monachism | 357 |
| XXII.—THE MILITARY ORDERS. |
| 1120 | Knights of St. John vowed to celibacy | 362 |
| 1128 | Knights of the Temple vowed to celibacy | 362 |
| 1175 | Knights of St. James of the Sword allowed to marry | 363 |
| 1441 | Marriage permitted to the Order of Calatrava | 364 |
| 1496 | And to the Orders of Avis and Jesus Christ | 365 |
| 1167 | Order of St. Michael allowed to marry once | 365 |
| Reforms attempted in the Order of St. John | 366 |
| The Teutonic Knights | 366 |
| XXIII.—THE HERESIES. |
| Asceticism of mediæval Manichæism | 367 |
| Difficulty of combating it | 369 |
| 1146 | Antisacerdotalism—The Petrobrusians and Henricians | 370 |
| 1148 | Éon de l’Étoile | 371 |
| c. 1160 | The Waldenses | 372 |
| 1294 | Antisacerdotalism of the Franciscans—The Fraticelli | 375 |
| 1341 | John of Pirna | 378 |
| 1377 | Wickliffe | 378 |
| 1394 | The Lollards denounce clerical celibacy | 381 |
| 1415-1438 | The Hussites—They maintain ascetic celibacy | 382 |
| 1411-1414 | Brethren of the Cross—Men of Intelligence | 385 |
| 1488-1498 | Savonarola | 386 |
| XXIV.—THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. |
| Demoralization of the sacerdotal body | 388 |
| 1418 | Futile efforts of the Council of Constance | 390 |
| 1422 | Efforts of Martin V. | 392 |
| Undiminished corruption and symptoms of revolt | 393 |
| 1435 | The Council of Bâle attempts a reform | 395 |
| Impotence of the Basilian canons—Venality of the papal court | 396 |
| 1484-1500 | Condition of the church in Italy, France, England, Spain, Germany, and Hungary | 398 |
| 1496 | Relaxation of monastic discipline | 402 |
| 1476 | John of Nicklaushausen | 405 |
| Sacerdotal marriage advocated as a remedy | 405 |
| 1479 | John of Oberwesel | 407 |
| 1485 | Heresy of Jean Laillier | 408 |
| XXV.—THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY. |
| Irreverential spirit of the sixteenth century | 410 |
| 1510 | Complaints of the Germans against the church | 411 |
| Immobility of the church | 412 |
| Popular movement—Luther and Erasmus | 413 |
| 1518 | Official opposition to the abuses of the church | 416 |
| 1517-1520 | Luther neglects the question of celibacy—his gradual progress | 417 |
| 1521 | First examples of sacerdotal marriage | 419 |
| Approved by Carlostadt—Disapproved by Luther | 419 |
| 1522 | Zwingli demands sacerdotal marriage—Luther adopts it | 421 |
| 1524 | Efforts of the church to repress the movement | 423 |
| Popular approbation—Protection in high quarters | 424 |
| 1523-1524 | Emancipation of nuns and monks | 425 |
| 1525 | Marriage of Luther | 425 |
| Causes of popular acquiescence in the change | 427 |
| Extreme immorality of the clergy | 427 |
| Admitted by the Catholics to justify heresy | 430 |
| 1522-1526 | Erasmus advocates clerical marriage | 432 |
| Assistance from ambition of temporal princes | 434 |
| 1530 | Efforts at reunion—Confession of Augsburg | 435 |
| Failure of reconciliation—League of Schmalkalden | 438 |
| The Anabaptists | 438 |
| 1532-1541 | Partial toleration—Difficulties concerning the Abbey lands | 439 |
| 1548 | The Interim—Sacerdotal marriage tolerated | 441 |
| 1552 | The Reformation established by the Transaction of Passau | 443 |
| XXVI.—THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. |
| Conservative tendencies of England | 444 |
| 1500-1523 | John Colet and Sir Thomas More | 445 |
| 1524 | Difficulties of the situation—Wolsey undertakes the destruction of monachism | 447 |
| 1528 | General suppression of the smaller houses | 448 |
| 1532 | Henry VIII.’s quarrel with Rome | 449 |
| 1535 | General visitation of monasteries, and suppression of most of them | 451 |
| Popular opinions—The Beggars’ Petition | 453 |
| 1536 | Popular discontent—The Pilgrimage of Grace | 455 |
| 1537-1546 | Final suppression of the religious houses | 456 |
| Fate of their inmates | 460 |
| 1535-1541 | Irish monastic establishments destroyed | 461 |
| Henry still insists on celibacy | 461 |
| Efforts to procure its relaxation | 463 |
| 1537 | Uncertainty of the subject in the public mind | 465 |
| 1539 | Henry’s firmness—Act of the Six Articles | 466 |
| Persecution of the married clergy | 469 |
| 1540 | Modification of the Six Articles | 471 |
| 1547 | Accession of Edward VI.—Repeal of the Six Articles | 472 |
| 1548-1549 | Full liberty of marriage accorded to the clergy | 473 |
| Armed opposition of the people | 474 |
| 1552 | Adoption of the Forty-two Articles | 475 |
| Difficulty of removing popular convictions | 476 |
| 1553 | Accession of Queen Mary—Legislation of Edward repealed | 477 |
| 1554 | The married clergy separated and deprived | 478 |
