The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire

Bibliography

I. Classified Bibliography

NOTE

The Classified Bibliography contains only the names of authors. Following the classification, the books and editions are given in detail under the authors’ names in alphabetical order.

I shall be grateful for corrections and amplifications. The work on this bibliography has been done largely in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and I have been handicapped by the lack of a complete catalogue.

No attempt whatever has been made to follow a definite system of spelling of Oriental and Slavic names, for arbitrary changes in spelling on my part would confuse the reader who desires to find in a library catalogue the authors given. I have retained the spelling (except in rare instances where there were divergencies in different editions of the same book) of the author’s name as given by himself or by his editor or publisher. As far as the letter ‘G’, I have made the spelling conform to that of the General Catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale. Beyond ‘G’, there is, as yet, no norm.

Bibliographers of Printed Books.

Apponyi; Auboyneau; Boecler; Chevalier; Dherbelot de Molainville; Eichhorn; Fabricius; Fevret; Fitzclarence; Fraehn; Franke; Hadji Khalfa; Halle; Houtsma et al.; Oesterly; Omont; Pogodin; Potthast; Welter; Zenker.

Bibliographers of Oriental MSS.

Ahlwardt; Ali Hilmi; Apponyi; Auboyneau; Blochet; Browne; Cusa; De Goeje; De Jong; Derenbourg; Dorn; Dozy; Fevret; Flügel; Hadji Khalfa; Karamianz; Lampros; Pertsch; Rieu; Rosen; Schéfer; Slane; Smirnow; Sprenger; Welter.

Numismatists.

Blau; Djevdet; Engel; Friedländer; Ghalib; Karabacek; Lane-Poole; Lavoix; Makrisi; Pinder; Schlumberger; Serrure; Stickel.

Chronographers.

Aladdin Ali; Arabantinos; Assemanus; Hadji Khalfa; Knaus; Loeb; Mas Latrie; Mullach; Müller; Muralt; Rasmussen; Strzygowski; Wüstenfeld; Chronicon Breve (in Ducas).

Collections of Contemporary Records.

Ottoman: Feridun, Collection of.

The class=”c”>The authenticity of the documents in this collection cannot be definitely established.

Byzantine: Dieterich; Miklositch; Müller; Predelli; Sathas.

Hungarian, Slavic, and Ragusan: Daničić; Fejér; Gelčić; Jorga; Ljubić; Makusev; Miklositch; Miltitz; Müller; Noradounghian; Racki; Safařík (Schaffarik); Sathas; Thallóczy; Theiner; Wenzel. (See also under Kossova and Nicopolis.)

Venetian: Alberi; Brown; Fejér; Jorga; Ljubić; Makusev; Miklositch; Minotto; Müller; Noiret; Noradounghian; Predelli; Racki; Romanin; Rymer; Safařík; Sathas; Testa; Thomas.

Papal (Avignon and Rome): Baluze; Bosquet; Dudik; Jorga; Romanin; Theiner; Werunski.

The literature about the individual popes, and the collections of documents published, registers, letters, etc., are so numerous, that I cannot include even a selection here. The reader is referred to Chevalier’s Répertoire des sources historiques du Moyen Âge, where, under each pope, will be found the most complete and most recent bibliographical references.

Genoese (including Pera Colony): Belgrano; Jorga; Miklositch; Müller; Noradounghian; Olivieri; Predelli; Testa.

Other Italian Cities: Jorga; Müller.

French: Boislisle; Bongars; Bouchon; Charrière; Delaville Leroulx; Dorez; Garnier; Jorga; Kunstmann; Leuridan; Lot; Molinier; Moranvillé; Potansque; Raimboult; Roncière; Tarbé.

English: Rymer.

Contemporary Chronicles.

Byzantine: Cantacuzenos; Nicephoros Gregoras; Pachymeres; Panaretos (for Trebizond).

Catalan: Moncada; Muntaner. (See also Frenzel.)

French: Enguerran de Monstrelet; Eustache des Champs; Froissart; Gilles; Marche; Nangis; Ursins; Wavrin; Anon.: Cronicorum Karoli Sexti; Chronique du duc Loys de Bourbon; Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis; Chronique des quatre premiers Valois; Livre des faicts de Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut; Relation de la Croisade de Nicopolis (serviteur de Gui de Blois). (See also under the Editors: Bellaguet; Géraud; Godefroy; Kervyn de Lettenhove; Lacabane; Lemaitre.)

Hebrew: Joseph ben Joshua.

Morea: Chronique de Morée; Breve Chronicon (see Ducas).

Oriental: Aboulpharadji; Hayton.

Rumanian: Urechi.

Savoy: Anon. Anciennes Chroniques.

Servian: Abbey of Tronosho; Chronicle of Pek.

Venice: Bonincontrius; Caroldo; Guazzo; Villani (3).

Venetian Archives (History and Guides to).

Alberi; Baschet; Cecchetti; Mas Latrie; Toderini.

The archives for the fourteenth century are listed in the Alphabetical Bibliography.

Travellers and Geographers. (Those in italics are contemporary or nearly contemporary.)

Asia Minor: Abulfeda; Ainsworth; Baedeker; Belon; Bergeron; Bertrandon de la Broquière; Bruun; Busbecq; Chardin; Cholet; Cuinet; Edrisi; Evlia Tchelebi; Fresne-Canaye; Ghillebert de Launoy; Hadji Khalfa; Hellert; Houzeau; Huart; Huber; Ibn Batutah; Macarius; Mandeville; Marco Polo; Michelant; Mostras; Naumann; Nicolay; Ortellius; Ramsay; Rennell; Sarre; Schiltberger; Seiff; Shehabeddin; Sidi Ali Ibn Hussein; Tavernier; Tchihatcheff; Texeira; Texier; Trémeaux; Vivien de St. Martin.

Ibn Batutah is the best contemporary authority.

Constantinople and Balkan Peninsula: Abulfeda; Baedeker; Belgrano; Belon; Bergeron; Boué; Bruun; Busbecq; Clavijo; Hadji Khalfa; Hammer; Hellert; Huber; Jireček; Macarius; Manutio; Miklositch; Mostras; Nicolay; Olivieri; Ortellius; Sathas; Schiltberger; Sefert; Sidi Ali Ibn Hussein; Tafel; Tozer.

Clavijo is the best contemporary authority for Constantinople in the latter part of the reign of Bayezid.

I have listed only those whose works I have referred to, or who seem to me to have intimate, direct bearing on the subject. Many others, however, could be consulted to advantage. See Potthast, Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevi, ii. 1734-5.

Seljuk Historians.

Ahmed Ibn Yusuf; Houtsma (editor); Ibn-Bibi; Mirkhond (Mirkhwand).

Early Arabic, Persian, and Armenian Historians.

Ahmed Ibn Yusuf; Ahmed Ibn Yahia; Hayton; Ibn al Tiktaka; Ibn Khaldun; Khondemir; Makrisi; Mirkhond (Mirkhwand); Mohammed-en-Nesawi; Reshideddin; Texeira; Anon. Derbend Namé.

Ottoman Historians and Chroniclers.

Abdul Aziz; Ahmed Jaudat; Alaeddin Ali (Ibn Kadi Said); Ali (Mustafa Ibn Ahmed); Ashik-pasha-zadé (Ahmed Ibn Yahia); Atha; Ayas Pasha; Djelaleddin, Mustapha; Djemaleddin; Djemaleddin-al-Kifty; Djevad bey, Ahmed; Fehmi; Feridun, Collection of; Geropoldi, Antonio (trans.); Hadji Khalfa; Hezarfenn, Hussein; Ibn Ali Mohammed Al-Biwy; Idris, Mevlana (of Bitlis); Kheirullah; Kourbaddinmakky; Mohammed Ferid bey; Moukhlis Abderrahman; Mustafa; Nedim; Neshri; Nichandji pasha Mehmet; Said; Seadeddin; Tahir-Zade; Anon. Mira-ari-tarikh.

No authenticated Ottoman records exist for the fourteenth century. The nearest writers to events are Ashik-pasha-zadé, Idris, Mouklis Abderrahman and Neshri. The historian enjoying the greatest reputation for authority is Seadeddin.

Western writers on Ottoman Empire before 1600.

Adelman; Aenaeus Sylvius; Alhard; Aretinus (Leonardo Bruni); Augustinus Caelius; Aventinus; Bertellus; Boecler; Bongars; Busbequius; Cambini; Camerarius; Campana; Cervarius; Chytraeus; Clavijo; Corregiaio; Cousin (Cognatus); Crusius; Cuspianus; Donado da Lezze; Drechsler; Egnatius; Foglietta; Foscarini; Geuffraeus; Giorgievitz; Giovio; Gycaud (ed.); Hoeniger; Konstantynowicz; Lonicerus; Menavino; Montalbanus; Pfeiffer; Podesta; Postellus; Ramus; Reusner; Richer; Sabellicus; Sansovino; Schiltberger; Secundinus; Spandugino; Traut; Anon. Series Imp. Turc. and Tractatus de ritu et moribus Turc.

Most of the early western books are in Latin, but the authors are Greek, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Austrian, and Polish. The majority of them are as early as, if not earlier than, the first Ottoman chroniclers.

Clavijo and Schiltberger are contemporary and eye-witness authorities for the reign of Bayezid. Konstantynowicz’s book claims to be the memoirs of a janissary in the reign of Murad II.

Busbequius, Donado da Lezze, Geuffraeus, Giorgievitz, Menavino, Spandugino, and the author of Tractatus de ritu gained their information first-hand from living in Turkey.

General Western Ottoman Historians (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries).

Cantemir (a Rumanian); De la Porte; Du Verdier; Febvre; Formanti; Gibbon; Knolles; Mignot; Ohsson; Petits de la Croix; Ricaut; Sagredo; Schulz; Servi; Vanel.

General Western Ottoman Historians (nineteenth century).

Castellan; Collas; Creasy; Dräseke; Ebeling; Errante; Fehmi (a Turk); Ganem (a Syrian); Hammer; Hertzberg; Jonquière; Jorga; Jouannin; La Garde de Dieu; Lamartine; Lane-Poole; Lavallée; Lüdemann; Rambaud; Salaberry, de; Wirth; Wüstenfeld; Zinkeisen.

Hammer and Zinkeisen wrote the exhaustive and authoritative histories of the nineteenth century. The splendid work of Professor Jorga, of the University of Bucarest, belongs to our own twentieth century, and is the most important contribution of contemporary scholarship to the history of the Balkan peninsula under Ottoman domination. But none of these three authoritative historians pays particular attention to the actual foundation of the Ottoman Empire. Dräseke and Rambaud have only touched upon the problems involved in reconstructing the fourteenth century period.

Mongol and Tartar History.

Aboul-Ghazi-Bahadour; Bonaparte; Bretschneider; Cahun; Chavannes; Dorn; Erdmann; Guignes; Hammer; Hirth; Howorth; Khondemir; Mohammed en Newasi; Reshideddin; Vambéry; Wolff.

Byzantine Empire and Frankish and Italian Greece.

Ameilhon; Arabantinos; Berger de Xivrey; Byzantine Historians (see under Alphabetical Bibliography, on p. 367); Curtius; Djelal; Ducange; Finlay; Florinsky; Gibbon; Gregorovius; Hammer; Hase; Hertzberg; Hody; Hopf; Kampouroglou; Karamzin; Lampros; Lüdemann; Migne; Miller; Moncada; Moniferratos; Mullach; Müller; Muntaner; Niebuhr; Paparregopoulos; Parisot; Rodd; Sathas; Stritter; Tafel; Tozer. (See also Slavs of Balkan Peninsula.)

Collections of Byzantine writers.

Bonn (Niebuhr); Migne; Paris (Louvre) and Venice.

Historians and Chroniclers of Rumania.

Cantemir; Costin; Hasdeu; Miller; Picot; Urechi; Xénopol.

Costin and Urechi are nearest the events.

Slavs of Balkan Peninsula.

Borchgrave; Daničić; Dlugosz; Drinov; Engel; Florinsky; Guérin-Songeon; Jireček; Kállay; Kanitz; Konstantynowicz; Miller; Orbini; Pray; Pučić; Raić; Ranke; Safařík (Schaffarik); Thallóczy. (See also under Kossova and Nicopolis.)

No contemporary writers.

Hungary (including biographers of Sigismund).

Acsady; Aschbach; Beckmann; Bonfinius; Engel; Fessler; Furnhaber; Fvaknói; Kern; Kupelwieser; Levec; Maélath; Maurer; Pór; Pray; Sambucus; Schoenherr; Schwandtner; Szálay; Szentkláráy; Szilagyi; Theiner; Thurocz; Vambéry; Wenzel. (See also under Kossova and Nicopolis.)

Venice.

Agostini; Barbaro; Bembo; Berchet; Bonincontrius; Caresino; Caroldo; Cicogna; Dandolo; Daru; Guazzo; Hazlitt; Hodgson; Mas Latrie; Romanin; Sanuto; Sismondi; Villani; Anon. Cronica Dolfina.

Genoa.

Belgrano; Canale; Giustiniani; Sauli; Sismondi; Stella.

Other Italian cities.

Cambiano; Datta; Gattaro; Guichenon; Müller; Sismondi; Anon. Anciennes Chroniques de Savoye and Monumenta Pisana.

Collections of Italian writers.

Muratori; Tartini.

Rhodes.

Bosio; Caoursin; Vertot.

Cyprus.

Bustron; Macairas; Mas Latrie.

Papal Archives, Guide to Brom.

Papal relations and Crusades against Turks.

Baluze; Bernino; Boislisle; Bongars; Bosio; Bosquet; Caoursin; Cribellus; Datta; Delaville Leroulx; Dozy; Dräseke; Eubel; Jorga; Kunstmann; Lardito; Lot; Le Quien; Mas Latrie; Mézières; Molinier; Paris; Petrarca; Postansque; Raimboult; Raynaldus; Sanudo; Stewart; Theiner; Thomas; Torez; Wylie.

See note above under Collections of Contemporary Papal Records.

Kossova.

Avril; Mijatovitch; Novakovitch; Pavitch.

Nicopolis.

Brauner; Froissart; Kiss; Koehler; Rez; Schiltberger; Szentkláráy; Anon. Relation... par un serviteur de Gui de Blois.

Relating to Timur.

Abderrezzah; Arabshah; Clavijo; Hayton; Hussein Abu Halib; Langlès; Mexia; Mezdob; Moranvillé; Nazmi Zadé; Perondino; Sherefeddin; Silvestre de Sacy; White; Anon. Dominican Friar and Memoirs of Tamerlane.

Arabshah, Clavijo, Sherefeddin, the Dominican friar and the Memoirs (possibly) are contemporary.

Art and Architecture.

Djelal; Franz; Karabacek; Kuhnel; Lavoix; Migeon; Parvillée; Saladin.

Literature and Languages and Oriental Ethnology.

Alberi; Aristov; Dethier; Dieterici; Donner; Dufresne; Fejér; Huart; Jacob; Koelle; Krumbacher; Kúnos; Liliencron; Miklositch; Mordtmann; Mullach; Nemeth; Pavitch; Rémusat; Toderini; Vambéry. (See also under Kossova and Nicopolis.)

Commercial History.

Charrière; Cornet; Delaville Leroulx; Depping; Heyd; Jorga; Mas Latrie; Pigeonneau; Schanz; Tafel.

Black Death.

Covino; Hecker.

Covino is a contemporary.

II. Alphabetical Bibliography

Abderrezzah. Hist. de Schah-Roch, des autres enfants de Tamerlan et des princes leurs descendants. Trans. by A. Galland. Bibl. Nat., fonds fr. 6084-5. Same, with variations, 6088-9.

Abdul Aziz. Razoat-ul-Ebrar. History of Ottoman Empire from foundation to Sultan Ibrahim. Turkish. Unpublished and untranslated.

Aboulfeda. 1. Géographie d’Aboulfeda, trad. de l’arabe en français, et accomp. par notes, par M. Reinaud et M. Stanislas Guyard. Paris, Impr. Nat., 1848-83. 3 vols. 4to.

In his Dict. Bibl., under no. 3472, fol. 552-3, Hadji Khalfa gives list of Aboulfeda’s sources.

2. Aboulfedae Annales Muslemici, arabice et latine, opera et studiis Jo. Jacobi Reiskii. Leipzig, 1754, 4to. Copenhagen, 1789-94. 5 vols. 4to (ed. J. G. C. Adler). Pocock MS. trans. into Latin by J. Gagnier, Oxford, 1722.

Aboul-Ghazi-Bahadour-Khan. Histoire des Mongols et des Tartares, éd. et trad. par Baron Desmaisons. Petrograd, 1871-4. 2 vols. 8vo. Latin trans. by C. M. Fraehn, with Tartar text. Kasan, 1825, folio. French trans. Leyden, 1726, 12mo. German trans. Göttingen, 1780, 8vo, by Dr. Dan. Gottlieb Messerschmid. English trans. by Col. Miles, London, 1838, 8vo.

Aboulpharadji, Gregorius. 1. Syriac Chronicle, trans. into Latin by Bruns and Kersch. Leipzig, 1789. 2 vols. 4to.

This edition contains a continuation by an anonymous author from 1286 to 1297, which is most valuable for end of Seljuks of Konia.

2. The author trans. his work into Arabic, which was published from Bodleian MS. with Latin trans. by Edward Pocock, Oxford, 1663-72. 2 vols. 4to. Trans, from Latin into German, Leipzig, 1783-5. 2 vols. 8vo.

Aboul Youssouf Ibn Taghry. Elmanhal essafy. MS., Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, 748.

Used by Ch. Schéfer in establishing relations between Bayezid and Sultan Barkuk of Egypt.

Abul Fallah Fumeni. See Dorn.

Adelman or Adelmansfelden. De origine, ordine et militari disciplina magni Turcae. Date and place missing. Fol.

Adler, J. G. C. Editor of Abulfeda.

Aehrenfeld, Mosig von. German trans. of Safařík, P. J.

Aenaeas, Sylvius (Pope Pius II). Opera quae extant omnia. Basel, various editions. Fol.

Agostini, Giovanni. Istoria degli scrittori veneziani. Venice, 1752-4. 2 vols. 4to.

Ahlwardt, Wilhelm. Verzeichnis der arabischen Handschriften der k. Bibliothek zu Berlin. Berlin, 1887-94. 6 vols. 4to. Also edited Ibn al Tiktaki and Ahmed Ibn Yahia.

Ahmed Ibn Yusuf (Abul Abbas). Chapters 45 to 53 of his Universal History, which deal with Karamanlis, Seljuks, and Osmanlis, translated by Rasmussen, in Annales Islamismi, pp. 61-134.

Ahmed Ibn Mousa (Al Khayali). Religion ou théologie des Turcs. Trad. anon. 2nd ed. Brussels, 1704, 12mo.

Ahmed Ibn Yahia. See Ashik-pasha-zadé.

Ahmed Ibn Yahia (Al Baladouri). Arabic text of chronicle from Petermann MS. no. 633, of Berlin, edited and published by W. Ahlwardt. Leipzig, 1883, 8vo.

Ahmed Jaudat. Considérations sur l’histoire ottomane. Bibl. de l’École des lang. viv. orientales, 2^e série, vol. ix. Paris, 1886, 8vo.

Ahmed Mohammed, Sheik. Ed. Calcutta edition of Arabshah.

Ainsworth, W. F. Travels and Researches in Asia Minor. London, 1842. 2 vols. 8vo.

Aladdin Ali Ibn Kadi Said. Abridged Chronology of Ottoman Hist. Untranslated. See Hadji Khalfa, Dict. Bibl., no. 7754, fol. 1326.

Alberi, Eugenio. Relazioni degli Ambasciatori veneti al senato nel secolo XVI, raccolte et pubbl. da Eugenio Alberi. Florence, 1839-63. 15 vols. 8vo.

Ottoman Empire, 3 vols., 1840, 1844, 1855. Does not go back to our period. But there is an excellent glossary of Turkish words in the introduction to vol. i.

Alhard, Hermann Kummen. De imperio turcico discursus academicus. Ed. tertia, Hanover, 1689.

In Bibl. Nat., Paris, this book is bound with the Reiske ed. of Drechsler, and is wrongly attributed to Andrea Bosio on the title-page.

Ali (Mustafa Ibn Ahmed) or Muhieddin. Kunhu’l-Akhbar. Chronicle of Ottoman History up to Mohammed the Conqueror. Text published Constantinople without date. German trans. (from MS. brought to Emperor Ferdinand by Beck in 1551) by Johannes Gaudier. Latin trans. by Leunclavius and J. B. Podesta. Italian trans. by Geropoldi, Venice, 1686. See these four names.

Zenker, in his Bibl. Orientalis, Leipzig, 1846-61, wrongly calls Leunclavius a translation of Seadeddin, which has led into error Jorga, the latest historian of the Ottoman Empire. See his Gesch. d. osm. Reiches, i. 150, note 1 (Gotha, 1908).

Ali Ben Shemseddin. See Dorn.

Ali eff. Hilmi Al Daghestani. Catalogue in Arabic of Turkish and Persian books in the Khedivial Library. Cairo, 1888. 2 vols. 8vo.

Ameilhon, H. P. Histoire du Bas-Empire. Cont. by Lebeau, Chas. Tomes xviii-xxi. Paris, 1835-6. 4 vols. fol. Tomes xxii-xxix. Paris, 1781-1817. 8 vols. 12mo.

Apponyi, Graf Alex. Ungarn betreffende, im Ausland gedruckte Bücher und Flugschriften, gesammelt und beschrieben. Vols. i and ii, up to 1720. Munich, 1903.

Ed. limited to 125 copies.

Arabantinos, Panagiotis. Χρονογραφία τῆς Ήπείρου. Athens, 1856-7. 2 vols. 8vo.

Arabshah, Ahmed. Portrait du Gran Tamerlan avec la suite de son histoire. Trad. de l’arabe par Pierre Vattier. Paris, 1658, 4to. Arabic text, ed. Jacob Golius, Leyden, 1636, 4to. Also from collation of four MSS. by Sheik Ahmed Mohammed, Calcutta, 1812, 8vo. 2nd ed., 1818, la. 8vo. Latin trans. by S. H. Manger, Leovardiae, 1767-72. 3 vols. sm. 4to.

Slane in Notices et Extraits, 1^re partie, vol. xix, introd. lxxxviii, warns against trans. of Manger, and also his Arabic reprint.

Turkish trans. by Nazmi Zadé, Tarikh Timuri ghiurgian. Constantinople, 1729, 4to.

Arbaumont, d’. Ed., in collab. with Beaune, of Olivier de la Marche.

Arcq, Douël d’. Editor of Enguerran de Monstrelet.

Aretinus (Leonardo Bruni). Libellus de temporibus suis. Venice, 1475, 4to. 2nd ed., 1485.

Aristov. Bemerkungen über die ethnischen Bestandteile der türkischen Stämme und Völkerschaften. Petrograd, 1897.

Armain, M. MS. trans. in French of Hadji Khalfa’s Djihannuma.

Arnold of Lübeck. Continued Chronicle of Helmoldus.

Arnold, T. W. Editor of Encyclopédie de l’Islam. See Houtsma et al.

Aschbach, Joseph. Geschichte Kaiser Sigmunds. Hamburg, 1838-45. 4 vols. 8vo.

Ashik-pasha-zadé, Ahmed Ibn Yahia. Tarikhi-Ashik-pasha-zadé. Vatican MS.

Dervish Ahmed cites the book of sheik Yakhshi ibn Elias, imam of Orkhan. He writes in reign of Bayezid I. This is the nearest approach extant to an Ottoman source for the 14th cent. See no. 6 under Hammer.

Assemani, J. S. Kalendaria ecclesiae universae... ecclesiarum orientis et occidentis. Rome, 1755. 6 vols. 4to.

Auboyneau, G. (in collab. with Fevret, A.). Essai de Bibliographie pour servir à l’histoire de l’Empire Ottoman: livres turcs, livres imprimés à Constantinople, et livres étrangers à la Turquie, mais pouvant servir à son histoire. Paris, 1911, fol., la. 8vo.

Of this work, planned to be an exhaustive Ottoman bibliography, only the first fasciculus, on Religion, Mœurs et Coutumes, has appeared. M. Auboyneau died in 1911. I have been unable to ascertain if M. Fevret intends to continue the work, for he is mobilised in the French army at present.

Augustinus Caelius (Curio). Sarracenicae historiae libri tres.... Frankfort, 1596, fol.

Aventinus, Iohannes. Liber in quo causae miseriarum, quibus Christiana resp. premitur, indicantur, Turcicaeque saevitiae reprimendae ratio declaratur. In Lonicerus, vol. i.

Avril, Adolphe de. La Bataille de Kossova, Paris, 1868, 12mo.

Ayas Pasha. Hist, des princes de la dynastie ottomane, précédée d’un abrégé de l’hist. des Selj. et des souverains du pays de Karaman.... 17th cent. MS., no. 1021, Schéfer col.

Baeca, Gaspar de. Spanish trans. of Paulo Giovio’s account of Timur in Clavijo.

Baedeker, Karl, editor. Konstantinopel, Balkanstaaten, Kleinasien, Archipel und Cypern. Mit 18 Karten, 50 Plänen und 15 Grundrissen. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1914, 12mo.

Baiocensis, Petrus. Chronicon (1350-92). Basel, 1512, fol.

Baluze, Étienne. Vitae paparum Avinionensium ab 1305 ad 1394. Paris, 1693. 2 vols. 4to.

2nd volume contains documents.

Barbaro, Francesco. On efforts of Venetians vs. Osmanlis before capture of Constantinople, see Agostini, ii. 107-8.

Baronius, Caesar. For Annales Eccl., see Raynaldus.

Baschet, Armand. 1. Les Archives de Venise. Paris, 1857, la. 8vo. Amplified edition of same, Paris, 1870, 8vo.

2. Histoire de la Chancellerie secrète (de Venise). Paris, 1870, 8vo.

Bassett, R. Editor of Encyclopédie de l’Islam. See Houtsma et al.

