Bibliography and Notes
Literary History
F. Diez, Leben und Werke der Troubadours, 2nd edit., re-edited by K. Bartsch, Leipsic, 1882. Die Poesie der Troubadours, 2nd edit., re-edited by K. Bartsch, Leipsic, 1883.
K. Bartsch, Grundriss zur Geschichte der provenzalischen Literatur, Elberfeld, 1872. A new edition of this indispensable work is in preparation by Prof. A. Pillet of Breslau. The first part of the book contains a sketch of Provençal literature, and a list of manuscripts. The second part gives a list of the troubadours in alphabetical order, with the lyric poems attributed to each troubadour. The first line of each poem is quoted and followed by a list of the MSS. in which it is found. Modern editors have generally agreed to follow these lists in referring to troubadour lyrics: e.g. B. Gr., 202, 4 refers to the fourth lyric (in alphabetical order) of Guillem Ademar, who is no. 202 in Bartsch’s list.
A list of corrections to this list is given by Gröber in Böhmer’s Romanische Studien, vol. ii. 1875-77, Strassburg. In vol. ix. of the same is Gröbers’ study of troubadour MSS. and the relations between them.
A. Stimming, Provenzaliscke Literatur in Gröber’s Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie, Strassburg, 1888, vol. ii. part ii. contains useful bibliographical notices.
A. Restori, Letteratura provenzale, Milan, 1891 (Manuali Hoepli), an excellent little work.
A. Jeanroy, Les origines de la poésie lyrique en France, 2nd edit., Paris, 1904.
J. Anglade, Les troubadours, Paris, 1908, an excellent and trustworthy work, in popular style, with a good bibliography.
J. H. Smith, The troubadours at Home, 2 vols., New York, 1899; popularises scientific knowledge by impressions of travel in Southern France, photographs, and historical imagination: generally stimulating and suggestive, Most histories of French literature devote some space to Provençal; e.g. Suchier & Birch-Hirschfeld, Geschichte der französischen Litteratur, Leipsic, 1900. The works of Millot and Fauriel are now somewhat antiquated. Trobador Poets, Barbara Smythe, London, 1911, contains an introduction and translations from various troubadours.
Dictionaries and Grammars
F. Raynouard, Lexique roman, 6 vols., Paris, 1838-1844, supplemented by.
E. Levy, Provenzalisches supplement-Wörterbuch, Leipsic, 1894, not yet completed, but indispensable.
E. Levy, Petit dictionnaire provençal-français, Heidelberg, 1908.
J. B. Roquefort, Glossaire de la langue romane, 3 vols., Paris, 1820.
W. Meyer-Lübke, Grammaire des langues romanes, French translation of the German, Paris, 1905.
C. H. Grandgent, An outline of the phonology and morphology of old Provençal, Boston, 1905.
H. Suchier, Die französiche und provenzalische Sprache in Gröber’s Grundriss. A French translation, Le Français et le Provençal, Paris, 1891.
Texts
The following chrestomathies contain tables of grammatical forms (except in the case of Bartsch) texts and vocabularies.
Altprovenzalisches Elementarbuch, O. Schultz-Gora, Heidelberg, 1906, an excellent work for beginners.
Provenzalische Chrestomathie, C. Appel, Leipsic, 1907, 3rd edit.
Manualetto provenzale, V. Crescini, Padua, 1905, 2nd edit.
Chrestomathie provençal, K. Bartsch, re-edited by Koschwitz, Marburg, 1904.
The following editions of individual troubadours have been published.
Alegret. Annales du Midi, no. 74.
Arnaut Daniel. U. A. Canello, Halle, 1883.
Bernart de Rovenac. G. Borsdorff, Erlangen, 1907.
Bartolomeo Zorzi. E. Levy, Halle, 1883.
Bertran d’Alamanon. J. Salverda de Grave, Toulouse, 1902 (Bibliothèque Méridionale).
Bertran de Born. A. Thomas, Toulouse, 1888 (Bibliothèque Méridionale).
Bertran de Born. A. Stimming, Halle, 1892 (and in the Romanischz Bibliothek, Leipsic).
Blacatz. O. Soltau, Leipsic, 1890.
Cercamon. Dr Dejeanne, Toulouse, 1905 (Annales du Midi, vol. xvii.).
Elias de Barjols. Stronski, Paris, 1906 (Bibliothèque Méridionale vi.).
Folquet de Marselha. Stronski, Cracow, 1911.
Folquet de Romans. Zenker (Romanische Bibliothek).
Gavaudan. A. Jeanroy, Romania, xxxiv., p. 497.
Guillaume IX. Comte de Poitiers. A. Jeanroy, Toulouse, 1905.
Guillem Anelier de Toulouse. M. Gisi, Solothurn, 1877.
Guillem de Cabestanh. F. Hüffer, Berlin, 1869.
Guillem Figueira. E. Levy, Berlin, 1880.
Guillem de Montanhagol. J. Coulet, Bibliothèque Méridionale, iv., Toulouse.
