Chapter IX — General Statistics — Argentina and Uruguay by Gordon Ross

Chapter IX General Statistics

During the past twenty years the foreign trade of Argentina and Uruguay (especially that of the former country) has developed very largely and rapidly; its increase during the decade 1904-1913 being, in the case of Argentina, 108½% and in that of Uruguay 104%. The increase in both cases is considerably greater than that of the trade of any other South American country; as will be seen from the following figures:—

		$
Argentina.	1913	996,215,998
	1904	477,985,737
	gold	518,230,261	108·5%	increase.
Uruguay.	1913	119,500,000
	1904	58,481,343
	Uruguayan	61,018,657	104%	″
Chile.	1913	725,828,254
	1904	370,149,864
	Chilian	355,678,390	94·5%	″
Brazil.	1913	1,976,733,388
	1904	1,288,955,306
	milreis	687,778,082	54%	″

The figure $996,215,998 gold if divided by 7,731,257, representing the population of Argentina, gives $129 gold, or £25 11s. 10d., value of trade per inhabitant of that country; a very high figure indeed. The value of the trade of Uruguay per head of her population is £21 3s. 6d.

In 1913 Argentina alone provided the markets of the United Kingdom with cereals and meat to the value of £34,500,000 of a total of £92,300,000, or nearly 37½% of its total supplies. During the same year Uruguay sent meat to the United Kingdom to the value of some £202,000 sterling.

United Kingdom Imports in 1913

Wheat		£	£
1.	From United States	13,953,072
2.	″ Canada	8,803,949
3.	″ British East Indies	7,998,552
4.	″ Argentine Republic	6,149,195
5.	″ Australia	4,426,629
6.	″ Russia	1,984,964
	″ Other countries	544,539	43,860,900
Maize
1.	From Argentine Republic	10,851,874
2.	″ United States	1,923,321
3.	″ Russia	489,993
4.	″ Roumania	286,600
5.	″ Canada	64,773
	″ Other countries	153,781	13,770,342
Linseed
1.	From Argentine Republic	2,398,629
2.	″ British East Indies	1,564,428
3.	″ Russia	228,167
4.	″ United States	98,366
	″ Other countries	2,905,803	7,195,393
Chilled and Frozen Meat
1.	From Argentine Republic	12,815,002
2.	″ Australia	2,133,951
3.	″ Uruguay	706,816
4.	″ New Zealand	393,429
5.	″ United States	3,119
	″ Other countries	11,914	16,064,231
Frozen Mutton
1.	From New Zealand	4,965,310
2.	″ Australia	3,128,439
3.	″ Argentine Republic	1,908,255
4.	″ Uruguay	303,528
	″ Other countries	293,133	10,598,665
Sundry Meats Frozen
1.	From Argentine Republic	455,561
2.	″ United States	155,966
	″ Other countries	216,526	828,053
	Total		92,317,584

The value of the U.K. Imports from Argentine and Uruguay was considerably increased during 1915.

In 1913 values of the exports of the United Kingdom to the four most commercially important countries of South America were:—

	£ sterling.
To the Argentine Republic	23,430,246
″ Brazil	13,015,769
″ Chile	6,366,944
″ Uruguay	3,027,568

Of the total value of the sales of the United Kingdom in the whole of South America, Argentina received 45%, amounting to £52,033,764 sterling.

POSITIONS HELD BY ARGENTINA AND URUGUAY RESPECTIVELY IN THE EXPORT TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ACCORDING TO BRITISH OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, 1913.