Bassianato, Francisco. Latin trans. of Paulo Giovio.

Beale, T. An Oriental Biographical Dictionary. New edition, revised and enlarged by H. Keene. London, 1894, la. 8vo.

Beaune. Ed., in collab. with d’Arbaumont, of Les Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche.

Beckmann, G. Der Kampf Kaiser Sigmunds gegen die werdende Weltmacht der Osmanen, 1392-1437. Gotha, 1902, 8vo.

Bekker, Immanuel. Editor of Chalcocondylas and Pachymeres in Bonn edition.

Belfour, F. C. English trans. of Macarius.

Belgrano, L. T. Documenti riguardanti la colonia di Pera. pp. 97-336, 931-1004; appendix with engravings and map of Pera; in vol. xiii of Atti della Società ligure di Storia patria. Genoa, 1877-84. 2 vols. la. 8vo.

Bellaguet. Editor of Chron. du Religieux de Saint-Denis.

Belli, Costi. Italian trans. of Ricaut.

Belon, Pierre. Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses... en Grèce, Asie,... etc., rédigées en 3 livres. Paris, 1553, sm. 4to.

In second part is: ‘Les mœurs et façons de vivre en Grèce et en Turquie.’

Bembo, Cardinal Pietro. Historiae Venetiae libri XII. Aldine ed., Venice, 1551, fol. Numerous other ed., also Italian trans.

Berchet, Guglielmo. La Repubblica di Venezia e la Persia. Extract from Bolletino consolare, vol. ii. Florence, 1865, 8vo. Also editor of Marino Sanuto the Younger’s Diarii.

Berger de Xivrey. ‘La vie et les ouvrages de l’emp. Manuel Paléologue.’ In Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscriptions, vol. xix, partie 2, pp. 1-301. Paris, 1853, 4to.

Based on Bibl. Nat., fonds grec, no. 3041.

Bergeron, Pierre, ed. Voyages faits principalement en Asie dans les XII^e, XIII^e, XIV^e et XV^e siècles. The Hague, 1735. 2 vols. 4to.

Benjamin de Tudelle, Jean de Plan-Carpin, Père Ascelin, Guillaume de Rubruquius, Marco Polo, Hayton, Jean de Mandeville, &c.

Bernino, Domenico. Memorie historiche de ciò che hanno operato li summi pontefici nelle guerre contro i Turchi fino all’ anno 1684. Rome, 1685, 8vo.

Starts with Urban V, 1362.

Bertellus, Petrus. Imperatorum Osmanidarum Historia. Vicenza, 1699.

‘Paulus Iovius ne comparandus quidem ad hunc.’ Boecler, p. 103.

Bertrandon de la Broquière. Le voyage d’outremer, 1422-33, éd. par C. Schéfer. Paris, 1892, la. 8vo.

Blau, O. Die orientalischen Münzen des Museums der k. hist.-arch. Gesellschaft zu Odessa. Odessa, 1876, 4to.

Blochet, E. Cat. des MSS. orientaux Schéfer. Paris, 1900. Cat. des MSS. orientaux Decourdemarche, Paris, 1909.

Boecler, Jo. Henry. Commentarius Historico-Politicus de Rebus Turcicis.... Buda, 1717, 16mo.

In bibliography gives 317 titles of books on Turkey publ. up to 1704, but no oriental titles, and no MSS.

Boislisle, de. ‘Projet de Croisade du premier duc de Bourbon.’ In Bulletin de la Soc. d’hist. de France for 1872.

Bojničić, Ivan. German trans. of Klaić.

Bonaparte, Prince Roland. Documents de l’époque mongole des 13^e et 14^e siècles. (Documents lithographed.) Paris, 1895, la. fol.

Boner, Jérôme. German trans. of Bonfinius.

Bonfinius, Antonius. Rerum Hungaricarum Decades Quatuor (373-1495). Basel, 1568, fol. Hanover, 1606, fol. German trans. by Jérôme Boner, Basel, 1545, fol.

Bongars, Jacques (editor). Gesta Dei per Francos, sive orientalium expeditionum historia 1095-1420. Hanover, 1611. 2 vols. fol.

Bonincontrius, Laurentius. Annales ab 1360 ad 1458. In Muratori, xxi. 1-162. Milan, 1732, fol.

Borchgrave, Émile de. ‘L’emp. Étienne Douchan de Serbie et la péninsule balkanique au XIV^e siècle.’ In Bulletin de l’Acad. royale de Belgique, 8^e série, viii. 264-92, 416-45. Brussels, 1884, 8vo.

Bosio, Iacomo. Dell’ istoria della... religione... e militia di S. Giovanni Gierosolimitano. Rome, 1594-1602. 3 vols. fol. Other editions, Rome, 1621; Rome and Naples, 1629-34; of vol. iii, Rome, 1676, and Naples, 1695.

Vol. ii, from 1292 to 1522.

Bosquet, François. Pontificum Romanorum Avigniensium historia ab 1305 ad 1394. Paris, 1632, 8vo. (Documented.)

Bouché-Leclerq, A. French trans. of Curtius.

Boucicaut, Maréchal de. See Anon., Livre des faicts.

Boué, Ami. 1. Turquie d’Europe. Paris, 1840. 4 vols. 8vo.

2. Recueil d’itinéraires dans la Turquie d’Europe. Vienna, 1854. 2 vols. 8vo.

Bratutti, Vincente. Italian trans. of Seadeddin.

Brauner, Alois. Die Schlacht bei Nicopolis. Breslau, 1876, 8vo.

Bretschneider, E. 1. Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West. Shanghai, 1875, 8vo.

2. Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, fragments towards the knowledge of the geography and history of central and western Asia from the 13th to the 17th cent. (In Trübner’s Oriental series.) London, 1888. 2 vols. 8vo.

Briot. French trans. of Ricaut.

Brom, Gisbert. Guide aux Archives du Vatican. 2nd ed. Rome, 1911, la. 8vo.

Brown, Rawdon L. Calendar of State Papers... in archives and collections of Venice, and in other libraries of northern Italy. London, 1864. Vols. i (1202-1509), xx, la. 8vo.

Browne, E. G. Cambridge Oriental MSS. Cat., Cambridge, 1900. Handlist of Gibb Col. of Turkish Books, ibid., 1906.

Bruns, R. J. Latin trans. of Abulfaradj in collab. with Kersch.

Bruun, Philipp. 1. Constantinople, ses sanctuaires et ses reliques au comm. du XV^e siècle. Extraits du voyage de Clavijo. Trans. from Spanish. Odessa, 1883, 8vo.

2. ‘Geogr. Bemerkungen zu Schiltbergers Reisen.’ In Sitzungsberichte der k. Bayer. Akad. der Wiss., 1869, Munich, vol. ii.

These notes, translated into English and revised, are given in Telfer’s trans. of Schiltberger.

Buchon, J. A. C. Editor of Froissart; Ducange; and anon., Livre des faicts de Bouciquaut. French trans. of Muntaner.

Bury, J. B. Editor of Gibbon.

Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselen de. 1. A. G. Busbequii omnia quae extant. Leyden, 1633, fol.

2. Epistolae Turcicae. Amsterdam, Elzevir, 1660, 12mo.

3. Life and Letters of, ed. by C. T. Forster and F. H. B. Danniell. London, 1881. 2 vols. 8vo.

4. De re militari adversus Turcas instituenda consilium. In Folieta, pp. 25-76.

Bustron, Floria. Cronica (1191-1489). Island of Cyprus. In Italian. Ed. by Comte de Mas Latrie, in Mélanges historiques, v. 1-532. Paris, 1886, 8vo. Also in Sathas, Bibl. graeca medii aevi, vol. ii. Venice, 1873, la. 8vo.

Cabasilas, S. Editor of Martin Crusius.

Cahun, Léon. Introduction à l’histoire de l’Asie: Turcs et Mongols. Paris, 1896, 8vo.

Cambiano, Giuseppe. ‘Historico discorso.’ In Mon. Hist. Patria Scriptorum, i. 930-1421.

Excellent for relations of Piedmont with the Levant up to 1560.

Cambini, Andrea. Commentario della origine de’ Turchi et imperio della casa ottomanna. Florence, 1527, 12mo (2nd ed. s. l., 1537). Also published in Sansovino, pp. 141-81.

Camerarius, Joachimus. De rebus turcicis commentarii duo accuratissimi, a filiis... collecti ac editi. Frankfort, 1598, fol.

Campana, Cesare. Compendio historico... con un sommario dell’origine de’ Turchi, e vite di tutti i prencipi di casa ottomanna.... Venice, 1597, 8vo.

Canale, Michel Giuseppe. Nuova istoria della repubblica di Genova. Florence, 1858-64. 4 vols. 16mo.

Cantacuzenos, John. See under Byzantine Historians.

Cantemir, Demetrius. Istoria imperiului Ottomanu. Rumanian trans. from Latin, by Joseph Hodosiu. Bucharest, 1876. 2 vols. la. 8vo. Eng. trans. from orig. MS. by N. Tindal, London, 1734, 2 vols. 4to. French trans., Paris, 1734; German, Hamburg, 1735.

Caoursin, Guillaume. Historia... von Rhodis.... Strassburg, 1513, fol. Also found in his Opera, Ulm, 1496, fol. Anon. English trans. under title: History of Turkish Wars with Rhodians, Venetians, &c.... written by Will Caoursin and Khodja Afendy, a Turk. London, 1683, 8vo.

Caresino, Raphael. Continued Dandolo’s Cronica in Muratori, vol. xii.

Carli, Gio. Rinaldo. Italian trans. of Hadji Khalfa’s Chronological Tables.

Caroldo, Giovanni Giacomo. Chronique vénétienne. Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. anc. fonds, 9959-63. Extracts from years 1362-4 are printed in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes (1873), xxxiv. 68-72.

Castellan, A. L. Mœurs, usages, costumes des Othomans et abrégé de leur histoire. Paris, 1812. 6 vols., 18mo.

Cecchetti, B. Collaborator with T. Toderini.

Cervarius, Ludovicus. De Turcarum Origine, Moribus et Rebus Gestis commentarii. Florence, 1590, 8vo.

Chalcocondylas, Laonicus. Λαονίκου Χαλκοκονδύλοὺ ’Αθηναίου ἀπόδειξις ἱστοριῶν δέκα Greek-Latin editions, see Byz. Hist, at end of bibliography. French trans. by Blaise de Vigénaire. Paris, 1662. 2 vols. fol. Latin trans. by C. Clauser and recension by I. Bekker (for Bonn edition).

I have found the Latin trans. very incorrect in many places: there are frequent glosses. (See Appendix A, first footnote.)

Champs, Eustache des. [Oe]uvres inédites de..., ed. by Tarbé. Paris, 1849, 8vo (vol. i).

Chardin, Jean. Voyage en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient. Amsterdam, 1711. 10 vols. 12mo.

Charrière, Ernest. Négociations de la France dans le Levant, ou Correspondances, mémoires et actes diplomatiques des ambass. de France à Constantinople,... Venise, Raguse, &c. Paris, 1848-60. 4 vols. 4to.

Chauvin, Victor. French trans. of Dozy’s Essay on Islam.

Chavannes, Édouard. Documents sur les Tou-kioue occidentaux. With map showing disposition of Turkish tribes of Central Asia. Petrograd, 1903, 4to.

Chazaud, P. P. Editor of Chronique du duc Loys de Bourbon.

Chevalier, Ulysse. Répertoire des sources historiques du Moyen Age. (Nouvelle édition, augmentée.) Paris, 1905-7. 2 vols. la. 8vo.

Most complete reference work in existence for bibliography of 14th Century Popes.

Cholet, Comte Armand-Pierre. Voyage en Turquie d’Asie. With map. Paris, 1892, 8vo.

Chytraeus, David. 1. Historia ecclesiarum in Graecia. Francfort, 1583, fol.

2. Narratio belli cyprii inter Venetos et Turcas. In Foglietta, pp. 96-111.

Cicogna, E. A. Storia dei Dogi di Venezia. 3rd ed. Venice, 1867. 2 vols. fol.

Clauser, C. Latin trans. of Chalcocondylas.

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzáles de. 1. Historia del gran Tamerlan, e itinerario y enarracion del Viage de la Embaxada que Gonzalez le hizó, por mandada del muy poderoso Señor Rey Don Henrique el Tercero de Castilla. Seville, 1582, fol. Madrid, 1782, 4to. English trans., by Clements R. Markham, in Hakluyt series, London, 1859, 4to. Russian trans., by L. Sreznavski, Petrograd, 1881, 8vo.

2. Extracts from above, describing Constantinople in 1403, translated into French with notes by Bruun, Philip, under whom it is listed.

Cognatus. See Cousin.

Collas, Louis. Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman. Paris, 1862, 16mo. Republished 1880, 1898. Fourth edition, revised by E. Driault, Paris, 1913, 32mo.

Colotendi. French trans. of Texeira.

Corregiaio, Don Marco U. Della vera maniera del vincere il Turco. Padova, 1571, 12mo.

Cournand, Abbé. French trans. of Abbé Toderini.

Cousin, Gilbert. Gilberti Cognati Chronicon Sultanorum et principum Turciae serie continua usque ad Solymannum magnum. Frankfort, 1558, 8vo.

Best consulted in vol. i, pp. 399 f., of Opera in 3 tomos digesta, Basel, 1562, fol.

Covino, Symon de. Bibl. Nat., Paris, MSS., fonds latin 8369-70: contemporary account of the Black Death of 1348 by a Paris physician, mostly in form of a hexameter poem.

Creasy, Sir Edward S. History of the Ottoman Turks. New ed. London, 1877, 12mo.

This abridgement of von Hammer has no historical value. It contains, however, an admirable chapter by Creasy himself on the legislation of Mohammed II.

Cribellus, Leodrisius. De expeditione Pii papae II in Turcas libri duo. In Muratori, xxiii. 21-80.

From MS. in secret archives.

Crusius, Martin. Turco-Graeciae libri octo... quibus Graecorum status sub imperio Turcico in politia et ecclesia... describitur.... Edidit S. Cabasilas. Basel, 1584, fol.

Book I contains political hist. of Constantinople from 1391 to 1578.

Cuinet, Vital. La Turquie d’Asie. Paris, 1890-5. 4 vols. la. 8vo.

Curtius, Ernest. Griechische Geschichte. 6th ed. Berlin, 1887-9, 3 vols. 8vo. French trans. of 5th ed., by A. Bouché-Leclercq, Paris, 1883-4. 5 vols. 8vo. Greek trans. by S. P. Lampros, Athens, 1898-1901. (Βιβλιοθήκη Μαρασλῆ.) 6 vols. 8vo.

The last volume, in all editions, covers our period.

Cusa, S. Ex codicum orient. qui in R. Bibl. Panormi asservantur catalogo. Panorma, 1878, 8vo.

Cuspianus, Johannes. 1. De Turcarum origine, religione et tyrannide. Leyden, 1654, 12mo (1st ed., Antwerp, 1541, fol.).

2. Oratio protreptica: qua Christiani ad bellum Turcicum excitantur. 1527. In Camerarius, fol. ed. of Frankfort, 1598.

Czinár, M. Index to Fejér’s Codex Diplomaticus.

Dandolo, Andrea. Cronica. (Venetian history from earliest times to 1339. Continued by Raphael Caresino up to 1388.) In Muratori, xii. 1-524.

Daničić, Gjuro. Rječik iz kniřevnich starina srpskich (Dictionary of the minor Old Servian Chronicles). Belgrade, 1863-4. 3 vols. 8vo.

Daniell, F. H. B. Collab. with Forster in editing and trans. Busbecq.

Daru, Pierre Antoine. Histoire de Venise. Paris, 1819. 7 vols. 8vo.

Datta, P. Spedizione in Oriente di Amadeo VI conte di Savoia. Turin, 1826, 8vo.

Davy, Major William. English trans. of Prof. White’s ed. of Persian text of Timur’s memoirs.

Dawson. English trans. of Nicolay’s Voyages.

Défréméry, Charles. Editor of Mirkhond’s Hist. of Sultans of Kharesm; and French trans. of Khondemir and Ibn Batutah.

De Goeje, M. J., and De Jong, P. Catalogus codicum orient Bibl. Acad. Lugduno-Batavae. Leyden, 1865. 3 vols. 8vo.

De la Porte, Abbé(?). Tableau de l’Emp. ottoman, où on trouve tout ce qui concerne la religion, la milice, le gouv. civil, et les grandes charges et dignités de l’Empire. Frankfort, 1757, 12mo.

Delaville Leroulx, J. La France en Orient au XIV^e siècle. Paris, 1868. 2 vols. 8vo.

Vol. ii contains ‘pièces justificatives’ and admirable bibliography.

Depping, J.-B. Histoire du commerce entre le Levant et l’Europe depuis les Croisades jusqu’à la fondation d’Amérique. Paris, 1830. 2 vols. 8vo.

Derenbourg, Hartwig. Les manuscrits arabes de l’Escurial. Paris, 1884. (Uncompleted.)

Deschamps, Eustache. Œuvres inédites d’Eustache Deschamps. Éd. par P. Tarbé. Reims, 1849, 2 vols. 8vo.

Volume i. 164-6 contains the remarkable ballads on the battle of Nicopolis.

Desmaisons, Baron. Trans. into French and edited Abul-Ghazi.

Dethier, P.-A. (in collab. with Mordtmann). Epigraphie von Byzanz und Konstantinopel (up to 1453). Vienna, 1864, 4to.

Dherbelot de Molainville. Bibliothèque orientale. Paris, 1697, fol.

Dieterich, Karl. Byzantinische Quellen zur Länder-und Völkerkunde (5.-15. Jhd.). Leipzig, 1912. 2 vols. 4to.

Selections, translated into German. In our field, at least, not well chosen, and of little value to the serious student.

Dieterici, Friedrich Heinrich. Chrestomathie ottomane, précédée de tableaux grammaticaux et suivie d’un glossaire turco-français. Berlin, 1854, 8vo.

Diez, H. F. von. German trans. of Sidi-Ali.

Djelal, Essad. Constantinople de Byzance à Stamboul: traduit du turc par l’auteur. Paris, 1909, la. 8vo.

Very unsatisfactory from historical and archaeological point of view for early Ottoman and Byzantine periods: but the second part gives an interesting study of Ottoman architecture of the post-conquest period.

Djelaleddin, Mustapha. Les Turcs anciens et modernes. Constantinople, 1869, 8vo.

Djemaleddin. Osmanli Tarikh. (Ott. hist. with bibliographical notice of the Ottoman historians.) Constantinople, 1896, 8vo.

Djemaleddin-al-Kifty. MS. of Seljuk hist. up to 1245 in Konia. Kasan MS., no. 155.

Djevad bey, Ahmed (Colonel). État militaire ottoman, depuis la fondation de l’Emp. jusqu’à nos jours.... Trans. into French by Georges Macrides. Only volume which has appeared is: Le Corps des Janissaires depuis sa création jusqu’à sa suppression. Constantinople, 1882, 8vo. With album 4to containing 311 pictures and designs.

Col. Djevad is the only writer who has used the oldest documents in the Ottoman Ministry of War.

Djevdet, Effendi. ‘Coup d’œil sur les monnaies musulmanes.’ Trans. from Turkish by Barbier de Meynard in Journal asiatique for 1862, p. 183.

Djuvara, T. J. Cent projets de partage de la Turquie, 1281-1913. Paris, 1913, 8vo.

Dlugosz, Johann. Historiae polonicae libri XII. Ed. by J. G. Krauss, with extra book, also in Latin, containing extracts from other early Polish writers. Leipzig, 1711-12. 2 vols. fol.

Dochez, Louis. French trans., abridged, of Hammer.

Domenichi, Ludovico. Italian trans. of Giorgievitz.

Donado da Lezze. Historia turchesca. (1300-1514.) Edited, with notes in Rumanian, by Dr. I. Ursu. Bucharest, 1909, 8vo.

This is a collation of two MSS., Bibl. Nat., fonds ital. 1238, and Arch. Nat. Fr., Aff. étrangères, Turquie, no. 2, fol. 410-517.

Donner, O. Sur l’origine de l’alphabet turc. In the Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakanskirja (Journal of the Finno-Ougrian Society), xiv. Helsingfors, 1896, 8vo.

Dorez, Léon. Editor of fragments of Sanudo the Elder in conjunction with Roncière, and translator into French of Morosini’s Cronica.

Dorn, B. 1. Muhammedanische Quellen zur Geschichte der südlichen Küstenländer des Kaspischen Meeres. Shireddin, Ali ben Shemseddin and Abul Fallah Fumeni, trans. and annotated by Dr. Dorn. 4th volume contains short stories of Khans by Persian, Arabic, and Turkish writers. Petrograd and Leipzig, 1850-8. 4 vols. 8vo.

2. Die Sammlung von morgenl. HSS. zu St. Petersburg. (Including Kasan MSS.) Petrograd, 1866, 8vo.

Dozy, Reinhart P. A. 1. Essai sur l’hist. de l’Islamisme. Trans. from Dutch by Victor Chauvin. Leyden, 1879, 8vo.

2. Cat. Cod. orient. Bibl. Acad. Lugd. Batav. Leyden, 1851-77. 6 vols. 8vo.

Draeseke, J. 1. ‘Michel VII’s attempt to reunite the Churches.’ Zeitschrift für wissensch. Theologie, 1891.

2. ‘Der Uebergang der Osmanen nach Europa im XIV. Jahrhundert.’ In Neues Jahrbuch für das klassische Altertum, xxxi, p. 7, fol.

Drechsler, Wolfgang. Chronicon Saracenicum et Turcicum. With additions by Reiskius and Bosio. Leipzig, 1689, 8vo. The original Chronicon is printed in Sansovino, i. 207-17, and in Augustinus Caelius, pp. 73-90.

Drinov, M. S. The origin of the Bulgarians and the commencement of their history. (In Bulgarian.) Philippopolis, 1839, 8vo.

Ducange, Charles. 1. Historia Byzantina. Paris, 1680, fol. Ibid., ed. par Buchon, Paris, 1826. 2 vols. 8vo.

2. Histoire de Constantinople sous les emp. français. Paris, 1659, fol.

Ducas, Johannes. See under Byz. Historians.

Dudik, B. Auszüge aus päpstlichen Regesten für Oesterreichs Geschichte, von 1308-1604. In Archiv für Oest. Gesch., xv, 185 f.

Dufresne, C. Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae graecitatis. Paris, 1682, 2 vols. fol. Leyden, 1688. 2 vols. fol.

Du Pont, Mlle. Editor of Wavrin’s Chronique d’Engleterre.

Du Verdier, Gilbert Saulnier. Histoire générale des Turcs. With Sultans’ portraits. Paris, 1653. 2 vols. 12mo; 3rd ed. 1662. Paris, 1665. 3 vols. 12mo. Lyon, 1682. 3 vols. 12mo. Ital. trans. by Ferdinando Servi, with additions from 1647 to 1662. Venice, 1662, 4to.

Ebeling, Fried. Wilhelm. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches in Europa. Leipzig, 1854, 8vo.

Eckhardt, Franz. German trans. of Thallóczy, L.

Edrisi, Mohammed (Sherif). Géographie, traduite par A. Jaubert, Paris, 1836-40. 2 vols. 4to. Latin trans. by Gabriel Sionita and John Hesronita. Paris, 1619, 4to.

Arabic title: ‘The jewels touching the division of the countries.’ Hadji Khalfa, no. 12734, fol. 2142-3, says this work was composed for Roger of Sicily.

Egnatius, Jo. Baptista. De origine Turcarum. Paris, 1539, 12 mo.

Eichorn, J. G. Repertorium für biblische und morgenländische Litteratur. Leipzig, 1777-86. 9 vols. 8vo.

Engel, Arthur (in collaboration with Raymond Serrure). Traité de numismatique du moyen âge. Paris, 1891-1905. 3 vols., la. 8vo.

Vol. iii contains for our period coins of Balkan States, pp. 1399-1427; of Byz. Emp. and Trebizond, pp. 1408-9; and of emirates of Asia Minor, pp. 1421-2.

Engel, Johann Christian von. 1. Geschichte des Ungrischen Reichs und seiner Nebenländer. Halle, 1797-1804. 5 vols. 4to. I. Geschichte des alten Pannoniens und der Bulgarey (1797). II. Staatskunde und Gesch. von Dalmatien, Croatien und Slawonien (1798). III. Gesch. von Servien und Bosnien (1801). IV. Gesch. der Moldau und Walachey (2 vols., 1804).

2. Geschichte des Freystaates Ragusa. Vienna, 1807, 8vo.

Enguerran de Monstrelet. Chronique. Ed. by Douël d’Arcq. (Vol. i.) Paris, 1857, 8vo.

Erdmann, Franz von. Temudschin der unerschütterliche. Life of Djenghiz Khan. Leipzig, 1862, 8vo.

Pp. 172-84 contain translation of Resheddin, giving account of tribes of Asia at accession of D. K., which Erdmann had previously published as a trans. at Kasan, 1841.

Errante, Vincenzo. Storia dell’ Impero osmano. Rome, 1882-3. 2 vols. 16mo.

Eubel, Conrad. Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, sire Summorum pontificum,... cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series, ab anno 1198 ad annum 1431 perducta. Regensburg, 1898, 1901. 2 vols. 4to.

Eustache Deschamps. Œuvres inédites. Vol. i. Ed. by Tarbé, Paris, 1849, 8vo.

Evlia Tchelebi. 1. Muntakhabat. Extracts from his voyages relating to Constantinople. Bulak (Cairo), 1848, 8vo.

2. Siyyah Nameh. Constantinople, various editions. Narratives of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Trans. by Joseph von Hammer. London, 1834-50. 2 vols. 4to.

Fabricius, J. A. Bibliotheca latina mediae et infimae aetatis. Hamburg, 1734-46. 6 vols. 8vo. Florence, 1856. 6 vols. 8vo. (A reprint of Mansi’s 1754 Padua edition.)

