Glossary
[Containing only Burmese words used more than once, or not explained in text or notes.]
amat = Minister.
atu-ma-shi = incomparable. “There is none like her—none.”
bein-sa = opium-eater.
bo = chief, leader.
da = a knife of any sort.
Ein-she-min = heir-apparent.
gyi = great.
hlutdaw = Council of State.
kala = barbarian, a foreigner from the West.
kappiya-taga = a lay attendant of a monastery.
kin-bya = a somewhat familiar form of address.
ko-mi = a game of cards.
ku-tho-daw = royal merit.
kyaung = monastery.
kyaung-taga = founder of a monastery.
maung = much the same as “Mr.”
min = King, lord.
mingyi = great lord, high official; in this book, one of the four chief Ministers of State.
min-laung = an embryo min.
min-tha = Prince, son of a min.
Mi-paya = Queen.
my̆o = city, town, township, circle.
my̆o-ôk = officer in charge of a township, a member of the Subordinate Civil Service.
my̆o-ôk-gavaw = My̆o-ôk’s wife.
my̆o-sa = a title of a Shan chief (in his book).
my̆o-thu-gyi = head of a my̆o or circle.
my̆o-wun = town magistrate.
nan
nandaw ⎫
⎬
⎭ = palace.
nat = a spiritual being.
neik-ban—Nirvána = the state of rest.
pa-dauk = a tree yielding excellent timber and bearing lovely flowers.
pa-ya = a pagoda, a sacred image, a title of honour = lord.
pè-nin = helmsman.
pôn-gyi = a monk; literally, “great glory.”
pôn-na = Hindus of Mandalay, descendants of captives from Assam or Manipur.
pwè = an assembly, most commonly an entertainment of a dramatic nature.
pya-that = a terraced spire.
sa-daw = a monk of high position.
Saw-bwa = a title of a Shan chief.
sa-ye-daw-gyi = clerks or secretaries of the hlutdaw.
shwe = gold, golden.
Su-paya = a Princess of royal birth on both sides.
taik = a territorial division, called in English a “circle.”
taik-thu-gyi = headman of a circle.
tamein = a woman’s skirt.
taung-ya = hill-cultivation.
tha-tha-na-baing = head of the monastic Order.
thu-gyi = headman; literally, “great man.”
twet = a term applied to a monk who renounces his Order.
win = a house and grounds.
wun = an official title of varying denotation.
yo-ma = a range of hills; literally, “backbone.”
za-yat = a rest-house.
ze-gyo = the great bazaar or market at Mandalay.
Footnotes:
1 Môk-so-bo-myo, the hunter’s city.
2 See p. 107.
3 Great or headman of the circle.
4 Principal taxpayer.
5 Headman of the village.
6 Members of the Provincial Civil Service.
7 Literally, heads of townships, members of the Subordinate Civil Service.
8 Major-General T. Lowndes, I.S.C.
9 Mr. B. Ribbentrop, C.I.E.
10 The late Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson, K.C.S.I., Lieut.-Governor of Bengal.
11 This term, formerly in ordinary use, is now obsolete.
12 Paddy is the local name for unhusked rice.
13 Gyi, great.
14 Major-General Horace Browne, I.S.C.
15 Colonel C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E.
16 Mr. A. H. Hildebrand, C.I.E.
17 Called after General Godwin, who commanded the force in the Second War.
18 The population of Rangoon in 1881 was 134,176; in 1911 it numbered 293,316. In 1878 its trade was valued at £10,484,469, as compared with £32,040,000 in 1911 (private trade alone).
19 A Chief Commissioner, newly arrived, whose face was not yet familiar, was told by a barber in the town, in the course of his ministration, that he should try to join the gymkhana, as that was the way to get into society.
20 Afterwards of the Commission.
21 Nat, a spiritual being in Burmese mythology. For a full account of nats the curious may refer to Sir Richard Temple’s learned and sumptuous work “The Thirty-Seven Nats.”
22 This is, however, a matter of taste. A lady told me that the only thing which made it worth while to come to Rangoon was the Strand Hotel, with its general comfort and its incomparable omelette. The pagoda merely impressed her as “a messy place.” Perhaps she was only playing upon the poor Indian’s simplicity.
