Appendix II — Bibliography of the History of Colonization of Africa. Books Specially Useful
All Blue books published by Foreign Office and Colonial Office dealing with Africa and the Slave Trade from 1830 to the present day—especially for the years between 1876 and 1898, and 1903-11.
A History of Ancient Geography; by (Sir) E. H. Bunbury. 2 vols. 2nd edition. John Murray. 1883.
The Gold of Ophir; by Professor A. H. Keane. Edward Stanford. 1901.
Les Civilisations de l’Afrique du Nord (Berbères, Arabes, Turcs); par Victor Piquet. Paris: Armand Colin. 1909.
Histoire de l’Afrique Septentrionale (Berbérie); par Ernest Mercier. 3 vols. Paris: Ernest Leroux. 1891.
(An excellent and trustworthy compilation.)
Histoire de l’Établissement des Arabes dans l’Afrique Septentrionale selon les auteurs Arabes. By the same author. 1 vol.
Paris: Challamel. 1875.
The Dawn of Modern Geography. Vols. II. and III.; by C. Raymond Beazley.
Oxford. 1906.
Prince Henry the Navigator; by Professor C. Raymond Beazley.
Putnam. 1895.
Also by same author:
Prince Henry of Portugal, etc. (Gives much interesting detail as to early Portuguese colonizing work.) American Historical Review. Vol. XVII. 1912.
The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. G. de Azurara. Translated from the Portuguese by C. R. Beazley and E. Prestage. Hakluyt Society. 2 vols. 1899.
History of the Kingdom of Congo; by Duarte Lopes—rendered into Italian by Filippo Pigafetta. English translation: John Murray. 1881.
Historia da Africa Oriental Portugueza; por José Joaquim Lopes de Lima.
Lisbon. 1862.
Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia; by B. Tellez. London. 1710.
The Barbary Corsairs (Story of the Nations); by Stanley Lane Poole.
T. Fisher Unwin. 1890.
Documents sur l’Histoire, etc., de l’Afrique Orientale; par le Capitaine M. Guillain. 3 vols. Paris. 1856.
The Early Chartered Companies: by George Cawston and A. H. Keane.
Edward Arnold. 1896.
Mungo Park and the Niger; by Joseph Thomson. George Phillips. 1890.
Pioneers in West Africa; by Sir Harry Johnston. Blackie. 1911.
The Lands of Cazembe (Lacerda’s journey to Cazembe in 1798); a compilation by Captain R. F. Burton. Royal Geographical Society. 1873.
Zanzibar; by the same author. London. 1871.
The Maps of Africa by Treaty; by Sir Edward Hertslet, K.C.B. 2 vols.
Harrison & Sons. 1894-5.
Egypt in the Nineteenth Century; by D. A. Cameron.
Smith, Elder & Co. 1898.
England in Egypt; by Viscount Milner, G.C.B.
London: Arnold. 1892-1910.
Uganda and the Egyptian Sudan; by Dr R. W. Felkin and C. T. Wilson. 2 vols. Sampson Low. 1882.
Martyrdom of Man; by Winwood Reade. Kegan Paul. (Ed. of 1910.)
Savage Africa; same author. Smith, Elder & Co. 1864.
The Heart of Africa; by Dr Georg Schweinfurth. Sampson Low. 1873.
Our Sudan; its pyramids and progress; by John Ward. John Murray. 1905.
A History and Description of the British Empire in Africa; by Sir Harry Johnston. National Society. 1911.
Historical Geography of the British Colonies. Vol. IV. Parts 1 & 2 (dealing with South and East Africa); by Sir C. P. Lucas, B.A.
Clarendon Press. 1897.
Do. Do. Vol. III. West Africa. Clarendon Press. 1894.
History of South Africa; by G. McCall Theal. 5 vols.
Juta & Co., Cape Town. 1888-93.
Angola and the River Congo; by J. J. Monteiro. 2 vols.
Macmillan & Co. 1875.
Africa. 2 vols. By Professor A. H. Keane. Edward Stanford. 1902.
Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa; by Dr Henry Barth. 5 vols. Longman, Brown, Green. 1857.
The Story of Africa; by Dr Robert Brown. 4 vols.
Cassell and Company. 1894-5.
(A most valuable book of reference.)
The Partition of Africa; by (Dr) J. Scott Keltie. 2nd Edition.
Edward Stanford. 1895.
How I found Livingstone. Through the Dark Continent. 2 vols. The Congo: and the founding of its Free State. 2 vols. In Darkest Africa. 2 vols. By H. M. Stanley. Sampson Low.
Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée; par le Capitaine Binger. Paris 1892.
The Fall of the Congo Arabs; by Captain S. L. Hinde. Methuen. 1897.
British Central Africa; by Sir H. H. Johnston. 2nd Edition.
Methuen. 1899.
Fighting the Slave Hunters in Central Africa; by Alfred J. Swann.
Seeley & Co. 1910.
Adventures in Nyasaland; by Low Monteith Fotheringham.
Sampson Low. 1891.
Timbuctoo the Mysterious; by Félix Dubois. William Heinemann. 1897.
The Rise of our East African Empire; by Captain F. D. Lugard, D.S.O. 2 vols. Blackwood, Edinburgh. 1893.
British East Africa; by P. McDermott. Chapman & Hall. 1895.
Fire and Sword in the Sudan; by Sir Rudolf Slatin Pasha.
Edward Arnold. 1896.
L’Omo: Viaggio di Esplorazione nell’ Africa Orientale; da Vannutelli e Citerni. Milan. 1899.
(Deals with Italian Somaliland, Galaland, etc.)
À travers l’Afrique Centrale: du Congo au Niger; by C. Maistre.
Paris. 1895.
The Uganda Protectorate; by Sir H. H. Johnston. 2 vols. 2nd Edition.
Hutchinson. 1904.
Madagascar; by Captain S. Pasfield Oliver. 2 vols. Macmillan. 1886.
The Rise of our West African Empire (Sierra Leone); by Captain C. Braithwaite Wallis. London. 1903.
The History of Sierra Leone; by Major J. J. Crooks.
Simpkin Marshall. 1903.
Times History of the South African War. 5 vols.
Times Office. 1903-5.
Civilization in Congoland; by H. R. Fox-Bourne. London. 1903.
King Leopold’s Rule in Africa; by E. D. Morel. Heinemann. 1904.
British Nigeria; by Lieut.-Colonel A. F. Mockler-Ferryman.
London. 1902.
Liberia. 2 vols. By Sir H. H. Johnston. Hutchinson. 1906.
Madagascar: Essai de Géographie Physique (gives much history, also); par E. F. Gautier. Paris. 1902.
The Negro in the New World (gives history of Slave Trade); by Sir H. H. Johnston. Methuen. 1910.
Nyasaland under the Foreign Office; by H. L. Duff. George Bell. 1903.
A Tropical Dependency; by Lady Lugard. London. 1904.
Uganda and its Peoples; by J. F. Cunningham. Hutchinson. 1904.
Seventeen Trips through Somaliland, etc.; by Colonel H. G. C. Swayne. R.E. 3rd Edition. Rowland Ward. 1903.
The Nile Quest; by Sir H. H. Johnston. Lawrence & Butler. 1904.
George Grenfell and the Congo; by Sir H. H. Johnston. 2 vols.
Hutchinson. 1908.
The Garden Colony: the Story of Natal and its neighbours; by Robert Russell. J. M. Dent. 1903.
The Great Plateau of Northern Rhodesia; by C. Gouldsbury and H. Streane.
Edward Arnold. 1911.
A History of Geographical Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (treats of early history of South Africa); by Edward Heawood, M.A. Cambridge University Press, 1912.
Dawn in Darkest Africa; by John H. Harris. Smith, Elder & Co., 1912.
Morocco in Diplomacy; by E. D. Morel. Smith, Elder & Co., 1912.
The Statesman’s Year-book; by Dr J. Scott Keltie.
(Annual publication.) Macmillan.
Colonial Office List; by W. H. Mercer and A. E. Collins.
Harrison & Sons. 1898-1912.
Also the works of Livingstone, W. Flinders Petrie, Sir Richard Burton, Capt. J. H. Speke, Sir Samuel Baker; Journals of Charles George Gordon, and 11th Edition, Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Notes
1. A hundred thousand years ago the Red Sea may have been a long, isolated lake filling up a great Rift Valley, and the south-western extremity of Arabia have been joined across the narrow straits of Bab-al-Mandib to Somaliland. There is an Arab tradition that in the remote past these straits were formed by a series of earthquakes and land-slides. But if this were the case why is not the west of Arabia, in fertile, well-watered regions, more “African” in its mammalian, bird, and insect fauna? Arabia is a great enigma still in these questions of geographical distribution. It would be convenient to regard it as the evolutionary area of the negro, if, for example, there were any evidence of a positive character—as there is in southern Persia—to show that it was ever the home of a negro race in ancient times. But there is no such evidence, and its present negro or negroid population only dates from the trade in negro slaves which began about the commencement of the Christian era, and flourished exceedingly after the eruption of Islam.