Fallmerayer, Jakob P. Editor of Michel Panaretos.

Febvre, Michele. Teatro della Turchia, dove si rappresentano i disordini di essa, il genio, la natura et i costumi di 14 nazioni che l’habitano.... Milan, 1681, 4to. Venice, 1684, 4to. French trans. by author, Paris, 1682, 4to.

Fehmi, Youssouf. Histoire de la Turquie. Paris, 1909, 8vo.

Fejér, György. 1. Codex diplomaticus ecclesiasticus et civilis Hungariae. Buda, 1829-44. 43 vols. 8vo. Chron. tables by K. Knaus, Buda, 1862, 8vo. Index by M. Czinár, Buda, 1866, 8vo.

2. Croatiae ac Slavoniae cum regno Hung. nexus et relationes. Buda, 1839, 8vo.

3. A Kunok eredete. (The Cumani.) Pest, 1850, 8vo.

4. Editor of Pray’s Commentarii.

Feridun, Collection of. Letters and answers of Ottoman Sultans to eastern monarchs and to their own subjects. Paris, MS. anc. fonds turc, Bibl. Nat., 79. Printed in Constantinople, 1847, 2 vols. fol. For list of letters, with description of contents, see Langlès, in Notices et Extraits, v. 668-9.

Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius. Geschichte von Ungarn. German trans. from Hungarian by Ernest Klein. 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1867-83. 5 vols. 8vo. (Vol. ii contains 1301-1457.) Publ. 1869.

Fevret, A. Collab. with G. Auboyneau in compiling bibliography for Ottoman History.

Finlay, George. History of Greece from the Conquest by the Romans to 1864. Edited by H. F. Tozer. Oxford, 1877. 7 vols. 8vo. (Vol. iv contains mediaeval Greece and the empire of Trebizond.)

Fiorini, Vittorio. Editor of new edition of Muratori.

Firnhaber, Friedrich. ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte Ungarns.’ In the Archiv zur Kunde österreichischer Geschichtsquellen, 1849.

Fitzclarence, George (assisted by A. Sprenger). Kitab Fihrist al-Koutoub. (A catalogue of Arabic, Persian and Turkish books relating to the art of war and to history.) S. l., c. 1840, 8vo.

Florinsky, P. T. 1. Joujnie Slaviane i Visantia vo vloroi tchetverti XIV veka. (The South Slavs and Byzantium in the 2nd quarter of the 14th cent.) 2nd ed. Petrograd, 1882. 2 vols. 8vo.

2. The Younger Andronicus and John Cantacuzenos (in Russian). Journal of the Ministry of Public Instruction, Petrograd. July 1879.

Flügel, Gustav. 1. Die arab., pers. und türk. Handschriften der k.-k. Hofbibl. zu Wien. Vienna, 1865-7. 3 vols. 8vo.

2. Latin trans. of Hadji Khalfa’s bibliographical lexicon.

Foglietta, Uberto. 1. De causis magnitudinis Imperii Turcici. Leipzig, 1594, 12mo. (1st ed., Rome, 1574.)

2. Historia Genuensium libri XII. Genoa, 1585, 4to.

Formanti, Neriolava. Raccolta delle historie delle vite degl’ imperatori ottomani sino a Mehemet IV regnante.... Venice, 1684, 4to.

Forster, C. T. Ed. and trans. Busbecq in collab. with Daniell.

Foscarini, Ludovico. Writings against the Turks found in Agostini, i. 65-107.

Fracassetti, J. Editor of Petrarch’s Letters: Italian trans. of the Senilium.

Fraehn, C. 1. Indications bibl. relatives... à la litt. historico-géograph. des Arabes, des Persans et des Turcs. Petrograd, 1845, 8vo (Russian and French in parallel columns).

2. Fraehn was the first editor of Abul-Ghazi.

Franck, Sebastian. German trans. of anon. Tractatus de ritu et moribus Turcarum.

Franke, O. Beiträge aus chinesischen Quellen zur Kenntnis der Türkvölker und Skythen Zentralasiens. In Abhandlungen der K. preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften. Berlin, 1904, 4to.

Franz pasha, Julius. Die Baukunst des Islam. 3rd vol. of 3rd part of the Handbuch der Architektur. Darmstadt, 1887, la. 8vo.

Frenzel, C. Ramon Muntaner. Berlin, 1852, 8vo. Halle, 1854, la. 8vo.

Fresne-Canaye. Voyage du Levant. Edited by H. Hauser. Paris, 1897, 4to.

Friedländer, Julius (in collab. with Pinder). Beiträge zur älteren Münzkunde. Berlin, 1851.

Froissart. Chroniques. 1. J. A. C. Buchon, ed. Paris, 1835. 3 vols. 8vo.

2. Luce, S., ed. up to 1377. Paris, 1869-82. 8 vols. 8vo. Continued and finished by Gaston Raynaud. Paris, 1884-99. 3 vols. 8vo.

3. Kervyn de Lettenhove, ed. Bruxelles, 1870-77. 25 vols. 8vo. Vol. xv (1871), 1393-6; vol. xvi (1872), 1397-1400.

Gagnier, J. Latin trans. of Pocock MS. of Abulfeda.

Galland, Antoine. Translations in MS. in Bibl. Nat., Paris, of Seadeddin, of Mirkhond’s Hist. of Djenghiz Khan, and of Abderrezzah (2 separate translations).

Ganem, Halil. Les Sultans ottomans. Paris, 1901. 2 vols. 8vo.

Garnier, J. Chambre de comptes de Bourgogne, in ‘Inventaire-Sommaire des archives départementales, Côte-d’Or, arch, civ.’ Dijon, 1878.

Gataro, Andrea. Historia Padovana, 1311-1506. In Muratori, xvii. 1-944.

Gaudier, Johannes. German trans. of Ali Muhieddin.

Gelčić, Joseph. 1. Monumenta Ragusina. Libri reformationum Tomus v (1301-36). In Mon. spect. hist. Slavorum merid., vol. xxix. Agram, 1897, 4to.

2. Collab. with Thallóczy in Relat. Ragus. cum regno Hung.

Géraud, Hercule, Ed. Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis de 1113 à 1300. Paris, 1843, 8vo.

Geropoldi, Antonio. Bilancia historico-politica dell’ impero ottomano, &c. Venice, 1686, 4to. Contains: Annali de’ Sultani Osmanidi scritti dal Gran Cancellier Ali: portati da C/poli all’imp. Ferdinando l’anno 1551 da Girolamo Bek da Leopoldstorf: Per ordine di Cesare tradotti in tedesco da Giovanni Gaudier Interprete Cesareo, in Latino da Giovanni Leunclavio, etc. Corretti poi, e confrontati con nuovi MSS. dall’ Auttore.

This is Ali Muhieddin. See under Ali (Mustafa Ibn Ahmed) above, and note accompanying. Also under Zenker.

Geuffraeus, Antonius (or Geuffroy). (Cheval. de S. Jean de Jérusalem.) Briefve description de la court du Grant Turc et ung sommaire du règne des Othmans.... Paris, 1543, 4to. (Reprinted in Schéfer’s ed. of Spandugino.) Latin trans. by W. Godelevoeus in Historia Belli Cyprii and in Petro Bizara, Bellum Pannonicum, Basel, 1573, 1578, 1596. German trans. by Nicolaus H. von Tauber, Basel, same dates. English trans. by R. Grafton, London, 1546. Italian trans., Florence, 1551.

Ghalib, Ismail. Imperial Museum: Catalogue of old Moslem coins. (In Turkish.) Constantinople, 1894, 8vo.

Ghillebert de Lannoy. Œuvres de ——, Voyageur, diplomate et moraliste... recueillies et publiées par Ch. Potvin. Notes géogr. et carte par J.-C. Houzeau. Louvain, 1878, 8vo.

Gibbon, Edward. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ed. J. B. Bury. London, 1896-1900. 7 vols. 8vo.

Giorgievitz, Bartolomeo. 1. Prophetia de maometani et altre cose turchesche. Trans. by L. Domenichi. Florence, 1548, 12mo.

2. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Italian trans., in Lonicerus, vol. i.

3. De origine imperii Turcarum eorumque administ. et disciplina. Wittenberg, 1560, fol. Reprinted 1562. Also in Lonicerus, vol. i. Trans. into Dutch, 1544. (For editions, see Hauser ed. of Fresne-Canaye, p. 318.)

Giovio, Paolo. 1. Commentario delle cose de’ Turchi.... Addressed to Emperor Charles V. Rome, 1535; Venice, 1540; in Sansovino, pp. 226-45.

2. Origo Turcici imperii, vitae omnium Turc. imperatorum, ordo ac disciplina Turcarum militiae exactissime conscripta. Ex Italico Latinus factus Francisco Bassianate interprete. Paris, 1539, 12mo.

3. Vida del Gran Tamerlan. Spanish trans. by Gaspar de Baeca, in Clavijo.

Giustiniani, Agostino. Annali della repubblica di Genova. Genoa, 1537, fol. Modern edition, Genoa, 1855. 2 vols. 8vo.

Godefroy, Théodore. Editor of Jean d’Ursins and of Le Livre des faits de Boucicaut.

Godelevoeus, W. Latin trans, of Geuffracus.

Goesanus. See Ramus, Johannes.

Golius, Jacob. Editor of Elzevir edition of text of Arabshah.

Gonzáles. See Clavijo.

Gregoras, Nicephoros. See under Byzantine Historians, p. 367.

Gregorovius, Ferdinand. Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter, von der Zeit Justinian’s bis zur türk. Eroberung. Stuttgart, 1889. 2 vols. la. 8vo. Greek trans., with notes, by Lampros, S. P., Athens, 1904. 2 vols. 8vo. (In Βιβλιοθήκη Μαρασλῆ.)

Greiffenhag, André Müller. Latin trans. of Hayton.

Grigorieff. French trans. of Khondemir.

Guazzo, Marco. Cronica. Venice, 1553, fol.

Guérin-Songeon. Histoire de la Bulgarie depuis ses origines jusqu’à nos jours (485-1913). Paris, 1913, 8vo.

Guichenon, S. Histoire généalogique de la royale maison de Savoye (999-1643). Lyons, 1660, 3 vols. 4to.

Guignes, Joseph de. Histoire générale des Huns, des Turcs et des Mongols. Paris, 1756-8. 5 vols. 4to.

Guyard, Stanislas. Collab. with Reinaud in French trans. of Abulfeda.

Gycaud, B. (publisher). La Généalogie du Grand-Turc,... avec l’origine des princes, &c. Lyon, 1570, fol.

Hadji Khalfa, Mustafa Ibn Abdallah, Kiatib Tchelebi. 1. Djihannuma (mirror of the world). A Universal geography, but does not include Europe. Uses 19 Arabic sources, but principally Abulfeda. Printed in Turkish, Constantinople, 1732, fol. Latin trans. in MS. by Mathias Norberg, at Lund, Sweden (see Toderini, iii. 135). French trans. in MS. by M. Armain, in Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds français, nouv. acq., nos. 888-9, with exhaustive index, and splendid introduction on life and work of Hadji Khalfa.

2. Geography of Balkan peninsula, trans. by Hammer under title Rumeli und Bosna, Vienna, 1812.

3. Kitab Kyachfaddyunoun an atamy alkontoub alfounoun: The Clearing of doubts concerning the names of books and sciences. A bibliographical dictionary, in Arabic, containing 13,494 titles, and referring to 25,614 works. Latin trans. from Vienna, Paris, and Berlin MSS. by Gustavus Flügel. London, 1835-42. 3 vols. 4to. French trans. in MS. in Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, 4462-4, by Petits de la Croix, 3 vols. la. fol., with minute index. M. de la Croix rightly boasted of his work that it was ‘traduit, recueilly et redigé avec grand travail, et grande assiduité et exactitude’. Arabic original in parallel columns.

4. Tuhfatu’l-Kibar fi Esfari’l-Bihar. History of the Maritime Wars of the Osmanlis. Publ. at Constantinople, with 7 maps, 1729, fol. A French translation of this printed edition by La Rocque is in the Leyden Library, MSS. orientaux, no. 1599. It is called: ‘Histoire des conquêtes des Ottomans sur les Chrétiens tant dans la mer Noire que dans la mer Méditerranée avec les noms des places et les circonstances des victoires.’ First part trans. into English by James Mitchell. London, 1831, 4to.

5. Takvimi-Tevarikh. Chronological Hist., in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Constantinople, 1733, fol. Italian trans. by Rinaldo Carli, Venice, 1697, 4to.

Zenker, following Reiske, regards Carli’s trans. as incorrect and unfaithful. But Toderini, iii. 145, vigorously defends Carli from this charge. Hadji Khalfa, in Dict. Bibl., no. 3474, fol. 553, calls this work of his ‘the erection of histories’, and describes how he compiled it.

Halle, J. Hungarica et Turcica... betreffende Bücher und HSS., &c. Kat. XXXV. Munich, 1907.

169 titles before 1550 listed.

Hammer, Joseph von. 1. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs. Pest, 1827-34. 10 vols. 8vo. French trans. by Hellert, in collab. with author. Paris, 1843. 18 vols. 8vo and atlas, la. fol. French abridged trans. by Dochez, Paris, 1844. 3 vols., la. 8vo. Also Italian trans. by Antonelli, Venice, 1829. Concise English abridgment by Creasy.

2. Trans. of Hadji Khalfa’s geography of Balkans under title: Rumeli und Bosna.

3. English trans. of Evlia Tchelebi’s voyages.

4. Geschichte der Goldenen Horde. Buda-Pest, 1840.

5. De byzantinae historiae ultimis scriptoribus ex historia Osmanica elucidandis. In Commentationes of Kön. Akademie der Wiss., Göttingen, 1823-7.

6. Study on Ahmed-ibn-Yahia-ibn-Ashik pasha, in Journ. asiatique, vol. iv.

Hartmann, R. Editor of Encyclopédie de l’Islam. See Houtsma et al.

Hasdeu. Istoria critica a rominilor. Bucharest, 1875, 8vo.

Hase, C. B. See Manuel II Palaeologos.

Hauser, H. Editor of Fresne-Canaye’s Voyage.

Hayton, Frère Jehan. 1. Le Livre des merveilles et des royaumes. Illuminated MS. Bibl. Nat., fonds fr., no. 2810 réserve. A trans. into French by Nicolas Salcon, who received the story from the author’s own mouth. Les Fleurs des histoires de la terre dorient compillées par frère Hayton... cousin du Roy Darménie, par le commandement du Pape. La première partie contient la sit. des royaulmes dorient environ 1300. Paris, 1475, 4to. Also in Bergeron.

2. Historia Tartarorum. In MS. Leyden, fonds latin, no. 66; Oxford, cod. Ashmol., no. 342.

Hazlitt, Wm. C. The Venetian Republic. New ed. London, 1900. 2 vols. 8vo.

Hecker, J. F. K. Der schwarze Tod im 14ten Jahrhundert. Berlin, 1832.

Hellert, J. J. Trans. into French and edited Hammer. Made atlas to go with his translation.

Helmoldus of Buzovia. Chronica Slavorum, seu Annales. Edited by Reiner Reineccius. Frankfort, 1581, fol.

All except first two books written by Arnold of Lübeck. About Slavs of central Europe in relation to Holy Roman Empire. Helmoldus’s chronicle ends 1150.

Hertzberg, Gustav Ferdinand. Geschichte der Byzantiner und des Osmanischen Reiches bis gegen Ende des 16ten Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1883, 8vo.

Hesronita, John. Latin trans. of Edrisi in collab. with Gabriel Sionita.

Heyd, Wilhelm. 1. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Levantehandels im 14. Jahrh., in Festschrift zur 4. Säcular-Feier der Universität zu Tübingen.

2. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, Stuttgart, 1879. 2 vols. 8vo. French trans. by Furcy-Raynaud, Paris, 1885-6. 2 vols. la. 8vo.

Hezarfenn, Hussein. Kanounnamé. Dated 1673. MS. col. I. L. O. St. Petersburg, no. 10. French trans. by Petits de la Croix, under title ‘État général de l’Emp. ott., par un solitaire Turc’. Paris, 1695. 3 vols. 12mo.

Petits de la Croix does not give Hezarfenn as author, but I find in M. de la Croix’s MS. index to Hadji Khalfa’s bibliographical lexicon, in the Bibl. Nat., Paris, in vol. iii. fol. 186, in his own handwriting, the statement that Hezarfenn is the ‘solitaire Turc’.

Hirth, F. China and the Roman Orient: researches into their ancient and mediaeval relations as represented in old Chinese records. Leipzig and Munich, 1885, 8vo.

Hodgson, Francis C. Venice in the 13th and 14th Centuries. London, 1910, 12mo.

Hodosiu, Joseph. Rumanian translator of Cantemir.

Hody, H. De Graecis illustribus. London, 1742.

Hoeniger, Nicholaus von Koenigshofen. Der türckischen Historien und wahrhafften Geschichten, Thaten, Handtlungen, Krieg, Schlachten, Sieg, Belagerungen und Eroberung zu Wasser und zu Landt aller Staetten, etc.... bis auff das Jahr 1578. Basel, 1578, fol.

For 16th cent. in history, but reflects German ideas of the Osmanlis and their origin. The author calls the Prophet Mohammed ‘eyn Engel des Teufels’.

Holmes, George. Editor of 3rd ed. of Rymer.

Hopf, K. 1. Griechenland im Mittelalter und der Neuzeit. Parts 85 and 86 of Ersch and Gruber’s Allgemeine Encyklopädie. Leipzig, 1870. 2 vols. 4to.

A marvel of erudition, but marred by poor printing and lack of index.

2. Les Giustiniani, dynastes de Chios. Trans. into French by E. A. Vlasto. Paris, 1888, 12mo.

3. Veneto-Byzantinische Analekten, in Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, xxxii. Vienna, 1859, 8vo.

4. Chroniques gréco-romanes. Berlin, 1873, la. 8vo.

Houdas, O. Ed. and trans. Mohammed-en-Nesawi.

Houtsma, Th. 1. Editor of Seljuk texts, including Ibn Bibi.

2. Article on Seljuks in Encycl. Britan.

This has hardly been changed in the new edition, so reference to 9th ed. is satisfactory.

3. Editor, in collaboration with Basset, Arnold and Hartmann, of new Encyclopédie de l’Islam.

Houtsma, Bassett, Arnold, Hartmann, Editors. Encyclopédie de l’Islam. Dictionnaire géographique, ethnographique et biographique des peuples musulmans, publié avec le concours des principaux orientalistes, par Th. Houtsma, R. Bassett, T. W. Arnold et R. Hartmann. Leyden, 4to. Vol. i (A-D) appeared in 1913.

Houzeau, J.-C. Notes géogr. and map for Ghillebert de Lannoy’s Voyage.

Howorth, Henry H. History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. London, 1876-88. 4 vols. 8vo. (Lacks index.)

Huart, Clément. 1. Konia: la ville des Derviches Tourneurs. Paris, 1897, 8vo.

2. Paper on ‘Épigraphie arabe d’Asie Mineure’, in the Revue sémitique, Paris, 1895, 8vo.

Huber, Major R. Map of Ottoman Empire, with administrative divisions and military routes. Constantinople, 1901.

Hussein (un solitaire Turc). See Hezarfenn.

Hussein Abu Halib. Persian trans. of Mongol or Turkish MS. found in the Yemen, which purported to contain the autobiographical memoirs of Timur. See under Anonymous, p. 366 ad fin.

Ibn al Tiktaka. History of the Islamic Empire (in Arabic). Ed. by W. Ahlwardt. Gotha, 1860, 8vo.

Ibn Ali Mohammed Al-Biwy. Dourar-al-Othman. ‘The precious pearls touching the source and origin of the Ottoman House.’ Hadji Khalfa, in Dict. Bibi., fol. 867.

This is the only Ottoman genealogy mentioned by Hadji Khalfa, although he gives more than sixty Arabic titles of genealogies.

Ibn Batoutah (Abu Abdullah). Arabic text of Voyages, edited and translated into French by C. Défréméry and B. R. Sanguinetti. Paris, 1853-9. 4 vols. 4to.

Vol. ii, 1854, pp. 255-353, gives Voyage through Asia Minor.

Ibn Bibi (Nasreddin Yahia). Seljuk-Namé. Persian original lost. An abridgement, in Persian, of the original is no. 1185 of the Schéfer MSS. in the Bibl. Nat., Paris, and has been edited and published by Th. Houtsma, in his Recueil de Textes relatifs à l’hist. des Selj., vol. iv, Leyden, 1892, 8vo. M. Schéfer translated several chapters of this MS. into French in Bibl. de l’École des langues viv. orientales, série 3, vol. v, Paris, 1889, 8vo. Turkish translation, as contained in Warner MS. 419, Leyden, and MS. turc 92, Bibl. Nat., Paris, edited by Houtsma in Recueil above cited, vol. iii, Leyden, 1891, 8vo. M. Houtsma promised a French translation, but it has never been forthcoming.

This is the work of which Nöldeke speaks in Zeitschrift der D. M. G., xiii. 170 (1859), as an unidentified work by an Ottoman historian of the reign of Murad II. As a matter of fact it is merely a translation, and was not written by an Osmanli.

Ibn Khaldoun. Universal History. The Prolegomena, Arabic text, are edited by Quatremère in Notices et Extraits, vol. xvi (1858), and translated by Baron de Slane in vol. xvii (1859). German abridged trans, by Thornberg in Nova acta Reg. Soc., vol. xii, Leipzig, 1844.

Idris, Mevlana (of Bitlis). Ilesht-Bihisht. The Eight Heavens.

One of the two earliest extant Ottoman histories. Written in Persian for Bayezid II about 1500. There is no translation, and complete MSS. are rare. But one has access, not only to the facts recorded and opinions of Idris, but also to his wonderful imagery, for Seadeddin has copied him copiously and, in fact, embodied many literal translations of Idris in his ‘Crown of Histories’.

Jacob, Georg. Türkische Bibliothek. Folk-stories. Berlin, 1904-5. 3 vols. 8vo.

Jaubert, A. M. Editor of Mirkhond’s Djenghiz Khan; and French translator of Edrisi’s Geography.

Jireček, Const. Joseph. 1. Geschichte der Bulgaren. Prague, 1876, 8vo.

2. Die Heerstrasse von Belgrad nach Konstantinopel, und die Balkanpässe. Prague, 1877, 8vo.

Jonquière, V^te A. de la. Histoire de l’Empire ottoman. Paris, 1881, 8vo. New edition, revised and enlarged, with excellent maps. Paris, 1914. 2 vols. 8vo.

Jorga, N. 1. Notes et Extraits pour servir à l’hist. des croisades au XV^e siècle. Paris, 1899-1902. 3 vols. 8vo. I. Comptes de la colonie de Péra. Documents pol. des Arch, de Venise et Gênes jusqu’à 1436. II. Archives de Vienne, du Vatican, de Naples, Florence et Raguse jusqu’à 1453. (Mostly Ragusa.) III. Venise et Gênes de 1436 a 1453. Traités,... projets et exhortations,—opuscules jusqu’à 1453.

2. Philippe de Mézières et la croisade au XVI^e siècle. Fascic. 110, 2^e série, Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, vol. xviii. Paris, 1896, 8vo.

3. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches nach den Quellen dargestellt. Gotha, 1908-13. 5 vols. 8vo. In Allgemeine Staatengeschichte, I, 37 Werke. (Vol. i up to 1451.)

Joseph ben Joshua, Rabbi (Sephardic). Chronicles (in Hebrew). Venice, 1554; Amsterdam, 1730. English trans, by C. H. F. Biallobotzky. London, 1835-6. 2 vols. 8vo.

Jouannin, J. M. La Turquie. In collaboration with Jules Van Gaver. Paris, 1840, 8vo. (Coll. Univers pittoresque.)

Jourdain, A. L. M. French trans. of Mirkhond.

Jovius, Paulus. See Giovio, Paolo.

Kállay, Benjamin von. Geschichte der Serben von den ältesten Zeiten bis 1815. Trans. into German by J. H. Schwicker. Buda-Pest, Vienna, and Leipzig, 1878-9. 2 vols. 8vo. (Einleitung ‘bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrh.’, i. 1-173.)

Kampouroglou, D. G. Ιστορια τῶν Άθηναίων· Τουρκοκρατία. Vol. i. Athens, 1899.

Kanitz, Felix. Das Königreich Serbien und das Serbienvolk von der Römerzeit bis zur Gegenwart. (Monographien der Balkanstaaten, vol. i.) Leipzig, 1904, 4to.

Karabacek, J. Das angebliche Bilderverbot des Islams. Vienna, 1876.

Karamianz, N. Verzeichnis der arabischen Hss. der K. Bibl. zu Berlin. Berlin, 1888, 4to.

Kasem bey, Mirza A. Trans. and ed. of Derbend Namé.

Katona, St. Historia critica Regum Hungariae. Buda-Pest and Klausenburg, 1779-1817. 42 vols. 8vo.

Keen, Mrs. A. English trans. of von Ranke’s Serbien.

Keene, H. Editor and reviser of Beale’s Oriental Biographical Dictionary.

Kern, Th. von. Editor of Anon. Chronik aus Kaiser Sigmunds Zeit.

Kersch. Latin trans., in collab. with Bruns, of Abulfaradj.

Kervyn de Lettenhove. Editor of most complete edition of Froissart.

Khalfin, Ibrahim. Turkish trans. of anon. memoirs of Timur.

Kheirullah. Hist. of Ottoman Emp. from foundation to Ahmed I (in Turkish). Constantinople, 1854. 2 vols. 8vo.

Khondemir. Habib Essher. History of the Mongols, in Persian. French trans. by Grigorieff. Petrograd, 1834, 8vo. Also partly trans. by Ch. Défréméry in Journal asiatique, Paris, 1852, no. 2.

Kiss, K. A’ Nikapolyi ülkoset. Thesis of Magyar Academy. Buda, 1855, 8vo.

Klein, Ernest. German trans. of Fessler.

Knaus, F. Chronological Tables for Fejér.