Value of exports from Great Britain to:		£
1	East Indies	71,738,755
2	Germany	60,573,457
3	United States	59,536,352
4	France	40,876,731
5	Australasia	37,852,929
6	Russia	27,705,660
7	Canada	27,235,355
8	South Africa	24,373,018
9	Argentina	23,430,246
10	Belgium	20,667,519
11	Holland	20,605,137
12	Italy	15,620,393
13	China	15,016,023
14	Japan	14,837,948
15	Brazil	13,015,769
16	New Zealand	11,776,261
17	Egypt	9,966,948
18	Sweden	9,241,874
19	Spain	8,655,196
20	Turkey	7,992,712
21	West Africa	7,166,222
22	Norway	6,669,089
23	Chile	6,366,946
24	Denmark	6,340,773
25	Austria-Hungary	5,786,077
26	Switzerland	5,106,764
27	Portugal	3,935,802
28	Uruguay	3,027,568
29	West Indies	2,716,545
30	Greece	2,597,227
31	Mexico	2,549,265
32	East Africa	1,443,859
33	Costa Rica	247,093
Total including other countries		£635,117,134

		Population.	Per capita £
1	New Zealand	1,028,160	11·45
2	Australasia	4,802,174	7·88
3	South Africa	5,973,394	4·08
4	Canada	7,758,000	3·51
5	Holland	6,114,302	3·37
6	Argentina	7,731,257	3·03
7	Belgium	7,571,387	2·73
8	Norway	2,437,646	2·73
9	Uruguay	1,112,000	2·72
10	Denmark	2,775,076	2·29
11	Chile	3,505,317	1·90
12	Sweden	5,638,583	1·62
13	West Indies	1,709,732	1·59
14	Switzerland	3,781,430	1·30
15	France	39,601,509	1·03
16	Greece	2,666,000	0·97
17	Germany	64,925,993	0·93
18	Egypt	11,287,359	0·88
19	Portugal	5,960,056	0·66
20	United States	91,972,266	0·65
21	Costa Rica	388,266	0·63
22	Brazil	23,070,969	0·55
23	East Africa	2,651,892	0·54
24	Italy	34,671,377	0·45
25	Spain	19,639,000	0·44
26	Turkey	21,273,900	0·38
27	West Africa	20,176,635	0·35
28	Japan	52,985,423	0·28
29	East Indies	315,156,396	0·23
30	Russia	171,059,900	0·16
31	Mexico	15,063,207	0·16
32	Austria-Hungary	49,458,421	0·12
33	China	320,650,000	0·05

During the five years 1908-1912 48½% of the whole maize imported by the United Kingdom came from Argentina; or only a little less than the total quantity of that imported from the United States, Roumania, Russia, India, Natal, Canada, Bulgaria and the Cape of Good Hope.

In respect of the total issue of Capital in the United Kingdom during the first six months of 1914, Argentina ranked first (with £12,809,200 as against £12,244,100 which went to Russia) among the foreign countries for which such issues were destined; and third if British Possessions are included in the comparison.

1913

THE TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WITH THE REPUBLICS OF SOUTH AMERICA IS SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES COMPILED FROM AMERICAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS

	Imports — American Dollars	Exports — American Dollars	In favour of U.S.A. American Dollars	Against U.S.A. American Dollars
	Imports — American Dollars	Exports — American Dollars	BALANCE OF TRADE
Argentine Republic	26,863,732	52,894,834	26,031,102	—
Uruguay	2,450,697	7,522,145	5,071,448	—
Guiana (British)	105,933	1,813,745	1,707,812	—
Bolivia	350	940,744	940,394	—
Guiana (French)	86,386	337,714	251,328	—
Paraguay	58,285	187,867	129,582	—
Falkland Islands	—	725	725	—
Brazil	120,155,855	42,638,467	—	77,517,388
Chile	27,655,420	16,076,763	—	11,578,657
Columbia	15,992,321	7,397,696	—	8,594,625
Venezuela	10,852,331	5,737,118	—	5,115,213
Peru	9,666,579	7,341,903	—	2,324,676
Ecuador	3,037,689	2,553,785	—	483,904
Guiana (Dutch)	821,460	704,487	—	116,973
	217,747,038	146,147,993	34,132,391	105,731,436

VALUE OF MERCHANDISE EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES TO THE REPUBLICS OF SOUTH AMERICA IN THE YEAR 1913, SHOWING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ARGENTINE MARKET

To the Argentine Republic	—	$52,894,834
″ Brazil	$42,638,467
″ Uruguay	7,522,145
″ Ecuador	2,553,785
″ Paraguay	187,867	52,902,264
″ Chile	16,076,763
″ Columbia	7,397,696
″ Peru	7,341,903
″ Venezuela	5,737,118
″ Guiana (British)	1,813,745
″ Bolivia	940,744
″ Guiana (Dutch)	704,487
″ Guiana (French)	337,714
″ Falkland Islands	725	40,350,895
Total value of sales to South America.	Dollars	146,147,993

The Argentine Republic received 36·2% of total.