“Lemuria”—the hypothetical isthmus which once united Madagascar and East Africa with India and Ceylon—could not have been the negro’s birth-place, as some have suggested, inasmuch as it ceased to exist in the early Tertiaries, long before Man had been evolved.
2. They can be gleaned—most of them—from the recent writings of Dr Arthur Keith, and Mr W. L. H. Duckworth, and are to some extent summarized in the preliminary chapter of the present writer’s book on The Negro in the New World.
3. These will be found described in Mr W. L. H. Duckworth’s Morphology and Anatomy, and also in studies of the Bushmen and Hottentots recently published by Dr Péringuey of the State Library and Museum, Capetown. It is true that the researches of German and Italian anthropologists have shown that the hypertrophy of the external genitalia characteristic of the Bushwoman, together with steatopygy, not only occur amongst the East African negroes, but even in Somaliland, Abyssinia and Egypt; but this is only an additional piece of evidence showing the previous existence of the Bushman in these regions, perhaps also in Southern Europe.
4. The name is Dutch and means “shore-runners,” there being a legend amongst the Boers derived from the Hottentots that the present race of Bushmen was preceded by a vanished type of humanity which derived its living from the shellfish on the sea-shore.
5. It is more convenient to refer to this speech family and racial type as “Fula,” but the actual name applied by the “Ful-be” people to their language is “Fulful-de.”
6. It is more correct to spell this tribal name Tawareq, the plural of Tarqi, “a raider.” But the modern pronunciation of this Arab term (it is unknown to the Berbers themselves) is “Tuareg.” Wherever in this book q is used in transliterating African words it stands for the faucal “k” of the Arabs and other Semites, a guttural which is more commonly pronounced as a g in North Africa.
7. In which region they may have been preceded by Bushmen, and by a more generalized, Tasmanian-like type of man, similar to the Galley-Hill man who inhabited Kent and Central Europe approximately 100,000 years ago.
8. So called by Professor W. F. Petrie and others because the type is illustrated in the many portraits of the Pharaohs of Egyptian dynasties.
9. To be followed, with no return to sovereigns of real Egyptian race, by Arabs, Turks, Circassians, Albanians, Macedonians, Armenians, French, and British.
10. Some writers reserve “Hamite” and “Hamitic” for the general name of the language family which includes the Libyan and the eastern Hamitic tongues, and employ Kushite as a special designation for the great eastern branch of Hamitic speech-forms which extends its range through North-east Africa from Egypt to the Equator. The main groups of these eastern Hamitic or Kushite languages are the Beja or Bisharin of the Red Sea north-west coast and the country between the Nile and Suakin; the Saho of the Abyssinian coast-lands; the Afar-Danakil-Somali group; the Agau-Bilin of the Abyssinian highlands; the Gala, stretching from central Abyssinia to the Juba and Tana rivers; and the Kafa of south-west Galaland, reaching southward to near Lake Rudolf. In the south-west of the Ethiopian Empire there are many unclassified Hamitic dialects (as there are in northern German East Africa) which are much mixed with negro word-roots and syntax. These almost merge into the Masai and Nilotic.
11. This word is evidently derived from the Zambezi Bantu words Mwene-mutapa = Lord of the Mine. Another form “Bena mutapa” for the people might be translated “Brothers of the mine”—Bena (Baina) in Old Bantu = brothers, or “clan.”
12. Although the people of west and south Madagascar are very negroid in appearance and those of the north are evidently mixed with Arab and Indian blood, the Malay-like Malagasy language is the one universal speech throughout the whole island. It contains, however, loan words from Himyaritic Arabic and from East African Bantu.
13. Some evidence, chiefly traditional, is adduced to show that Madagascar was once inhabited by a yellow-skinned dwarfish race of Bushman stock known as the “Kimo.” But it is still more difficult to imagine a Bushman race possessing canoes sufficiently large and seaworthy for the crossing of the Moçambique channel; or to ascribe to the prehistoric Arabs, who may have traded with south-east Africa, the motiveless transportation of Bushmen to south-west Madagascar. The supposed negro aborigines, apart from the dwarfish Kimo, are known traditionally by the Malagasy as “Ba-zimba” or “Va-zimba,” and their burial places are pointed out. The Ba-zimba may have been the mysterious race which built Zimbabwe.
14. Yet from two to ten thousand years ago, the Comoro island chain was probably larger and approached much nearer to the mainland, thus permitting Madagascar to be reached (by swimming) by two or three species of hippopotamus (now extinct) and by the bush-pig which still exists there. It is very improbable that either of these mammals could have swum the distance of 200 miles which now separates East Africa from the nearest Comoro Island.
15. The alleged records on stone scarabs are discussed by Prof. Flinders Petrie in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Nov. 1908.
16. This is an interesting observation. Not only does the statement repeatedly occur in the writings of ancient Greek and Roman geographers that the African elephant was found wild in Mauretania in these times, but this animal is pictured in the remarkable rock engravings in the Sus country in the extreme south of Morocco and in the central and south-eastern part of Algeria, besides being represented in the Roman mosaics of Tunisia, now exhibited at the Bardo Museum near Tunis. (See for this the travels of the Moroccan Jewish Rabbi, Mordokhai, the various works recently published by Mons. Gautier of the University of Algiers, and the researches of Professor A. Pomel.) The Phoenicians tamed the African elephant, found wild in the forests of Western Tunisia, which was a somewhat smaller breed than the Indian elephant or the elephant of tropical Africa, yet a typical African elephant in its large ears. It was more often figured on Roman medals and in Roman sculpture than the Indian type.
17. It does not follow, however, that these Troglodytes were dwarfs or negroes, or palæolithic in culture, or greatly different in race from the Berbers. They may have been akin to the Troglodytes still to be seen in the Tunisian Sahara, a Berber people living in caves, which are either natural hollows in the limestone rock or have been artificially excavated. Other allusions and incidents connected with the story of Hanno and an analysis of that story are fully discussed in the first volume of the present writer’s book on Liberia, published in 1906. It is remarkable to note that the little islet at the head of the Rio de Oro Gulf is still called “Herne” by the Moors.
18. The national name for the Phoenicians was χnā (Khna, Kinah, Kinahni, ‘Canaan’). The Greeks invented for them the name Phoinike, Phoinikes, which the Latins adopted as Punica, Poeni or Puni, from Phoinix = red; the Phoenicians appearing to the fair-skinned Greeks as “red” men. Very often they went by the name of Sidonoi (Sidonians), from the name of their oldest city Sidunnu (Sidon, Saida).
19. The Phoenicians may have first brought into vogue the word “Africa.” This would seem to have been derived (see note on p. 10 of Victor Piquet’s Les Civilisations de l’Afrique du Nord: Paris, 1909) from a Berber tribe named Afarik, Awarigha—or latterly, Awuraghen—which occupied the north-east coast of Tunisia in pre-Roman times, but which with other Berber peoples retreated by degrees into the interior till at length it became a Tuareg or desert people. Under the name of Awuraghen, dwelling in Asjer, west of Ghat, this tribe, which has given its name to the whole continent, still exists.
20. The computation given by Eusebius would, according to the late Sir E. H. Bunbury, date the founding of the colony at 631 B.C. In laying stress on the word historical I wish to impress on the reader that European immigration into Africa from Sicily and Spain stretches far back beyond the records of written history to ages quite remote in the existence of man.
21. The fruit of the date-palm was almost certainly the lotos of the ancients. It is much more likely to have made a profound impression on them by its honey-sweet pulp than the insipid berries of the Zizyphus.
22. The modern Santorin or Thira, the most southern of the Cyclades.
23. The ‘cranes’ with whom the pygmies fought.
24. Other evidence goes to show that baboons were found wild in the southern parts of Mauretania in ancient days.
25. This evidence has been fully discussed by the present writer in other works, such as, for example, The Nile Quest, London, 1904, The Opening-up of Africa, 1911, Liberia, 1906, George Grenfell and the Congo, 1908, and Pioneers in West Africa, 1911, in which works references to the opinions and researches of other writers are also given.
26. The Vandals were a Gothic people supposed to be not far from the Angles and Saxons in origin. After sweeping down on France and Italy and settling in Baetica or southern Spain—a region to which they are supposed to have given their name, Vandalusia, corrupted by the Arabs into Andalusia—they built ships, on the Spanish coast, crossed over with a host of Spanish camp followers into Morocco, and with the aid of the Berbers swept the Roman power before them till they conquered the whole country to the frontiers of Tripoli. They also acquired Sardinia. By degrees they concentrated their settlement on northern Tunisia, and here, mingling with the Roman colonists and the Berber indigenes, they gradually lost all their fighting spirit. But probably they added a not unimportant element of European (Aryan) blood to the mixed populations of North Africa, a region more or less ruled by their Teutonic kings for 116 years.