Knoelle, S. W. ‘On Tartar and Turk.’ In Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, New Series, xiv. 125-59. London, 1882, 8vo.

Knolles, Richard. The general Historie of the Turkes to the rising of the othoman family, with all the expeditions of the Christian princes against them. Together with the lives and conquests of the othoman kings and emperors. 5th ed., with continuation from 1621 to 1638. 30 portraits. London, 1638. 2 vols. fol.

Koehler, G. Die Schlachten von Nikopoli und Warna. Breslau, 1882, 8vo. With 2 plans.

Kollar, A. F. Latin trans. of Seadeddin.

Konstantynowicz, Michail. Panietniki Janczari (Memoirs of a Janissary). Warsaw, 1828.

Trans. into French by Théodore d’Okszu. But I could find no copy of this trans. in the Bibl. Nat., Paris.

Koutbaddinmakky. History of the conquests of the Osmanlis (in Arabic verse). Turkish trans. by Mevlana Mustafa ibn Mohammed Khosreu-zadé.

Detailed description in Hadji Khalfa, no. 1795, fol. 324-5.

Krauss, J. G. Editor and continuator of Dlugosz.

Krumbacher, Karl. Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (527-1453). 2nd ed. Munich, 1897, 4to. (9th vol. of Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft.)

Kuhnel, Ernst. ‘Zur Geschichte der byzantinischen und türkischen Kunst.’ In Baedeker’s Konstantinopel und Kleinasien, 2. Aufl., 1914, pp. xliii-lxiv.

Kúnos, Ignace. ‘Chansons populaires turques.’ With Turkish text in Latin characters. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenl. Gesellschaft (1899), liii. 233-55.

Kunstmann. Studien über Marino Sanudo den Älteren. Munich, 1855, 4to.

Kupelwieser, L. Die Kämpfe Ungarns mit den Osmanen bis zur Schlacht bei Mohacz. Vienna, 1895, 8vo.

Lacabane, Léon. See, on ‘Chroniques de S. Denis,’ in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes (1840-1), ii. 62.

La Croix. See Petits de la Croix.

La Garde de Dieu, L. de. Histoire de l’Islamisme et de l’Empire ottoman. Brussels, 1892, 8vo.

The author of this book took no trouble whatever to get at the facts of Ottoman history. It is more full of errors than a modern work has any reason to be.

Lamartine, A. de. Histoire de la Turquie. Paris, 1855. 8 vols. 8vo.

Lampros, Spiridon P. 1. Catalogue illustré de la collection de portraits des Empereurs de Byzance. Athens, 1911, 8vo.

2. Greek trans. of Gregorovius’ Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter.

3. Catalogue of the Greek MSS. on Mt. Athos. Cambridge, 1895, 1900. 2 vols. 4to.

4. Greek trans. of Curtius’ Griechische Geschichte.

Lane-Poole, Stanley. 1. Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum, vol. viii. The Coins of the Turks. London, 1883, 8vo.

2. The Mohammedan Dynasties. London, 1894, 8vo.

This book contains an amplification of a paper on the successors of the Seljuks in Asia Minor, which appeared in vol. xiv, New Series, of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Soc., pp. 773-80. London, 1882, 8vo.

3. Catalogue of the Bodleian Library Mohammedan Coins. Oxford, 1888, 4to.

4. Turkey. In the ‘Stories of Nations’ series. London, 1888, 8 vo.

Langlès, L. 1. French trans. of the anon. memoirs of Timur.

2. Listing and translation of titles in the Collection of State Papers of Feridun, which see.

Lanz, K. Fr. W. German trans. of Muntaner’s Cronica.

Lardito, J. B. Historia del estado presente del imperio otomano, con un compendio de los progresos de la Liga Sagrada contra los Turcos. Salamanca, 1690, 4to.

La Roque. French trans. of Hadji Khalfa’s Maritime Wars, in MS. in Leyden Library.

Lavallée, Théophile. Histoire de la Turquie. Paris, 1859. 2 vols. 8 vo.

Lavoix, Henri. 1. Cat. des Monnaies musulmanes de la Bibl. Nat. (Vol. iii finished by M. P. Casanova.) Paris, 1887-92. 3 vols. 4to.

2. ‘Les Arts musulmans.’ In the Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1875.

Le Bas, Ph. Asie Mineure depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu’à la bataille d’Ancyre, 1402. Paris, 1863, 8vo.

This is the first part of Texier’s work in the series L’Univers pittoresque.

Lebeau, Chas. See Ameilhon, H. P.

Lebeuf, Abbé. Collab. with P. Paris in a paper on Philippe de Mézières.

Lefèvre-Pontalis. Introduction and commentary to the French trans. of Morosini.

Lemaître, Henri, ed. Gilles le Muisit. Paris, 1905, 8vo.

Le Quien, Michel. Oriens Christianus. Paris, 1740. 3 vols. fol.

Le Roulx. See Delaville Leroulx.

Leunclavius, Johannes (Johann Lewenklau). 1. Annales Sultanorum othmanidorum a Turcis sua lingua scripti Hieronymi Beck a Leopoldstorf Marci fil. studio et diligentia C/poli advecti 1551. Divo Ferd. Caes. opt. max. D. D. jussuque Caes. a Joanne Gaudier dicto Spiegel, interprete turcico, germanice translati. Joan. Leunclavius... latine redditos illustravit et auxit usque ad annum 1588. Cum omnium memorabilium toto opere contentorum accuratissime elaborati.... Frankfort, 1596, fol.

A translation of Ali, and not of Seadeddin, as has been erroneously believed.

2. Pandectes historiae turcicae, &c. Notes in same volume with 1.

1 and 2 are reprinted in vol. clix of Migne’s Patrologia Graeca, Paris, 1866, pp. 572-922.

3. Historiae Musulmanae Turcorum de monumentis ipsorum exscriptae libri XVIII. Frankfort, 1591, fol.

Von Hammer, in his monumental work, is far more indebted to Leunclavius than to any other previous writer for the earlier part of his history.

Leuridan, E. Les châtelains de Lille. Paris, 1873.

Levec, Fr. Die Einfälle der Türken in Krain und Istrien. Laybach, 1891, 8vo.

Liliencron, R. von. Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 16. Jahrh. Leipzig, 1865-6. 2 vols., la. 8vo.

For songs on Nicopolis defeat.

Ljubić, Sime. Monumenta spectantia ad hist. Slavorum meridionalium. Agram, 8vo. Vol. iv (1358-1403), 1874. Vol. v (1403-11), 1875. Vol. v contains a supplement of documents from 1301-97.

Loeb, Isidore. Tables du calendrier juif depuis l’ère chrét. jusqu’au XXX^e siècle. Paris, 1886, 4to.

Longnon, Jean. Editor of anon. Chronique de Morée.

Lonicerus, Philippus. Chronicorum Turcicorum, in quibus Turcoman origo, principes, imperatores, bella, praelia, caedes, victoriae, reique militaris ratio... exponuntur.... Frankfort, 1578, fol. Ibid., 1584. 2 vols. 8vo.

Contains reprint of Giorgievitz, Aventinus, et al.

Lot, H. 1. ‘Projets de croisade sous Ch. le Bel et sous Philippe de Valois.’ Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 4^e série (1859), v. 503-9.

2. ‘Essai d’intervention de Ch. le Bel en faveur des Chrétiens d’Orient.’ Ibid. (1875), xxxvi. 588-600.

Luce, Siméon. Editor of Froissart, and of Chronique des quatre premiers Valois.

Lüdemann, W. von. Geschichte Griechenlands und der Türkei. Dresden, 1827. 4 vols. 12mo.

Macairas, Léonce. Cyprus Chronicle, Greek text with French trans., by E. Miller and C. Sathas. Paris, 1881-2. 2 vols., la. 8vo. The text alone is published in Sathas, Bibl. graeca medii aevi, vol. ii. Venice, 1873. (From 1193 to 1458.)

Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch. Travels of. Trans. from Arabic into English by F. C. Belfour. London, 1829-36. 2 vols. 4to.

Macrides, Georges. French trans. of Col. Djevad bey.

Maélath, Count J. Geschichte der Magyaren. Regensburg, 1852-3. 5 vols. 8vo.

Makrisi, Abu Mohammed. 1. Hist. des Sultans mameluks. French trans., accompanied by historical and geographical notes, by E. Blochet. (From the papers which appeared in Revue de l’Orient latin, vols. vi-xi.) Paris, 1908, 8vo.

2. Treatise on Mohammedan coins, composed between 1415 and 1420. Latin trans., with Arabic text, by O. G. Tychsen. Rostock, 1797. French trans. by A. I. Silvestre de Sacy, Paris, 1797, 12mo.

Makusev, W. 1. Italjanskie archiwy i chranjaschtschiessja w nich materialy alja slavanskoi istorii. (Italian archives and chronicles, and the materials in them for Slavic history.) Moscow, 1870-72, 4 vols. 8vo. (Vols. xvi-xix of Sapiski imperat. akad. nauk.)

2. Also contributed to Monumenta hist. Slav. merid.

Manavino. Italian trans. of Lonicerus.

Mandeville, Sir John. Voiage and travel, which treateth of the way to Hierusalem, &c., 1322-56. In Wright, J., Early Travels in Palestine, pp. 127-282. For French version, see Bergeron.

Manger, Samuel Henry. Latin trans. of Arabshah.

Manutio, Antonio (?). Viaggi fatti da Venezia alla Tana... et in C/poli; con la descrittione... di Città, Luoghi, etc. Contains, fol. 120-58, Libri tre delle cose de’ Turchi. Venice, 1543, 12mo.

Marche, Olivier de la. Mémoires. Ed. by Beaune and d’Arbaumont. Vol. i. Paris, 1883, 8vo.

Marco Polo. Le Livre de Marco Polo, citoyen de Venise... rédigé en français sous sa dictée en 1298. Edited, with notes, by M. G. Pauthier. Paris, 1865. 2 vols., la. 8vo. Trans, into English and edited by H. Yale. London, 1875. 2 vols. 8vo. Wm. Marsden’s earlier English trans. has recently been republished in Everyman’s Library.

Markham, Clements R. English trans. of Clavijo.

Marsden, William. English trans. of Marco Polo.

Mas Latrie, Comte René de. 1. Histoire de Chypre sous les Lusignans. Paris, 1852-61. 3 vols. 8vo.

2. Editor of Florio Bustron’s Cronica, 1191-1489. (In Italian.) In Mélanges historiques, v. 1-532. Paris, 1886, la. 8vo.

3. Le Trésor de chronologie, d’histoire et de géographie pour l’étude et l’emploi des documents du moyen âge. Paris, 1889, la. fol.

4. Various papers on the commercial relations between Cyprus and Asia Minor in the 14th cent., in the Bibl. de l’École des Chartes.

I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to 3 and 4 of Comte de Mas Latrie in my study of the emirates of Asia Minor.

5. ‘Liste des princes et seigneurs de divers pays, dressées pour l’expédition des lettres de la chancellerie du doge de Venise au XIV^e siècle,’ in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, vol. 26, pp. 43 fol.

Maurer, Caspar. Ungarische Chronica oder Beschreibung von allen ungarischen christlichen Königen, wie auch Kriegs-Empörungen, Schlachten, etc.... mit den Türcken (1390-1661).... Nürnberg, 1664, 12mo.

Menavino, Giovanni Ant. I cinque libri delle leggi, religione e vita dei Turchi e della corte e d’alcune guerre del gran Turco. Florence, 1518 and 1551. Venice, 1548. Also in Sansovino, i. 107-36. German trans. by Heinrich Müller. Frankfort, 1563, fol.

Menavino was brought up as a slave-page in the serail of Bayezid II.

Messerschmid, D. G. German trans. of Abul-Ghazi.

Mexia, Pedro. Petri Messiae von Sibilia vilualtige beschreibung, Christenlicher und Heidnischer Keyseren, Kunigen, weltweiser Manneren gedachtnuszwirdige Historien, löbliche geschicht.... Basel, 1564, fol. German trans., by Lucas Zollikofer, of Mexia’s Historia imperial. Mexia’s account of Timur is reprinted in Seville ed. of Clavijo.

Mézières, Philippe de. Epistre lamentable et consolatoire sur le fait de la desconfiture (Nicopolis). In Kervyn de Lettenhove’s ed. of Froissart, xvi. 444-523.

See Appendix BB in Wylie’s History of Henry IV, iv. 323-6; also Bibl. de l’École des Chartes for 1873, and Académie des Inscriptions, xvi. 491 and xvii. 219; and under A. Molinier and P. Paris below. Title of citizen of Venice given June 22, 1365, recorded in Commemoriali, vol. vii, fol. 47 vº.

Michelant, Henri (in collab. with Gaston Raynaud). Itinéraires à Jérusalem, et descriptions de la Terre Sainte, rédigés en français aux XI^e, XII^e et XIII^e siècles. Geneva, 1882, 8vo. (Archives de l’Orient latin, série géogr., vol. iii.)

Migeon, Gaston. Manuel de l’Art musulman: II. Les Arts plastiques et industriels. Paris, 1907, 8vo.

Migne, J.-P. Patrologiae Graecae cursus completus. Contains the Byzantine historians, Ali Muhieddin and Leunclavius.

Mignot, Abbé. Histoire de l’Empire ottoman depuis ses origines jusqu’à la paix de Belgrade en 1740. Paris, 1771. 3 vols. 12mo.

Mijatovitch, Elodie Lawton. Kossova: an attempt to bring Servian national songs at the battle of Kossova into one poem. London, 1881, 12mo.

This is a translation, following Pavitch in general lines.

Miklositch, Franz. 1. Monumenta Serbica. Vienna, 1858.

2. In collab. with Müller. Acta et diplomata Graeca res Graecas Italicasque illustrantia. Vienna, 1865-70. 4 vols.

3. In collab. with Müller. Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani, 1315-1402. Vienna, 1860-62. 2 vols. 8vo. (Also republished as volume ii of No. 2 above.)

4. Bildung der slavischen Personen: Bildung der Ortsnamen aus Personennamen. Vienna, 1858, 4to.

Miles, Colonel. English trans. of Abul Ghazi.

Miller, E. Edited and trans., in collab. with Sathas, the chronicle of Macairas.

Miller, William. 1. The Balkans: Rumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro. (In ‘Story of Nations’ series.) London, 1896, 8vo.

2. The Latins in the Levant: a History of Frankish Greece (1204-1566). London, 1908, 8vo.

Minotto, A. S. Acta et diplomata ex tabulario Veneto usque ad medium seculum XV. summatim regesta. Venice, 1870-74. 3 vols. 8vo.

Mirkhond or Mirkhwand. 1. Life of Djenghiz Khan. Persian text edited by Am. Jaubert. Paris, 1841, 4to. Three separate trans. into French by Galland are in the Bibl. Nat., Paris, in MS. fonds fr., 6080-83.

2. The History of the Ismaelians of Persia has been trans. into French by Jourdain.

3. A Latin trans. of the History of the Seljucides was published at Giessen, 1837.

4. The Persian text of the Hist. of the Sultans of the Kharesm was edited by Défréméry, Paris, 1842, 8vo.

Mitchell, James. English trans. of first part of Hadji Khalfa’s Maritime Wars.

Mohammed Ferid bey. Tarikh eddaulet il-Osmaniyeh. Hist. of Ott. Emp. (in Arabic). 2nd ed., Cairo, 1896, 8vo.

Mohammed-en-Nesawi. Histoire du Sultan Djelaleddin, prince du Kharezm. Texte arabe publié et traduit par O. Houdas. Paris, 1891-5. 2 vols. la. 8vo.

Molinier, A. MSS. de P. de Mézières, in Archives de l’Orient latin, i. 335-64 (Paris, 1883), or, separately, Genoa, 1881, 8vo.

Moncada, Juan de. Expedicion de los Catalanes y Aragones contra Turcos y Griegos. Madrid, 1885, la. 8vo. Barcelona, 1842, la. 8vo. Also in Tesoro de autores illustres, vol. iii, and Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, vol. xxi.

Moniferratos, Antonios. Διπλοματικαὶ Ένέργειαι Μανουὴλ βʹ Παλαιολόγου ἐν Έὐρώπῃ καὶ Άρίᾳ.] Athens, 1913, 8vo.

Monstrelet. See Enguerran de Monstrelet.

Montalbanus, Johannes Baptista. De Turcarum moribus commentarius. Leyden, 1643, 32mo. Ibid., 1654, 16mo. This work was first published more than a century earlier in the De origine, &c., of Cuspianus.

Moranvillé, Henri. ‘Mémoires sur Tamerlan et sa Cour.’ Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, lv. 433-64. Paris, 1894.

Reprint, in full, of the memoir of the Dominican Friar who brought letter of Timur to Charles VI, after MSS. in Bibl. Nat., fonds fr. 5624 and 12201. Text of this letter is reprinted and commented upon by A. I. Silvestre de Sacy in Acad. des Inscriptions (1822), vi. 470-522. Together with Clavijo and Schiltberger, the Dominican Friar gives contemporary evidence of highest value for the battle of Angora.

Mordtmann, J. H. 1. ‘Beiträge zur osmanischen Epigraphik. I: Inschrift von Mihalitsch.’ ZDMG. (1911), lxv. 101-6.

2. Collab. with P.-A. Déthier in Epigraphie von Byzanz und Konstantinopel.

Morel-Fatio, A. Chronique de Morée aux XIII^e et XIV^e siècles. Text, with French trans. Paris, 1911, 8vo.

Moris, M. French trans. of Diez’s German rendering of Sidi Ali.

Mostras, C. Dictionnaire géographique de l’Empire ottoman. St. Petersburg, 1873, la. 8vo.

Moukhlis Abderrahman. Enis out Moussamirin. Schéfer MS., quoted by him in Bertrandon de la Broquière, p. 170, n. 3, for the first Ottoman operations around Adrianople.

Mullach, A. Conjecturen. Berlin, 1852. (Corrects narrative of Ducas.)

Muller, G. Documenti sulle relazioni delle città toscane coll’ Oriente cristiano e coi Turchi fino all’ anno 1531. Florence, 1879, 4to.

Müller, Joseph. 1. ‘Byzantinische Analekten,’ pp. 336-419, in vol. ix of the Sitzungsberichte der k.-k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, hist.-phil. Kl., Vienna, 1852, la. 8vo.

2. ‘Über einige byzantinische Urkunden von 1324-1405.’ In vol. vii of Sitzungsberichte, &c.

3. In collab. with Miklositch, Acta et dipl. Graeca, &c.

4. In collab. with Miklositch, Acta patriarchatus C/politani.

Muntaner, Ramon. Cronica o descripcio dels fets é hazanayes del inclyt rey Don Jaime, etc. Trans. from Catalan into French by Buchon. Paris, 1827. 2 vols. 8vo. German trans. in Bibl. des lit. Vereins, vol. viii. Stuttgart, 1844, 8vo. German trans. by K. Fr. W. Lanz, Leipzig, 1842. 2 vols. la. 8vo. See also Frenzel.

Muralt, Édouard de. Essai de Chronographie byzantine (1057-1453). Basel and Geneva, 1871-3. 2 vols. 8vo.

There is a wealth of erudition and research in this work. The bibliography, however, is very unsatisfactory, and one is frequently puzzled in verifying important references. Muralt confuses Arabshah with Sherefeddin, puts Ibn Batutah at 1320, and Shehabeddin at 1331.

Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, editor. Rerum Italicarum Scriptoree. Milan, 1732-51. 28 vols., la. fol. (For Florentine writers see Tartini.)

A new edition of Muratori, including Tartini, has just been completed by a body of Italian scholars, working at Rome under the direction of Vittorio Fiorini.

Mustafa Ibn Mohammed Khosreu-Zade (Mevlana). Turkish trans. of Koutbaddinmakky.

Nangis, Guillaume de. Chronique latine de 1113 d 1300. Paris, 1843, 8vo.

Naumann, Edmund. Vom goldenen Horn zu den Quellen des Euphrat. Munich and Leipzig, 1893, 8vo.

Nazmi Zadé. Turkish trans. of Arabshah.

Nedim. Munedjem-Bachi. Ottoman Hist, up to Mohammed IV. In 3 vols.

Nemeth, Julius. ‘Die türkisch-mongolische Hypothese.’ In Zeitschrift d. deutschen morgenl. Ges. (1912), lxvi. 549-76.

Against the hypothesis.

Neshri. The Vienna Codex, Hist. Osm. 15, is partly trans. by Th. Nöldeke in ZDMG., vols. xiii and xv (1859 and 1861). xiii. 176-218 contains the beginnings of the Ottoman family and its history up to death of Osman, xv. 333-80 contains Bayezid I. József Thúry, in Török Magyarkori Történelmi Emlékek, series 3, vols. i and ii, has translated most of Neshri. Budapest, 1893.

Nicephoros Gregoras. See under Byzantine Historians.

Nichandji pasha, Mehmet (the Little). Brief Hist. of Ott. Emp. up to 1560. In MS. Col. I. L. O., Petrograd.

Nicolay, Nicolas de. Les quatre Livres des navigations et pérégrinations orientales. Lyon, 1567, fol. German trans., Nürnberg, 1572; Italian, Antwerp, 1576; ibid., Venice, 1580; English, by Dawson, London, 1585; Dutch, c. 1590.

Niebuhr, B. G. Editor of Corpus Script. Hist. Byzantinae.

Nikiou, Jean de. Chronique, trad. française du texte éthiopien, par H. Zotenberg. Notices et Extraits, vol. xxiv, 1^re partie, pp. 343-587.

Noiret, Hippolyte. Documents inédits pour servir à l’hist. de la domination vénétienne en Crète de 1380 à 1485, tirés des Arch. vén. Paris, 1892, 8vo.

Nöldeke, Th. German trans. of portions of Neshri.

Noradounghian, Gabriel. Recueil d’actes internationaux de la Sublime Porte avec les Puissances étrangères. Tome i, 1300-1789. Paris, 1879, 8vo.

In Turkey there are no Archives d’état before the 17th cent. From 1307 to 1534 in this volume the editor merely refers to other books. His compilation is of no value until 1535 for furnishing source material for Ottoman History.

Norberg, Matthias. Latin trans. of Hadji Khalfa’s Djihannuma.

Novakovitch, Stojan. Kosova, Srbske narodne pjesmé o boju na Kosova. Belgrade, 1871, 8vo; also Agram, 1872, and Belgrade, 1876.

Attempt to bring fragments of folksong into one narrative of battle of Kossova.

Oesterly, Hermann. Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Urkundensammlungen. Berlin, 1882. 2 vols. la. 8vo.

Ohsson, Ignace Mouradja d’. 1. Tableau général de l’Empire ottoman. Paris, 1788-1824. 7 vols. 8vo.

This work, interrupted by the Revolution and the author’s death, was completed, after d’Ohsson’s notes, by his son Charles. Vols. v-vii appeared in 1824.

2. Histoire des Mongols depuis Ghengiz Khan jusqu’à Timour Bey. Amsterdam, 1852. 4 vols. 8vo.

Oksza, Théodore d’. Editor and French trans. of Konstantynowicz.

Olivieri, A. Carte e chronache manoscritte per la storia genovese esistenti nella bibl. della R. Università ligure. Genoa, 1855, 8vo.

Omont, Henri. Documents sur l’imprimerie à Constantinople au XVIII^e siècle. In the Revue des Bibliothèques, Paris, July-September, 1895.

Orbini, Dom Mauro. Il Regno degli Slavi, hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro, 1601, fol.

Ortellius, Abrahamus. 1. Synonymia Geographica.... Antwerp, 1578, 4to.

2. Theatrum orbis terrarum. Antwerp, 1579, la. fol.

3. Thesaurus geographicus... nomina, &c. Antwerp, 1587, fol.

Pachymeres. See under Byzantine Historians, p. 367.

Pagano, C. Delle imprese e del dominio dei Genovesi nella Grecia. Genoa, 1846, 8vo.

Palaeologos, Manuel. Dialogi XXVI cum Persa quodam de Christianae religionis veritate. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds grec, no. 1253.

C. B. Hase, in Notices et Extraits, vol. viii, 2^e partie, pp. 309-82, gives interesting critical account of this MS., with Greek text and Latin trans. of first two dialogues. The dialogues were with a Moslem Hodja, probably in 1390, when Man. Pal. was serving in the Ottoman army at Angora.

Most valuable description of Bayezid’s court and eloquent testimony to the humiliation of the Byzantine imperial family.

For other works of M. Palaeologos, see Migne, Patrologia Graeca, clvi. 82-580.

Panaretos, Michail. Περὶ τῶν τῆς Τραπεζοῦντος βασιλέων τῶν Μεγάλων Κομνηνῶν. Chronological account of Trebizond (1204-1386), with a continuation to 1424.

Edited by J. F. Tafel, in the Opuscula of Eusthasius of Thessalonika, pp. 362-70, Frankfort, 1832, 4to. Also by Fallmerayer, in Abhandlung der k. Bayerischen Akad. der Wissenschaften, Munich, 1844, 8vo.

Paparregopoulos, K. Ιστορία τοῦ Έλληνικοῦ ἔθνους ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων χρόνων μέχρι τῶν νεωτέρων. Athens, 1865-74. 5 vols. 8vo. 4th edition, revised by P. Karolides, Athens, 1903.

Paris, P. (In collab. with Abbé Lebeuf.) ‘La Vie et les Voyages de Philippe de Mézières.’ Mém. de l’Académie des Inscriptions, nouv. série, vol. xv, 1^re partie, pp. 359-98.

Parisot, Val. Cantacuzène, homme d’état et historien, ou examen critique comparatif des ‘Mémoires’ de J. C. et des sources contemporaines. Paris, 1845, 8vo.

Parvillée. Architecture et décoration turques au XV^e siècle. With preface by Viollet-le-Duc. Paris, 1874, la. fol.

It was Parvillée who, under Ahmed Vewfik pasha, restored the monuments of Brusa.

Pauthier, M. G. Editor of Marco Polo.