| Suffering of the clergy in consequence | 480 |
| England reconciled to Rome—Church lands not recalled | 482 |
| 1555 | Cardinal Pole’s Legatine Constitutions | 483 |
| 1557 | More stringent legislation required—Revival of the old troubles | 485 |
| 1558 | Accession of Queen Elizabeth | 486 |
| 1559 | Delay in authorizing marriage—Uncertainty of the married clergy | 487 |
| Elizabeth yields, but imposes degrading restrictions on clerical marriage | 488 |
| 1563 | The Thirty-nine Articles—Increased emphasis of permission to marry | 490 |
| Elizabeth maintains her prejudices | 491 |
| Disrepute of sacerdotal marriage—Evil effects on the Anglican clergy | 494 |
| XXVII.—CALVINISM. |
| 1559-1640 | The Huguenot Churches | 498 |
| The Reformation in Scotland | 501 |
| Corruption of the Scottish church in the sixteenth century | 501 |
| 1542-1559 | Efforts at internal reform—their fruitlessness | 504 |
| Marriage assumed as a matter of course by the Protestants | 506 |
| Temporal motives assisting the Reformation | 507 |
| Poverty of the Scottish church establishment | 508 |
| Influence of celibacy on the struggle | 509 |
| 1560 | No formal recognition of clerical marriage thought necessary | 512 |
| XXVIII.—THE COUNCIL OF TRENT. |
| 1524-1536 | Efforts at internal reform | 514 |
| Universal demand for a general council—Convoked at Mantua in 1536 | 519 |
| 1542-1547 | Assembles at Trent—it labors to separate, not to reunite the churches | 520 |
| 1551-1552 | Reassembles at Trent—is again broken up | 521 |
| 1562 | Again assembles for the last time | 522 |
| 1536 | Paul III. essays an internal reform without result | 522 |
| 1548 | Charles V. tries to reform the German church | 524 |
| 1548-1551 | Local reformatory synods—their failure | 525 |
| 1560 | Clerical marriage demanded as a last resort | 529 |
| Clerical corruption urged as the reason | 530 |
| 1563 | The French court joins in the demand | 533 |
| 1560 | The question prejudged | 533 |
| 1563 | The council makes celibacy a point of faith | 536 |
| Attempts a reformation | 538 |
| 1563-1564 | The German princes continue their efforts | 539 |
| Essays of Cassander and Wicelius | 542 |
| 1564 | Maximilian II. renews the attempt | 543 |
| His requests peremptorily rejected | 544 |
| XXIX.—THE POST-TRIDENTINE CHURCH. |
| Reception of the Council of Trent except in France | 546 |
| 1566-1572 | Pius V. endeavors to effect a reform | 547 |
| 1568-1570 | Labors of St. Charles Borromeo at Milan | 550 |
| 1565-1597 | Reforms vainly attempted by Italian councils | 552 |
| 1569-1668 | Condition of the church in Central Europe | 553 |
| Marriage still practised until 1628 | 556 |
| Clerical immorality still a justification of heresy | 556 |
| 1560-1624 | Condition of the church in France | 558 |
| The residence of women conceded | 561 |
| The church in the Spanish Colonies | 562 |
| Abuse of the confessional | 566 |
| Abuse of the power of absolution | 575 |
| Influence of the casuistic spirit | 578 |
| XXX.—THE CHURCH AND THE REVOLUTION. |
| Sacerdotal marriage obsolete—Grandier, Du Pin, Bossuet | 581 |
| 1758-1800 | The eighteenth century—Controversy reopened | 582 |
| 1783 | Joseph II. proposes to permit sacerdotal marriage | 583 |
| 1760-1787 | Clerical immorality undiminished | 585 |
| 1789 | The French Revolution | 588 |
| 1789-1790 | Confiscation of church property—Suppression of monachism | 589 |
| 1791 | Celibacy deprived of legal protection—Marriage of priests | 590 |
| 1793 | Marriage becomes a test of good citizenship | 592 |
| Persecution of the unmarried clergy | 592 |
| Resistance of the great body of the clergy | 594 |
| 1795-1797 | Married clergy repudiated by their bishops | 595 |
| 1801 | Celibacy restored by the Concordat | 595 |
| 1801-1807 | Clerical marriage continues—Napoleon decides against it | 597 |
| XXXI.—THE CHURCH OF TO-DAY. |
| 1815-1883 | Vacillating policy in France as to clerical marriage | 599 |
| 1821-1866 | Various movements in favor of clerical marriage | 601 |
| Immobility of the church | 603 |
| 1878 | The Old Catholics adopt clerical marriage | 604 |
| Civil marriage laws opposed by the church | 605 |
| Celibacy not likely to be disturbed | 607 |
| 1820-1867 | Suppression of monastic orders | 608 |
| Vigor and improvement of modern monachism | 611 |
| Its influence in the field of education | 616 |
| 1880 | Suppression of unauthorized orders in France | 621 |
| Influence of celibacy on clerical morality | 624 |
| Its influence on the social organization | 638 |
| NOTE. |
| On Celibacy as a matter of faith under the Council of Trent | 640 |
| INDEX. |