27. Tawareq is the plural of an Arabic word, Tarqi, a raider.
28. The origin of the name Allah applied by Muhammadans to the Supreme God. Allah acquired a masculine sense although in its original form the word was feminine.
29. Jerba, usually called Meninx by the ancients, is supposed to have been the Island of Lotos-Eaters of Greek mythology.
30. The origin of the name Kairwan has been much disputed. The present writer, visiting this place some years ago, was told by a native that the word was the Arab name for a small bustard-like courser (a bird which the French call Poule de Kairouan), and that, seeing this bird in large numbers—where it is still to be found—in the marshy plain on which the city was built, the Arabs gave its name to the town. Kairwan was chosen as the site for the Muhammadan capital by the early Arab invaders because it was considered sufficiently far from the sea-coast to be beyond the reach of attack from a Byzantine fleet.
31. Count Julian appears to have been a Byzantine governor on the coast of Morocco, who after the Byzantine downfall to some extent attached himself to the Romanized Gothic kingdom of Spain.
32. This is the Arab rendering of her name. Dahia meant “queen” and Al-Kahina “the wise woman” or “prophetess.” This remarkable personage was from a Berber tribe, the Jorāwa, which had been converted to Judaism and was partly Jewish in blood.
33. Jewish colonies began to settle in North Africa soon after the destruction of Jerusalem, or even as far back as the Ptolemaic rule over Egypt. The Jews were particularly attracted to Tunisia and Tripoli (the former Carthaginian coast) by their kinship in race and language with the Phoenicians.
34. The rocky peninsula where Tarik landed was called by the Arabs Jibl-al-Tarik, a name which subsequently became corrupted by the Spaniards into Gibraltar.
35. There has been a succession of great cities since prehistoric times ranging round about or situated on the site of Cairo—an “inevitable” city site, because it is at the head of the Nile Delta. Memphis was only 12 miles away, and Heliopolis or On less than half that distance. Babel or Babylon was built by emigrants from old Babylon on the Euphrates on the actual site of Cairo in about 525 B.C. This became a Roman city and was succeeded by the Arab Al Fostat or Masr.
36. A little more than one-third of the modern population of Cyrenaica, Tripoli, and Mauretania is of Arab race; but seven-tenths of the North African population speak Arabic and not Berber.
37. Prince of the Faithful.
38. From the Arabic Wahad, “The One.”
39. It also later on left traces of its temporary occupation on the island of Jerba, where a fine Spanish fortress remains intact to this day.
40. Arzila.
41. Sharif, plur. Shorfa, means in Arabic “nobly born.” The first Sharifian Arab dynasty ruled Morocco from 788 to 970. Then followed a long succession of Berber dynasties till 1524, when the Sa’adi Sharifs from the upper Draa began to rule Morocco. The third Sharifian Arab dynasty—Filali, from Ta-filal-t—succeeded the Sa’adi Sultans in the 17th century and still occupies the Moroccan throne.
42. Timbuktu had been founded by a Tawareq (Berber) tribe about 1100 A.C.
43. or Askia.
44. Now in the hinterland of Algeria, and occupied by the French.
45. Algeria and Tunis were conquered by Turkish pirates, quite as much from the mild Berber dynasties possessing them as from the Spanish encroachments. Tripoli was taken from the Knights of Malta. Gradually all these three Regencies detached themselves from the Turkish Empire in everything but the mere acknowledgment of suzerainty; but, in 1835, the Turks abruptly resumed the direct control of Tripoli and Barka, to which they added Fezzan in 1842.
46. or ’Oman. Maskat is the capital of the principality of ’Oman (a word which is really pronounced ’ūman) in East Arabia, ruled by an “Imam” or laicized descendant of a line of preacher-kings or “Prince Bishops,” leaders of the Ibadite sect of Puritan Muhammadans, believing mostly that sin was worse than unbelief. The Ibadites were identical in origin with the N. African Khariji already described, whose tenets, in the 18th and 19th centuries, were unconsciously repeated by the followers of Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, the conquering “Wahhabis” of Nejd.
47. The architectural style known as Saracenic made its beginnings in Inner Syria and Mesopotamia a century or nearly so before the Muhammadan invasion; and the “Horseshoe Arch” or the arch prolonged for more than half a circle was invented by Hellenized Syrians in the sixth century of this era. The “Mahrab” of the Mosque and some of the doming were added by the Arabs and actually descend from the symbols of phallic worship.
48. From the Arabic Al-gharb the ‘west,’ the ‘sunset.’ The title of the Kings of Portugal was “King of Portugal and the Algarves, on this side and on the other side of the sea in Africa, etc.”
49. This battlefield was on the banks of the river Lukkus, not very far from the coast port of Al-Araish, the Roman Lixus.
50. It was finally ceded to Spain by Portugal in 1668.
51. It had however been known to Italian and Norman navigators a century earlier. Indeed it is increasingly probable that the Portuguese as discoverers of West Africa had been preceded a hundred years earlier by the Genoese, the Catalans and Majorcans, and the Norman French of Dieppe. A remarkable map of the continent of Africa was painted in Italy, about 1351, and is now in the Medicean Library at Florence. It is known as the Laurentian Portolano and gives the most correct general outline of the whole continent which had as yet been depicted. For the first time the great Bight of the Gulf of Guinea is shown, together with the tongue-like projection southwards of Central and Southern Africa. There is even the indication of a river where the Congo emerges into the South Atlantic.
52. Only a long inlet in the Desert coast. At the head of this inlet was the little island of Kerné (still called Herné by the Moors) which was once a trading station of the Carthaginians.
53. Nowadays known as Elmina.
54. As will be seen in another chapter, there are traditions of Norman merchants from Dieppe having established forts or trading stations along the West African coast in the later years of the 14th century, especially at “La Mine d’Or”—Elmina—where the Normans possibly preceded the Portuguese.
55. Mr E. G. Ravenstein deduces 1485 as the date from the details shown in the coat of arms in the inscription. This inscription was only discovered on the high rock, near the Mpozo confluence, by a Swedish missionary in 1906. The inscription begins “Aqi chegaram os navios do esclarecido Rey Dom Joam ho seg° de Portugall,” and is followed by the names of Diogo Cam (Cão) and others. See the Geographical Journal for June, 1908.
56. They described the Arab settlements on the South-East African coasts and alleged that certain Arab ships had been driven by stress of weather past the Cape of Good Hope, and had brought back word of the northward trend of the west coast.
57. The Canary Islands, inhabited by a race of Berber origin, had been rediscovered (for Greek and Roman geographers knew of them) by Normans and Genoese in the 14th century. Previous to that they had already been brought into touch with the Moors of the Moroccan coast, though they were never Islamized but remained in some respects in the primitive, stone-age condition which the Berbers of the mainland had quitted two thousand years before. The men often went naked; but the race in some respects exhibited a characteristic Neolithic civilization and was far removed from savagery. The archipelago was partially conquered by a Norman adventurer, Jean de Betancourt or Bethencourt; and his title after passing through many hands was finally claimed by Portugal. Portugal, however, transferred her rights to Castile in 1479.
58. It is necessary to discriminate in spelling between the river Congo and Congoland generally and the little kingdom of Kongo between Stanley Pool and the Atlantic coast. This important native state, whose legendary founder was a mighty hunter armed with an iron spear (Kongo) gave its name to the great river, which was also styled Zaire by the Portuguese from the native term Nzadi.
59. The original name of this tribe, which came from the southern Congo basin, was “Imbangola.” Jaga was apparently like the Jinga of old Angola merely the title of their clan-chieftains, Jok or Kiokwe (as they are called in Lunda) was a nickname meaning “Hyena.” Their descendants seem still to reside on the river Kwango behind Angola under the name of Imbangala. The Ba-yaka of the Northern Kwango are quite distinct.
60. Grandson of the explorer, Bartolomeu.
61. Such wheat as is cultivated in Africa north of 15° N. Latitude is similar to the European and Egyptian kinds; the wheat introduced by the Arabs and Portuguese into Zambezia is red wheat, apparently from India.