Pavitch, A. Narodne Pjesme o boju na Kosova, 1389. In Mem. of the Acad. of Sciences and Arts of Agram. Agram, 1877, 8vo.

A critical essay on the national songs of the Servians, followed by a narrative in verse, combining the songs which deal with Kossova.

Perondino, Pietro (Pratense). Magni Tamerlanis Scytharum imperatoris vita. Florence, 1553, fol.; Basel, 1556, fol.

Pertsch, Wilhelm. Verzeichniss der türkischen Hss. der k. Bibl. zu Berlin. Berlin, 1899.

Petits de la Croix. 1. Abrégé de l’hist. ottomane. Paris, 1768. 2 vols. 12mo.

2. French trans. of Hussein Hezarfenn.

3. French trans. in MS. of Hadji Khalfa’s lexicon under title Dictionnaire bibliographique. In the Bibl. Nat., Paris.

4. French trans. of Sherefeddin’s hist. of Timur.

Petrarca, Francesco. Epistolae de rebus familiaribus et variae.... Stud. et cura J. Fracassetti. Florence, 1859-63. 3 vols. 8vo. Italian trans. of Senilium by the same author. Florence, 1869-70. 2 vols. 12mo.

Pfeiffer, David. Imperatores Turcici, Libellus de Vita, Progressu et rebus gestis principum.... Basel, before 1550, 12mo. Reprinted under title Imperatores Ottomannici, Basel and Wittenberg, 1587, 8vo.

Eulogy of Ottoman sultans in verse.

Phrantzes, George. See under Byz. Historians.

Picot, Émile. 1. Editor and French trans. of Urechi’s Rumanian chronicle.

2. Généalogie de la famille Brankovitch, in Columna lui Traianu, new series, 4th year, Jan.-Feb. 1883, pp. 64 f. Bucharest, 8vo.

Pigeonneau, Henri. Histoire du commerce de la France. Vol. i. Paris, 1885, 8vo.

Pinder, M. Collab. with Friedländer in numismatic work.

Pocock, Edward. Editor and English translator of Abulfaradji.

Podesta, Jo. Baptista. 1. Trans. from the Turkish De gestis Tamerlanis.

2. Translatae Turcicae Chronicae. Pars prima, continens originem Ottomanicae stirpis, undecimque eiusdem stirpis Imperatorum gesta, iuxta traditionem Turcarum. Omnia a praenominato authore ex originali Turcico in Latinam, Italicam et Germanicam linguam translata. Nürnberg, 1672, fol. But only into Latin.

A trans. from diff. MSS. of Ali. But Bratutti’s trans. of Scadeddin has been used for interpolations and corrections or additions.

Pogodin, P. Übersicht der Quellen zur Geschichte der Belagerung von Byzanz durch die Türken. Journal of the Ministry of Public Instruction, St. Petersburg, August 1889.

Polo, Marco. See Marco Polo.

Pór, A. (in collab. with G. Schönherr.) Volume covering period 1301-1429 in Szilagyi’s A Magyar Nemzet Története. (History of the Hungarian Nation.) Budapest, 1895, la. 8vo.

Possinus, Petrus, S. J. Notes to Pachymeres.

Postansque, A. De libro secretorum fidelium crucis. (For Marino Sanudo.) Montpellier, 1854, 8vo.

Postellus, Guillaume. 1. De la Republique des Turcz... exposant la manière de lever et nourir ceulx dont on en guerre se serft, avec son origine, estatz, Revenu et Domeyne, en brief. Dédié à François Premier. Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. fonds fr., no. 6073. (Written c. 1520.) Published: Poitiers, 1560, 8vo.

2. De originibus Gentium Orientalium, maxime Turcarum. Basel, 1540, 8vo.

This Latin text differs from 1, so I have listed it as a separate work.

Potthast, A. Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevi. Berlin, 1896. 2 vols. 4to.

Vol. ii. 1047-1735 contains a very suggestive (but not thorough) Quellenkunde für die Geschichte der europäischen Staaten während des Mittelalters.

Potvin, Charles. Editor of Ghillebert de Lannoy.

Pray, George. 1. Annales regum Hungariae, ab an. 997 ad an. 1564 deducti. Vienna, 1754-74. 5 vols. 8vo. (Vol. ii, 1301-1457.)

2. Commentarii historici de Bosniae, Serviae ac Bulgariae, tum Valachiae, Moldaviae ac Bessarabiae, cum regno Hungariae nexu. Edited, with documents, by G. Fejér. Buda, 1837, 8vo.

Predelli, Riccardo. 1. (In collaboration with Thomas.) Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum, sive acta et diplomata res Venetas, Graecas atque Levantinas illustrantia a 1300 ad 1454. Venice, 1880, 1899. 2 vols. 4to.

2. Editor of I libri commemoriali della republica di Venezia regesti. Vols. 1-3 (1081-1375), in Monumenti storici della deput. Veneta, series I, Venice, 1876, 8vo.

Pučič, Medo. Spomenitzi Srbski od 1395 do 1423. Belgrade, 1859.

Quatremère, Étienne. French trans. of Shehabeddin, Makrisi, and Reshideddin (unfinished). Editor of the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun.

Rački, Francis. Documenta historiae Croatiae periodum antiquam illustrantia. Agram, 1877.

Raič. Hist. variorum Slavorum, imprimis Bulgarorum, Chrobatorum et Serborum. Buda, 1823.

Raimboult, Maurice. ‘Les dessous d’un traité d’alliance en 1350.’ Bulletin historique et philologique, Paris, 1902.

Notice on two documents: 1. Latin text of project of treaty between Pope, Cyprus, Venice, and Rhodes, of which Mas Latrie, Hist. de Chypre, ii. 217, published the text after Commemoriali, vols. iv and v. 2. Unpublished Provençal text of letter which set forth in detail difficulties of getting this treaty signed, from MS. in Arch. des Bouches-du-Rhône, Fonds de Malte, liasse 86.

Rambaud, Alfred. ‘L’Europe du Sud-Est: Fin de l’Empire grec.—Fondation de l’Empire ottoman (1282-1481).’ In Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire générale, iii. 789-868. Paris, 1894, la. 8vo.

Ramsay, Sir W. M. Historical Geography of Asia Minor, with 5 maps. London, 1890, la. 8vo.

Ramus, Johannes (Goesanus). De Rebus Turcicis libri tres. Louvain, 1553, 12mo. The first book of the three is by Secundinus.

Ranke, Leopold von. History of Servia and the Servian Revolution. Trans. by Mrs. A. Keen. London, 1858, 16mo.

First chapter contains an illuminating résumé of relations between Byzantium and Serbia in middle of 14th cent.

Rasmussen, Janus Lassen. Annales islamismi, sive tabulae synchronistochronologicae Chaliforum et regum orientis et occidentis. Copenhagen, 1825, sm. 4to. Contains, pp. 61-134, trans. of Ahmed ben Yussuf, Historia Turcarum, Karamanorum, Selgiukudarum, Asiae Minoris, &c.

Raynaldus, Odericus. Annales ecclesiastici... Baronii... ab anno 1198. Tomes xiii-xxi. Rome, 1646-77. 9 vols. fol. Lucca, 1746-56. 15 vols. fol.

There have been so many editions, abridgements, and translations of the Annales that I have given my references to this work under the year, so that any edition might be consulted.

Raynaud, Gaston. Editor of Froissart, and, with Michelant, of the Jerusalem Itineraries.

Raynaud, Furcy. French trans. of Heyd’s Levantehandelsgeschichte.

Reinaud, J. T. French trans. of Abulfeda.

Reineccius, Reiner. Editor of Helmoldus and Arnold of Lübeck.

Reiske, Jo. Jacob. Latin trans. of Abulfeda and Chronological Tables of Hadji Khalfa; editor of Drechsler.

Rémusat, Abel. Recherches sur les langues tartares. Paris, 1820, 4to.

Rennell, J. Treatise of the Comparative Geography of Western Asia. Vol. i. Asia Minor. London, 1831, 8vo.

Reshideddin, Fadhl Allah. Djami ut Tevarikh. Hist. of the Mongols of Persia. Quatremère trans. into French the first part, Paris, 1836, la. fol. Erdmann trans. into German the review of the various tribes of Asia at accession of Djenghiz Khan, with account of their origin. Kasan, 1841. In his German life of Timur, pp. 172-84, Erdmann practically repeats this portion verbatim.

The earlier portion of Abul-Ghazi is practically an abridgement of Reshid.

Reusner, Nicholas. Epistolarum Turcicarum variorum et diversorum authorum libri XIV. Frankfort, 1598-9. 4 vols. 4to.

‘in quibus Epistolae de rebus Turcicis summorum pontificum, imperatorum, regum, principum... ad nostra tempora leguntur.’

Rez, Peter von. Lament for defeat of Nicopolis, in Liliencron.

Ricaut, Paul. A History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire containing the Political maxims of the Turks, their religion, &c. 5th ed. London, 1682, fol. 6th ed., ibid., 1693. 2 vols. 8vo. French trans. by Briot. Amsterdam, 1678, 16mo; 1696, sm. 8vo, with 16 engravings. Italian trans. by Costi Belli. 2nd ed. Venice, 1673, 4to.

Richer, Christopher. De rebus Turcarum ad Franciscum Gallorum regem Christianissimum. Paris, 1540, 8vo. (Liber I. De origine Turcarum et Ottomanni imperio. Liber III. De Tamerlanis et Parthi rebus gestis.)

Ricoldus. See my note to Anon. De ritu et moribus Turcarum.

Rieu, C. P. H. 1. Catalogue of Persian MSS. in British Museum. London, 1879-83. 3 vols.

2. Supplement to above. London, 1895.

3. Catalogue of Turkish MSS. in the British Museum. London, 1888.

Rodd, Sir Rennell. The Princes of Achaia and the Chronicles of Morea: a Study of Greece in the Middle Ages. London, 1907. 2 vols. 8vo.

Excellent map of mediaeval Greece.

Romanin, Samuele. Storia documentata di Venezia. Venice, 1853-61. 10 vols. 8vo.

For attempts of Venice in 14th cent. to league Christians against the Turks, vols. iii and iv.

Roncière. Editor, in collab. with Dorez, of fragments of Marino Sanudo.

Rosen, Baron Victor. 1. Notices sommaires des MSS. arabes du Musée asiatique. Petrograd, 1881.

2. Remarques sur les MSS. orientaux de la col. de Marsigli à Bologna. Paris, 1884, 4to.

Rymer, Thomas. Foedera, conventions, literae... acta publica inter reges Angliae et alios... ab 1101... ad nostra... tempora. Editio tertia. Revised from original MSS. in Tower of London, by George Holmes. London, 1739-45. 12 vols., la. fol.

Sabellicus, Antonius. In Lonicerus, fol. 105-12.

Safařík, Ivan. 1. Elenchus actorum spectantium ad historiam Serborum et reliquorum Slavorum meridionalium... quae in archivo Venetiarum reperiuntur. Belgrade, 1858, 4to.

The notes are in Servian, but with Latin translation.

2. Acta archivii Veneti spectantia ad historiam Serborum. Belgrade, 1860.

Safařík, Paul Joseph. Slovanské Starořitnosti. Prague, 1837, 4to. Trans. under title Slawische Alterthümer by Moses von Aehrenfeld, with notes by Heinrich Wuttke. Leipzig, 1843-4. 2 vols. 8vo.

Sagredo, Giovanni. Memorie istoriche de’ monarchi ottomani. Venice, 1676, fol.; 1688, 4to.

The first of modern writers who, though acquainted with Ottoman ‘sources’, deliberately prefers to follow the Byzantine writers who were contemporary.

Sagundino, Nicholas. See Secundinus.

Said. Ghulcheni-Méarif. Hist. of Ott. Emp. from foundation to 1774. In 2 vols.

Salaberry, de. Hist. de l’Emp. ott. depuis sa fondation jusqu’à... 1792. Avec des pièces justificatives. Paris, 1813. 4 vols. 8vo.

Saladin, H. Manuel d’Art musulman. Vol. i. L’architecture. Paris, 1907, 8vo.

Salcon, Nicolas. French trans. of Hayton.

Sambucus, Joannes (of Tirnovo). Reges Ungariae ab anno 401-1567 uersibus descripti. In Bonfinius, fol. 891-6.

Sanginetti, B. R. French trans., in collab. with Ch. Défréméry, of Ibn Batutah.

Sansovino, Francesco. 1. Gli annali turcheschi o vero vita de’principi della casa athomana. First edition. Venice, 1568, 4to. Edition from which I quote is Venice, 1573, 4to.

2. Historia universale dell’ origine et imperio de’ Turchi, nella quale si contengono la origine, etc., de’ Turchi. Venice, 1654. 2 vols., la. 8vo.

A collection of various writers on the Ottoman Empire.

Sanuto, Marino (Torsello). 1. Memorial to King of France urging crusade, 1321. Written in French. In Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, ii. 5.

2. Letters published by Dorez and Roncière in Bibl. de l’Ecole des Chartes (1895), lvi. 34-44.

3. Secreta fidelium crucis. In Bongars, vol. ii. See also thesis of Postansque, and study by Kunstmann. Four books, written between 1306 and 1321, urging a crusade. Book III trans. into English by Aubrey Stewart, in Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, vol. xii, London, 1896, 8vo.

Sanuto, Marino (the Younger). 1. Vite de’ Duchi di Venezia. (1421-93.) In Muratori, xxii. 399-1252.

2. Diarii. Ed. by Gugl. Berchet. Venice, 1877-1900. 56 vols. 4to.

I have given the younger Sanuto’s work here, because he is so often confused with the elder.

Sarre, Friedrich. Reise in Kleinasien, Sommer 1895. Forschungen zur seldjukischen Kunst und Geographie des Landes. 76 Tafeln. Map by Kiepert. Berlin, 1896, la. 8vo.

Sathas, C. N. 1. Documents inédits relatifs à l’hist. de la Grèce au moyen âge (1400-1500). Paris, 1880-1. 2 vols. 4to. Maps of Crete, the Aegean, and Sea of Marmora in 15th cent. I. contains Canc. Secreta, 208 doc., from 1402 to 1500; II. Misti, 549 doc., from 1400 to 1412.

2. Τουρκοκρατουμένη Έλλάς. Athens, 1869.

3. Edited and trans., in collab. with Miller, the Cyprus chronicle of Macairas.

4. Bibliotheca graeca medii aevi. 6 vols. I-III, Venice, 1872-3; IV-VI, Paris, 1874-7.

Sauli, Luigi. Della colonia Genovesi in Galata. Turin, 1831. 2 vols. 8vo.

The valuable information in these volumes is practically without dates, and there is no index.

Schaffarik, Janko. See Safařík, Ivan.

Schéfer, Charles. French trans. of portion of Ibn Bibi. Editor, with copious notes, of Bertrandon de la Broquière, Spandugino, and a portion of Geuffraeus. His collection of oriental MSS. has recently enriched the Bibliothèque Nationale. The catalogue of his library, published in 1903 by H. Welter, Paris, is an addition to the bibliography of Oriental history, geography, and philology.

Schiltberger, Johannes. Gefangenschaft in der Turckey. Frankfort, 1557, 4to. Best modern German edition is: Ed. by K. Fr. Neumann under title Reisen des Johannes Schiltberger. Munich, 1859, 8vo. (Hammer used earlier reprint of Munich MS., Reise in den Orient, Munich, 1813.) English trans. by J. Buchan Telfer, R.N., with notes by Prof. P. Bruun of Odessa, published by the Hakluyt Society, London, 1879, 8vo, under title The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger.

Schlumberger, G. Numismatique de l’Orient latin. Paris, 1878, 4to.

Schmitt, John, Editor. The chronicle of Morea. Τὸ Χρονικὸν τοῦ Μορέως. (From the Copenhagen and Paris MSS.) London, 1904, 8vo.

Schönherr, G. Collab., with Pór, A., in the latest authoritative Hungarian history covering the 14th century.

pp. 478-90: Monnaies d’Imitation à légendes latines frappées par les princes ou émirs turcomans du Saroukhan, d’Aïdin, et de Mentesché.

Schulz, C. G. Geschichte des osmanischen Reichs. Leipzig, 1772, 8vo.

Schwandtner, J. G., editor. Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum veteres ac genuini. Tomus i. Vienna, 1746, fol.

Schwicker, J. H. German trans. of Kállay.

Seadeddin, Mohammed Ben Hassan (Khodja Effendi). Tajul-Tevarikh. The Crown of Histories. Constantinople, 1862. 2 vols. 4to. Of this most celebrated Ottoman historian, whose chronicle covers from the origin of the family, there are translations as follows:

1. Bratutti, Vicenzo. Cronica dell’ origine e progressi della casa ottomana, composta da Saidino Turco. Parte prima, Osman-Mohammed I, Vienna, 1649, 12mo. Parte secunda, Murad II and Mohammed II, Madrid, 1652.

Hammer uses this translation.

2. Kollar, A. F. Seadeddini annales Turcici usque ad Murad II. Turcice et Latine cura Ad. Fr. Kollar a Kerestan. Vienna, 1755 fol.

3. Seaman, Wm. The Reign of Sultan Orkhan, translated from Hodja effendi. London, 1652, 8vo.

4. History of the Turkish war with Rhodians, Venetians, Egyptians, Persians and other nations, written by Will Caoursin and Khodja Afendy, a Turk. London, 1683, 8vo.

This is an anon. trans. of Caoursin’s Historia Rhodi and Seadeddin’s recital of the siege of Rhodes under Mohammed II.

5. Galland, Antoine. Histoire ottomane, écrite par Saadud-din Mehemed Hassan, plus connu chez les Turcs sous le nom de Cogia Efendi, mise en françois par Antoine Galland, Professeur et Lecteur royal en langue arabe. A translation in MS. of Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds turc, 64. Vol. i, up to Murad II, is lacking. Vol. ii is in the Bibl. Nat. under fonds fr., 6074. A third volume, fonds fr., 6075, contains Bayezid II and Selim I.

Zinkeisen used this translation. But Jorga, i. 150, n. 1, is in error in believing that Zinkeisen had access to complete trans. This has been lacking since 18th cent. The whole comment of Jorga is confusing. He mixes Seadeddin with Neshri, and follows Zenker’s erroneous statement that Leunclavius’s Annali is a trans. of Seadeddin.

6. The story of the capture of Constantinople by Mohammed has been translated into French by Garcin de Tassy, Paris, 1826, and by Michaud, in his Bibl. des Croisades, vol. iii; into English by Gibb, Glasgow, 1879; and, in part, into German by Krause, Die Eroberungen von Konstantinopel im XIII. und XV. Jahrhundert, Halle, 1870, 8vo.

Seaman, William. English translator of portion of Seadeddin.

Secundinus, Nicolaus. Liber de familia Autumanarum ad Eneam, Senarum episcopum. Fol. 133-41 of MS. Latin 414 of K. Bibl., Munich. Published as Liber I in Johannes Ramus, which see.

This letter, written to Aenaeas Sylvius, afterwards Pope Pius II, from Naples, is one of the first western accounts of the Osmanlis. In the title-page of ‘De rebus Turcicis’, printed 1553, Secundinus is called ‘vetustissimo autore’.

Sefert, M. La Dalmatie, y compris... Patras, Athènes. Manuel de voyageur avec 88 gravures et 32 cartes et plans. Guide illustré Hartleben, no. 64. Vienna and Leipzig, 1912, 12mo.

Seiff, J. Reisen in der asiatischen Türkei. Leipzig, 1875.

Servi, Ferdinando. Compendium Historiae Turcicae. Venice, 1689. This is a trans. into Latin, then Italian, of Du Verdier. Some bibliographers have treated this as an original work.

Shehabeddin, Abul Abbas Ahmed. Mesalek al absar fi memalek alamsar. Footpaths of the eyes in the Kingdoms of the different Countries. Existing fragments, which include Asia Minor, trans. into French by Quatremère, in Notices et Extraits, xiii. 152-384, from MS. in Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, no. 2325.

Quatremère in discussing whether S. is from Damascus, Marash or Morocco, has overlooked Hadji Khalfa, Lex. Bibl., no. 10874, fol. 1832, who unhesitatingly calls him ‘écrivain de Damas’.

Sherefeddin Ali (Yezdi). Zéfer Namé. But MS. in Bibl. Nat., Paris, reads Kitabi fatih namehi Emir Timour (a Life of Timur by his own secretary). Trans. into Turkish by Mohammed ben al Agemi. Trans. into French by Petits de la Croix, under title Histoire de Timourbec, connu sous le nom du Gran Tamerlan, empereur des Mongols et Tartares. Paris, 1722. 4 vols. 12mo. No index. Another edition of same, Delft, 1723. 4 vols. 8vo.

Muralt, in the bibliography of his Chronographie byzantine, has fallen into the error of identifying Sherefeddin with Arabshah.

Shireddin. See Dorn.

Sidarouss, S. Les Patriarcats dans l’Empire Ottoman et spécialement en Égypte. Paris, 1907, la. 8vo.

Sidi Ali Ibn Hussein (Khatib Roumi). The Mirror of the Countries. Narration of Voyages. German trans. of Diez, trans. into French by Moris, with foreword on life and times of Sidi Ali. Paris, 1827, 8vo.

Silvestre de Sacy, A. I. French trans. of Makrisi’s Numismatics. Editor of letter of Dominican Friar. See note under Moranvillé, Henri de.

Sionita, Gabriel. Latin trans. of Edrisi in collab. with John Hesronita.

Sismondi, J. C. L. Sismonde de. Histoire des républiques italiennes du moyen âge. Paris, 1809. 8 vols. 12mo. New ed., Paris, 1840. 10 vols. 8vo.

Slane, G. de. 1. Catalogue des bibliothèques de Constantinople. In MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, no. 4474.

2. Cat. des MSS. arabes de la Bibl. Nat., Paris. 2 vols., 1883 and 1895. Still in MS.

3. Trans. into French Ibn Khaldun’s Prolegomena.

Smirnow, W. D. Collections scientifiques de l’Inst. des Langues orientales du Ministère des aff. étrang. Vol. viii, Manuscrits turcs. Petrograd, 1897, 8vo.

Solakzadé. Hist. Ott. Emp. from beginning to Soleiman II, in 1 vol.

Spandugino, Teodoro. I commentari di Teo. Spandugino Cantacusino, gentil’huomo Constantinopolitano. Costumi e leggi de’ Turchi: origine de’ Prencipi Turchi. Lucca, 1550. Florence, 1551. Also in Sansovino, pp. 107-36, 182-206. Charles Schéfer has published and edited an early French MS. trans. of above: Petit traicté de l’origine des Turcqz. Paris, 1896, 8vo.

Excellent for erudite display of bibliographical knowledge, but Schéfer’s comments on chronicle are disappointing, and his chronology is inaccurate.

Spiegel. See Jo. Gaudier.

Sprenger, A. See Fitzclarence, George.

Sreznavski, L. Russian trans. of Clavijo.

Stella, Giorgio. Annales Genuenses. (1298-1409.) Continued by ‘Frater Johannes’ to 1435. In Muratori, xvii. 947-1318.

Stewart, Aubrey. English trans. of portion of Secreta fidelium crucis of Marino Sanuto (Torsello).

Stewart, Charles. English trans. of anon. Memoirs of Timur.

Stritter, J. G. Memoriae populorum, olim ad Danubium, Pontum Euxinum, paludem Maeotidem, Caucasum, mare Caspium et inde magis ad septentriones incolentium, e scriptoribus Byzantinis erutae et digestae. Petrograd, 1779. 4 vols. 4to.

Numerous writers have gone to Stritter, and quoted from him, in citing Byzantine writers of 13th and 14th cent.

Strzygowski, Josef. Die Calendarbilder des Chronographen vom Jahre 354, mit 30 Tafeln. Berlin, 1888, 4to.

Szalay, Ladislas. Geschichte Ungarns. Trans. from Hungarian by Heinrich Wögerer. Buda-Pest, 1866-9. 3 vols. 8vo.

Szilagyi, Alexander. Editor of A Magyar Nemzet Törtenete.

Tafel, G. L. F. 1. De Via Egnatia. Tübingen, 1842.

2. Symbola critica ad geographiam Byzantinam spectantia. K. Bayer. Akademie, vol. v.

3. Editor of Panaretos.

4. Urkunden zur älteren Handels-und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig. Vienna, 1856. (In collab. with Thomas, G. M.)

Tahir-Zade, Ahmed Aga. Tarikhi-Aga. Constantinople, 1876. 5 vols. 8vo. General Hist. of Ott. Emp. from foundation.

Tarbé, P. Editor of Eustache Deschamps.

Tartini, J. M., ed. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Florence, 1748-70. 2 vols. la. fol. (A supplement to Muratori: codices of Laurentinian Library.) Newly edited, Rome, 1909, by V. Fiorini et al., as vols. xxvi and xxvii of the new Muratori.

Tauber, Nicholas von. German trans. of Geuffraeus.

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. Les six voyages... qu’il a faits en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes, pendant quarante ans. Nouvelle éd., reveüe et corrigée. Paris, 1713. 5 vols. 12mo.

Tchihatcheff, P. de. Asie Mineure: description physique statistique et archéol. Avec atlas de 28 cartes. Paris, 1853-6. 2 vols. 8vo.

Telfer, J. B. English trans. of Schiltberger.

Texeira. Voyages de Texeira, ou l’Histoire des Rois des Perses. Trad. de l’espagnol par Colotendi (d’après Barbier). Paris, 1681. 2 vols. 12mo.

Texeira follows Mirkhond.

Texier, Charles. Asie Mineure: description géogr., hist. et archéol. Paris, 1862, 8vo. In series ‘L’Univers illustré’. A larger and earlier edition was published in Paris, 1839-49. 3 vols. fol., with 241 plates and maps.

Thallóczy. (In collab. with Gelčić.) 1. Diplomata relationum reipublicae Ragusinae cum regno Hungariae. Buda-Pesth, 1887.