23 Kala is as nearly as possible barbarian, and has a connotation of contempt. It is applied by the Burmese to all foreigners from the West, Indians or Europeans. A Chinaman is a cousin, so is a Siamese. Neither of these is a kala.
24 The late Mr. G. D. Burgess, C.S.I.
25 The late Sir Charles Aitchison, K.C.S.I., successively Member of Council and Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab.
26 Maung Pe, I.S.O., K.S.M.
27 The first Viceroy was Lord Canning. Many people erroneously think that Clive or, perhaps, Warren Hastings was the first who attained that dignity.
28 Mingyi, one of the four principal ministers. Literally, great lord.
29 Mintha, prince.
30 See p. 126.
31 There is a subtlety here. Ko is one of the Burmese equivalents of Mr., more respectful than Maung.
32 Council of State at Mandalay.
33 As to grammar, Latter helped us in those early years. Students of to-day, more fortunate, have the invaluable help of Mr. Bridges’ book.
34 What it really wrote was “clearness and simplicity.”
35 Early breakfast.
36 The late Colonel F. D. Maxwell, C.I.E.
37 The late Sir Edward Spence Symes, K.C.I.E.
38 Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff, K.C.S.I., K.C.M.G.
39 The late Sir Charles Bernard, K.C.S.I., for some years Secretary in the Revenue and Statistics Department at the India Office.
40 “Don’t let them do that, they’ll take me for a Burmese Minister,” he called out, as officious underlings were hustling some carts out of his path as he rode through Mandalay.
41 Among many mistaken appreciations of Burmese character is the notion that Burmans have no sense of gratitude. This story indicates the contrary. Since my retirement I have been touched by the frequent receipt of letters and other tokens of remembrance from Burmese friends obviously disinterested.
42 Ti, an umbrella; also the ornamental summit of a pagoda.
43 The Arakan Pagoda, as we call it, at Mandalay.
44 Sergeant or Thugyi’s wife.
45 A-pyo-gyi.
46 Tha-yet-my̆o, not the city of mangoes, as might be supposed, but the city of slaughter.
47 Streams.
48 In taungya cultivation, the farmer prepares a piece of forest-land by setting fire to the trees and undergrowth, and fertilizing the ground with the ashes. Rice and vegetables are sown broadcast. Except by careful Chins, the same piece of land is not used again till the forest growth has been renewed. It is a wasteful plan, rightly discouraged.
49 Tiger fence.
50 Da, a knife; in this case a Burmese sword.
51 Paso, lôngyi, skirts worn by Burmese men, the former of ampler size.
52 The Burmese man’s headgear.
53 Local civil officer.
54 In Mandalay, in 1886, a parvenu official was guilty of the same breach of decorum on entering my office. I made no remark at the time, but I mentioned the incident to his friends. The Prime Minister seemed surprised that the earth had not opened and swallowed up that fearful man. The offence was not repeated.
55 Now Sir John Jardine, K.C.I.E., M.P. for Roxburghshire.
56 Elephant driver.
57 Colonel William Cooke, lately Commissary-General in Madras.
58 Atwin Wun, one of the classes of Ministers, so called from being nominally employed inside (atwin) the Palace, near the person of the King.
59 As Burma was not under the Madras Government, this arrangement was anomalous and inconvenient; after the war it was abolished.
60 The late Sir Godfrey Clerk, K.C.V.O., C.B.
61 Now Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., Inspector-General, Royal Irish Constabulary.
62 Major-General Sir George Pretyman, K.C.M.G., C.B., R.A., whom I met not again till he came to succeed Sir Donald Macleod at May-my̆o, where he spent the last year of his service in command of the Burma Division.
63 Yôma, a range of hills; literally, backbone.
64 The Right Honourable Sir Henry Primrose, P.C., K.C.B., C.S.I., I.S.O.
65 The Earl of Cromer, P.C., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., C.I.E.
66 Guardians of the Royal life.
67 Sir Charles Crosthwaite, K.C.S.I.
68 Mr. C. G. Bayne, C.S.I., whose early retirement deprived the Province of an invaluable officer.
69 Sir Alfred Irwin, C.S.I., lately a Judge of the Chief Court.
70 The Myingun Prince was a son of Mindôn Min, who in the year 1867 rebelled against his father. Defeated, he fled to Lower Burma, where he continued to plan mischief. He was deported to India; later, he escaped to French territory, and lived for many years at Saigon. He was long a source of some apprehension to Government, and a likely cause of trouble; but I think for some time he has been regarded as harmless.
