List of Authorities Consulted
I. ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES:—
A. Arab (in translations):
(1.) Ibn abd el Hakem. “History of the Conquest of Spain.” with notes by J.H. Jones, Ph.D., 1858. This work only goes down to 743.
(2.) J.A. Conde. “History of the Domination of the Arabs in Spain,” translated from the Spanish by Mrs Foster. 3 vols. Bohn, 1854. The author (Preface, p. 2) says that “he has compiled his work from Arabian memorials and writings in such sort that those documents may be read as they were written;” (p. 18), “The student of history may read this book as written by an Arabic author.”
Older writers used to speak very highly of this work, but their modern successors cannot find a good word for it.1 De Gayangos, the learned translator of the Arabic history of Al Makkari, though not blind to the “unmethodical arrangement of the whole work, the absence of notes and citations of authorities, and the numerous errors and contradictions,”2 yet does not hesitate to call Conde’s book the foundation of all our knowledge of the history of Mohammedan Spain. It certainly is astonishing that Conde, who points out3 the errors of his predecessors, makes precisely the same kind of mistakes himself, not only once, but constantly. Claiming to be above all things faithful to his authorities, he is found, where those authorities can be identified, not to be faithful.
(3.) J.C. Murphy. “History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain,” with additions by Professor Shakespear, 1816. This work is based on Mohammedan sources, those, namely, which are mostly to be found in Al Makkari’s compilation. The concluding chapters on the influence, scientific and literary, exercised by the Arabs in Europe, are exhaustive and interesting.
(4.) Ahmed ibn Mohammed Al Makkari. “History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain,” being an extract from a larger work by that author, translated by Pascual de Gayangos. 2 vols. London, 1840. This work, which Dozy finds fault with for certain inaccuracies, is on the whole very trustworthy, and its notes form a perfect mine of information for the student wandering helplessly among the mazes of Arab history. Al Makkari, a native of Africa, flourished at the beginning of the seventeenth century; but he quotes from many old Arabic writers, whose evidence is most valuable. Among these are—
α. Abu Bekr Mohammed ibn Omar, Ibn al Kuttiyah, descended from the grand-daughter of Witiza; died, 877.
β. Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Musa Arrazi, flourished in the reign of Abdurrahman III.
γ. Ibn Ghalib Temam ibn Ghalib, of Cordova; died, 1044.
δ. Abu Mohammed Ali ibn Ahmed ibn Said ibn Hazm, born at Cordova, 994; died, 1064.
ε. Abu Merwan Hayyan ibn Khalf ibn Huseyn ibn Hayyan, born at Cordova, 1006.
ζ. Abul Kasim Khalf ibn Abdilmalik ibn Mesud ibn Musa Al Anssari, Cordova, 1101-1183.
η. Abul hasan Ali ibn Musa ibn Mohammed ibn Abdalmalik ibn Said of Granada, 1214-1286.
θ. Abu Zeyd Abdurrahman ibn Mohammed ibn Khaldun. Ishbili, born at Tunis, 1332; died, 1406.
B. Christian (in Latin). These are to be found in—
(1.) Schott’s “Hispania Illustrata,” 3 vols. Frankfort, 1603.
(2.) Florez, “España Sagrada,” 26 vols., containing a most useful collection of Spanish writers, together with much information about them, written in Spanish.
(3.) Migne’s “Patrologia,” Latin and Greek, a most invaluable collection in several score volumes. The following is a list of those consulted:—
Migne, xcvi pp.1246-1280.
(α.) Isidore of Beja, “Epitome Imperatorum vel Arabum Ephemerides atque Hispaniae Chronographia,” being a continuation of the Chronicle of Isidore of Seville.
Ibid. , cxxix. pp. 1111-1124.
(β.) Chronicon Sebastiani, “Salmanticensis Episcopi,” 866. (Conde, Pref., p. 7, says 672-886.)
Ibid. 1146.
(γ.) Chronicon Albeldense, 866-976. (Conde, ibid., says to 973.) This is also called Chronicon Emilianense. It was perhaps begun by Dulcidius, Bishop of Salamanca, and carried on by the monk Vigila.
Florez, “Esp. Sagr.,” xiv. 438-457.
(δ.) Chronicon Sampiri “Asturicensis Episcopi” (written about 1000), 869-9S2.
Ibid. , pp. 466-475.
(ε.) Chronicon regum Legionensium, 982-1109, by Pelagius, Bishop of Oviedo—a very doubtful authority, and branded with the epithet “fabulosus.”
Ibid. , xvii. 270-330.
(ζ.) Chronicon Silensis Monachi, written circa 1100.