2. Studien zur Geschichte Bosniens und Serbiens im Mittelalter... übersetzt von Dr. Franz Eckhardt. Munich, 1914, 8vo.

Theiner, Augustus. 1. Monumenta vetera historiam Hungariae sacram illustrantia. Maximam partem nondum edita. Ex tabulariis vaticanis deprompta, collecta ac serie chronol. disposita. Ab Honorio III. ad Clementem VII. (1216-1526). Rome, 1859-60. 2 vols. fol.

2. Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia. Rome and Agram, 1863, 1875. 2 vols. 8vo.

Contains papal letters for our period.

Thomas, A. Les lettres à la cour des papes... 1290-1423. Rome, 1884, 8vo. Also in Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire, vols. ii and iv.

Thomas, G. M. 1. Collab. with Tafel in compilation of Urkunden zur älteren Handels-und Staatsgeschichte.

2. Collab. with Predelli in Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum.

Thornberg. Latin trans. of Ibn Khaldun.

Thurócz, Johann. Illustrissima Hungariae regum chronica. In Schwandtner, i. 39-291.

Thury, Josef. Hungarian trans. of Neshri.

Tindal, N. English trans. of Cantemir.

Toderini, Abbé Jean-Baptiste. De la littérature des Turcs. Trad. de l’italien en français par l’abbé Cournand. Paris, 1789. 3 vols. 8vo.

Toderini was chaplain to the Bailie of Venice at Constantinople from 1779 to 1785. In historical points he follows Cantemir pretty closely. Of the Ottoman historians he seems to know only Seadeddin and Hadji Khalfa.

Toderini, T. (in collab. with B. Cecchetti). Il R. Archivio di Venezia. Venice, 1873, 8vo.

Tozer, H. F. 1. The Church and the Eastern Empire. London, 1888. 4to.

2. Editor of 1877 edition of Finlay.

Traut, Veit. Türkischer Kayser Ankunft Krieg und Sieg wider die Christen biss auf den Zwelfften yetzt Regierenden Tyrannen Soleymannum. With 15 woodcuts. Augsburg, 1543, fol.

Tudelle, Benjamin de. In Bergeron.

Tychsen, O. G. Latin trans. of Makrisi.

Urechi, Grégoire. Chronique de Moldavie, depuis le milieu du XIV^e siècle jusqu’à 1594. Texte roumain en caractères slavons. Traduction par Émile Picot. École des Langues viv. orientales, vol. ix. Paris, 1879, 8vo.

Ursins, Jean-J. des. Histoire de Charles VI. Edited by Godefroy. Paris, 1614, 4to.

Ursu, I. Editor, with Rumanian notes, of Donado da Lezze.

Vambéry, Hermann. 1. Alt-osmanische Sprachstudien. Leyden, 1901, 8vo.

2. Hungary. ‘Story of Nations’ series. London, 1898, 8vo.

3. Geschichte Bocharas oder Transoxaniens. Stuttgart, 1872.

Vanel. Abrégé nouveau de l’histoire gén. des Turcs... depuis leur établissement jusqu’à présent. Avec les Portraits des Empereurs ottomans tirez sur les meilleurs originaux. Paris, 1689. 3 vols. 12mo.

Van Gaver, Jules. Collab. with Jouannin.

Vattier, Pierre. French trans. of Arabshah.

Vertot, Abbé. Histoire des chevaliers de Saint-Jean. Amsterdam, 1732. 7 vols. 12mo.

Vigénaire, Blaise de. French trans. of Chalcocondylas.

Villani, Giovanni. Historia universalis (in Italian). Muratori, xiii. 1-1002.

Villani died of the plague in 1348.

Villani, Matteo, and his son Filippo. Historia ab 1348 ad 1365. A continuation of the Historia universalis. (Also in Italian.) Muratori, xiv. 1-770.

A most valuable contemporary record for first conquests of Murad I in Europe.

Vivien de Saint-Martin, Louis. Description historique et géogr. de l’Asie Mineure. Paris, 1852. 2 vols. 8vo.

Vlasto, E.-A. Trans. into French portion of Hopf which relates to Giustiniani family of Chios.

Vullers, J. A. Latin trans. of Mirkhond.

Wavrin, Jean de. Les Chronicques d’Engleterre. Edited by Mlle. du Pont. Paris, 1858-63. 2 vols. 8vo.

Wenzel, G. Monumenta Hungariae historica. Buda-Pest, 1876, 8vo.

Werunski, E. Excerpta ex registris Clementis VI et Innocentii VI... (541 documents from 1342 to 1360). Innsbruck, 1885, 8vo.

White, Joseph. Editor of Clarendon Press (1783) Persian text of Timur’s memoirs.

Wirth, A. Geschichte der Türken. 2nd ed. Stuttgart, 1913, 12mo.

Wögerer, H. German trans. of Szalay.

Wolff. Geschichte der Mongolen. Breslau, 1872.

Wright, J. Editor of Mandeville.

Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand. 1. Vergleichungs-Tabellen der muhammedanischen und christlichen Zeitrechnung, nach dem ersten Tage jedes muham. Monats berechnet und im Auftrage und auf Kosten der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig, 1854, 4to.

This is reproduced in Mas Latrie’s Trésor de Chronologie, &c., pp. 549-622.

2. Geschichte der Türken mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des vermeintlichen Anrechts derselben auf den Besitz von Griechenland. Leipzig, 1899, 8vo.

A book full of inaccuracies and misleading statements: altogether unworthy of the author of the Tabellen.

Wuttke, Heinrich. Editor of German trans. of P. J. Safařík.

Wylie, H. History of England under Henry IV. London, 1884-98. 4 vols. 12mo.

Xénopol, A. D. Histoire des Roumains. Paris, 1896. 2 vols. 1a. 8vo. This is a translation, revised and abridged by the author himself, of Istoria Rominilor din Dacia traiana. Jassy, 1888-93. 6 vols. 8vo.

Yahia, Nasreddin. See Ibn Bibi.

Yale, H. English trans. of Marco Polo.

Zagorsky, Vladimir. François Rački et la renaissance scientifique et politique de la Croatie. Paris, 1909, 8vo.

pp. 178-81 contain exposé of Bosno-Serbo-Croatian relations at time of Ottoman conquest.

Zenker, J. Th. Bibliotheca Orientalis. Leipzig, 1848-61. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. i contains: Arabic, Persian, and Turkish books from invention of printing to 1840; vol. ii, a supplement of preceding up to 1860, and books on Christian Orient.

Compiled in haphazard fashion: very incomplete: most important works are omitted: in giving translations Seadeddin is confused with Ali.

Zinkeisen, Johann Wilhelm. Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs in Europa. Gotha, 1840-63. 7 vols. 8vo. In Allgemeine Staatengeschichte, I, 15 Werke. Vol. i up to 1453.

Jorga’s recent work is 37 in the same series.

Zollikofer, Lucas. German trans. of Pedro Mexia.

Zotenberg, H. French trans. of Jean of Nikiou.

Anonymous

Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani (1315-1402). In Miklositch and Müller, Acta et diplomata, vol. i.

Anciennes Chroniques de Savoye. Cols. 1-382 in Monumenta Historiae Patriae: Scriptores, vol. i.

Contemporary account of Amadeo’s expedition to the Levant.

Chronik aus Kaiser Sigmunds Zeit (1126-1434). Edited by Th. von Kern, in Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte, Nürnberg, i. 344-414. Leipzig, 1862, 8vo.

La Chronique du duc Loys de Bourbon. Ed. by P. P. Chazaud, Paris, 1876, 8vo.

Chronique de Morée. Edited for Soc. Hist. France by Jean de Longnon. Paris, 1911, 8vo.

See also Rodd, Sir Rennell, Schmitt, John, and Morel-Fatio, A.

Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis. Edited by Bellaguet, in Coll. des Doc. inédits sur l’hist. de France, XVII, tome ii. 504. Paris, 1839-52. 6 vols. 4to.

Nicopolis expedition, ii. 425-30, 483-532.

Chronique des quatre premiers Valois. (1327-93.) Edited by S. Luce. Paris, 1861, 8vo.

Cronica Dolfina. Bibl. Marc., Venice, MS. ital., class 7, no. 794.

Derbend Namé. English trans. with Turkish text, by Mirza A. Kazem bey. St. Petersburg, 1851, 4to.

The Dominican Friar’s Account of Timur. See Moranvillé, Henri, and Silvestre de Sacy, A. I.

Έπιρωτικά (Epirotica). Historia Epiri a Michaele Nepote Duce conscripta. Six fragments, forming pp. 207-79, in Historia et Politica Patriarchica Constantinopoleos. (In Corpus Script. Byz.) Bonn, 1849, 8vo.

La Généalogie du Grand-Turc (Lyon ed.). See Gycaud.

Livre des faicts du bon messire Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut. Bibl. Nat., fonds fr., no. 11432. Th. Godefroy edited and published this MS., Paris, 1620, 4to. Modern editions: Collection Petitot, VI and VII; Michaud et Poujoulat, II; and Buchon, Choix de chroniques (Panthéon littéraire), III. Paris, 1853.

Memoirs of Timur. Supposed to be an autobiography in Djagatai Turkish, MS. of which was discovered in the Yemen.

1. Persian trans. by Abu Halib Hussein. The text was edited by Professor White, and publ. by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1783, with a trans. into English by Major Davy. A second English trans. was made by Charles Stewart, under title Mulfuzat timüry or autobiographical memoirs of the Moghul emp. Timur. London, 1830, 4to.

2. French trans. from Persian by L. Langlès, under title Instituts politiques et militaires de Tamerlan, écrit par lui-même. Paris, 1787, 8vo.

Mira-ari tarikh Osmani. (Ottoman history.) Constantinople, 1876, 8vo.

Monumenta Pisana. In Muratori, xv. 973-1088.

Relation de la Croisade de Nicopolis par un serviteur de Gui de Blois. The two MSS. in the Library of the Duc d’Arenbourg and the Ashburnham collection are published by Kervyn de Lettenhove, in his edition of Froissart, xv. 439-508; xvi. 413-43.

Series Imperatorum Turcicorum. In Foglietta, de Originibus.

Tractatus de ritu et moribus Turcarum. Cologne, c. 1488; Wittenberg, with preface by Martin Luther, 1530; German trans. by Sebastian Franck, without place, 1530; augmented edition of Franck’s trans., Berlin, 1590. The same work under title Tractatus de ritu, moribus et multiplicatione nequitiae Turcarum, Paris, 1514, 8vo.

By a Christian slave under Murad II. Rambaud, Hist. gén., iii. 867, cites an edition of Paris, 1509, 4to, which he attributes to Ricoldus. But I do not find this name in other editions.

Serbian Chronicles

Chronicle of the Abbey Tronosha. Chronicle of Pek, quoted by Mijatovitch.

Byzantine Historians

1. Historiae byzantinae scriptores. Louvre ed. Paris, 1645-1711. 38 vols. fol. Venice, 1727-33. 23 vols.

2. Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae. Ed. by Niebuhr. Bonn, 1828-78. 49 vols. 8vo.

3. Patrologia Graeca. Ed. by Migne. Paris, 1857-66, 161 vols. 4to.

The writers who deal with the 14th cent. are:

1. Pachymeres (1258-1308). Bonn, 1835. 2 vols. 8vo. Rome, 1660.

2. Nicephorus Gregoras (1204-1351). Bonn, 1855. Paris, 1702, 2 vols.

3. Johannes VI Cantacuzenos (1320-57). Bonn, 1828-32. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1645. Migne, ciii-civ.

4. Manuel I Palaeologos (1388-1407). Migne, clvi. 82-582.

5. Chalcocondylas, Laonicus (1298-1462). Bonn, 1843. Paris, 1650. Migne, vol. clix.

6. Ducas, Johannes (1341-1462). Bonn, 1834. Migne, clvii. 750-1166. Paris, 1649. Chronicon Breve—added to Ducas.

7. Phrantzes, George (1259-1477). Bonn, 1838. Migne, vol. clvi. Vienna, 1796.

8. Panaretos, Michail (1204-1386). For Trebizond. See editions under his card.

9. Historia Epirotica. Bonn, 1849. (In vol. xxiii.)

Venetian Archives

Original MS. collections referred to in my book:

I. Commemoriali. A transcription of miscellaneous acts, bulls, &c., 1295-1787. 33 vols. la. fol. Vols. i-ix, 1295-1405. i, 1295-8. ii, 1309-16. iii, 1317-26. iv, 1325-43. v, 1342-52. vi, 1353-8. vii, 1358-62. viii, 1362-76. viii (2), 1376-97. ix, 1395-1405. The Commemoriali have been edited by Riccardo Predelli. See also Thomas.

II. Misti (Deliberationes mixtae). ‘Continentes res terrestres et maritimas.’ 1293-1440. First 14 volumes (1293-1331) were burned in 1574 or 1577, but indices have been preserved in the Rubricarii. 60 vols. fol. xv-xxxii, 1332-67; xxxiii-xli, 1368-88; xlii-xlix, 1389-1413. Rubricarii. Indices of the Misti. 4 vols. i, 1293-1368 (32 registers); ii, 1368-89 (9 registers); iii, 1389-1413 (9 registers).

III. Secreti (Deliberationes secretae). For foreign affairs. 1345-1401. Numbered by letters. 19 vols., A to S, of which only four remain. A and B, 1345-50; R (now called E), March 1388-97; and L, May 1373-Feb. 1376. One feels deeply the loss of these records, especially of S, which went from April 1397 to Feb. 1400.

IV. Patti. 7 registers of treaties from 883 to 1496.

V. Liber Albus. Treaties, privileges, &c., with the Levant (principally for commerce) up to 1348.

VI. Libri Secretorum Consilii Rogatorum, commonly called ‘Cons. Rog.’. A continuation of the Secreti from April 10, 1401, to Feb. 26, 1476. These volumes bear Arabic numerals, not letters. There are 27 registers, of which no. 1 contains the Anatolian campaign of Timur and the downfall of Bayezid.

In the classified bibliography, the collections in which documents from Venetian records have been published are grouped.

Footnotes

1 The Keraites, a tribe of large numbers, established on the frontier of China, were Christians in the early times: Resheddin, Quatremère edition, i. 93. The Council of Lyons sent missionaries to Mongols in the reign of Innocent IV, 1245. For account of missions to Mongols in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries see Howorth, i. 68 f., 189-92; ii. 183 n.; iii. 72-5, 278-81, 348-55, 576-80: also documents of the Ming period, trans. by Hirth, p. 65.

2 I have witnessed a similar migration, when the Bulgarians broke into Thrace in October 1912. The progress of the fleeing Turks, even on the plains, was painfully slow, and the mortality was frightful.

3 Neshri (Nöldeke’s translation), in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xiii. 190.

4 Seadeddin, Casa Ottomana (Bratutti trans.), i. 6.

5 Neshri, xiii. 190.

6 See Appendix B for these emirates.

7 There is a collection of State papers in Persian, Arabic and Turkish, Feridun (Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. turc, 79), which contains some letters and decrees of the earliest sultans, but there is no proof of the authenticity of these documents.

8 Neshri and Idris, end fifteenth century; Seadeddin, end sixteenth century; Hadji Khalfa, seventeenth century. See Bibliography.

9 In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, I have examined, as far as I know, all the books concerning Turkey printed before 1600. See list in Bibliography.

10 Jorga, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches (in the Geschichte der europaïschen Staaten), published 1908-13, preface and i. 152-3.

11 Up to the death of Ertogrul (1288), I follow Neshri, ZDMG., xiii. 188-98, unless otherwise specified. Direct quotation is indicated by quotation marks.

12 A.D. 1219. Evliya effendi, i. 27, gives A.H. 600; Seadeddin and Hadji Khalfa, A.H. 619; Drechsler, Chron. Saracenorum, A.H. 610.

13 Or Kharesm? Schéfer, in preface to his translation of Riza Kouly’s embassy to Kharesm, Bibl. de l’École des langues viv. orientales, 1^re série, vol. iii., says that Kharesm in part was identical with Khorassan. But Shehabeddin, trans. by Quatremère in Notices et Extraits, xiii. 289, declares that Kharesm is a country distinct from Khorassan. Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, MS. fr., Bibl. Nat., Paris, nouv. ac., no. 888, p. 815, supports this opinion. The very fact that these writers are so careful to make this assertion shows, however, that there was much confusion as to these terms. According to Vambéry, Kharesm is still in Djagatai Turkish, the diplomatical and political name for the modern Khanate of Khiva. Howorth, History of Mongols, ii. 78, says that the Turkish tribes remained in these countries after the Mongol conquest. Is this the Organa or Urgheuz of Marco Polo?

14 Hussein Hezarfenn, ii. 287, and Chalcocondylas (Patr. Graec., Migne, vol. clix), 21, call the father of Ertogrul Oguzalp. For critical discussion see Appendix A.

15 This title is invariably given by Neshri to every ruler in the direct line of Osman, just as he calls the Christian opponents of the Osmanlis unbelievers.

16 Probably Sultan Inoenu, anticipating the later name of this district.

17 Sagredo, the Italian historian, whose work was greatly esteemed by Gibbon, makes the curious error of calling Alaeddin ‘Lord of Aleppo and Damascus’.

18 ‘A great mountain situated between Kutayia and Brusa’: Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1975; ‘The paths up this mountain are so difficult that one on foot has a thousand pains to reach the top’: ibid., fol. 1850.

19 Rasmussen, Annales Islamici, p. 41, confuses this city with Kutayia, and gives its capture by Ertogrul under date of 1285.

20 Thus in Ali and Neshri. Seadeddin attributes this dream to Ertogrul. But the confusion between Ertogrul and Osman is marked in all the Ottoman historians.

21 The Ottoman historians give as reason for the refusal the social difference between his daughter and the ‘young prince’. This is an excellent illustration of how, writing in the zenith of Ottoman prosperity, the historians lost their sense of proportion or were actually compelled to write in flattering terms of the founder of their royal house.

22 Hammer, i. 67, in relating this dream, has transcribed with fidelity and felicity the Persian poetry of Idris.

23 Leunclavius, Pandectes, p. 113, following Ali, attributes the moon dream to Ertogrul, and places it at Konia. Boecler, Commentarius de rebus turcicis, pp. 104-5, following Chalcocondylas, does likewise, but relates the Koran dream of Osman. Seadeddin, p. 11, makes the dream distinctly religious, and while not mentioning the love story or Malkhatun by name, infers that Osman receives intimation of his marriage with Edebali’s daughter only through Edebali’s interpretation of the dream. This failure to mention Malkhatun is all the more significant when we see later how much attention Seadeddin gives to Nilufer. Evliya effendi, ii. 19, says that through the marriage of Osman to Malkhatun, the Ottoman sultans became descendants of the Prophet!

24 I should except from this statement Rambaud, who, in Hist. générale, iii. 822-4, states that the conversion of the Osmanlis to Islam took place during the chieftainship of Osman. The general character of the work to which he was contributing, and the limits of space, did not allow him to give any reasons in support of this position. Vanell, Histoire de l’Empire ottoman, p. 357, says that Ertogrul was a pagan until he became converted through reading the Koran.

25 From personal acquaintance with them, I can testify that these nomads (Yuruks) have remained up to the twentieth century with only the most vague idea of Mohammed and with no idea at all of the Koran and the ritual observances of Islam.

26 See Shehabeddin, MS. Paris, Bibl. Nat., fonds arabe 2325, fol. 69 vº-70 rº, citing Mesoudi and earlier writers for the propagation of Islam among the Bulgarians.

27 Cf. Cahun’s masterly contribution to Hist. générale, ii. 887.

28 Abul Faradj, Chronicon Syr., pp. 606-8.

29 The Ottoman historians mention none, either of friendship or enmity, during the entire life of Osman.

30 The improbable connexion between Ertogrul and Osman and the Seljuk sovereigns of Konia has been accepted without question by European historians, on the strength of the assertions of the Ottoman historians. This is curious, because the evidence against this connexion is overwhelming. The Seljuk Empire of Rum lost its independence at the battle of Erzindjian, 1244 (cf. Heyd, Histoire du commerce dans le Levant, i. 534). Neshri himself confesses that after this date ‘now remained only the bare name of the Seljuk Kings’: ZDMG., xiii. 195. In view of the established facts of history, it is astonishing that European historians should have up to this time perpetuated, and given their sanction to, a fiction which was invented for the purpose of helping Mohammed II to incorporate Karamania in his empire! The limits of a footnote forbidding the adequate discussion of this question and the citation of the authorities, I must refer my readers to Appendix A.

31 Neshri, ZDMG., xiii. 196, says seventy years. But in his reckoning he constantly contradicts himself. Sheïr means city, eski old, and yeni new.

32 All the Ottoman historians agree upon this number.

33 ‘The unbelievers and believers of that land honoured Ertogrul and his son’: Neshri, p. 197. That Christians lived everywhere without molestation in the midst of non-converted Turkish tribes is asserted by Heyd, ii. 65.

34 It is altogether likely that Osman received his name at the time of his conversion. Is it not significant that his father, his brothers, his son even, as well as most of his warriors, had purely pagan Turkish names?

35 Tableau de l’Empire ottoman, iv. 373.

36 See Appendix B.

37 During the late war with the Balkan allies, the newspapers of the world spoke of ‘driving the Turks back to Asia, where they belong’, and of the re-establishment of the Ottoman capital at Brusa or Konia!

38 See Armain’s translation of the Djihannuma (Mirror of the World), a universal geography by Hadji Khalfa, in the Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS., fonds français, nouv. ac., nos. 888-9. The section on Asia Minor, although written in some detail, does not contain many of the names which we find in the Ottoman historians. I wish to register a protest against inflicting on students and readers of history lists of names that can have no possible meaning to them. I have omitted from this work the names of places and persons upon which I can get no light.

39 Hadji Khalfa, op. cit., fol. 1917, makes an error in giving the distance from Brusa to Yeni Sheïr as two days. I have driven from Brusa to Nicaea in one day of not fast going. Yeni Sheïr is on the main road between these cities, six hours from Brusa and four hours from Nicaea.

40 The early European historians make the wildest statements about Osman’s field of action. Many of them call Ottomanjik, a place four days or five north-east of Eski Sheïr, his first conquest: Cuspianus (Antwerp ed., 1541), p. 6; Spandugino, in Sansovino, p. 143; Egnatius, p. 28. Cf. Hadji Khalfa, op. cit., fol. 1789. But this place was not captured by the Osmanlis until the reign of Bayezid: Evliya, op. cit., ii. 95. Paulo Giovio, an Italian historian greatly esteemed in his day, puts among the notable conquests of Osman the city and district of Sivas, as does also Rabbi Joseph, in his famous Chronicles, Eng. trans. of Biallobotzky, ii. 505. Donado da Lezze, Historia Turchesca, Rumanian edition of Ursu, pp. 4 and 5, makes him conqueror of Rum, province of Sivas, Phoenicia, ‘et altri luoghi’! Cuspianus, De Turcarum Origine, quotes Donado da Lezze almost literally. Richer, De Rebus Turcarum, written for the information of Francis I of France, says, p. 11: ‘Circiter 1300, Ottomannus impune invitis omnibus summam imperii, quod ante partitum tenebant factiosi magistratus, occupavit, seseque Asiae minoris sive Anatoliae imperatorem nominare sit aggressus. Syvam, quae eadem cum Sebaste est, expugnavit, et oppida ad Euxinum posita non pauca cepit.’ (The italics are mine.) Hussein Hezarfenn, one of the Ottoman historians whose work has been most widely read and quoted in Europe, says of Ertogrul, who never saw the sea, ‘He equipped several ships, with which he made a raid into the Aegaean Sea, pillaged the islands, descended upon Greece, penetrated up to the Peloponnesus, and returned to his home (the little village of Sugut!) laden down with wealth and followed by a great army composed of experienced warriors of all sorts of nations whom the renown of his bravery and his good fortune attracted to his service: which increased so greatly his reputation in Asia that Sultan Alaeddin even found it to his advantage to cultivate him’: trans. of Petits de la Croix, ii. 288-9.

41 I am not sure that I am justified in using the expression ‘undisputed sway’ even for this small territory. Pachymeres, IV. 30, pp. 345-7, speaks of a certain Soleiman pasha, who was threatening Nicomedia in 1303; and V. 23, p. 427, of Alisur retiring to the Sangarius after Roger had relieved Philadelphia in 1307.

42 Probably the first conquest of Osman. This city, on the Kara Su, is still a thriving place. Its situation is most picturesque. The author of the Arabic History of the Kurds (Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. of Ducaurroy, fol. 151 rº, 152 rº) makes Biledjik the city granted to Ertogrul by Alaeddin, and declares that he captured Sugut (Sukidjeh) from the ‘infidels of Tekkur’.

43 Angelcoma of the Byzantines.

44 The only conquest of Osman not in the direction of Byzantium. Hadji Khalfa, op. cit., fol. 1851.

45 ‘Situated between Yeni Sheïr, Brusa, and Aïnegoel. They count one day from Yeni Sheïr to Yar Hissar by the road which goes to Kutayia’: Hadji Khalfa, fol. 1917.

46 The Ottomans name this place Kuyun Hissar. See Schéfer edition of Spandugino, p. 16 n.

47 Pachymeres, IV. 25, p. 327, says the battle was fought July 27. Jorga, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, i. 157, is in error in placing date June 27; Hammer, i. 190, and Jorga both give year 1301. Muralt, Chronographie Byzantine, ii. 480, has this battle under 1302.

48 Pach., IV. 25, p. 335.

49 Cantemir, Rumanian ed., i. 20, seems to infer that Osman attacked Nicomedia after this battle. He is certainly wrong in stating that Osman captured Kutayia. See pp. 274, 292-3.

50 Pach., V. 9; Gregoras, VII, i, p. 214.

51 Pach., in Stritter, Memoriae Populorum, iii. 1086-7; D’Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols, iv. 315. Andronicus made a second appeal in 1308, and gave his own sister, Marie, who is known to later Mongol historians as ‘Despina Khatun’, to Mohammed Khodabendah Khan, after Khodabendah’s conversion to Islam: ibid., iv. 536; Hertzberg, Geschichte der Byzantiner und des Osmanischen Reiches, p. 461.