Argentina and Brazil divide practically between them the South American export trade of the United States, Argentina taking by far the larger share, and well over one-third of the whole received by all the South American countries put together. The value of the Argentine imports from the United States in 1913 amounted to $52,894,834 (U.S.A.), while Uruguay took U.S.A. goods to the value of $6,531,626 (U.S.A.).

Argentine Imports From Europe, 1913

During the year 1913 the Argentine Republic purchased in Europe the following amounts:—

				$ gold.
In the United Kingdom				130,886,587
″ Germany				71,311,628
″ France				38,075,811
″ Italy				34,789,741
″ Belgium				21,953,910
″ Spain				12,389,607
″ Austria-Hungary				5,933,444
″ Holland				4,074,104
″ Sweden				3,123,889
″ Switzerland				2,749,682
″ Portugal				585,975
″ Russia				447,845
″ Denmark				204,106
″ Turkey				127,026
″ Roumania, Bulgaria and Greece				119,989
	£64,835,981	=	gold	$326,773,344
Purchased in other parts of the world	£18,765,714	=	″	$94,579,199
Total	£83,601,695	=	″	$421,352,543

Where will these purchases be made in the future?

Gold (Argentina)

Years.	Imports.	Exports.	Balance.
1904	24,917,951	1,604,292	23,313,659
1905	32,559,540	819,375	31,740,165
1906	18,212,323	1,545,622	16,666,701
1907	23,552,726	3,133,886	20,418,840
1908	28,651,215	44,817	28,606,398
1909	67,453,816	1,247,831	66,205,985
1910	37,027,936	1,669,892	35,358,044
1911	12,764,236	3,008,597	9,755,639
1912	36,077,807	585,621	35,492,186
1913	47,941,425	43,417,484	4,523,941
$ gold	329,158,975	57,077,417	272,081,558
=	£65,309,320	11,324,884	53,984,436

It is regrettable, from several points of view, that the National Statistics of Uruguay are not kept and published with the same promptitude and regularity as those of Argentina, to say nothing of the admirable clearness of the forms in which the latter are issued. The Uruguayan authorities should really know that the absence of any complete scheme of statistical information regarding their country is more than apt to preserve a very common though erroneous impression that Uruguay can be of but little account since so little is known or heard of it. Little indeed is known with any accuracy of its production, outside the circle of persons directly interested in its trade; but this obscurity is due only to indifference to and negligence of the art of self-assertion.

In point of fact Uruguay might well be proud of the statistics of her productivity; for, in reality, she has more cattle than and nearly as many sheep as the Argentine Province of Buenos Aires while her superficial area is only some two-thirds of that of that Province. Uruguay exports wool to the average value of some £4,000,000, hides £1,500,000, frozen and chilled meat £1,110,000, and animals on the hoof £230,000 annually. The value of its wheat exports for the five years ending 1910 has been stated at £730,000; flour £234,000, maize £82,000 and linseed £460,000 during the same period. As we have seen, the value of Uruguayan trade for the year 1913 was £23,900,000, and this figure, as well as those representing Cereal production and exports, are likely to be rapidly increased under normal conditions.