Schott, iv. 1-116.
(η.) Lucas of Tuy, “Chronicon Mundi,” written circa 1236.
Ibid. , i. 246-291.
(θ.) Alfonso, Bishop of Burgos, “Anacephalaiosis rerum Hispanarum,” etc.
Migne, cxxxvi. pp. 770-1179
(ι.) Luitprand, died 972. The Chronicon and Adversaria attributed to him are by a later hand, and extend over the years 606-960. The author of these is generally called the Pseudo-Luitprand, and very little credit can be placed in his statements.
Schott, “Hisp. Illustr.,” i. pp. 121-246
(κ.) Rodrigo, Archbishop of Toledo, “History of the Arabs from Christian and Arabic Sources, carried down to 1140.” He died in 1245. The work is full of irrelevant references to Scripture and to profane history. He does not even mention the Christian martyrdoms in the ninth century.
Florez, x. 570-579.
(λ.) Annales Bertiniani, from the French point of view.
Schott, i. 700 ff.
(μ.) Johannes Vasaeus, “Hispaniae Chronicon.”
The above writers must not be regarded as of equal value. Some are valuable, but all are meagre to the last degree; others are nearly worthless.
Other authorities there are of a different kind—not historians, but writers on incidental subjects, whose works throw great light on the history of the time. Among these are—
Migne, xcvi.
(a.) Elipandus, Bishop of Toledo; died 810. Letters—
pp. 859-867.
to Migetius.
pp. 867-869
to Charles the Great.
pp. 870-882.
to Albinus (Alcuin).
pp. 918,919
to Fidelis, an abbot (783).
Migne, xcvi. pp. 882-888.
(b.) Felix, Bishop of Urgel; died 816. Confessio fidei (799).
" 894-1030.
(c.) Beatus, Priest of Libana (or Astorga). Letter to Elipandus.
Ibid. , ci. 1321-1331.
(d.) Letters of Spanish Bishops to Bishops of Gaul.
Ibid. , c. and ci.
(e.) Alcuin. Letters—
Ad Felicem haereticum (793).
Ad Elipandum.
Ad Carolum Magnum (800), sending his work against Felix.
Epistle XC. (800),
Epistle CXIII. (800).
Ad Aquilam Pontificem (800).
Books—
Adversus Felicis haeresin ad abbates et monachos.
Gothiae missus (libellus), vii. books.
Adversus Elipandum, iv. books.
Epistola ad Leidradum et Nefridium Episcopum.
Altera ad eosdem.
Ibid. , xcviii. p. 373.
(f.) Adrian, Pope.
Epistola Episcopis per universam Spaniam commorantibus directa, maxime tamen Elipando, vel Ascarico (785).
Ibid. , p. 336.
Ad Egilam Episcopum (in Spania) seu Johannem presbyterum (782).
Ad Carolum Magnum. Epistle lxiv.
Florez, xiii. 416.
(g.) Letter from Louis the Débonnaire to the Christians of Merida (826).
Migne, cxv. 703-966.
(h.) Eulogius, priest of Cordova, and bishop-designate of Toledo. Died 859.
Letter to Alvar, sending his book.
“Documentum Martyrii,” dedicated to Flora and Maria, Virgins and Martyrs, Oct. 851.
Letter to Alvar: another letter to the same, sending “Memorialis Sanctorum Liber,” 3 books.
“Liber Apologeticus Martyrum” (857).
“De Vita et Passione SS. Virginum Florae et Mariae.”
Florez, “Esp. Saagr.”, xi.
(i.) Alvar, Paulus,1 of Cordova, and, according to his letters, both of Jewish birth and Gothic lineage. Died, 869, according to the Pseudo-Luitprand.
pp. 62-81.
Confessio.
" 81-88.
Letter to John of Seville,
" 88-91.
To the Same.
" 101-129.
To John of Seville.
" 129-141.
To the Same.
Florez, “Esp. Sagr.,” xi. pp. 147,148.
To Speraindeo.
" 151-156.
To Romanus, a doctor (860).
" 164-165.
To Saul of Cordova.
" 167-171.
To the Same.
" 171-177.
To Eleazar, a transgressor.
" 178-189.
To the Same.
" 189-217.
To the Same.
" 218-219.
To the Same.
" 291-292.
To Eulogius.
" 296-299.
To Eulogius.
Ibid. , x. 593 ff.
Life of Eulogius.
Ibid. , xi. 219-275. [1]
Indiculus Luminosus, so called because “Luminasse quae sequenda sunt docet, et apertis indiciis hostem ecclesiae, quem omnis vitare Christianitas debet, ostendit.”
