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The Holy Roman Empire

by James Bryce

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Chronological Table of Emperors and Popes

Year of Accession.Bishops of Rome, or Popes.Emperors.Year of Accession
A.D.B.C.
Augustus.27
A.D.
Tiberius.14
Caligula.37
Claudius.41
42St. Peter, (according to Jerome).
Nero.54
67Linus, (according to Jerome, Irenæus, Eusebius).
68Clement, (according to Tertullian and Rufinus).Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian.68
78Anacletus (?).
Titus.79
Domitian.81
91Clement, (according to later writers).
Nerva.96
Trajan.98
100Evaristus (?).
109Alexander (?).
Hadrian.117
119Sixtus I.
129Telesphorus.
Antoninus Pius.138
139Hyginus.
143Pius I.
157Anicetus.
Marcus Aurelius.161
168Soter.
177Eleutherius.
Commodus.180
Pertinax.190
Didius Julianus.191
Niger.192
193Victor (?).Septimius Severus.193
202Zephyrinus (?).
Caracalla, Geta, Diadumenian.211
Opilius Macrinus.217
Elagabalus.218
219Calixtus I.
Alexander Severus.222
223Urban I.
230Pontianus.
235Anterius or Anteros.Maximin.235
236Fabianus.
The two Gordians, Maximus Pupienus, Balbinus.237
Gordian the Younger.238
Philip.244
Decius.249
251Cornelius.Gallus.251
252Lucius I.Volusian.252
253Stephen I.Æmilian, Valerian, Gallienus.253
257Sixtus II.
259Dionysius.
Claudius II.268
269Felix.
Aurelian.270
275Eutychianus.Tacitus.275
Probus.276
Carus.282
283Caius.
Carinus, Numerian, Diocletian.284
Maximian, joint Emperor with Diocletian.286
296Marcellinus.[305(?)
304Vacancy.Constantius, Galerius.304(?)
Licinius.or 307]
308Marcellus I.Maximin.308
Constantine, Galerius, Licinius, Maximin, Maxentius, and Maximian reigning jointly.309
310Eusebius.
311Melchiades.
314Sylvester I.
Constantine (the Great) alone.323
336Marcus I.
337Julius I.Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans.337
Magnentius.350
352Liberius.
Constantius alone.353
356Felix (Anti-pope).
Julian.361
Jovian.363
Valens and Valentinian I.364
366Damasus I.
Gratian and Valentinian I.367
Valentinian II and Gratian.375
Theodosius.379
384Siricius.
Arcadius (in the East), Honorius (in the West).395
398Anastasius I.
402Innocent I.
Theodosius II. (E)408
417Zosimus.
418Boniface I.
418Eulalius (Anti-pope).
422Celestine I.
Valentinian III. (W)424
432Sixtus III.
440Leo I (the Great).
Marcian. (E)450
Maximus, Avitus. (W)455
Majorian. (W)455
Leo I. (E)457
461Hilarius.Severus. (W)461
Vacancy. (W)465
Anthemius. (W)467
468Simplicius.
Olybrius. (W)472
Glycerius. (W)473
Julius Nepos. (W)474
Leo II, Zeno, Basiliscus (all E.)474
Romulus Augustulus. (W)475
(End of the Western Line in Romulus Augustus.476)
(Henceforth, till A.D. 800, Emperors reigning at Constantinople).
483Felix III2.
Anastasius I.491
492Gelasius I.
496Anastasius II.
498Symmachus.
498Laurentius (Anti-pope).
514Hormisdas.
Justin I.518
523John I.
526Felix IV.
Justinian.527
530Boniface II.
530Dioscorus (Anti-pope).
532John II.
535Agapetus I.
536Silverius.
537Vigilius.
555Pelagius I.
560John III.
Justin II.565
574Benedict I.
578Pelagius II.Tiberius II.578
Maurice.582
590Gregory I (the Great).
Phocas.602
604Sabinianus.
607Boniface III.
607Boniface IV.
Heraclius.610
615Deus dedit.
618Boniface V.
625Honorius I.
638Severinus.
640John IV.
Constantine III, Heracleonas, Constans II.641
642Theodorus I.
649Martin I.
654Eugenius I.
657Vitalianus.
Constantine IV (Pogonatus).668
672Adeodatus.
676Domnus or Donus I.
678Agatho.
682Leo II.
683(?)Benedict II.
685John V.Justinian II.685
685(?)Conon.
687Sergius I.
687Paschal (Anti-pope).
687Theodorus (Anti-pope).
Leontius.694
Tiberius.697
701John VI.
705John VII.Justinian II restored.705
708Sisinnius.
708Constantine.
Philippicus Bardanes.711
Anastasius II.713
715Gregory II.
Theodosius III.716
Leo III (the Isaurian).718
731Gregory III.
741Zacharias.Constantine V (Copronymus).741
752Stephen (II).
752Stephen II (or III).
757Paul I.
767Constantine (Anti-pope).
768Stephen III (IV).
772Hadrian I.
Leo IV.775
Constantine VI.780
795Leo III.
Deposition of Constantine VI by Irene.797
Charles I (the Great).800
(Following henceforth the new Western line).
Lewis I (the Pious).814
816Stephen IV.
817Paschal I.
824Eugenius II.
827Valentinus.
827Gregory IV.
Lothar I.840
844Sergius II.
847Leo IV.
855Benedict III.Lewis II.855
855Anastasius (Anti-pope).
858Nicholas I.
867Hadrian II.