71 Messengers.
72 Broad hat made of bamboo.
73 Most of this paragraph is extracted verbatim from my Report on the Administration of Upper Burma in 1886.
74 Administrative Report for 1886 ut supra.
75 Ibid.
76 A woman’s skirt.
77 The late General Sir Harry Prendergast, V.C., G.C.B.
78 The late Field-Marshal Sir George White, V.C., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O., O.M., Commander-in-Chief in India, the heroic defender of Ladysmith.
79 The late General Sir W. Penn Symons, K.C.B., who served with the highest distinction in Burma and India, and met a soldier’s death at Talana Hill.
80 The late Sir Edward Sladen.
81 Nephew of Sir Arthur Phayre; he died for his country in June, 1886, at Padein, near Minbu.
82 The subjoined table shows the succession of the Kings of the House of Alaungpăyá. The dates and details were gathered from the lips of Ministers in 1886:
| Alaungpăyá (1752-1760). | |||||
| 2. Naungdaw Mintayagyi (1760-1763). | 6. Bodaw Paya (1781-1819). | 3. Sinbyu-yin Mintayagyi (1763-1776). | |||
| 5. Paungga Min (reigned seven days in 1781). | Einshe Min (died before his father). | 4. Singu Mintayagyi (1776-1781). | |||
| 7. Bagyidaw Paya (1819-1838). | 8. Shwebo Min (King Tharrawaddy) (1838-1846). | ||||
| 9. Pagan Min (1846-1852). | 10. Mindôn Min (1852-1878). | ||||
| 11. Thebaw Min (1878-1885). | |||||
83 Royal Herald.
84 Wun, a local official of varying rank; probably in this case about equal to a subdivisional officer.
85 Head revenue officer.
86 Major-General T. Lowndes, I.S.C.
87 Colonel C. H. E. Adamson, C.I.E.
88 Wife (in this case widow) of the chief local authority.
89 Incomparable.
90 Council of Ministers.
91 Monastery.
92 The Hill of Peace.
93 This stone disappeared the day after the occupation of Mandalay. It was never suggested that any of the force of occupation was guilty of the theft.
94 Pagoda of Royal Merit.
95 U Pe Si, C.I.E., one of the first Upper Burmans to receive a British decoration.
96 The late Mr. T. F. Fforde, of the Burma Commission, who died as Deputy Commissioner of Sagaing.
97 Queen.
98 Mintha, prince.
99 See p. 30.
100 The late Major-General R. A. P. Clements, C.B., D.S.O.
101 Major-General H. d’U. Keary, C.B., D.S.O.
102 Colonel R. M. Rainey-Robinson, C.B.
103 Horse-keepers.
104 Technically, a dacoit is one of five or more persons banded together for purposes of robbery. It has been the custom to apply the term to all our opponents in Upper Burma, after the King’s surrender. Even technically, the use was almost invariably justified.
105 Circle headman, much like a Taik-Thugyi in Lower Burma.
106 Cavalrymen.
107 P. 130.
108 The Right Hon. Sir Mortimer Durand, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., successively Minister at Teheran and Ambassador at Madrid and Washington.
109 The late Sir Alexander Mackenzie, K.C.S.I., Chief Commissioner of Burma, Member of Council, and Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.
110 Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, K.C.I.E., K.C.V.O., best known, perhaps, as the author of the standard work on Russia.
111 Field-Marshal Lord Nicholson, G.C.B., R.E.
112 General Sir Ian Hamilton, G.C.B., D.S.O.
113 Colonel Sir Neville Chamberlain, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., Inspector-General Royal Irish Constabulary.
114 Lieutenant-General Sir Reginald Pole-Carew, K.C.B., C.V.O., M.P.
[115] Palace.
116 Temporary pavilion.
117 Mr. St. Barbe had a marked turn for letters. Some of his papers may be found in the Cornhill Magazine of the seventies.