62. Duarte Lopes, who records this fact in his description of the Congo region at the end of the 16th century, gives incidentally or directly other interesting scraps of information, such as, that the coco-nut palm was found by the Portuguese growing on the West coast of Africa. This palm, we know, originated in the Pacific Archipelagoes or on the Pacific coast of tropical America. It is possible to imagine that its nuts may have been carried over the sea to Southern India and thence to Madagascar and the coast of East Africa, but, inasmuch as the coco-nut palm cannot grow further south than Delagoa Bay owing to the cooling of the climate it is not very clear how it reached the tropical West African coast, unless it was introduced by Europeans. Lopes mentions the banana for the first time under the name “banana,” a name which seems to be derived from the Vai and other languages of the Sierra Leone-Liberia coast. Hitherto this fruit had only been known vaguely to Europe as the Indian fig or by its Arab name, which was latinized into Musa. The long banana or plantain was of ancient and widespread cultivation throughout tropical Africa, but the small banana with stubby fruit seems to have been a recent introduction from India which has penetrated into few parts of the interior.
63. Philip II of Spain had the best claim to the Portuguese throne after the death without heirs of the Cardinal-King Henrique. But the Portuguese disliked union with Spain and would have preferred to elect a Portuguese king.
64. In 1621 Pope Paul V sent a mission to the King of Kongo at São Salvador; and thenceforward, until 1717, the Kongo kingdom was evangelized by Italian and Belgian Capuchins, and after 1673 by Belgian Recollets friars. But in 1717 the Capuchins were expelled by the king’s people. In 1760 Catholic missions were resumed in Congoland (Loango and Kongo) by French, Italian and Portuguese missionaries; but these too came to an end by 1800, and for some eighty years the Kongo kingdom relapsed into complete barbarism.
65. This place was named after the Baron de Mossamedes, a Portuguese Governor of Angola, afterwards Minister for the Colonies.
66. This fort, by the abortive Congo Treaty of 1884, was to have been made over to England. Although the Portuguese never in any sense ruled over or controlled Dahomé, their indirect influence and their language were prominent at the Dahomean court because certain Brazilians had during the first half of this century established themselves on the coast and in the interior as influential merchants and slave traders. Their descendants now form a Portuguese-speaking Brazilian caste in Dahomé.
67. Most prominent features, and some countries on the west and south coasts of Africa from the Senegal round to the Cape of Good Hope and Moçambique, bear Portuguese names: Cape Verde is “The Green Cape,” Sierra Leone (Serra Leoa) is “The Lionlike Mountains,” Cape Palmas “The Palm-trees Cape,” Cape Coast is Cabo Corso “The cruising Cape,” Lagos is “The Lakes,” Calabar (Calabarra) is “The bar is silent,” Cameroons is Camaroẽs “prawns,” Gaboon is Gabāo “The Hooded Cloak” (from the shape of the estuary), Corisco is “Lightning,” Cape Frio is “The Cold Cape” and Angra Pequena is “The Little Cove,” and so on. All the prominent points on the Liberian coast, and most of the Niger mouths, have Portuguese names.
68. This is a little coral islet about 2 miles long by ¼ mile broad, situated between 2 and 3 miles from the coast (a shallow bay), in 15 degrees south latitude, where the East African coast approaches nearest to Madagascar. It commands the Moçambique Channel. Its native name was probably originally Musambiki. By the neighbouring East African tribes it is now called Muhibidi, Msambiji, and Msambiki. It has sometimes been the only parcel of land remaining in Portuguese hands during the vicissitudes of their East African empire.
69. A corruption of Mwene-mutapa. According to some authorities this title meant “Lord Hippopotamus,” the hippopotamus on the Zambezi above Tete being looked upon as a Totem or sacred animal indicative of the royal clan; but in my personal opinion Mwene-mutapa is really “Lord of the Mine, or gold mining,” mutapo or mtapo being a shallow pit dug in clay or sand for mining, or washing gold.
70. Where they have not yet brought under subjection the Muhammadan Makua and the Arab half-castes of Angoshe. The chief native foes of the Portuguese in East Africa at the close of the 16th century were the Ba-zimba, one of those Zulu-like marauding tribes like the modern Angoni, which would range over hundreds of miles in a few months and commit devastations that left their effects for nearly a century.
71. Except Mombasa, which was retaken and held between 1728 and 1729.
72. Zumbo was given up (though it was never much more than a Jesuit Mission Station) in 1740.
73. These Makololo chiefs were formerly headmen of Livingstone’s second expedition, left behind by him on the Cataract Shire to stiffen the resistance of the timid natives against the Muhammadan slave raiders.
74. The modern and existing town of that name was not founded till 1867.
75. The use of the Chinde mouth of the Zambezi gives free water communication between the outer world and Nyasaland, by way of the Zambezi and Shire rivers.
76. In 1490.
77. Or the rock, or “Peñon,” overlooking the town, seized and garrisoned by Cardinal Ximenez in 1509. It was taken by Khaireddin, the Turkish corsair, in 1530.
78. Held by Spain from 1535 to 1574.
79. The following is a résumé of the history of the first intervention of Turkey in Barbary. In 1504 Uruj (Barbarossa I), a pirate of mixed Turco-Greek origin, attracted by the rumours of American treasure-ships in the western Mediterranean, captured Algiers (1516) and Tlemsan (1517); but he was defeated and killed by the Spaniards coming from Oran. His younger brother Khaireddin (Barbarossa II) appealed to Turkey, which had just (1518) conquered Egypt, and received from Sultan Selim the title of Turkish Beglerbeg of Algiers and a reinforcement of 2000 Turks. He mastered almost all Algeria, was made Admiral of the Turkish fleet in 1533, captured Tunis in 1534, was driven out by Charles V, and retired to Turkey in 1535. His successors were sometimes Sardinian, Calabrian, Venetian, Hungarian renegades; but among the more celebrated was Dragut, a Turk of Karamania.
80. Susa, Sfax, and Monastir, which were lost to the Turks by 1550.
81. The oldest of her continental African possessions, dating from 1490.
82. The Chafarinas Islands are off the mouth of the Muluya river, near the Algerian frontier.
83. This Portuguese name becomes in Spanish Rio de Oro.
84. This also, like so many other places on the West coast of Africa, was named by the Portuguese; Corisco meaning “sheet lightning,” a name applied to the place because it was first seen during a violent thunderstorm.
85. Bube is said to be a cant term meaning “male” (from the Bantu root, -ume, -lume) and the real name of this race is perhaps Ediya. This subject is fully treated in the author’s book, George Grenfell and the Congo, which gives a full account of Fernando Pô and the Bube indigenes.
86. Their “capital” was at Elmina; they held—when in full vigour—Fort Nassau (built before they took Elmina from the Portuguese), Kormantin, Secondee, Takorari, Accra, Cape Coast Castle, Vredenburg, Chama, Batenstein, Dikjeschop (Insuma), Fort Elise Carthage (Ankobra), Apollonia, Dixcove, Axim, Prince’s Fort near Cape Three-points, Fort Wibsen, and Pokquesoe. Before the abolition of the slave trade, Dutch Guinea was very prosperous. It was governed by a subsidized Chartered Company—the Dutch West India Co.—under the control of the States General; and the local government consisted of a Governor-General at Elmina, a chief Factor (or trader), a chief Fiscal (or accountant-general), an under-fiscal (or auditor) and a large staff of factors, accountants, secretaries, clerks and assistant clerks. There was a chaplain; there were Dutch soldiers under Dutch officers who garrisoned the forts. After the wars of the French Revolution the Dutch Government took over the management of these establishments on the Gold Coast.
87. As Sir Charles Lucas points out in his Historical Geography of the British Colonies, “164 years after Bartolomeu Diaz had sighted the Cape of Good Hope.”
88. The “Cape Malays.”
89. It will be no doubt remembered that this word is derived from the Arab word “unbeliever.” The Arabs of south-east Africa applied this term to the Negroes around their settlements. The Portuguese took it up from the Arabs, and the Dutch and English from the Portuguese.
90. Tulbagh deserves special remembrance not only from his geographical explorations, but from the fact that he was the first person to send specimens of the giraffe to Europe.
91. Named after Van de Graaf, who was Governor at the time. “Reinet” means in Dutch “a goat’s beard,” but I have not been able to discover why this term should have been added to the name of the Governor.
92. Nevertheless, by their final and more complete contact with the Hottentots and Bushmen the Zulu-Kafirs adopted three of the Hottentot clicks; whereas earlier invaders—Karanga, Bechuana, and Herero—though adopting a few Hottentot terms, kept clear of Hottentot phonetics, and use no clicks to this day. The Zulu-Kafir language, divided into four dialects—X̓osa-Kafir, Zulu and Swazi (all three closely related), and Tonga or Ronga of the Delagoa Bay district, is on the whole most nearly related to the East African Bantu groups, with some affinities with Central African Bantu. But it has no near relations and has developed a very peculiar vocabulary, as though it had been isolated for centuries.
93. If Dingiswayo, his master, can be regarded as the first. Dingiswayo was rather the paramount chief of a Kafir confederation, of which the Zulu tribe was a member. Chaka was the younger son of a Zulu chief, but was eventually elected chief in his father’s place and then succeeded to the paramount sway of Dingiswayo. Racially and linguistically there is very little difference between Zulus and Kafirs.