872John VIII.
Charles II (the Bald).875
Charles III (the Fat).881
882Martin II.
884Hadrian III.
885Stephen V.
891Formosus.Guido.891
Lambert.894
896Boniface VI.Arnulf.896
896Stephen VI.
897Romanus.
897Theodore II.
898John IX.
Lewis (the Child).†899
900Benedict IV.
Lewis III (of Provence).901
903Leo V.
903Christopher.
904Sergius III.
911Anastasius III.
Conrad I.912(?)
913Lando.
914John X.
Berengar.915
Henry I (the Fowler).918
928Leo VI.
929Stephen VII.
931John XI.
936Leo VII.Otto I (the Great).936
939Stephen VIII.
941Martin III.
946Agapetus II.
955John XII.
Otto I, crowned at Rome.962
963Leo VIII.
964Benedict V (Anti-Pope?).
965John XIII.
972Benedict VI.
Otto II.973
974Boniface VII (Anti-pope?).
974Domnus II (?).
974Benedict VII.
983John XIV.Otto III983
985John XV.
996Gregory V.
996John XVI (Anti-pope).
999Sylvester II.
Henry II (the Saint).1002
1003John XVII.
1003John XVIII.
1009Sergius IV.
1012Benedict VIII.
1024John XIX.Conrad II (the Salic).1024
1033Benedict IX.
Henry III.1039
1044Sylvester (Anti-pope).
1045(?)Gregory VI.
1046Clement II.
1048Damasus II.
1048Leo IX.
1054Victor II.
Henry IV.1056
1057Stephen IX.
1058Benedict X.
1059Nicholas II.
1061Alexander II.
1073Gregory VII (Hildebrand).
1080(Clement, Anti-pope).
1086Victor III.
1087Urban II.
1099Paschal II.
Henry V.1106
1118Gelasius II.
1118Gregory, (Anti-pope).
1119Calixtus II.
1121(Celestine, Anti-pope).
1124Honorius II.
Lothar II (the Saxon).1125
1130Innocent II.
(Anacletus, Anti-pope).
1138Victor (Anti-pope).*Conrad III.1138
1143Celestine II.
1144Lucius II.
1145Eugenius III.
Frederick I (Barbarossa).1152
1153Anastasius IV.
1154Hadrian IV.
1159Alexander III.
1159(Victor, Anti-pope).
1164(Paschal, Anti-pope).
1168(Calixtus, Anti-pope).
1181Lucius III.
1185Urban III.
1187Gregory VIII.
1187Clement III.
Henry VI.1190
1191Celestine III.
1198Innocent III.*Philip, Otto IV (rivals).1198
Otto IV.1208
Frederick II.1212
1216Honorius III.
1227Gregory IX.
1241Celestine IV.
1241Vacancy.
1243Innocent IV.
*Conrad IV, *William, (rivals).1250
1254Alexander IV.Interregnum.1254
*Richard (earl of Cornwall). *Alfonso (king of Castile), (rivals).1257
1261Urban IV.
1265Clement IV.
1269Vacancy.
1271Gregory X.
*Rudolf I (of Hapsburg).1272
1276Innocent V.
1276Hadrian V.
1277John XX or XXI.
1277Nicholas I
1281Martin IV.
1285Honorius IV.
1289Nicholas IV.
1292Vacancy.*Adolf (of Nassau).1292
1294Celestine V.
1294Boniface VIII.
*Albert I.1298
1303Benedict XI.
1305Clement V.
Henry VII.1308
1314Vacancy.Lewis IV.1314
(Frederick of Austria, rival).
1316John XXI or XXII.
1334Benedict XII.
1342Clement VI.
Charles IV.1347
1352Innocent VI.(Günther of Schwartzburg, rival).
1362Urban V.
1370Gregory XI.
1378Urban VI, Clement VII (Anti-pope).*Wenzel.1378
1389Boniface IX.
1394Benedict (Anti-pope).
*Rupert.1400
1404Innocent VII.
1406Gregory XII.
1409Alexander V.
1410John XXII or XXIII.Sigismund.1410
(Jobst of Moravia, rival).
1417Martin V.
1431Eugene IV.
*Albert II.1438
1439Felix V (Anti-pope).
Frederick III.1440
1447Nicholas V.
1455Calixtus IV.
1458Pius II.
1464Paul II.
1471Sixtus IV.
1484Innocent VIII.
1493Alexander VI.*Maximilian I.1493
1503Pius III.
1503Julius II.
1513Leo X.
Charles V.31519
1522Hadrian VI.
1523Clement VII.
1534Paul III.
1550Julius III.
1555Marcellus II.
1555Paul IV.
*Ferdinand I.1558
1559Pius IV.
*Maximilian II.1564
1566Pius V.
1572Gregory XIII.
*Rudolf II.1576
1585Sixtus V.
1590Urban VII.
1590Gregory XIV.
1591Innocent IX.
1592Clement VIII.
1604Leo XI.
1604Paul V.
*Matthias.1612
*Ferdinand II.1619
1621Gregory XV.
1623Urban VIII.
*Ferdinand III.1637
1644Innocent X.
1655Alexander VII.
*Leopold I.1658
1667Clement IX.
1670Clement X.
1676Innocent XI.
1689Alexander VIII.
1691Innocent XII.
1700Clement XI.
*Joseph I.1705
*Charles VI.1711
1720Innocent XIII.
1724Benedict XIII.
1740Benedict XIV.
*Charles VII.1742
*Francis I.1745
1758Clement XII.
*Joseph II.1765
1769Clement XIII.
1775Pius VI.
*Leopold II.1790
*Francis II.1792
1800Pius VII.
Abdication of Francis II.1806
1823Leo XII.
1829Pius VIII.
1831Gregory XVI.
1846Pius IX.

THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.

Notes

†The names in italics are those of German kings who never made any claim to the imperial title.

* Those marked with an asterisk were never actually crowned at Rome.

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