52 I can find no justification for Howorth’s statement, ‘This alliance seems to have had a restraining influence upon the Turks’, in his History of the Mongols, iii. 464.

53 See Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes, vi. 318, where the date of this momentous event is given as ‘vers 1305’.

54 Pach., V. 14, pp. 399-400; 21, pp. 410, 417.

55 Pach., V. 23, pp. 426-8; Greg., VII. 3, p. 221.

56 Pach., V. 21, p. 423; Greg., loc. cit.

57 Greg., loc. cit. Cf. Muralt, after Latin authorities, ii. 487.

58 Pachymeres, Books V, VI, and VII; Gregoras, Book VII, passim, and Phrantzes, Book I; Moncada, Expedicion de los Catalanes; Muntaner, in Bibliothek des lit. Vereins zu Stuttgart, vol. viii. For their later adventures there is an excellent account in Finlay, History of Greece, iv. 146-56.

59 Andronicus wrote to his empress, urging her not to try to return to Constantinople from Salonika by land: Pach., VII. 12, p. 586; Chalcocondylas (ed. Bonn), I, p. 19.

60 Greg. VII. 8, pp. 254-8; Chalc., I, p. 19; Jorga, op. cit., i. 160, speaks of ‘die schöne mit Perlen und Edelsteinen geschmückte Krone’ of Michael. Was it not rather a turban? See Hammer, i. 364, note x.

61 ‘The emperor of Constantinople fears the anger of the Khan of Kapdjak and is eager to disarm him by protestations of submission and efforts to obtain a continuance of the truce. Things have always been on this footing since the children of Djenghiz Khan began to reign in this country’: Shebabeddin, Paris MS., fol. 70 rº.

62 Ducange, Hist. de Constantinople sous les Emp. Français, map section, p. 46.

63 Ducange, Hist. de Constantinople sous les Emp. Français, map section, p. 54.

64 The Venetians were jealous of the growing power of Genoa and the hostility shown to Venetian merchants at Constantinople. See Appendix B. Also Heyd, Handelsgeschichte des Mittelalters, i. 366.

65 Ducange, ibid., p. 57; Buchon, Collection des chroniques nat. fr., p. lv.

66 Muralt, Chronographie Byzantine, ii. 493, no. 21, n.

67 A rabble without arms actually arrived at Marseilles. The ships were prevented from leaving Brindisi by a storm. Cf. Iacomo Bosio, Della Historia della Religione, ii. 1. At the very moment this effort to start a crusade was ending in dismal failure, the two kings on whose behalf it was planned were engaged in a bitter quarrel! Clement V, Epistola Comm. vii. 773-4, 787.

68 Les Giustiniani, Dynastes de Chios, Vlasto’s French translation of Hopf’s great monograph, p. 8.

69 Mas-Latrie, Histoire de Chypre, ii. 602.

70 Mas-Latrie, op. et loc. cit.; Heyd, French edition, i. 537.

71 A splendid field for historical research, which, as far as I know, has never yet been touched, is the compilation, from the Vatican records, of the dates for the extinction of the dioceses of the early Christian world in Africa and Asia. When did the bishops of these dioceses begin to be appointed and consecrated in partibus?

72 Bosio, op. cit., ii. 37; Abbé Vertot, Histoire des Chevaliers de Malte, i. 106.

73 See Bosio, ii. 37 f., and Vertot, i. 101 f. With a view to glorifying the Order, and also the Duke of Savoy, this fiction has been fabricated and perpetuated. Even such a serious work as that of Muralt gives, upon the strength of Raynaldus, who merely quotes Bosio, Osman as leader of this attack upon Rhodes: see Chronographie Byzantine, ii. 507. During the recent war between Italy and Turkey, when it was a question of Rhodes, more than one leading Italian newspaper revived this story of the founder of the Italian royal house defeating the founder of the Ottoman royal house. There is, of course, no foundation whatever for the statement.

74 So Clement V evidently believed. See his letter to the Genoese in Epistola Comm. vii. 10.

75 That the Sangarius used to run into the Gulf of Nicomedia instead of into the Black Sea is the opinion of many geographers, ancient as well as modern. There have been a number of projects to connect the Sangarius, Lake Sabandja, and the Gulf of Nicomedia by canals that would give a deep waterway across the plain and prevent the frequent overflooding which has always been a source of loss to cultivators in that region.

76 Idris, quoted by Hammer, i. 192.

77 Brusa is three hours by carriage from its port on the southern side of the Gulf of Mudania, or one hour by narrow-gauge railway. One can reach Nicaea either from the Gulf of Mudania or that of Nicomedia.

78 Pach., VII. 18, pp. 597-9.

79 Pach., VII. 25, p. 620. The Turks call this castle Hodjahissar.

80 Ibid., loc. cit. But Pachymeres puts the number of these Tartars as 30,000, which must be at least a tenfold exaggeration.

81 Seadeddin, translation Brattuti, p. 27. Bratutti, whose transcription of Turkish names is often unintelligible to me, calls Karadja Hissar ‘Codgia’.

82 Ibn Batutah, Voyages, ii. 320, speaks of buildings which must have been erected at these baths by Orkhan within the decade following the capture of Brusa. Earlier buildings, according to him, were constructed ‘by a Turcoman king’: ibid., p. 318. Tchekirdje is still a favourite resort for foreigners as well as for natives.

83 Cantacuzenos and Gregoras.

84 Greg., IX. 2, p. 401.

85 Cant., I. 42, pp. 204-6, 208; Greg., VIII. 15, p. 384; Greg., IX, c. 1, pp. 390-2, says it was the young Andronicus who first planned to break again with his grandfather. However that may be, the impression among the Greeks in Asia Minor who were endeavouring to hold back the enemies of the empire must have been the same!

86 Greg., IX. 1, p. 392.

87 In the volume on ‘L’Ancien Régime’ in Taine’s Origines de la France contemporaine, pp. 3-6, there is a wonderful analysis of the effect of early Latin Christianity upon the pagan mind. The Greek Church of the fourteenth century could produce no such impression.

88 From the earliest Ottoman times to the present day religion and nationality have not been divorced. Osmanli and Moslem were synonymous terms, just as to-day in the Balkan peninsula, where the Ottoman Empire was really founded, Turk and Moslem are synonymous terms. When once this is understood, the student and traveller is freed from his preconceived notion that the ‘Turks’, as that expression is to-day understood in Turkey, are an Asiatic race, who have held the country as conquering invaders.

89 Jorga, i. 162, is mistaken in saying, ‘überall wurden die Goldmünzen Osmans gern angenommen.’ Hadji Khalfa says that Osman struck no money. Also Colonel Djevad bey, Histoire militaire de l’Empire ottoman, i. 95. Save several silver pieces, which are not proven genuine, of the collection of Abbé Sestini (Salaberry, Hist. de l’Emp. ott., iv. 193), I can find record in numismatic collections of no money of Osman. For discussion of this question see Hammer, i. 117, who cites several Ottoman historians against coinage before Orkhan, and Toderini, Historia della letteratura ottomana, French trans., iii. 183.

90 Appendix B, on the Emirates of Asia Minor during the Fourteenth Century, contains the identification and description of these neighbours.

91 See Shehabeddin, Paris MS., 139 vº, which is cited in part on p. 70.

92 The chieftainship among the Turks was elective rather than hereditary. The Armenian Haython, who had excellent opportunities for observing their customs at this period, wrote: ‘Puisque les Turcs pristrent la seigneurie de Turquie, ilz ordonnerent un seigneur entre eulx, lequel ilz appelerent le Soudan’: MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds français, 2810, fol. 230 vº. Hussein Hezarfenn says (ii. 287-9) that Ertogrul succeeded his father by election and, in turn, manœuvred to secure the election of Osman. Evliya effendi, i. 27, declares that Osman was elected chief. This is also stated by Barletius, in Lonicerus, vol. ii, fol. 231-2; Spandugino; Cantemir (Rumanian ed.), i. 19; and Vanell, p. 359. Cf. Chalcocondylas (ed. Migne), col. 24.

93 For dates see Bibliography.

94 Nöldeke’s translation, in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlândischen Gesellschaft, xiii. 214-17.

95 Gregoras, IX. 1, pp. 390-2. But Cantacuzenos, I. 42, pp. 208-15, maintains that young Andronicus heard that his grandfather was preparing a coup before he thought of taking any action himself.

96 Cant., I. 44, pp. 215-16; Greg., IX. 1, p. 392; Phrantzes, I. 6, p. 35.

97 Cant., I. 4-5, pp. 216-23; Greg., IX. 1, p. 396.

98 Cant., I. 50, pp. 248, 252; Greg., IX. 3, pp. 405-7.

99 Cant., ibid.; Greg., IX. 3, pp. 407-9.

100 Cant., I. 52, pp. 260-2; Greg., IX. 4, pp. 409-10; Cant., I. 53, pp. 267-70.

101 Cant., I. 55, pp. 277, 281-2; Greg., IX. 4, p. 414.

102 Cant., I. 55-II. 1, pp. 277-312; Greg., IX. 4-8, pp. 411-32; Phr. I. 6, p. 35.

103 IX. 8, p. 431.

104 Cant., II. 28, p. 473; Greg., IX. 14, p. 461, and X. 1, p. 474.

105 II. 3, p. 324.

106 Cantacuzenos uses this same expression concerning the collecting of the army with which Andronicus III repelled an invasion of seventy Turkish vessels in the autumn of the same year. Cf. II. 13, p. 390.

107 I have gathered the account of this battle from Cant., II. 6-8, pp. 341-60; Greg., IX. 9, pp. 433-5; Phr., I. 7, pp. 36-7; Chalcocondylas (ed. Migne), I. 11, col. 32. It is interesting to note how much space Cantacuzenos gives in contrast to the brevity of the other writers.

108 II, c. 8, 363. Seadeddin, Neshri, and Idris agree with Gregoras, IX. 13, p. 458, in putting the fall of Nicaea in 1330 or 1331. Gregoras euphemistically says the city was ‘pillaged by the Turks’. But Leunclavius, on the authority of Ali, gives A.H. 734, which would be 1333 or 1334.

109 Phr., I. 7.

110 In Djihannuma, Paris MS., fol. 1934.

111 When I was in Nicaea in 1913, the imam of the Yeshil Djami told me that there were seventy thousand houses at the time of the Ottoman conquest. This is the local tradition.

112 Hammer, i. 146, makes this claim.

113 Ibn Batutah, ii. 322-3. For discussion of the value of Ibn Batutah’s testimony see Appendix B and Bibliography.

114 Miklositch-Müller, Act. LXXXII, anno 1339, and Act. XCII, anno 1340.

115 There is no way of establishing the date of the fall of Nicomedia. The Ottoman historians report that it was added to the dominions of Orkhan in 1326, the year of his accession and of the fall of Brusa. It is best here to follow the unanimous testimony of the Byzantine sources, which is in accord with the natural inference that Nicomedia fell some time after Nicaea: Greg., XI. 6, p. 545; Phr., I. 8, p. 38. Hammer cannot disregard the testimony of Gregoras here. He ingenuously suggests that the city might have been lost by the Osmanlis, and recaptured. Cantacuzenos (II. 24, p. 446, and 26, p. 459) says that Andronicus III went twice to the aid of Nicomedia in 1331, but he does not record the loss of either Brusa or Nicomedia. In the collection of Feridun, Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. anc. fonds turc 79, there is a diploma appointing Soleiman governor of Nicomedia in 1332, but the authenticity of the earlier pieces in this collection is open to grave suspicion (cf. Bibliography).

116 Howorth, iii. 613.

117 Canale, i. 215.

118 Not an actual defensive alliance against Orkhan, as Schlumberger, Numismatique de l’Orient latin, p. 480, supposes. See Cant., II. 13, pp. 388-90; Phr., I. 8, p. 37.

119 Cant., II. 28, pp. 470-3.

120 Ibid., 22, p. 435.

121 Ibid., 25, pp. 455-6.

122 Cant. II., 29-30, pp. 480-4; Greg., XI. 2, p. 530.

123 Hammer, quoting Ashikpashazadé, i. 150-1.

124 Mordtmann, in ZDMG. (1911), lxv. 105, basing his statement, like Hammer, on Ashikpashazadé, Vatican MS., fol. 33, gives A.H. 735, 737, or 740. The earliest of these dates is precluded by the testimony of Ibn Batutah, who found these places still independent about A.H. 735. A.H. 737 might be possible, if we decide that Orkhan accomplished everything during the one expedition against Pergama. Mordtmann, still quoting Ashikpashazadé, says that these three cities were held by relatives of the Palaeologi. If this be true, it goes to prove that there must have existed all along in the reigns of Osman and Orkhan quasi-friendly relations between Moslem and Christian. There was certainly no religious fanaticism during this period of Ottoman history.

125 ‘Les Osmanlis avaient étendu leur domination en Asie Mineure et absorbé les états dont l’indépendance avait jusqu’alors empêché l’unité politique de l’Empire musulman!’ Delaville-Leroulx, France en Orient au XIV^e siècle, i. 118. ‘Osmans Sohn Orkhan Kleinasien unterworfen hatte’: Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Türken, p. 16. ‘Orkan s’impadroni di quasi tutta la Natolia’: Alberi, in preface (viii) to series III, vol. i, of Relazione Ven. Amb. One of the earliest western historians gives Orkhan’s ambition as ‘solus cupiens in minore Asia regnare’: Cervarius, p. 5. Even Hammer, i. 150, is considerably ahead of time in saying, in one of his chapters on Orkhan, ‘Les hordes ottomanes se précipitèrent du haut de l’Olympe comme une avalanche, franchissant montagnes et vallées, ajoutant à leurs possessions les neuf royaumes nés des débris de l’Empire seljukide, inondant Asie Mineure depuis l’Olympe jusqu’au Taurus.’ Hammer does not mean to give this wrong impression, but one has to read very closely not to get it. See discussion of this error in Appendix B.

126 Cant., IV. 37, p. 284. Is it on the strength of this evident error of a Greek writer that Evliya effendi, ii. 229, says ‘Orkhan captured Angora from the Prince of Kutayia of the Kermian family’? Hussein Hezarfenn, following Chalcocondylas, is an example of an Ottoman historian basing his statements on a Greek authority.

127 For the time of Ibn Batutah and Shehabeddin see Appendix B, p. 279. Mas-Latrie, Trésor de Chronologie, col. 1796, after careful collation of Shehabeddin and Ibn Batutah, comes to the conclusion that Orkhan added the emirates of Balikesri, Marmara, Akbara, Kaouïa, Keredek, Kul Hissar, and Thingizlu to his state between 1349 and 1360. This, too, is discussed in Appendix B.

128 Marmara, for example, is given by the Ottoman historians as a conquest made by Osman. See Hammer, i. 89. But it is mentioned as an independent principality by Shehabeddin, in Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibl. du roi, xiii. 358, 366.

129 Ibn Batutah, ii. 321-2.

130 Shehabeddin, Paris MS., fonds arabe 2325, fol. 139 vº-140 rº.

131 Ibid., fol. 125 vº.

132 Hammer, i. 110-11, says that Alaeddin, ‘stranger to the profession of arms, occupied himself solely with the cares of state’, but on p. 133 he has Alaeddin commanding the troops in battle while Orkhan watches from the top of a hill!

133 For the derivation of vizier, with the double meaning of burden-bearer and the one who aids, see Ibn Khaldun, Prolegomena, in Notices et Extraits, xx. 4.

134 Gen. xxviii. 11-18.

135 Sale’s translation, c. 20, verse 30, p. 234.

136 Col. Djevad bey, p. 20, n. 2. Col. Djevad claims that von Hammer’s derivation of the word ‘pasha’ from the Persian is wrong. But he gives no reason which would satisfy the philologist when he asserts that this word is essentially Turkish. Nor does he attempt to explain its original meaning. ‘Pasha’ is probably a shortened form of ‘padishah’. See Century Dictionary, v. 4228.

137 According to the biographer of Brusa, cited by Hammer, i. 146, n. 4.

138 I do not understand what Hammer means when he says, i. 116, that the Kanunnamé must be taken in the sense of political rather than ecclesiastical law. The two cannot be separated in Islam. Or, perhaps, it is better to say that there is no political law. The very word Kanun was taken from the Greeks, was used by them for ecclesiastical law, and its adoption by the Osmanlis (at a much later period than Orkhan) serves to emphasize the fact that there was no other land of law conceivable than the law of the Church. The word Kanun had of course other meanings, but in its collective legal sense it seems to have stood only for rules or laws that had to do with things ecclesiastical or religious. See the various meanings of this word in A. Souter’s Text and Canon of the New Testament (London, 1913), pp. 154-5.

139 This petition is in the Litany of the Prayer Book of Edward VI. Cf. Schaff, Church History, iv. 151.

140 I do not mean to assert that religious feeling has played no part in the massacres of our own day. But these massacres were arranged by the government, who incited the Moslems to attack their Christian neighbours, inflaming the ignorant mind more by an appeal to racial hatred, to loot, to lust, than to defence of the sacred faith. In the Armenian massacres it was represented to the ignorant village Moslem that the Armenians were plotting to set up an independent government or to betray the fatherland to some European power. I was in Adana during the terrible massacre of 1909, and make this statement from personal experience and observation.

141 Michail Koëzé, Marco, and Evrenos were Greeks. Cf. Leunclavius, Pandectes, p. 125.

142 Up to the time of the Tanzimat, in 1849, Christians were called raïas. The original meaning of raïa was a flock, and was not a term of contempt, but a recognition of the fact that Christians were a taxable asset to the nation, at so much per head.

143 In western Asia Minor, in Macedonia and Thrace, up to the present day the convert to Islam, no matter of what race, is immediately classified before the law as a Turk. When the Sublime Porte, after the reoccupation of Adrianople in the summer of 1913, laid a memorial before the Powers, it was claimed that the large majority of the population of the vilayet of Thrace was ‘Turkish’. This word had absolutely no racial significance. Every Mohammedan in Thrace, no matter what his race or language, would be considered a Turk. The Young Turks, when they established the Constitution in 1908, tried to revive the word ‘Osmanli’ as a term including all Ottoman subjects. But they not only failed to convince the nation—they failed to convince themselves—that a Christian could really be an Osmanli, with the full rights and privileges enjoyed by the Moslems.

144 Ricaut, ed. 1682, p. 148. For confusion of the name ‘Turk’ with ‘Saracen’ by early western writers, see Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis, Géraud ed., i. 46, 86-8; Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, Beaune and d’Arbaumont ed., i. 22-5, iv. 83; Gilles le Muisit, Lemaître ed., p. 196. The mistake of Ricaut is common with many of the fifteenth-to seventeenth-century writers on the Crusades.

145 Matthew of Edessa (Urfa), fol. 8 of MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arménien, No. 95, quoted in Notices et Extraits, ix, 1^[ère] partie, p. 281, speaks of ‘les calamités que des peuples barbares et corrompus, tels que les Turcs et les Grecs, LEURS SEMBLABLES, ont causées’.

146 This was true even of the conquest of Constantinople, which caused much more dismay and regret in Europe than among the Greeks. See the remarkable letter of Francis Fielphus to Mohammed II in Bibl. de l’École des langues vivantes orientales, série 3, xii. 63-6, 211-14.

147 Cf. Rambaud in Hist. Générale, ii. 816.

148 In Constantinople, Smyrna, Salonika, and the lesser coast cities of the Ottoman Empire, as well as in many of the cities of the interior, one feels the atmosphere of Sabbath rest much more on a Sunday than on a Friday.

149 Evliya effendi, ii. 241.

150 In the Djihannuma, p. 951.

151 In a popular Anatolian love-song, there is the line, ‘Benim sevdijimie din var iman yok’, ‘She whom I love has religion, but not a bit of faith’, which illustrates the lack of deep religious feeling in the Osmanli. In this he is like the Greek, and different from the Slav, the Persian and Arab. See Kúnos, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, liii. 237.

152 At Balikesri the sultan Dambur told Ibn Batutah that ‘the men follow the religion of their king’: ii. 317. Here was the principle of cuius regio eius religio two centuries before Augsburg!

153 Col. Djevad bey, pp. 18-19.

154 Edward III of England had created a sort of obligatory military service. His organized infantry took part in the Battle of Crécy, 1346. Lavisse-Rambaud, Hist. générale, iii. 76.

155 Halil Ganem, i. 39.

156 This still holds. In October 1912, on the Seraskerat Square in Constantinople, I saw Sultan Mehmed V give over the command of the army for the Balkan War to Nazim pasha.

157 Col. Djevad bey, p. 18.

158 Bertrandon de la Broquière, Schéfer ed., pp. 220-1.

159 This statement needs especial emphasis, as many historians have followed Chalcocondylas and Bosio in attributing the corsair fleets to Osman and Orkhan. An instance of a careful modern historian making this error is found in Romanin, Historia documentata di Venezia, iii. 147, where he says, ‘La lega... per raffrenare l’ognor erescente potenza ottomana.’

160 In Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, ii. 313.

161 This letter, from the manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, is published in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes (1906), lxvii. 587. Other documents on this mission, ibid. (1892), liii. 254-7.

162 See papers of H. Lot in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 4^e série (1859), v. 503-9, and (1875) xxxvi. 588-600. Also Bosio, ii. 58.

163 Raynaldus, Ann. 1334, pp. 17-19. As the repetition of all the negotiations in connexion with papal attempts for crusades cannot be included in the text of my book, I refer the reader to the section on papal negotiations in the Chronological Tables.

164 Deliberation of Senate, November 18, 1333, in Misti, XVI, fol. 40.

165 Raynaldus, Ann. 1344, p. 11; Stella (in Muratori), col. 1080; Dandolo, p. 418; Greg., II, p. 686; Cant., III, p. 192; Mon. Hist. Patr. x. 757; Misti for 1344, fol. 30; Rymer, Acta Publica, vol. ii, part IV, p. 172; Commemorialia, iv. 80.

166 For relations of Rhodes with Smyrna from 1347 onwards, see Bosio, passim, but especially ii. 80 and 118-19.

167 Serbian chronicles, quoted by von Kállay, Geschichte der Serben, i. 66.

168 In the fratricidal war of July 1913, the ignorant Serbian peasants really believed that they were fighting to take from the Bulgarians ‘the sacred soil of the fatherland’, as their newspapers and addresses to the soldiers called Macedonia. The name of St. Stephen was invoked when they went into battle.

169 Orbini, Il Regno degli Slavi, p. 259, gives a circumstantial account of the assassination. He says that Stephen gave the order to men who strangled the old king in his cell at midnight. This does not prevent Orbini from saying later of Stephen ‘fu huomo molto pio’! Borschgrave, p. 266, is not certain of Stephen’s connivance.

170 J. Schafarik, Elenchus actorum spectantium ad historiam Serborum, XXV-XXVII.

171 I find no documentary authority for the often repeated statement that this coronation took place at Skoplje (Uskub or Scopia). At the time of the recent Balkan War, the Serbians, in order to preserve their friendly relations with Greece, supported the Uskub theory. But see Ljubić, Monumenta spectantia ad hist. Slavorum meridionalium, ii. 278, 279, 326; Commemorialia, IV; Secreta Rog., A. 33.

172 ‘Stephanus, D. G. Serviae... Albaniae, maritimae regionis rex, Bulgariae imperii princeps et fere totius imperii Romaniae dominus’: Ljubić, ii. 278.

173 Ibid., ii. 326.

174 Ibid., loc. cit.

175 Secr. Rog., A. 33.

176 Misti, xxiv. 12.

177 Ibid., xxiv. 110.

178 Secr. Rog., II, B. 4; Misti, xxiv. 103.

179 Cf. Misti, xxv. 7, 10. Fiorinsky, The South Slavs and Byzantium in the second quarter of the Fourteenth Century, quoted by Borchgrave in Bulletin de l’Académie royale de Belgique for 1884, 8^e série, iv. 429-30.

180 Commem. iv. 172.

181 Misti, xxvi. 16-22; Commem. iv. 157.

182 MS. Vatican 3765, quoted by Raynaldus, ann. 1347, XXX.

183 Fiorinsky, p. 207.

184 Engel, Geschichte von Serbien, 285-6; Müller, Beiträge Byz. Chron., p. 406 n.

185 Cant., IV. 43, p. 315; Greg., XXVII. 50, p. 557; von Kállay, i. 69.

186 Cant., II. 9, pp. 363-70; Greg., XII. 3, p. 582; Ducas, p. 6.

187 Cant., II. 1, pp. 14-18; 40, p. 560; and III. 4, p. 91; Greg., IX. 11, pp. 560-8; XII. 2, p. 576.

188 Cant., II. 24-7, pp. 145-67; Greg., XII. 11-16, pp. 608-26; Phr. I. 9, p. 40; Ducas, 6, p. 24, to 7, p. 26.

189 Cantacuzenos tries to make out that this was a justifiable arrangement, as this district had already been conquered by Stephen Dushan. But Ducas, 6, p. 26, and 8, p. 30, declares that Cantacuzenos sacrificed the empire to the Serbians.

190 Cant., III. 57, pp. 347-8; Greg., XIII. 4, pp. 648-52.

191 Misti, xxi. 35.

192 Greg., XVI. 6, pp. 834-5; Ducas, 7, p. 29; Clement VI, Epp. Secr. vii. 99. ’Άμυρ is either ‘Emir’ or ‘Omar’.

193 Cant., III. 31, p. 498; Ducas 9, pp. 33-4; Chalc., I, p. 24.

194 Cant., III. 81, pp. 501-2; 84, pp. 518-19; 85, pp. 525-9.

195 Cant., III. 95, pp. 585-9; Greg., XV. 5, pp. 762-3; Ducas, 9, p. 35.

196 Greg., XV. 2, p. 749.

197 For the action against Barlaam spoken of here, see Muralt, ii. 575, No. 17; p. 576, No. 22; p. 578, No. 37.

198 Cant., III. 98, p. 604, to IV. 4, p. 29; Greg., XV. 9, p. 781, to 11, p. 791; Ducas, 9, p. 37, to 10, p. 38.

199 Cant., IV. 1, p. 12, to 2, p. 19.

200 Cant., IV. 4, p. 30; 5, p. 32; 20, p. 147.

201 Cant., IV. 9, pp. 53-7.

202 Raynaldus, ann. 1349, XXXI.

203 Clement VI, Epp. Secr. viii. 248-50.

204 Cant., IV. 13, p. 85.

205 Marco Guazzo, Cronica, p. 269; Stella, Annales Genuenses, in Muratori, xvii, col. 1090.

206 MS. Vatican 2040, cited by Muralt, ii. 618: Petrarch, Epp. fam. vii. 7. For historical and medical importance of the black death, see Hecker, Der schwarze Tod im 14ten Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1832). MSS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds latin 8369-70, contain an interesting contemporary account, mostly in hexameter verse, by Symon de Cavino, a Paris physician.