94. The Sand River Convention, recognizing the independence of the Transvaal, was signed in January, 1852; the Bloemfontein Convention, which loosed the Orange Free State from British control, was signed in February, 1854. In 1858, Sir George Grey laid before the Cape Parliament proposals from the Orange Free State for reunion in a South African Federation, and was recalled by the Home Government for advocating this policy.
95. For the first few years of its existence it had much fighting with the Basuto.
96. Zulus under Msilikazi and Swazis in the east; Bechuana tribes in the west and north.
97. The part played by the Jews in the development of South Africa has been as remarkable as their share in the settlement and civilizing of North Africa, of the West Indies and the Guianas, of Australia and New Zealand. Between 1840 and 1850 a number of Jewish business houses were founded or became prominent in Cape Colony and Natal. They started the guano collecting off the S.W. coast, the mohair, wool, hides, sealskin and whale oil industries, and sugar-planting. Notable among such were the De Pass and Mosenthal firms. The De Passes came (I believe) from Gibraltar, and followed to the Cape of Good Hope the first consignments of British troops. The protection given by the British Government to Spanish-speaking Jews at Gibraltar from the early part of the 18th century onwards was well rewarded by a great increase of British commerce and political power in the Mediterranean. The Mosenthals were attracted to South Africa by the importation of German troops and German colonists. Already in the early sixties members of the firm of Lilienfeld were established in the Orange Free State and hastened to develop the diamond mining industry of the future Kimberley district. The part played by Alfred Beit (of a Hamburg Christian-Jewish family), by the Lipperts, the Honourable Simeon Jacobs, Sir Sigismund Neumann, Sir Lionel Phillips, Sir George Albu, Sir David Harris, Senator Samuel Marks, Professor Alfred Mosely, by the Mendelssohns, Rabinowitzes, and Rapaports, in South African finance, politics, industry, education, law, and philanthropic work has been a considerable one; and recent South African history, either in the Boer states or in the British colonies and protectorates, cannot be written in detail without an allusion to their names, their achievements, their intentions, influence, mistakes, and dogged, persevering belief in the resources and splendid future of Cis- or Trans-Zambezian Africa. This was a region in earlier days so unpromising to the eye and on the surface that it needed the Semitic flair for gold and precious stones—the same mysterious divination which led the Sabaeans (I am sure) to Zimbabwe, the Phoenicians to Spain, and the Arabs to the Ashanti hinterland—to induce that persistent opening-up of Grikwaland, Orangia, inner Cape Colony, the Transvaal and Rhodesia, which has by the first decade of the 20th century laid the foundations of another United States in the southern quarter of Africa.
98. This Delagoa Bay railway was made by a group of British and American concessionaires, headed by Colonel Edward McMurdo, an American, between 1887 and 1889. In the following year it was arbitrarily seized by the Portuguese Government on an unfair quibble. The Portuguese then completed the line farther inland until it joined the Netherlands Railway Co.’s line to Pretoria, thus giving the South African Republic a means of access to the sea independent of British control. The wrong inflicted on the Delagoa Bay Railway Company went to arbitration in Switzerland, 1889; and the case was decided after 11 years’ deliberations in favour of the Company, to whom the Portuguese paid £978,000 in compensation.
99. Sudan means in Arabic “Black men” or the “Land of the Blacks.”
100. As for example, Janjira in Konkan, which has an area of 325 sq. m., and Jafarabad in Kathiawar, 42 sq. m. in extent.
101. Three hundred negro porters and soldiers accompanied Cortes on his march to Mexico in 1519; negroes carried the loads of Balboa when he discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and accompanied Hernandez to Peru in 1530. Negro workmen assisted the Spaniards to found the city of St Augustine in Florida in 1565; and negroes, rising high in the Spanish service, in the first half of the 16th century explored for Spain the lands of New Mexico and Arizona.
102. For particulars on this subject consult my book on the Negro in the New World (1910).
103. Natives of British India, however, continued to hold slaves on the East coast of Africa until it was made a criminal offence in 1873.
104. Liberia commenced with an attempt made by philanthropic Americans (the American Colonization Society) in 1820 to repatriate free negroes from the United States. It was formally recognized as an independent state by the British Government in 1847 and occasionally assisted to maintain its authority by British war vessels. Liberia did not enter into diplomatic relations with the United States till 1862.
105. Slavery was abolished in the Turkish dominions after the Crimean War, but the slave trade exists still to some degree on account of the harims, which demand a supply of eunuchs. Slavery of a mild kind also continues in force in the states of Arabia, in Persia, and in Morocco.
106. Sikhs from the Indian Army. These campaigns have been described in the present writer’s work on British Central Africa; and by Mr Alfred Swann in Fighting the Slave-Hunters in Central Africa.
107. Though Liberia is quite a small country—some 40,000 square miles—and is not clearly demarcated by natural features from the surrounding lands of the West African coast, it is found to possess a peculiar mammalia of great interest and a rich flora which also has its regional peculiarities. Amongst singular Liberian mammals may be noted the pigmy Hippopotamus, the Zebra antelope and Jentinck’s duiker.
108. Made from various aromatic seeds, such as those of true pepper vines (Piper subpeltatum, Piper guineense), and of the fruits of (Xylopia æthiopica).
109. The seeds of the Aframomum, a zingiberaceous plant, of the same order as cannas, bananas, etc. These early English voyages are described in detail in my book on Liberia (2 vols, 1906).
110. It was this company that sent out in 1618 George Thompson in charge of a trading expedition. Thompson was killed in some quarrel with his men at Tenda on the Upper Gambia. In 1620-21, his companions were rescued, and his explorations continued by Captain Richard Jobson, who ascended the Gambia as far as it was navigable from the sea, came into contact with the Fula and Mandingo peoples, and on his return wrote an account of his experiences in a book called The Golden Trade. This work—recently republished in the unabridged form of the MS.—is one of the most vivid pen-pictures of Negro Africa ever penned.
111. They rise at the highest to 2000 feet.
112. ‘Maroon’ was a corruption of the Spanish “Cimarron,” an outlaw frequenting the summits (Cimas) of the mountains.
113. Properly ‘Hwida.’
114. All this period in the history of the Gold Coast, including Bowdich’s mission, is described in detail in my book, Pioneers in West Africa (Blackie, 1911).
115. Afterwards Viscount Wolseley.
116. The territory was ceded by its king to Great Britain in 1861.
117. The powerful kingdom of Benin—remarkable for its development of the arts of sculpture, ivory carving, and of bronze-casting—extended its power seaward to the mouth of the Benin branch of the Niger Delta, and gave its name to this great bay or bight of the low-lying coast. Biafra was a native name given by the Portuguese to the opposite (eastern) bight between the Niger Delta and the Cameroons.
118. British Nigeria and the exploration of Africa generally—its botany, anthropology, and languages—owe much to the work of William Balfour Baikie, a native of the Orkney Islands, who between 1854 and 1864 served the British Government on the Niger and succeeded the equally remarkable John Beecroft as Consul. Baikie founded Lokoja in 1860. Lander, Laird, Beecroft, Baikie, and the black Bishop Samuel Crowther were the principal creators of British Nigeria.
119. Afterwards the Right Hon. Sir George Taubman Goldie, P.C.
120. The Fulas, as already stated, are a semi-white race, who originally came from the Western Sahara, and colonised much of Senegambia and the Upper Niger basin, penetrating as far south as Borgu, and south-east to Adamawa, Mandara, Bagirmi, and Darfur. In the early 19th century, under a great leader, Othman Dan Fodio, they conquered Sokoto and much of Eastern Nigeria, stopping short of Bornu, where they were arrested by the power of the Kanemi Sheikh of Bornu. A succinct account of the different Fula kingdoms and conquests is given in a footnote on p. 201.
121. This man was no doubt a negroid Arab religious teacher from the country of Kanem, north-east of Lake Chad. He settled in Bornu early in the 19th century and became the adviser of the king of that country, a phlegmatic descendant of a great and ancient dynasty of Berber or Hamitic origin. Muhammad-al-Amin-al-Kanemi assisted the Bornu sovereign and people to beat off the Fula invasion and became the virtual ruler of Bornu. He bore the title of Sheikh of Bornu.