118 The late Mr. G. J. S. Hodgkinson, C.S.I., afterwards the first Judicial Commissioner of Upper Burma.
119 Now Mr. Taw Sein Ko, I.S.O., recipient of the Kaiser-i-Hind medal, Superintendent of the Burma Archæological Survey. I gratefully acknowledge much valuable help from him in the preparation of this book.
120 Messenger.
121 Raja lôg ate haiṅ
122 See p. 27.
123 See p. 126.
124 See p. 67 et seq.
125 Already mentioned, p. 125.
126 There is one more who has lived in obscurity in Rangoon for many years.
127 See p. 122.
128 Supaya means a Princess of royal parentage on both sides. Except the King’s sister, there was in Mandalay only one real holder of the title, the Pyinzi Supaya.
129 Elder royal sister.
130 Queen.
131 See p. 270.
132 See pp. 123-4.
133 See p. 210 et seq.
134 Headman of a town or circle, much like a Taik-Thugyi in Lower Burma.
135 Village headman.
136 Sir Frederic Fryer, K.C.S.I., Chief Commissioner and first Lieutenant-Governor of Burma.
137 Sir James Digges la Touche, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces and a Member of the Council of India.
138 The late Mr. H. P. Todd-Naylor, C.S.I., C.I.E., Commissioner and acting Financial Commissioner.
139 Sir J. George Scott, K.C.I.E.
140 Colonel H. A. Browning, afterwards Chief Commissioner of the Andaman Islands.
141 Mr. B. S. Carey, C.I.E., Commissioner.
142 Mr. H. M. S. Matthews, C.S.I., Settlement Commissioner.
143 The late Major-General M. Prothero, C.B., C.S.I., afterwards commanding the Burma Division.
144 Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army.
145 Colonel E. T. Gastrell.
146 Bo, a chief or leader.
147 “The Pacification of Burma.”
148 See p. 106.
149 Chief of eleven hundred and fifty men. He was also called the Mobye-Sitkè-gyi.
150 Perhaps most familiar to English readers in “A Persian Passion Play”—Matthew Arnold’s “Essays in Criticism.”
151 See p. 146.
152 This solemn farce is, I think, still played. Of course, no astrology is needed. The method of calculation is explained in Sir Alfred Irwin’s learned book on the Burmese Calendar.
153 Literally, great blood-drinker, a Burmese official designation of various connotation. Tun Baw was hereditary door-keeper and custodian of the Hlutdaw building. He still survives in receipt of a modest pension for faithful service.
154 Earthen pots.
155 See p. 115.
156 Brinjal, a vegetable; jingal, a small cannon.
157 See p. 123.
158 Lord High Admiral.
159 Sir J. George Scott, K.C.I.E.
160 See p. 266. The Myowun died this year.
161 Embankment.
162 Fire-carriage.
163 Pônkan was a bogey to the people of Bhamo till it was settled, without much difficulty, by Sir George Wolseley in 1889.
164 The highest title of a Shan chief.
165 See p. 17.
166 Chief wife.
167 House and compound.
168 Advisers, ministers.
169 See p. 149.
170 Mr. A. H. Hildebrand, C.I.E.
171 Sir J. George Scott, K.C.I.E.
172 General Sir Edward Stedman, G.C.B., K.C.I.E., successively Inspector-General of Police in Burma, Quartermaster-General in India, General Officer Commanding the Burma Division, and Military Secretary at the India Office, one of the most distinguished officers of the Bengal Army.
173 Pickled tea.
174 My wife spent the hot season of 1888 at May-my̆o, the first Englishwoman who ever visited it.
175 Hein, a Shan official of about the standing of a Circle Thugyi in Burma.
176 13s. 4d.
177 See p. 45 et seq.
178 The suppleness of Burmese women is remarkable. To lean backwards and pick up with the eyelid a rupee placed on the floor is not an unknown feat.
179 Sir George White’s close connection with Upper Burma was never forgotten. When Ladysmith was relieved, the Upper Burma Club sent him a telegram of congratulation, of which we received a courteous acknowledgment, probably the only instance of an exchange of telegrams between Mandalay and Ladysmith.