Guiraut de Bornelh. A. Kolsen, Berlin, 1894 and 1911.
Guiraut d’Espanha. P. Savi-Lopez. Studj mediaevali, Fasc. 3, Turin, 1905.
Guiraut Riquier, Étude sur, etc. J. Anglade, Paris, 1905.
Jaufre Rudel. A Stimming, Kiel, 1873.
Marcabrun. Dr Dejeanne. Bibliothèque Méridionale, 1910.
Marcoat. Dr Dejeanne, Toulouse, 1903 (Annales du Midi, xv.).
Monk of Montaudon. E. Philippson, Halle, 1873; O. Klein, Marburg, 1885.
N’ At de Mons. Bernhard. Altfranzösische Bibliothek, Heilbronn.
Paulet de Marselha. E. Levy, Paris, 1882.
Peire d’Alvernhe (d’Auvergne). R. Zenker, Rostock, 1900.
Peire Vidal. K. Bartsch, Berlin, 1857 (an edition by J. Anglade is about to appear).
Peire Rogier. C. Appel, Berlin, 1892.
Perdigon. H.J. Chaytor, Annales du Midi, xxi.
Pons de Capdoill. M. Napolski, Halle, 1879.
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. O. Schultz, Halle, 1893.
Raimon de Miraval, Etude sur, etc. P. Andraud, Paris, 1902.
Sordel. De Lollis, Halle, 1896 (Romanische Bibliothek).
Numerous separate pieces have been published in the various periodicals concerned with Romance philology, as also have diplomatic copies of several MSS. Of these periodicals, the most important for Provençal are Romania, les Annales du Midi, Zeitschrift der Romanischen Philologie, Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen, Romanische Studien, Studj di filologia romanza, Revue des langues romanes. Mahn’s Gedichte der Troubadours, 4 vols., Berlin, 1856-71, contains diplomatic copies of MSS.; his Werke der Troubadours, Berlin, 1846-55, contains reprints from Raynouard, Choix des poésies originales des Troubadours, Paris, 1816. Suchier, Denkmäler provenzalischer Sprache, Halle, 1883; Appel, Provenzalische Inedita, Leipsic, 1890; Chabaneau, Poesies inédites des Troubadours du Perigord, Paris, 1885; P. Meyer, Les derniers troubadours de Provence, Paris, 1871, should be mentioned. Most of the pieces in the Parnasse Occitanien, Toulouse, 1819, are to be found better edited elsewhere. Other pieces are to be found in various Festschriften and occasional or private publications, too numerous to be detailed here. C. Chabaneau, Les biographies des Troubadours, Toulouse, 1885 (part of the Histoire générale de Languedoc) is full of valuable information. The biographies have been translated by I. Farnell, Lives of the Troubadours, London, 1896.
Notes
Chapter I
1. See maps at the end of Gröber’s Grundriss, vol. i.
2. De Vulg. El. I., 8: alii oc, alii oïl, alii si affirmando loquuntur, and Vita Nuova, xxv. Dante also knew the term provincialis.
3. Boethius. F. Hündgen, Oppeln, 1884. For Sainte Foy d’Agen, see Romania xxxi., p, 177 ff.
4. P. Meyer in Romania v., p. 257. Bédier, Les chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 16.
5. See P. Maus, Peire Cardenals Strophenbau, Marburg, 1884.
6. See Jeanroy, Origines, etc.
CHAPTER II
7. Provençal has also the feminine joia with the general meaning of “delight.”
8. See Stimming’s article in Gröber’s Grundriss.
9. Raynouard, Les Troubadours et les Cours d’Amour, Paris, 1817; see also Diez, Über die Minnehöfe, Berlin, 1825. Pio Rajna, Le Corti d’Amore, Milan, 1890.
10. Annales du Midi, xix. p. 364.
11. Die provenzalische Tenzone, R. Zenker, Leipsic, 1888.
CHAPTER III
12. Girart de Roussillon, translation by P. Meyer, Paris, 1884: see also Romania, vii. Diplomatic copies of the MSS. in Romanische Studien V. Le Roman de Flamenca, P. Meyer, Paris, 1901.
13. J. B. Beck, Die Melodien der Troubadours, Strasburg, 1908. La Musique des Troubadours, Paris, 1910, by the same author, who there promised a selection of songs harmonized for performance: this has not yet appeared. See also Quatre poésies de Marcabrun, Jeanroy, Dejeanne and Aubry, Paris, 1904, with texts, music, and translations.
14. Schindler, Die Kreuzzüge in der altprovenzalischen und mittelhochdeutschen lyrik., Dresden, 1889. K. Lewent, Das altprovenzalische Kreuzlied, Berlin, 1905.
15. A. Pillet, Studien zur Pastourelle, Breslau, 1902. Römer, Die volkstümlichen Dichtungsarten der altprovenzalischen Lyrik, Marburg, 1884.