122. It might be advisable at this juncture to explain clearly about the Fula power in French Nigeria and Senegambia. The Ful or Fulbe people appeared first in the 13th century in West African history as peaceful cattle-keepers on the lower Senegal; but as a matter of fact they had probably reached the Upper Niger and Senegal many centuries before. The Western Fulbe had become Muhammadans at quite an early date—between the 12th and 15th centuries. Those in the more eastern part of Nigeria remained pagan in some settlements down to the 19th century, and are pagan even still. About the 16th century those of the Senegal began to emigrate as cattle-keepers into the cooler highlands of Futa Jallon, and became the ruling power on this upland two hundred years later. At the same period—the beginning or middle of the 18th century—they likewise founded dynasties of Muhammadan kings in Futa Toro and Bondu (south of the Upper Senegal). In 1802, a Fula religious mystic and imam or religious preacher, Othman Dan Fodio, arose like a Mahdi in Eastern Nigeria (Sokoto), called on the Muhammadan Fulas of the central Sudan to join with him in a holy war, and in a few years conquered a vast Fula Empire, which was almost conterminous with the British (Northern) Nigeria of to-day. Fired no doubt by this example another Fula ‘sheikh’ or holy man—Ahmadu Lobo, in the country of Masina, between Timbuktu and Jenné—about 1813 attacked with his followers the vestiges of Moorish power on the Upper Niger, the “Roumas” (as they were called, from their having come originally from Andalusia—“Rome”) and took all power from them, creating in Central Nigeria between Jenné and Gao the powerful Fula kingdom of Masina, which lasted until about 1861, when Ahmadu Ahmadu, the last Fula Emperor of Masina, was attacked and killed by a rival Fula Mahdi from the west.
This personage was ’Omaru bin Saidi, a Fula of Futa Toro, who had spent some years in Mekka and Medina, and had acquired the reputation of a holy man and a doctor of religion. On his return to West Africa he was received with great respect by the Fula princes of Futa Jallon, and with their support he rallied to the cause of Islam the Fula-negro peoples of Futa Toro and Bondu—the Takrur, Torobe, or “Toucouleurs” as they came to be called. Al Hajji ’Omaru (as he was called), after his return from the pilgrimage (Al Hajj) to Mekka was unsuccessful in his attack on the French (1857), and so turned his army against his fellow Moslems of the Upper Niger. Two years after the defeat and death of Ahmadu Ahmadu, the Fula Sultan of Masina, ’Omaru himself perished at Bandiagara, in the Masina kingdom. The Toucouleur power was, however, maintained by his sons and successors till it finally fell in 1892 with the capture of Segu on the Niger by a French force.
123. It is averred that this name is a contraction of Idolos. The islands would appear to have been named by the early Portuguese navigators Ilhas dos Idolos from the idols or fetishes which were very prominently in use.
124. Of Arab descent, born near Maskara in Western Algeria.
125. In 1861, there were 112,229 French settlers in Algeria, and 80,517 Italians, Spaniards, Maltese, Germans, and Swiss; in all, 192,746 European colonists, as against about 650,000 in 1910. It is a common mistake among British writers on political economy to assert that the French are not good colonizers, though they have Eastern Canada, Louisiana, Algeria and Tunis before their eyes. There are now some 340,000 thriving French inhabitants of Northern Africa between Morocco and Tripoli, who will play a considerable part yet in Mediterranean politics.
126. This title arose of course from the Bey (Beg) or Colonel commanding the Turkish army of occupation. The present dynasty was founded in 1706 by the Bey, Hussein bin ’Ali, who was really a renegade Cretan Greek.
127. This now forgotten bone of contention was, in the autumn of 1898, sold by the Italian Company to the French Railway Company of Bône-Guelma-et-Tunisie.
128. Some of the latter performed really gallant services, and afterwards passed into the military and police forces organized by the French.
129. Now in the British Museum of Natural History.
130. The Mubangi is the name given to the western and southern course of the river which is known as the Wele in its upper waters, and was discovered by Schweinfurth in 1871.
131. The invidious analogy of the Royal Niger Company was soon afterwards disposed of by its charter being redeemed for £900,000, and the Niger being thrown open to general trade.
132. Major Lamy was killed in the battle which also cost Rabah his life.
133. At the end of the 18th century there was born at Mostaganem in West Algeria from an Arab family in that place, Muhammad-bin-Ali, further named As-Sanusi (Senussi), after a celebrated saint of Tlemsan. He went as a young man to Mekka, and there achieved a reputation for holiness and learning. Here also he made the acquaintance of Muhammad Sharif, a negro prince from Wadai, who afterwards became Sultan of that country. In the middle of the 19th century As-Sanusi returned to N. Africa and settled in the Cyrenaica, but finding the Turks suspicious he changed his head-quarters to Jaghbub in 1860, just inside the Egyptian borders, thirty miles from Siwa. Here he died soon after his arrival, and as a religious leader he was succeeded by his second son, Al-Mahdi. Al-Mahdi Senussi II renewed the relations with Wadai, where his father’s sect numbered many adherents, and in the last quarter of the 19th century removed his head-quarters to Al Jof in the Kufra oasis, midway between Cyrenaica and the Sudan. Senussi refused to countenance the revolt of the Mahdi in the Egyptian Sudan, but between 1899-1902 interfered strenuously in the Central Sudan to prevent the advance of the French, especially towards Kanem and Wadai. But his efforts were fruitless, and he died in or near Wadai in 1902. His nephew and successor, Senussi III, wandered about for some time in the borderland between Wadai and Kordofan, and finally betook himself to the Kufra oasis in the Libyan desert, where he now resides. The Senussiites profess a purified form of the Muhammadan faith, are rigid abstainers from alcohol and tobacco, but are above all an honest, industrious folk, who have done much of late years to improve the conditions of life in the Saharan and Libyan oases.
134. For the detailed history of the Portuguese, Italian, Flemish, and French Catholic missionaries in the Kongo kingdom see my book, George Grenfell and the Congo.
135. Gonçalo de Silveira; killed somewhere to the south-west of Tete about 1565.
136. At that time the Arab viceroy of Zanzibar was only known as ‘Sayyid’ (Lord); not as Sultan.
137. The Portuguese Church had produced the first Roman Catholic negro bishop, in the 16th century. He was Bishop of the Congo, was a member of the royal family of Kongo, and was educated at Lisbon and Rome. Samuel Crowther was an Egba slave-boy from Lagos, who by education acquired the intellect and outlook of a European. He was an upright, sensible man who wrote valuable works on African philology, and did much towards founding British Nigeria and exploring the Niger and the Benue.
138. It quitted the Cameroons altogether soon after the establishment of the German colony, the German Government having expropriated most of its establishments.
139. The same body also established an industrial mission (initiated by Dr James Stewart, the founder of Lovedale) in British East Africa, halfway to Uganda.
140. Who worked for many years in Nyasaland and in East Africa, and was drowned in Like Nyasa in 1895.
141. As against an area for all British South Africa up to the Congo boundary of 1,152,619 square miles in 1912; all of which has grown from the Cape Colony of 125,000 square miles annexed in 1806.
142. X̓osa is pronounced with a preliminary click of the tongue like a cluck to encourage horses.
143. The Negro and Malay slaves then numbered in all about 39,000.
144. He was at that time Sir Charles Grant, and a member of the great Reform ministry. His action in the matter was prompted by a mischievous personality, a Dr Philip, representative of a missionary society in South Africa, who conceived a great and unjust hatred of the Boers, and an affection for the negro invaders of Cape Colony, which was exaggerated and unreasonable. Much may be learnt of his attitude towards public questions in my Life of Livingstone (1891).
145. “Grikwa” was the cant name (Gri-kwa) given to the half-castes between Boers and Hottentots.
146. The Fingo—properly Amamfengu—Kafirs, were mostly fugitives into Cape Colony from Natal, sent flying westward from the Zulu slaughter-raids of Chaka and others.
147. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, its existence was kept secret by them until 1588, when Captain Cavendish returning from a cruise round the world suddenly lighted on it. The Dutch twice seized it and held it each time for a few months in 1665 and 1673. In this last year it was definitely allotted to the East India Company.
148. The largest of a little group of islets in the South Atlantic, about 1260 miles west of the Cape of Good Hope. Tristan D’Acunha has an area of about 45 square miles, and is extremely mountainous, rising to 8264 feet.
149. Or “Land of the Abambo,” the name of one of the original Bantu tribes of the country. The root -mbo is very common as a tribal name among the Bantu, and occurs repeatedly in Central Africa.
150. To which were added in later years tea (a great success) and coffee—the latter subsequently destroyed by the Ceylon coffee disease.
151. Nov, 1912, nearly 1,000,000.
152. Twelve years later the northern railway line had traversed British Bechuanaland and had reached Buluwayo. It attained the Zambezi in 1903, and now enters the Belgian Congo in Katanga.