Increase of Argentine Cereal Exports in Ten Years

	1904. $ gold.	1913. $ gold.
Wheat	66,947,891	102,631,143
Maize	44,391,196	112,292,394
Linseed	28,359,923	49,910,201
Oats	541,973	20,447,278
	140,240,983	285,281,016

Increase of Argentine Meat Exports in Twenty-Nine Years

	1885. $ gold.	1913. $ gold.
Live stock: cattle	2,345,313	6,848,830
″ ″ sheep	58,552	311,991
Chilled and frozen beef	1,680	36,622,889
Frozen mutton	75,323	3,674,206
Sundry meats frozen	—	910,311
″ ”preserved	—	1,257,391
Extract of meat	—	1,598,136
Powdered meat	—	1,097,566
Preserved tongues	—	131,952
Condensed soup	—	375,392
Jerked beef	4,204,077	658,097
$ gold	6,684,945	53,486,761
=£	1,326,378	10,612,452

Increase of Total Argentine Exports in Ten Years

		$ gold.
1904:	Total exports	264,157,525
1913:	″ ″	483,504,547
	Increase	219,347,022

Increase of Total Uruguayan Exports in Eight Years

During 1905 $ (Uruguayan)	30,774,247
″ 1912 ″	51,000,000
Increase, say,	$20,226,000	= £4,303,000

Wool constitutes about nine-tenths of the exports of Uruguay.

Up to and including 1907 the Imports of Uruguay were in excess of her Exports. In 1908, however, the balance went the other way and is likely to remain there.

The excess of Exports over Imports in 1908 was valued at $2,840,206 (Uruguayan) and in 1909 at $7,966,658. In 1912 the Imports appear to have risen to $49,380,000 as against exports $51,000,000. Probably these last figures are roughly accurate; but the last year for which any full official Statistics appear to have been published was 1911.

As has already been seen, the chief countries of destination of Argentine Exports prior to the War were (generally in the following order): The United Kingdom, Germany, France, Belgium, Brazil, the United States, Holland and Italy. Those of Uruguay went chiefly to France, Belgium, Germany, Argentina and the United Kingdom. While Argentina Imported principally from the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, France, Italy, Belgium and Spain; and Uruguay from the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, France, Italy, Belgium and Argentina.

The Surplus of Revenue over Expenditure in both Republics may appear to remain always so small as only just to have avoided conversion into deficits. It should, however, be recollected that these countries are constantly engaged in carrying out Public Works which are necessary to the fuller development of their natural resources; such, for instance, as the very important new Port Works of Buenos Aires and Montevideo and the great Argentine systems of irrigation. Were the excess of Revenue greater it would still be spent, and wisely spent, on National Public Works and Improvements; which are the best assurance of its future which either country could make.

An instance of the rapid Commercial progress of the River Plate Countries is the fact that whereas in 1872 there were but four Banks in Argentina, in 1913 there were 143.

The latest (1914) Commercial and Industrial Census of the City of Buenos Aires shows that the number of Commercial (chiefly wholesale and retail trading) establishments in that City has increased from 17,985, as shown by the previous Census of 1904, to 29,600—an increase of 65%—while the number of Factories and Manufacturing establishments which in 1904 was 8,877 was in 1914 11,132—an increase of 25%. The motive power employed in these last-mentioned establishments has increased during the same period from 19,458 h.p. to 194,411 h.p.—an increase of 900%—while the number of persons employed has increased 112%.

An amusing but characteristic note is struck by comparison of the figures representing the annual sales of flour and tobacco respectively, the former being nearly $48,000,000 (paper) and the latter nearly £44,000,000 (paper).

Not such a great difference between the money spent in Buenos Aires on flour, much of which is exported, and on tobacco, which is all home consumed! Another is that nearly 1% of the whole population of the City consists of Medical Men; Brokers and Commission Agents (clubbed together and classed as professional men by the Census) run them very close, with Builders a good third, and the rest, in the sporting sense, nowhere.

Most of the wholesale and retail traders are Italians, Spaniards and Argentines, in this order; the Italians being in both cases nearly three times and the Spaniards nearly twice as numerous as the Argentines. After them come French, Russians (chiefly Jewish), Levantines and Egyptians (locally known as “Turcos”), Uruguayans, German, British and other nationalities in commerce; and French, Russians, Levantines and Egyptians, Belgians, Danes and Portuguese and other nationalities as Manufacturers.

A good many establishments of both classes are, however, shown to belong to Argentines and foreigners in partnership.

It is due to the compilers of the Census to remark that they have treated “Jews” as pertaining to a separate nationality, though therefore there is possibly some confusion under the heading “Russians.”

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