180 A great deal of nonsense has been written from time to time on the subject of the Burmese custom of Shiko. A Burman coming into the presence of a superior, a monk, a member of the royal house, an official, an elder of his family, adopts an attitude akin to kneeling, and places the palms of his hands together. Placing the palms of the hands together and slightly raising them is the essence of the attitude of respect. It is a charming and graceful salutation. In European schools boys are taught to adopt instead a weird caricature of a military salute or a debased imitation of the Indian salaam, which they do ungracefully and with the ugliest effect. I do not care very much for the prostration on the floor, and think it may be overdone. I used to make people of any standing sit uncomfortably on chairs. But what objection there can be to the hands slightly lifted in reverence, a natural and beautiful action, why it should be thought more dignified to pretend to cast dust on the head in salaaming, I cannot understand. The last outrage perpetrated in school is to teach boys to stand with arms folded across their chests in the presence of their elders and betters.
181 Heads of Gaings, that is, collections of monasteries; assistants to Gaing-ôks, heads of large monastic institutions. Roughly, I think, this is a fair interpretation. In speaking of these dignitaries, I abstain from the common practice of using the nomenclature of Christian Churches. The analogies are superficial.
182 In this instance a formal document setting forth the terms of the recognition.
183 A Hindu gentleman, orthodox but emancipated, after a tour in Burma, did me the honour of dining at my table. In the course of the evening he said to me that, after seeing Burma, he thought it much to be regretted that Buddhism had not maintained itself as the prevailing religion of India.
184 One patriarchal Deputy Commissioner made a law that carts entering his headquarter town, at least by the road which passed his house, should not creak. Every cart before long carried a small pot of oil, and at a respectful distance halted while the wheels were effectively greased.
185 Thein, a very sacred building, containing images of the Buddha, where ordination services are held. The land on which a thein is built must be sacred in perpetuity and granted by the King. In modern practice grants of land for theins are signed by the Lieutenant-Governor himself.
186 See p. 45 et seq.
187 A feast and presentation of gifts to monks.
188 A monk of high position.
189 This excellent example has, I am glad to say, been followed. Several gaols are regularly visited by monks, who exhort prisoners to repentance and a new life.
190 Then Commissioner of the Irrawaddy Division.
191 Government.
192 “The Pacification of Burma,” by Sir Charles Crosthwaite. (Arnold, 1912.)
193 Terraced spires over the gates.
194 See p. 106.
195 I need not mention this sportsman’s name. It was neither Andrew Thomson nor Jem Bernard.
196 Messengers.
197 Store-room.
198 Valet.
199 Table-servant.
200 The late Mr. D. M. Smeaton, C.S.I., for some years M.P. for Stirlingshire.
201 Hidden by the curtain.
202 Panthays are Chinese Mohammedans of Yunnan.
203 Mr. H. F. Hertz, C.I.E.
204 Cf. “The Pacification of Burma,” p. 239 et seq.
205 Brigadier-General Hugh O’Donnell, C.B., D.S.O.
206 A curious sight often to be seen outside of Bhamo was a drove of pigs brought from China, each pig at night picketed to a small peg. Hard by baskets of walnuts deluded the stranger into the belief that the pigs, like pack-bullocks, were made to carry the baskets.
207 The station of that name on the Myitkyina line used perversely to be called by railway engineers “One-two.”
208 Mr. Fielding-Hall, the accomplished author of “The Soul of a People.”
209 Sir Frank Campbell Gates, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., Financial Commissioner of Burma.
210 Now a Judge of the Chief Court.
211 “The Pacification of Burma.”
212 It remained for the ingenuity of the Courts in later years to discover that in the eye of the law the headman was not a respectable inhabitant.
213 Lieutenant-Colonel D. J. C. Macnabb, C.S.I., Commissioner of the Minbu division.
214 Colonel F. M. Rundall, C.B., D.S.O.
215 Lieutenant-Colonel F. S. Le Quesne, V.C., R.A.M.C.
216 Mr. E. S. Carr, now Conservator of Forests.
217 Afterwards Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.
218 Lord MacDonnell of Swinford, P.C., G.C.S.I., K.C.V.O.
219 Sir Edward Stedman, already often mentioned.
220 Mr. A. H. Hildebrand, C.I.E.
221 Sir J. George Scott, K.C.I.E.
222 “The Pacification of Burma.”