153. The Jews, as we have seen, played a considerable part in the development of North Africa since the 1st century of the Christian era. They have similarly had much to do with the progress of South Africa. Between 1840 and 1860 important Jewish houses of business were established in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Noteworthy amongst these firms was that of the De Pass brothers. The De Pass family specially concerned itself with the acquisition and development of the guano islets off what is now the coast of German South-West Africa. They developed the copper mining industry of Port Nolloth, were the first to manufacture ice in South Africa, and started the sugar planting in Natal. The firm of Mosenthal, of the Eastern province of Cape Colony, did much to promote agriculture and stock-rearing, the introduction of the Angora Mohair goat, ostrich farming, sheep and cattle breeding. Other South African Jews who have taken a prominent part in science, in the legal profession, in political, philanthropic, industrial, and mining affairs have been the Hon. Simeon Jacobs (a Judge of the Supreme Court), the Mendelssohns, Rapaports, Rabinowitzes, Solomons, Lilienfelds, Kisches, Neumanns, Moselys; Alfred Beit, Sir David Harris, Sir Lionel Phillips, and Sir George Albu.
154. To which was added later, over all Portuguese Africa south of the Zambezi.
155. Damara is the Hottentot name applied to these black Bantu negroes, who call themselves Ova-herero, Ova-mbo, etc.
156. Dingiswayo (the “Wanderer”), a Zulu of the Abatetwa clan, may perhaps be regarded as the founder of Zulu power. All this portion of South African history is described in some detail in my History and Description of the British Empire in Africa.
157. Driven out of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal by the action of Boers, British, and Basuto, a section of the Zulus conquered much of Portuguese South-East Africa, with nearly all modern Rhodesia, and carried their raids past Nyasa and Tanganyika to the vicinity of the Victoria Nyanza.
158. A rebellious general of Chaka’s, often known by his Sesuto name, “Moselekatse.”
159. The African Lakes Trading Corporation (as it is now called) was founded mainly by the energies of the brothers John and Frederick Moir (sons of an Edinburgh doctor) about 1878, as an adjunct to the missionary enterprise in the Shire Highlands. In course of time they established trading stations on Lake Nyasa, and cut a track or rough road over mountains and forest from the north-west corner of Lake Nyasa to the south end of Tanganyika, conveying over this “Stevenson Road” (so called because a Mr James Stevenson, a director of the Company, provided the cost of this undertaking) a little steamer in sections for the London Missionary Society. This steamer, the Good News, was the first to navigate the waters of Tanganyika. The African Lakes Company, being established at the north end of Lake Nyasa, inevitably came into contact with the slave-trading Arabs who had settled there about ten years before. In 1887 the agents of the Company intervened to protect natives from being raided by the Arabs. The Arabs retorted by attacking the white men. Volunteers hastened to their relief from several quarters. Amongst these were two men afterwards to become famous as African governors—Sir Frederick Lugard and Sir Alfred Sharpe. But the Arab question was not definitely settled until the Protectorate had been established for four years (1895). The African Lakes Corporation certainly did the pioneer work of British trade in South Central Africa.
160. The cession of Cape Colony from Holland to Britain took place on August 13, 1814.
161. The franchise is limited to men of European race and descent only; while women are not granted the parliamentary vote, as is the case in Australia; New Zealand; California, Colorado, Wyoming, and three other states of the American Union; the Isle of Man; Finland; and Norway. In these points, the framers of the Act of Union have shown the unprogressive spirit characteristic of the S. African Dutch.
162. He reached England in 1811 but was treated there with a neglect and ingratitude by the British Government which will long remain a scandal in our Imperial History, and for which as yet no public reparation has been made. His only descendant is Prof. Flinders-Petrie, the Egyptologist.
163. See the article of Professor Flinders-Petrie in the Geographical Journal, November, 1908.
164. Caius Plinius Secundus: born at Verona or Como 23 A.C. His geographical publication or Natural History was published (according to Sir E. Bunbury) in 77 A.C.
165. He visited the Upper Niger in 1352.
166. The subsequent adventures of this heroic man, Lobo, are summarized in my book, The Nile Quest, 1903.
167. Probably identical with the Ba-jok or Va-kioko between the rivers Kwango and Kasai.
168. See my Pioneers in West Africa, 1911.
169. Where he was British Chaplain.
170. Pliny and one or two succeeding classical geographers mention the Ger or Gir and the Niger as rivers of Western Africa, the former being possibly the river Draa. Both words may be derived from Berber roots.
171. See my work, Pioneers in West Africa, for details of Hornemann’s journey and the possible date and place of his death.
172. Afterwards Sir William C. Harris. He explored Shoa (South of Abyssinia) in 1841-2, and was knighted for concluding a treaty on behalf of the Government of India with the King of Shoa.
173. Then nearly independent of Turkey, and ruled by the Karamanli dynasty of Turkish pashas.
174. Denham, who had really rendered great services in the cause of exploration, was rewarded somewhat inadequately with the post of Secretary to the colony of Sierra Leone and Superintendent of the slave settlement at Fernando Pô, where he soon died.
175. In a patent collapsible boat.
176. His name is spelt by the French “Mardochée.”
177. Ludwig Krapf, like his colleagues in East Africa, Rebmann and Erhardt, was a native of Württemberg, having been born near Tübingen in that South-German kingdom.
178. These in order of achievements were: Frédéric Caillaud (French) who explored the Nile as far as Khartum and the Blue Nile to Fazogl (1819-23); Adolphe Linant (Belgian) who in 1827 penetrated 150 miles above Khartum; Thibaut (French consul at Khartum), who, with one of Muhammad Ali’s expeditions reached as far south as Bôr (6°, 30′ N. Lat.); and Ferdinand Werne (German) who got as high up the Mountain Nile as Gondokoro (4°, 20′) and mapped the whole course of the river from Khartum to Gondokoro in 1841.
179. For a detailed account of Miss Tinne’s work and terrible death, see my book The Nile Quest (1903).
180. Dr Bastian had explored the Lower Congo in 1858; and the region of Loango was examined by a German scientific expedition in 1875-80, by Bastian, Pechuel Loesche, Falkenstein, and other German explorers.
181. This was the letter which Stanley wrote to England appealing to missionaries to come out and settle at the court of the King of Uganda. It was taken away by Linant de Bellefonds to be posted in Egypt. After leaving Uganda, de Bellefonds was killed by the Bari on the Upper Nile. Stanley’s letter was concealed in one of the boots of the corpse when it was recovered. It was handed to General Gordon, and transmitted by him to England.
182. Sir Harry Johnston and Dr Cross discovered the south end of this lake in 1889.
183. Wissmann was a lieutenant in the Prussian army, born at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder. He played subsequently a great part in German East Africa.
184. Baumann made a careful examination of the mountainous country of Usambara in East Africa, and mapped the lands due west of the Victoria Nyanza.
185. Sir J. R. L. Macdonald (then Captain Macdonald, R.E.) had conducted with Captain Pringle, R.E. a very remarkable railway survey at the beginning of the nineties, from Mombasa to the Victoria Nyanza, a survey which was really a geographical exploration of the East Africa Protectorate.
186. It was never officially styled the Congo “Free” State. The meaning of the French words was “the Independent State of the Congo”; and unhappily it was no more “free” in its subsequent history than in name. Bula Matadi was its local title in Congoland, such being Stanley’s nickname (Rock-breaker).
187. Hamed bin Muhammad bin Juma, nicknamed Tipu Tipu or “Tippootib.”
188. The Fall of the Congo Arabs, Methuen, 1897. This campaign is also described in my book George Grenfell and the Congo.
189. Civilization in Congoland.
190. The direct trading agents of King Leopold and his concessionaire companies, and the ofttimes worthy and gallant servants of the Congo State, were miserably underpaid.
191. Sir Henry Morton Stanley (John Rowlands) was born in 1842 at Denbigh in North Wales, the son of a farmer’s daughter who was very poor. He became eventually a work-house boy, but managed to acquire a passable education and to find his way twice to the United States, where he pursued many careers till at length he became a press reporter and a special correspondent. In this capacity he “found” and relieved Livingstone and prolonged Livingstone’s life by two years. In 1899 Stanley, who had been in Parliament since 1895, was made G.C.B. by the British Government.
192. The dynasty of Muhammad Ali may be said to have begun in 1841, in which year it was recognised and made hereditary by Turkey; but Muhammad Ali was the ruler of Egypt (as Pasha) from 1811, after the slaughter of the Mamluk Beys. His sons and son-in-law conquered for him Syria and Western Arabia and the northern part of the Sudan. The conquests west of Sinai were given up in 1841 but in that year he became the Vali or Viceroy over Egypt and the Sudan, the succession to that post to fall to his male descendants. His immediate successor was his grandson Abbas bin Tusūn; then followed the rule of his favourite son, Said bin Muhammad. Said was succeeded in 1863 by his nephew Ismail, son of Ibrahim, the reputed eldest son of Muhammad Ali. But according to some accounts Ibrahim, the great conqueror, was only the adopted son of Muhammad Ali. The present Khedive of Egypt is the great-grandson of Ibrahim, but he is also descended from Muhammad Ali through his mother, Princess Amina, who was the great-great-granddaughter of Muhammad Ali through Tusūn. The title of Khedive (a Persian word meaning prince) was conferred on the Pasha or Viceroy of Egypt in 1867.