(k.) John of Seville.
Florez, xi. pp. 91-101.
Letter to Alvar.
Ibid. , 142-147.
To the Same.
(l.) Speraindeo, Abbot, flourished 820.
Ibid. , 148-151.
Letter to Alvar (853).
(m.) Saul of Cordova.
Ibid. , xi. pp. 156-164.
Letter to other Bishops.
" 165-167.
To the Same.
(n.) Eleazar, an apostate to Judaism.
" 177-178.
Letter to Alvar.
" 189, 190.
To the Same.
" 217, 218.
To the Same.
Migne, cxxi. p. 565.
(o.) Leovigildus, priest of Cordova, flourished 860. “De habitu Clericorum.”
Ibid. , p. 567.
(p.) Cyprianus, arch-priest of Cordova. “Epigrammata.”
(q.) Samson, priest of St Zoilus at Cordova, Abbot of the Monastery of Pegnamellar, died 890. (See Epigram or Epitaph of Cyprianus.) “Apologeticus Liber contra perfidos” (Jan. 1, 863).
Florez, xi. 300-516.
(r.) Jonas Aurelianensis. “De cultu imaginum.” An Answer to Claudius, Bishop of Turin (842).
Migne, cxv. pp. 939 ff.
(s.) De Translatione SS. Martyrum Georgii Monachi, Aurelii et Nathaliae ex urbe Cordubae Parisios auctore Aimoino monacho: from Usuard and Odilard, monks.
Ibid. , cxxxvii. pp. 239-310.
(t.) Vita Johannis Abbatis Gorziensis (died 973), by John, Abbot of St Arnulph.
Ibid. , clxxxviii. pp. 1661-1671.
(u.) John of Cirita, Abbot of Tharauca, in Spain.
Florez, xviii. 379 ff.
(v.) Life of St Rudesindus.
Florez, xiv., 392.
(w.) Passio St Nicholai Alsamae regis filii et sociorum martyrum qui passi sunt apud Ledesmam. A purely fabulous account.
Florez.
(x.) Vita et passio B. Virginis Argenteae et comitum eius qui passi sunt Cordobae, Id. Maii.
Migne, xcvi. 890-894
(y.) Life of Beatus, by an anonymous author. Not very trustworthy, —e.g., death of Elipandus placed in 798 (sec. 8): mythical council mentioned (sec. 7).
And the following Charters, etc.:—
Florez, xvii. 244.
Of Alfonso III. to the Church of Auria, 826.
Ibid. , xviii. 312.
Of the same to the Church of Mindumnetum, 867.
Ibid. , xvii. 397.
Of Bermudo II. (982-999) to the Church of Compostella.
Ibid. , xvii. 326
Assembly of Bishops pro restauratione monasterii St Mariae de Logio a parentibus Rudesindi instaurati, 927.
II. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES:—
Schott.
(1.) “Histoire generale d’Espagne” par Loys de Mayerne Turguet. Book xvi. (1608.)
(2.) John de Mariana.1 “History of Spain.” Books vi.-xi., translated from the Spanish by John Stevens. (1699.)
(3.) Fleury, “History of the Church,” translated from the French. (1727.) Vol. v. Books xli. ff.
Migne, cxv. p. 917.
(4.) Morales. “Remarks on the State of the Christian Religion under the Arabs at Cordova.”
Ibid. , 305-336.
(5.) Froben. “Dissertatio Historica de haeresi Elipandi et Felicis.”
Ibid. , 338-438.
(6.) Enhueber’s “Dissertation against Walchius’ view of Adoptionism.”
(7.) Dunham. “History of Spain and Portugal” (Lardner), 1832. Buckle, “Civilization in England,” p. 430, says of this history, very extravagantly, that it is “perhaps the best history in the English language of a foreign modern country.” It certainly has the merit—no small one in so confused a period—of being clear and succinct; but he has a bias against the Moors.
(8.) W.H. Prescott. “Ferdinand and Isabella.” An excellent work. The parts chiefly bearing on the present subject are the Introduction and chapter viii. The great drawback to the work is the want of direct citations of authorities used.
(9.) Hardwicke’s “History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages,” 1853.
(10.) The Abbé Rohrbacher. “Histoire Universelle de l’Eglise Catholique.” Paris, 1844. Vols. xi., xii., xiii.
(11.) Neander. “General History of the Christian Religion and Church” (Bohn’s Translation). Vol. v. pp. 218-233, 461-475; vol. vi. 119-132.
(12.) “Histoire d’Afrique et de l’Espagne sous la domination des Arabes,” par M. Cardonne. 3 vols., 1765. A history based chiefly on Arab writers, but not very trustworthy, as Conde (Pref., p. 14) and Murphy (notes, passim) have shown.