223 A full account of the Shans is to be found in Mrs. Leslie Milne’s charming book, “The Shans at Home.”
224 Myelat = middle country—the name given to the small Western States bordering on Burma proper.
225 The Honourable Saw Maung (Sao Mawng), C.I.E., K.S.M., Member of the Local Legislative Council.
226 See note, p. 138.
227 Mounted military police.
228 Sun helmet.
229 Sir G. W. Shaw, C.S.I., acting Lieutenant-Governor of Burma.
230 Nursery of seedlings.
231 Mr. E. C. S. George, C.I.E., I.C.S. (retired), whom ill-health alone prevented from attaining the highest distinction.
232 See p. 250.
233 General the Right Honourable Sir Henry Brackenbury, P.C., G.C.B., K.C.S.I., R.A.
234 Sir William John Cuningham, K.C.S.I.
235 Now Major-General Sir Hamilton Bower, K.C.B., recently commanding the Abor Expedition.
236 Arrangements.
237 Surgeon-General O. E. P. Lloyd, V.C., R.A.M.C.
238 See p. 76.
239 Early breakfast.
240 In recent years much of the country east of the ’Nmaikha has been taken under administration. Forts have been built and roads made far north of ’Nsentaru.
241 See p. 305.
242 Kazins.
243 Maung Aung Zan, K.S.M., District Judge. See p. 25.
244 A viss was then equal to 3.65 pounds avoirdupois. It has now been standardized at 3.60 pounds.
245 Native servant (bhai).
246 A dacoit leader in Tharrawaddy in the early days of the pacification of Pegu (1852-1860). This reward was offered by the Government of India instead of the modest two thousand suggested by Sir Arthur Phayre. Gaung Gyi went across the frontier when Tharrawaddy became too hot. I met some of his descendants in Mandalay.
247 Major W. R. Stone, I.A.
248 I refrain from specifying many others, still living, lest by naming some I seem to slight others equally worthy.
249 See p. 122.
250 See p. 166.
251 For years afterwards, perhaps to this day, as a measure of superabundant caution, the city gates were closed early in the night, to the annoyance and inconvenience of strayed revellers returning late from dance or dinner without the walls.
252 Brigadier-General W. H. Dobbie, C.B., commanding a brigade in India.
253 See p. 195.
254 For many years Chinese adviser to the Government of Burma.
255 Colonel F. B. Longe, C.B., R.E., formerly Surveyor-General in India.
256 Colonel E. W. M. Norie, A.D.C., Assistant Military Secretary at the War Office.
257 Major J. W. L. ffrench-Mullen, C.I.E., Commandant of the Myitkyina Battalion of Military Police.
258 A temporary hall built for the occasion, of mats and bamboos, gaily adorned with flowers and curtains and paper ornaments.
259 Teacher.
260 See p. 115.
261 Sir Harvey Adamson, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of Burma, formerly Member of the Council of the Governor-General.
262 The late Sir Denzil Ibbetson, K.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab.
263 The late Sir Edward Baker, K.C.S.I., afterwards Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, whose early death we have had but lately to deplore.
264 I am aware that he has to obtain the Viceroy’s concurrence; but he has the advantage of the last word.
265 I need hardly say (as I proposed it) that I regard this as a sound measure.
266 See note on p. 295.
267 Some of these officers are Arakanese, one a Talaing; all are natives of Burma.
268 I must not be thought to regard these addresses with levity. I appreciated them highly, and have preserved them all.
269 I have elsewhere paid my humble tribute of respect to Dr. Cushing’s memory. The first person to join with me in lamenting his loss was the Right Reverend Bishop Cardot, of the Roman Catholic Church. Our own Bishop was not backward in expressing his sorrow and appreciation. In Burma, at least, there is some unity among Christians.
270 Mr. G. C. B. Stirling, C.I.E.
271 See p. 175.
272 House of a Shan Chief.
273 Skirt.
274 Knife, of any size.
275 Kakusandha, Konagamana, Kassapa, Gaudama.
276 Eaters (= owners) of wells.
277 See p. 250.
278 Mr. W. A. Hertz, C.S.I.
279 See p. 249.
280 Sir Frank Campbell Gates, K.C.I.E., C.S.I.
281 Sir Lionel Jacob, K.C.S.I., too soon carried off to be Secretary to the Government of India in the Public Works Department.