193. This was a revolt against Egyptian rule, taxation, and interference with the slave trade, started by an Arab fanatic born in the Dongola district who was named Muhammad Ahmad, but called himself the Mahdi or Messiah. His first successes were amongst the ignorant Muhammadans of Kordofan who had grown to loathe the exactions of Turkish (i.e. Egyptian) rule. Muhammad Ahmad died in 1885 and was succeeded by his Lieutenant, the Khalifa Abdallah-al-Taaisha. His fanatical followers were usually called the “Dervishes.” Muhammad Ahmad’s forces captured Al-Obeid the capital of Kordofan in January 1883, and overwhelmed nine months later a force of 10,000 men under Hicks Pasha sent by the Egyptian Government to recover the Western Sudan from anarchy. Hicks Pasha (Colonel William Hicks) was an officer of the Indian Army who had served with distinction in the Mutiny and had fought in the Abyssinian campaign of 1867-8. In 1882 he entered the Khedive’s service as Chief of the Staff in the Sudan, recaptured the Sennar country from the Mahdists, and might have suppressed the whole rebellion and obviated Gordon’s mission and all subsequent disasters if he had been allowed a free hand by the Egyptian ministry at Khartum. Out of his force of 8000 fighting men and 2000 camp followers, all but 300 were slain at Kashgil on the fatal day of November 5, 1883.
194. This phrase first made its appearance in a pamphlet issued by the late Sir Edwin Arnold in 1876 and was revived by the author of this book in an article in the Times of August 10, 1888.
195. Taken by the Italians from the Dervishes in 1894 and restored to Anglo-Egyptian control in 1897.
196. Placed under British protection in 1884.
197. The first British Agent (for the East India Company) and Consul General at Zanzibar was appointed in 1841.
198. Uganda will probably continue to be the general name for this protectorate; but the correct form of the word is Buganda. This rendering is now reserved for the native kingdom or province of Buganda, while the Swahili version of the term—Uganda—is applied to the whole protectorate of five provinces.
199. Kabarega was the son and successor of the Kamasi who had so persecuted the Bakers, Emin, Casati and other travellers.
200. The work of this Special Commission was additional to and confirmatory of the efforts of Sir Henry Colvile, Mr Ernest Berkeley, Mr F. G. Jackson (since Governor of Uganda), Mr George Wilson and Colonel Trevor Ternan (Commissioners or Acting Commissioners) to found a stable confederation of warlike and peaceful negro peoples, to combat famine and disease caused by intertribal wars, and to extend the boundaries of this protectorate northwards to the navigable Nile.
201. The Kabaka of Buganda has been, down to 1912, a minor under a native regency. He is descended from a dynasty which has apparently ruled in Buganda since a period contemporary with the reign of Henry IV in England. This dynasty, like most others in Equatorial East Africa, appears to have been founded by a man of Gala descent.
202. The Protectorate now contains seven provinces and a northern tract of territory not yet organized. The narrow coast-belt from Lamu to the Umba River is leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar for a payment of £17,000 per annum.
203. Leo Africanus, who wrote the most important work on Africa in the 16th century, was born at Granada in southern Spain in 1494, just after the capture of that place by the Spaniards. His family migrated to Morocco, and “Hassan ibn Muhammad al Wizaz,” surnamed “Al-Fasi,” was educated mainly at Fas or Fez: whence his nickname. He travelled throughout North Africa and crossed the Desert to the Niger; visited Guinea, Mandingoland, the Niger Bend, Agades, Hausaland and Lake Chad, Egypt, and the Nile. Captured by Italian pirates he was sold as a slave and presented to Pope Leo X, who converted him, christened him, pensioned him, and encouraged him to give to the world his valuable geographical and historical information.
204. East Friesland.
205. Perfunctory regret for such concessions may be spared when it is borne in mind that the United States of Europe (as they would have become in an Anti-British League) would hardly have allowed even Free-trade England to acquire all the coast-line of the Dark Continent.
206. The concession of Witu, or Vitu, had been obtained by the Denhardt brothers on the 8th of April, 1885, and a German protectorate was declared on the 27th of May. For subsequent history see page 384.
207. Dar-es-Salaam is the capital of German East Africa.
208. Kamerun is the official spelling of the old Portuguese name for this region (Camarões) which we render “Cameroons.”
209. In the early days of the colony, when Germany rather despaired about the unprofitable region she had annexed on the map, she brought into existence the German South-west Africa Company in order to introduce capital into the country. To this company were given extensive land and mineral concessions without any regard whatever for native rights or sentiment. Hence, when these rights were exercised, arose much trouble with the settled negro population.
210. There are said to be only about 20,000 Herero people now living in Damaraland. It would be a great pity if this intelligent, strong race of Bantu negroes disappeared. They must have an interesting history behind them, which is being slowly pieced out by tradition and by the etymology of their remarkable language, by some regarded as the “Sanskrit of the Bantu.” They seem to have emigrated almost direct to South-West Africa from East Equatorial Africa some fifteen or sixteen hundred years ago, bringing their long-horned cattle with them.
211. There is stronger evidence to show that Menouthias was a little island—Zanzibar, probably—close to the African coast. Menouthias is repeated in the Arab name Manutia, and Al-phil means “ivory”—the ivory island or market.
212. Almost certainly this was an egg of the gigantic Æpyornis. The Æpyornis, a ratite bird as large as, or larger than, an ostrich and distantly allied to both ostriches and cassowaries, lived on in Madagascar to the human period—say two thousand years ago or even later. It was quite possibly seen alive by the earliest Arab visitors to the island.
213. But by the natives as Andrian Potsy, i.e. “White King.”
214. Already famous for his discoveries in India; a beautiful jungle fowl is named after him.
215. The Malay immigration into the Komoro Islands was relatively slight. The bulk of the population here is composed of East Coast negroes, speaking a Bantu dialect allied to the tongues spoken on the Zanzibar coast. There was a large influx of Arabs, however; and this mingling with the negroes produced the present race of the Komoro Islanders, a very fine type of the successful results that attend the mixture of the Semite and the negro.
216. The Hovas, or Merina, as they are properly called, of Central Madagascar bear a strong physical resemblance to the Javanese. They seem to have reached east Madagascar much later than the ancestors of the Sakalava and Betsi-misáraka, and subsequently to the Arabs. The Merina ruling caste is very “Malay” or Mongoloid in appearance.
217. A post a little to the north of Tamatave on the east coast.
218. Further confirmed by the treaty of the 13th of November, 1815.
219. The tribes of the western half of Madagascar, a finer race physically than the Hovas owing to their greater intermixture with negroes. They now number about 156,000.
220. In 1840 Jesuit priests had again endeavoured to establish themselves in Madagascar, on the north-west coast, but they all died from fever.
221. This law was completely abrogated by the French in 1896, and foreigners can now acquire land as easily as natives.
222. Who had made themselves ill by appropriating and drinking his claret—that was all.
223. Whether the Hovas had overlooked the Mojanga route and had decided to concentrate all their resistance on the approach from Tamatave is not known; but after their repeated boasts as to the determined resistance they would make to an invader, the collapse of their defence and the feebleness of the resistance they offered to the French are matters of considerable astonishment. It must have been mainly due to the fact that the Hova rule over the bulk of the island was hated, and that the other tribes were not inclined to fight for its maintenance.
224. Since the annexation to France, and the consequent dominating influence of the Roman Catholic missionaries, many natives have been constrained to exchange their Protestant faith for Roman Catholic Christianity.
225. Particulars as to General Galliéni’s reforms and the resulting condition of Madagascar are given in an article “French Policy in Madagascar,” in the October Journal of the African Society, London, 1904.
226. The French occupation of Madagascar has resulted in great gains to science. Noteworthy are the investigations in palæontology of the two Grandidiers and of M. A. Jully, which have revealed a marvellous extinct fauna of lemurs, hippopotami, carnivores, birds, and giant reptiles.
227. Although in the Sahara desert and the coast region of German S.-W. Africa the great summer heat and the waterless nature of the soil are obstacles sufficient, at any rate at the present time, to render these countries uncolonizable, such difficulties are being fast overcome by the resources of science.
229. It is interesting to observe how under the British ægis Maltese are prospering in Egypt and on the northern and eastern coasts of Africa.
| 28.27 | when rediscovered by the Portuguese | Removed. |
| 169.32 | of [(]Xylopia æthiopica). | Added. |
| 246.9 | French-protected subjects[.] | Added. |
| 290.10 | under proper guarantees[.] | Added. |
| 319.31 | (French consul at Khartum[)] | Added. |