(13.) Dozy. “Histoire des Mussulmans d’Espagne jusqu’ à la conquête de l’Andalousie par les Almoravides, 711-1110.” 4 vols., Leyden, 1861. An invaluable history of the time, being both lucid and thorough.
(14.) E.A. Freeman. “History and Conquests of the Saracens.” Six lectures (ed. 1870). Spanish affairs are treated rather as a πάρεργον in Lecture v. An unprejudiced and accurate writer, with a strong bias, however, against chivalry (see Lecture v., p. 182).
(15.) Ockley. “History of the Saracen Empire” (Reprint in the Chandos Classics).
(16.) Gibbon. The parts relating to the Saracens are conveniently reprinted in the “Chandos Classics.”
(17.) Robertson’s “History of the Christian Church.” Vol. iii.
(18.) Milman’s “Latin Christianity.” Bk. ix.
(19.) Stanley. “Lectures on the Eastern Church.” Lect. viii.
(20.) Hallam’s “Middle Ages.” Vol. iii. (Chivalry).
(21.) Geddes. Expulsion of the Moriscoes, in his Miscellaneous Tracts. 1730. Also Account of MSS. and Relics found at Granada in 1588; and View of Court of Inquisition in Portugal.
(22.) Lecky’s “Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe.” 2 vols.
(23.) Buckle. “History of Civilisation in England,” chap. viii. “Spanish Intellect from Fifth to Nineteenth Centuries.” Vol. ii. pp. 425-597.
(24.) Carlyle. “Hero Worship. The Hero as Prophet.”
(25.) C.M. Yonge. “Christians and Moors in Spain.” “Golden Treasury” Series. 1878. Obscure in method, and often inaccurate in facts. To give one instance only out of many—The authoress says (p. 29), that Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet rebelled and died in battle. It is well known (Gibbon, vi. 274, 276) that he did neither.
(26.) R. Bosworth Smith. “Mohammed and Mohammedanism.” 1874. A brilliant, but essentially unfair book, Christianity being extolled in theory, but sneered at in practice. We are too forcibly reminded of “Brutus is an honourable man.” His own accusation of others falls upon himself. P. 61, he says—“Most other writers have approached the subject only to prove a thesis. Mohammed was to be either a hero or an impostor: they have held a brief for the prosecution or the defence.”
(27.) S. Lane-Poole. “The Moors in Spain.” “Story of the Nations” Series. 1887. A clever and popular compilation from De Gayangos’ translation of Al Makkari, Dozy, Southey’s “Chronicle of the Cid,” and Washington Irving’s “Granada.”
(28.) Blunt. “Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, and Schools of Thought.” 1874. The articles on Mohammedanism, the Adoptionists, and others I have found very useful. There is, however, nothing said of the Priscillianists (of Spain), or the Druses.
(29.) Hughes. “Dictionary of Islam.”
(30.) The Koran. Sale’s edition.
(31.) Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. Vol. xi.
(32.) Encyclopaedia Britannica. Article on Averroes.
III. POETRY:—
(a.) Lockhart’s “Spanish Ballads.” 1823. Reprint, with Introduction, in the “Chandos Classics.”
(b.) Southey’s “Chronicle of the Cid.” Reprinted, with Introduction, in the “Chandos Classics.” A truly admirable translation.
(c.) Southey’s “Roderic,” with many interesting notes.
(d.) Scott’s “Don Roderic.”
IV. REFERRED TO:—
(a.) Romey. “Histoire D’Espagne.” 1839. 4 vols.
(b.) Reinaud. “Invasion des Sarrasins.” 1836.
(c.) Moshieim. “Institutes of Ecclesiastical History.” Translated by Murdoch. 1845.
TURNBULL AND SPEARS,
Notes
1 Stanley Lane-Poole, Preface to “Moors in Spain” (1887). Dozy, Preface to “Mussulmans in Spain,” p. 6: “Conde... qui manquait absolumment de sens historique.”
2 As to these he might plead Al Makkari’s excuse, that in transcribing or extracting the accounts of different historians some facts are sure to be repeated, and others entirely contradicted. See Al Makk., i. p. 29.
3 Pref., p. 13 ff.
1 Robertson says Peter.
1 Ascribed by Luitprand, sec. 309, to Bonitus, Bishop of Toledo. Morales doubts Alvar’s authorship, from there being no mention of Eulogius; but see sec. 19, where praesul is spoken of.
1 Dr Dunham says of his work: “It is well that it is sunk in oblivion. No one reads it in Spain.”