16. Quae judicia de litteris fecerint Provinciales. P. Andraud, Paris, 1902.
17. From Si’m sentis fizels amics, quoted by Dante, De Vulg. El. i. 9.
CHAPTER IV
18. “Paubre motz”; also interpreted as “scanty words,” i.e. poems with short lines. On Jaufre Rudel in literature, see a lecture by Carducci, Bologna 1888. The latest theory of his mysterious love is that she was the Virgin Mary; see C. Appel, Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, cvii. 3-4.
19. Mahn, Gedichte, no. 707. An edition of Bernard de Ventadour’s poems is in preparation by Prof. Appel.
CHAPTER V
21. Dante, De Vulg. El. ii. 2.
22. “Il Provenzale,” Conv. iv. 11.
23. Purg. xxvi.
24. On his family see Stronski, Folquet de Marseille, p. 15 and 159-172.
25. See G. Paris, La Littérature française au moyen âge, § 128.
CHAPTER VI
26. The best short account of the Albigenses is to be found in vol. i. of H.C. Lea’s Histoire de L’Inquisition au moyen âge, Paris, 1903. This, the French translation, is superior to the English edition as it contains the author’s last corrections, and a number of bibliographical notes. The Adoptionist theory is stated in the introduction to F.C. Conybeare’s Key of Truth, Oxford, 1908. The Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, P. Meyer, Paris, 1875, 2 vols., is indispensable to students of the subject. In these works will be found much of the extensive bibliography of the heresy and crusade.
27. Eckbertus, Serm. adv. Catharos, Migne, Patr. Lat., tom. 193. p. 73.
28. Cf. Milman, Latin Christianity, Book IX. chap. viii. p. 85.
29. On religious lyric poetry, see Lowinsky, Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Litteratur, xx. p. 163 ff., and the bibliographical note to Stimming’s article in Gröber’s Grundriss, vol. ii. part ii. § 32.
CHAPTER VII
Most histories of Italian literature deal with this subject. See Gaspary’s Italian Literature to the death of Dante: H. Oelsner, Bohn’s Libraries. See also the chapter, La poésie française en Italie in Jeanroy’s Origines. For Dante, see Storia letteraria d’Italia, scritta di una società di professori, Milan, vol. iii., Dante, by Zingarelli. The Troubadours of Dante, Chaytor, Oxford, 1902. Useful are A. Thomas, Francesco da Barberino et la littérature provençale en Italie au moyen âge, Paris, 1883. O. Schultz, Die Lebensverhältnisse der Italienischen Trobadors, Berlin, 1883.
30. Schultz, Die Briefe des Trobadors Raimbaut de Vaqueiras an Bonifaz I., Halle, 1883.
31. Zingarelli, Intorno a due Trovatori in Italia, Florence, 1899.
CHAPTER VIII
Milà y Fontañals, Los trovadores en España, Barcelona, 1861, remains the best work on the subject. On Portugal, the article in Gröber’s Grundriss, ii. 2, p. 129, by C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos and Th. Braga is admirable: see the bibliographical references there given and the introduction to R. Lang, Das Liederbuch des Königs Denis von Portugal, Halle, 1894.
32. The date of this poem is disputed, see Dr Dejeanne’s edition of Marcabrun, p. 235.
33. F. Guessard, Grammaires Provençales, Paris, 1858; E. Stengel, Die beiden ältesten prov. Gram., Marburg, 1878.
CHAPTER IX
Troubadour influence in Germany is discussed at greater or less length in most histories of German literature. See Jeanroy, Origines, p. 270 ff. A. Lüderitz, Die Liebestheorien der Provenzalen bei den Minnesingern der Slauferzeit, Literarhistorische Forschungen, Berlin, 1904.
For France. A. Jeanroy, De nostratibus medii aevi poetis qui primum Aquitaniae carmina imitati sint, Paris, 1889.
For England. Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, London, 1906. O. Heider, Untersuchungen zur mittelenglischen erotischen Lyrik, Halle, 1905. A. Brandl, Spielmann’s verhältnisse in frühmittelenglischer Zeit, Sitzungs-berichte der Königl. preuss., Akademie, 1910.
34. Bédier, Chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 112.
35. See introduction to Leo Wiese, Die Lieder des Blondel de Nesle, Dresden, 1904, p. 19 ff.
37. K. Böddeker, Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253, Berlin, 1878.
38. Modern Language Review, vol. 1. p. 285; vol. ii. p. 60, articles by Prof. Skeat.
39. P. Leinig, Grammatik der provenzalischen Leys d’amors verglichen mit der Sprache der Troubadours, Breslau, 1890. M. Gatien. Arnoult, Monuments de la littérature romane, Toulouse, 1841.
40. Histoire critique de l’Académie des Jeux Floraux, by F. de Gélis from the origin to the 17th century will appear shortly in the Bibliothèque meridionale, Toulouse. Useful anthologies of modern Provençal are Flourilège prouvençau, Toulon, 1909: Antologia provenzale, E Portal, Milan, Hoepli, 1911 (Manuali Hoepli).