Appendix I
So-Called History. — Rulers
| EMPERORS OF GERMANY. | |
| Otho IV | 1198-1218 |
| Frederick II | 1212-1250 |
| Conrad IV | 1250-1254 |
| William of Holland | 1254-1256 |
| Richard Earl of Cornwall | 1257-1273 |
| Rudolph of Hapsburg | 1273-1291 |
| Adolph of Nassau | 1292-1298 |
| Albert of Austria | 1298-1308 |
| KINGS OF SCOTLAND | |
| William | 1175-1214 |
| Alexander II | 1214-1249 |
| Alexander III | 1249-1286 |
| Margaret | 1286-1292 |
| John Balliol | 1292-1296 |
| Interregnum | 1296-1306 |
| KINGS OF CASTILE AND LEON. | |
| Alfonso IX | 1188-1214 |
| Henry I | 1214-1217 |
| St. Ferdinand III | 1217-1252 |
| Alfonso X | 1252-1284 |
| Sancho IV | 1284-1295 |
| Ferdinand IV | 1295-1312 |
| KINGS OF ENGLAND. | |
| John Lackland | 1199-1216 |
| Henry III | 1216-1272 |
| Edward I | 1272-1307 |
| KINGS OF FRANCE. | |
| Philip II | 1180-1223 |
| Louis VIII | 1223-1226 |
| Louis IX | 1226-1270 |
| Philip III | 1270-1285 |
| Louis [Philip] IV | 1314-1316 |
| KINGS OF ARAGON. | |
| Pedro II | 1196-1213 |
| James I., the Conqueror | 1215-1276 |
| Pedro III | 1276-1285 |
| Alfonso III | 1285-1291 |
| James II | 1291-1327 |
| KINGS OF NAPLES. | |
| Conrad | 1250-1254 |
| Conradin | 1254-1258 |
| Manfred | 1258-1266 |
| Charles of Anjou | 1266-1285 |
| Charles | 1285-1309 |
EVENTS.
1202 Fourth great crusade under Boniface, marquis of Montferrat.
1204 The English stripped of Normandy, etc., by Philip Augustus of France.
1206 Jenghis-Khan: foundation of the great empire of the Moguls.
1212 Battle of Ubeda: defeat and fall of Almohads of Africa.
1213 John Lackland acknowledges himself vassal of the pope.
1213 Battle of Bouvines won by Philip Augustus.
1215 Magna Charta. The palatinate of the Rhine goes to the house of Wittelsbach.
1217 Crusade of Andrew II., King of Hungary.
1218 Extinction of the dukes of Zarringuia: Switzerland becomes an immediate province of the empire.
1222 Charter or decree of Andrew II., basis of the Hungarian constitution.
1226 Renewal of the League of Lombardy to oppose the Emperor Frederick II.
1227 Battle of Bornhoeved in Holstein: Waldemar II., King of Denmark, loses his conquests on the southern coast of the Baltic.
1228 Crusade of the Emperor Frederick II.
1230 The Teutonic order establishes itself in Prussia. Conquest of the Balearic islands by the King of Aragon.
1235 Formation of the Duchy of Brunswick in favor of the house of the Guelphs.
1236 Conquest of the Kingdoms of Cordova, Murcia and Seville by the Castilians.
1237 Conquest of Russia by Baton-Khan: origin of the Mogul or Tartar horde of Kaptschak.
1241 Invasion of Poland, Silesia, and Hungary by the Moguls.
1248 Crusade of St. Louis, King of France.
1250 Beginning of the great interregnum in Germany.
1254 Accessions of the emperors of different houses in Germany. End of the dominion of the Agubites in Egypt and Syria; beginning of the empire of the Mamelukes.
1256 Enfranchisement of the serfs at Bologna in Italy.
1261 Michel Paleologus, emperor of Nice, takes Constantinople; end of the empire of the Latins.
1265 Accession of the house of Anjou to the throne of the Two Sicilies.
1266 Admission of the Commons to the Parliament of England.
1268 Corradino decapitated at Naples; extinction of the house of Hohenstaufen. Suabia and Franconia become immediate provinces of the empire.
1271 The county of Toulouse passes to the King of France, and the Venaissin to the Pope.
1273 Accession of the Emperor Rudolph of Hapsburg to the throne of the empire: first election by the seven electors.
1282 Conquest of Wales by the King of England.
1282 The Sicilian Vespers, the kingdom of Sicily passes to the King of Aragon. The Emperor Rudolph gives to his sons the duchies of Austria; foundation of the house of Hapsburg.
1283 The Teutonic order completes the conquest of Prussia.
1289 Extinction of the male line of the old race of Scotch kings. Contest of Baliol and Bruce.
1290 Decline of the republic of Piza. Aggrandizement of that of Genoa.
1291 Taking of Ptolemais and Tyre by the Mamelukes. End of the crusades.
1294 Decline of the Mogul empire at the death of Kublai-Khan.
1298 Introduction of an hereditary aristocracy at Venice.
1300 Foundation of the modern Turkish empire by Ottoman I. First Jubilee proclaimed by Pope Boniface VIII.