207 Breve Chronicon at end of Ducas, cited by Finlay, History of Greece, iv. 409 n.

208 In 1340 Venice had refused a loan of ships and money to Edward III of England on the ground that she needed all her resources ‘to guard against the Turkish danger about to become universal’: Wiel, p. 204.

209 On March 17, 1351, Petrarch addressed from Padua to Doge Andrea Dandolo a letter of remonstrance and warning against engaging in a war with Genoa. This letter is quoted in Hazlitt, iii. 122.

210 The Genoese archives contain a treaty between the Byzantine Empire and Genoa, dated May 6, 1352, which says: ‘debbono eziandio ritenersi per valide e ferme le convenzioni e la pace stipulata dai genovesi con Orcan bey.’ Belgrano, Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, xiii. 124.

211 The Signory of Genoa, writing to the Podesta of Pera, March 21, 1356, said: ‘Nobis, vobis ac omnibus ianuenibus est notorium et manifestum quantum bonum et gratias habuimus a domino Orchano amirato Turchie ad destructionem et mortem tam venetorum quam grecorum tempore guerre nostre’: ibid., p. 127.

212 In the treaty of 1387 with Murad, the Genoese said: ‘quam inter recolendam memoriam magnifici domini Orchani patris sui ex una parte et illustrem Commune Ianue ex altera’: ibid., p. 147.

213 Cant., IV. 11, pp. 68-77; Greg., XVI. 6, p. 835, to XVII. 7, p. 865.

214 Cant., IV. 16-17, pp. 104-5, 108-11, 114-30; 19, pp. 133-5; 22, p. 156; Greg., XVI. 1, p. 795; XVIII. 2, p. 876. Phr., I. 9, p. 40, gives this as the time Cantacuzenos married his daughter to Orkhan.

215 Cant., IV. 30, pp. 218-20; Greg., XXVI. 19, p. 86, and 22, p. 88. For explanation of action of Venetian admiral, Pisani, see histories of Daru and Romanin.

216 Villani, Historia Venetiana (Muratori), xiv. 200; Canale, Nuova istoria di Genova, i. 222.

217 Cant., IV. 33, pp. 246-7; 36, p. 266. Cantacuzenos had tried to get the Bulgarians to attack Stephen Dushan in 1351. Cf. Cant., IV. 22, pp. 162-6.

218 Greg., XXVII. 30, pp. 150-1.

219 Cant., IV. 36, pp. 265-6; Greg., XXVII. 55, p. 171, and XXVIII. 3, pp. 177-8; Cant., IV. 34, pp. 247-50; Greg., XXVIII. 7, pp. 181-2.

220 Cant., IV. 34, pp. 250-3; 36, p. 266; Greg., XXVIII. 19, p. 188.

221 About two hours on horse from Gallipoli.

222 Seadeddin, i. 58-63.

223 Gilbert Cousin, Opera, i. 390 (evidently copying Drechsler), and Egnatius, de Origine Turcarum (Paris, 1539), p. 29, give date A.D. 1363. But do they not follow Phr., I. 26, p. 80?

224 Donado de Lezze, p. 7, and Paolo Giovio, both ardent Venetians, and Rabbi Joseph, i. 245, give the names of these vessels, though differently. Nicolas de Nicolay, who passed through the Hellespont in 1551, says that this story of the Genoese was a tradition of the locality. He locates the castle of Tzympe a few miles from the Aegaean end of the strait! Les quatre livres des navigations (1587 ed.), p. 58. Sauli, Della Colonia Genovese in Galata, ii. 44-5, vigorously defends the Genoese against this calumny.

225 There is no room for doubt about this date. Cf. Cant., IV. 38, pp. 277-80; Greg., XXXIII. 67, p. 220, and XXVIII. 40-2, pp. 202-4; Villani, p. 105; Byz. Annalen, ed. Müller, in Sitzungs-Berichte der Wiener Akademie, ix. 392; Muralt, Chronographie Byz., ii. 643.

226 This place figured in the recent Balkan War. It was here that the Osmanlis stationed their army for the defence of the Dardanelles.

227 Greg., XXIX. 26, p. 241.

228 Greg., XXVIII. 30, pp. 195-201.

229 Cant., IV. 37, pp. 270-2; 38, p. 276; Greg., XXIX. 17-18, pp. 234-6; 49, p. 257.

230 At least, Cantacuzenos, IV. 38, p. 276, claims that he ransomed Tzympe.

231 Cant., IV. 38, p. 283.

232 Rumanian Chronicle, cited by Gregorović, Relations of Serbia with her Neighbouring States, principally in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, Kazan, 1859, in an appendix.

233 Cant., IV. 39-43, pp. 284-307; Greg., XXIX. 27-30, pp. 242-3.

234 Cant., IV. 49, pp. 358-60.

235 Tchorlu was the head-quarters of the Ottoman General Staff during the first month of the Balkan War. After the battle of Lulé Burgas, it became the head-quarters of the Bulgarians. From here the attack upon the defences of Constantinople was directed.

236 Muralt, ii. 640, No. 10, n.

237 Greg., XXIX. 34, pp. 224-6.

238 During the five years following the proclamation of the Constitution in 1908, I lived, and travelled extensively, in the Ottoman Empire. Rarely did I meet a foreigner engaged in business there who had the slightest sympathy with the Osmanlis in their aspirations or in their successive crushing misfortunes. This is not a criticism, but merely the record of a fact.

239 Schafarik, CVII.

240 The expression ‘la terre que les Turcs tiennent’ is always used to designate Asia Minor in the opinion which the council of the French King Philippe de Valois gave concerning the route to be followed in the abortive crusade of 1332. See Archives Nationales, Paris, P. 2289, pp. 711-12.

241 See p. 97, and notes 3 and 4 on that page.

[242] Quoted from the Cancelleria Secreta by Romanin, iv. 232.

243 This letter is reproduced by Jireček, Geschichte der Bulgaren, p. 309.

244 Greg., XXXVII. 52, p. 558; 59-63, pp. 561-3; 67-9, pp. 565-6; XXXVI. 6-8, pp. 504-9; Cant., IV. 44, p. 320.

245 The generally accepted date of Orkhan’s death is 1359 or 1360, following Ottoman sources. But Jireček, a careful and able scholar, p. 321, n. 10, is inclined to accept March 1362. There is great confusion about this period. I think that the Ottoman date is undoubtedly correct here.

246 ‘Der eigentliche Begründer der osmanischen Macht war Orchan’, Fessler, Geschichte von Ungarn, ii. 151.

247 Col. Djevad bey, p. 254.

248 Seadeddin, i. 80.

249 Seadeddin, i. 82; Hadji Khalfa, Rumeli, p. 19.

250 But Matteo Villani, in Muratori, xiv. 672, who is followed by Leunclavius, says that Demotika was abandoned to Orkhan in November 1361.

251 Cf. marginal note in Barberini MS. of Pachymeres, cited by Muralt, ii. 663, No. 9.

252 Seadeddin, i. 84-5; Hadji Khalfa, Rumeli, p. 22.

253 All the Ottoman historians.

254 MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds turc, No. 79, p. 25; Leunclavius, Annales, p. 30; Seadeddin, i. 85.

255 Muklis Abderrahman Efendy, quoted by Schéfer, in his edition of Bertrandon de la Broquière, p. 170, n. 3.

256 Seadeddin, i. 89; Hadji Khalfa, Rumeli, p. 52.

257 Villani tells of its terrible ravages in 1360 ‘ricominciata in diversi paesi del mondo’, Muratori, xiv. 653, 688-90, 727.

258 Ibid., pp. 649-50. He declares that Murad had been ‘molte volte tentato di vincere Constantinopoli’.

259 Cf. Finlay, iv. 45, 169.

260 Seadeddin, i. 42. Hammer, i. 384-5, n. viii, says that Ottoman historians are unanimous in this assertion as against Byzantine sources. Col. Djevad bey, the modern Ottoman authority on military history, is disappointing and unconvincing in his discussion of this question. On p. 25 he gives 726 (1326) for the date, and on p. 78 730 (1329). He cites no sources, for there are none, and has to admit, p. 54, that Murad I made the laws for the janissaries. Among early European historians there is much divergency. Spandugino, p. 185, attributes their origin to Osman, and the name from the village of Sar: they are ‘the young men of Sar’. Ricaut, ed. 1682, p. 357, also attributes to Osman. Reineccius, influencing the Latin editor of Chalcocondylas (see ed. Migne, p. 26, n. 11), makes Osman the founder, and derives the name from ‘Januae’: they are the custodes corporis. Leuncl., Pandectes, p. 129, discusses these theories without coming to any conclusion. Giovio, Geuffraeus, and Nicolay, p. 83, attribute origin to Murad II. Certainly it was not earlier than his day that the janissaries attracted attention in Europe. D’Ohsson, vii. 311, asserts that there was no definite organization until Mohammed II. Mignot, i. 119-20, is in favour of the theory that Murad I created this corps.

261 Seignobos, in Hist. générale, ii. 334.

262 Col. Djevad bey, p. 251, says that Anatolian Christians were exempt to give time to recuperate ‘after the exhausting struggles of generations’. But exhausting struggles had been no less frequent and no less severe in the Balkan peninsula. Gibbon’s suggestion, that the levies were made in Europe because Moslem and Christian Anatolians were not apt for war, shows how completely the great English historian missed the raison d’être of the janissaries.

263 Hammer, i. 126.

264 Col. Djevad bey, p. 90.

265 Ibid.

266 Ibid., pp. 55-6; Ducas, p. 16; Leunel., Annales, p. 34; Ricaut, pp. 358-9.

267 Lavallée, i. 190-1.

268 Phr., I. 26, p. 86; Chalc., I, p. 25. Cf. Michaud, Hist. des Croisades, v. 275.

269 Seadeddin, i. 91.

270 This colony was at Bigha. See Appendix B, p. 301.

271 Phr., I. 26, p. 80.

272 Katona, x. 393.

273 Chale., I, p. 30, and the chronicle of Rabbi Joseph, i. 240, confuse this battle with that of Cernomen, near the same place and with the same result, in 1370. But there were certainly two distinct battles. Louis of Hungary took part in the first, as is shown by the date recorded at Mariazell and by a diploma in Fejér, Cod. Dipl. Hung., 9^e partie, vii. 212. Cf. Aschbach, Geschichte Kaiser Sigmunds, I. 87. The account in Vambéry’s Hungary, Story of Nations Series, p. 171, is wholly wrong.

274 Seadeddin, i. 94.

275 Miltitz, ii. I^ère partie, 166.

276 Col. Djevad bey, p. 97, n. 1; Engel, Geschichte Rag., p. 141; Hammer, i. 231, 405. But this was also Timur’s ordinary method of signing ordinances: cf. Shereffeddin, iv. 55. The document, with the marks of Murad’s hand, is preserved in the museum of the Communal Palace at Ragusa.

277 Villani, x. 30.

278 Cf. Hazlitt, iii. 216.

279 Urban V, Epp. secr. iv. 114.

280 ‘Il le print por prisonnyer, et le destint a cause de ce que le roy de Bourgarye sy sestoit accorde et alyez secrettement avecques le turc’: Chronicques de Savoye, col. 300.

281 Cf. Jireček, Geschichte der Bulgaren, p. 325.

282 Cibrario, Storia di Savoya, iii. 193. But I have followed closely the account of the expedition as given in the anonymous French chronicle, cols. 299-319, in Monumenta Historiae Patriae, Turin, 1840, vol. i. There is a modern book by Datta. Cf. also Delaville le Roulx, i. 148 f.

283 Urban V, Epp. secr. iv. 124.

284 Ibid., iv. 240.

285 Greg., XXV. 17, p. 41.

286 Urban V, Epp. secr. ii. 230; Petrarch, Senilia, iv. 2.

287 ‘Nescio enim an peius sit amisisse Hierusalem an ita Bizantion possidere. Ibi enim non agnoscitur Christus, hic neglegitur dum sic colitur. Illi (Turcae) hostes, hi scismatici peiores hostibus: illi aperte nostrum Imperium detractant: hi verbo Romanam ecclesiam matrem dicunt: cui quam devoti filii sint, quam humiliter Romani pontificis iussa suscipiant, tuus a te ille datus patriarcha testabitur. Illi minus nos oderunt quam minus metuunt. Isti autem totis nos visceribus et metuunt et oderunt.’ Senilia, vol. vii.

288 In the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, and in the Church of the Holy Nativity, Bethlehem, anarchy—even bloodshed—is prevented only by the constant vigilance of the Ottoman military authorities. If one asks the Latin and Greek priests in Jerusalem, they will admit without shame that this statement is true.

289 Miklositch-Müller, Acta et diplomata graeca, CLXXXIV.

290 Epistolae secretae, vi. 1-10.

291 Ibid., vi. 3.

292 The date of this visit is certain from the formal act of abjuration, which is given in full in Raynaldus, ann. 1369, XI. Ducas, c. 11, and Chalc., I, p. 25, are in error in placing this voyage later. Berger de Xivrey, Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscriptions, xix, 2^e partie, p. 35, suggests that the Byzantine historians have confused this voyage with that of Manuel, thirty years later.

293 Epp. secr., viii. 37, 38, 80.

294 By an encyclical: Epp. secr., viii. 4. Cf. also his letters to the doges of Venice and Genoa, ibid., p. 24.

295 Ibid., viii. 55.

296 Phr., I. 22, pp. 52-3; Chalc., I, pp. 50-1; Morosini, p. 13.

297 Phr., I. 11, p. 46.

298 Gregory XI, Epp. secr. iii. 36, 58.

299 Chalc., I, pp. 51-2.

300 Raynaldus, ann. 1371, VIII.

301 Epp. secr., ii. 32, 87. Similar letter to Louis in December 1375, ibid. v. 46. Other letters reprinted in Fejér, 9^e partie, iv. 583 4; v. 54-6; vi. 155-6.

302 Bernino, pp. 15-20.

303 Fejér, 9^e partie, iv. 427-8.

304 Ibid., v. 52-3.

305 Rymer, Acta Publica, III, part 3, pp. 38-40.

306 On December 12, 1374, Gregory XI wrote to John from Avignon, predicting that his ‘alliance with Murad’ would bring about the destruction of the empire: Epistolae secretae, iv. 68.

307 Raynaldus, ann. 1378, XIX.

308 Jireček, Geschichte der Bulgaren, p. 317.

309 Cant. IV, 50, pp. 362-3.

310 Although Engel says 1353, others 1356, and the Rumanian chronicle 1371, there can be no question that 1365 is the correct date; for both Byzantine and Ottoman historians speak of Alexander as Bulgarian Czar in 1364, and do not mention him later, while Sisman and his brothers come immediately into prominence.

311 Schiltberger, Neumann ed., p. 93.

312 Orbini, pp. 472-3.

313 Bonfinius, II. 10.

314 Fessler, Geschichte von Ungarn, ii. 152.

315 Wadding, Annales minorum, ann. 1369, XI.

316 Epp. secr., VI. 131, 136.

317 Called Ishebol by the Ottoman historians.

318 By the second division of the Ottoman army under Timurtash. Murad himself had captured Sozopolis. Cf. Jireček, p. 326.

319 Seadeddin, i. 104. He does not give the name of the Serbian kral.

320 The peasantry around Samakov will point out to you the ridge, south-east of the modern town, over which he vanished. They believe that Sisman haunts the foothills of the Rhodope mountains, and rides headless in the night down into the plain. This tradition, and the statement of Ducange, viii. 289, that Sisman died in 1373 in Naples, makes possible the theory that there were three successive Sismans connected with the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria.

321 Hadji Khalfa, Rumeli, p. 38.

322 von Kállay, Geschichte der Serben, i. 152.

323 Ibid., i. 152-9; Jireček, op. cit., 319-20; Ljubić, Monumenta spect. ad hist. Slav. merid., iv. 189.

324 Cant. IV., 50, pp. 360-2; Müller, Chron. Byz., under 1364.

325 Miklositch, Acta Serbica, CLIII.

326 Ibid., CLX.

327 Sons of a poor Dalmatian nobleman: Ducange, Familiae Byz. viii. 294.

328 At Ipek, with an independent patriarch: Engel, Geschichte von Serbien, p. 279.

329 Miklositch-Müller, Acta gr., CLXII; MS. Wiener Bibl., Gesch. gr., No. 47, fol. 290.

330 Ibid., CLX; ibid., fol. 286.

331 Orbini, p. 275.

332 Engel, op. cit., pp. 321 f. For documented details, Müller, ed. Byz. Analekten, pp. 359-64, 405-6, based on Vienna MS. referred to above.

333 Now called Cermen or Tchirman.

334 Svilengrad, now the frontier station of Bulgaria, was known from 1361 to 1913 as Mustapha Pasha. Before the recent Balkan war, it was the frontier railway station of Turkey.

335 But there were certainly two distinct battles here, in 1363 and in 1371. See p. 124, n. 2, above.

336 Ducange, op. cit., p. 294; Bialloblotszky’s translation of Rabbi Joseph, i. 240; Klaić, p. 199; Jireček, pp. 329-30. Zinkeisen, i. 224, confuses this battle with the one fought in 1363.

337 In Miklositch, Chrestomathia palaeoslav., p. 77.

338 Phr., I. 26, p. 80, gives the capture of these cities in the same campaign as that in which Monastir was acquired, with 1386 as date. But the Serbian chronicles are so explicit here that we can follow them without hesitation, especially as they are seconded by the Ottoman historians. Cf. Hammer, i. 241, and Zinkeisen, i. 229.

339 Pope Gregory XI, writing to Louis of Hungary, May 14, 1372, informed him that the Osmanlis had conquered some parts of Greece, ‘subactis quibusdam magnatibus Rasciae, tum in eis dominantibus’. Rascia was Servia. Theiner, Monumenta Hungarica, ii. 115.

340 Gregory XI, Epp. secr. ii. 32-3.

341 According to Amilhau and Jireček, who rely on Reynaldus, ann. 1364, XXVIII, this first invasion of the Greek peninsula took place in 1363. But the Turks referred to in that year, probably of the perennial corsair type, could not have been Osmanlis. They were from Aïdin or Sarukhan.

342 Klaić, Geschichte Bosniens, p. 200.

343 Hammer, i. 242, 409, places the first relations of Lazar with Murad after the fall of Nish, which he erroneously puts in 1376. See below, p. 161, n. 3.

344 Gregory XI, Epp. secr. iii. 42.

345 June 15, 1373: Andrea Gataro, in Muratori, xvii, col. 176.

346 Ducas, 12, pp. 43-4; Phr., I. 11, pp. 49-50.

347 Chalc., I, pp. 42-3. But Murad, according to the Collection of Feridun, when he wrote to the Prince of Karamania, stated that Saoudji had been conquered in a pitched battle: MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds turc, No. 79, p. 30.

348 Letter just cited; Chalc., I, pp. 44-5; Phr., I. 12, p. 51. Saoudji is called Kontouz by Ducas, Mosis by Phrantzes, and Saouzis by Chalcocondylas. I cannot find the reading Siaous which Hammer, i. 412, and n. lix, attributes to Chalcocondylas.

349 Chalc., I, p. 46; II, p. 69; Phr., I. 12, p. 51; Duc., 12, p. 44.

350 Canale, ii. 16.

351 Clavijo de Gonzáles, 15 vº and 16 rº.

352 So Phrantzes thinks, I. 12, p. 51: ταύτην ὠμότητα καὶ ἀπανθρωπίαν ὁ ’Αμουράτης ἐποίησεν ἀεὶ εἰς τὰ πάντα καλῶς πολιτευόμενος.

353 Chalc., I, pp. 46-7; Phr., I. 11, pp. 47-9.

354 Romanin, iii. 255. This project, according to Cicogna, Istoria di Venezia, vi. 95, was first broached to John at the time of his visit to Venice in 1370.

355 Raynaldus, ann. 1376, XXIII.

356 Epp. secr., vi. 236.

357 Ducas, 12, p. 45.

358 Caresino, in Muratori, xii.

359 Ducas, 12, p. 45; Chalc., II, p. 63; and Phr., I. 13, p. 54, say that Bayezid had given him 1,000 men, and had often advised him to have his father and brothers assassinated. Cf. Muralt, ii. 706.

360 Sauli, ii. 57.

361 Quirino, Vita di Zeno, cited by Muralt, ii. 707, Nos. 6-9.

362 Ducas, 12, p. 45.

363 The fortunes of Salonika at this period are obscure. See p. 231, below.

364 Chalc., II, p. 63; Phr., I. 13, pp. 55-6.

365 Chalc., II, p. 64. But Ducas, 4, p. 19, says that Bayezid captured this city.

366 Bonlinius, II. 10; Sanudo, Vite de’ Duchi, in Muratori, xxii, col. 680.

367 An excellent brief account of this war is found in Wiel’s Story of Venice, pp. 227-37.

368 The Genoese forced John V to make peace with Andronicus in November 1382: Sauli, ii. 260.

369 Cicogna, op. cit., vi. 97; Romanin, iii. 301.

370 Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1852; Evliya effendi, ii. 229.

371 The testimony of Ibn Batutah, who travelled extensively among the Turks in Anatolia, southern Russia, and elsewhere between 1325 and 1340, is conclusive on this point. ‘Whenever we stopped in a house of this country (Anatolia), our neighbours of both sexes took care of us: the women were not veiled...’: ii. 256. ‘I was witness of a remarkable thing, that is, of the consideration which the women enjoy among the Turks: they hold, in fact, a rank more elevated than that of the men.... As for the women of the lower classes, I have seen them also. One of them will be, for example, in a cart drawn by horses. Near her will be three or four young girls.... The windows of the cart will be open and you can see the women’s faces: for the women of the Turks are not veiled.... Often the woman is accompanied by her husband, whom whoever sees him takes for one of her servants’: ii. 377-9. No student can have any doubt whatever upon the position of Turkish women during the fourteenth century. As among all vigorous peoples, the women of the Osmanlis held a high place, and were never secluded. It was not until Murad II that even the sovereign had a harem. The Moslem conception of the inferiority of women was not prevalent among the Osmanlis until after the reign of Soleiman the Magnificent. Immediately it became prevalent, the race began its decline.
So universal did veiling become in the seventeenth century that it was adopted by Christian and Jewish women in Turkey as well. See Père Febre, Théâtre de la Turquie (1682), pp. 164-5. Père Febre spoke from personal experience ‘dans la plupart des lieux de la Turquie’.

372 Hadji Khalfa, Rumeli, p. 96.

373 Historia epirotica, Bonn ed., p. 228.

374 Ibid., pp. 230-1.

375 Ducange, viii. 292.

376 Jireček, op. cit., 340.

377 Misti, XL. 154.

378 See below, p. 203.

379 Silvestre de Sacy, in Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscript., vii. 327-34. But the commandant could hardly have been carried by his falconer in such a fashion as far as Philippopolis. The Ottoman historians probably forgot that Ishtiman, at the mouth of the pass, on the road to Philippopolis from Sofia, contained an Ottoman garrison.

380 According to the anonymous Ein gantz neu Reysebuch von Prag auss biss gen Constantinopel, Nürnberg, 1622, p. 33, Sofia was captured in 1362. Hadji Khalfa, Rumeli, p. 51, with whom Schéfer, ed. Bertrandon de la Broquière, p. 202 n., seems to agree by citing, says Sofia capitulated in 780 (1378). Seadeddin, i. 125, is followed by Hammer, i. 250, Klaić, p. 237, and others in fixing the date as 1382. But these same authorities give 1375 and 1376 for Nish, which is altogether impossible. Phr., I. 26, p. 80, seems to place the capture of Sofia for 1385. This is the most reasonable date. It is consistent both with the topography of the places in question and with Murad’s methods of campaigning, as exemplified by all his conquests, to place the taking of Sofia close to the end of his reign, and within a year or two before the capture of Nish. To corroborate this date, letters in the collection of Feridun can be cited. Indje Balaban’s letter to Murad, announcing the acquisition of Sofia, is not dated. But immediately after it is the response of Murad, in which he gives to Indje Balaban for life the government of the new province, and states that he is sending him a fine horse and robes of honour because of his success. This letter is dated from Adrianople in the middle of the month of Redjeb, 788, which corresponds to 1386 in our era. These letters are in MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds turc, No. 79, pp. 31-2.

381 Nish, from its geographical position, could not have fallen in 1375, as Chalcocondylas says. Hammer, i. 241, and Zinkeisen, i. 230, show an amazing nonchalance in transporting the Osmanlis from Kavalla, Drama, and Serres in the course of this one year, 1375. Engel, Geschichte von Serbien, p. 341, who, according to Hammer, ‘deceives himself by thirteen years in placing the capture of Nish in 1388’, is eleven years nearer the truth than Hammer! Strumnitza, from a diploma delivered in the name of the Serbian empress Eudoxia (Müller, Acta Serbica, CXXXI), was independent in 1379. Sofia did not fall before 1382. How, then, could Nish have been an Ottoman fortress from 1375?

382 Von Kállay, i. 166.

383 For distances between cities in the Balkan peninsula, see Jireček’s important and interesting work, Die Heerstrasse von Belgrad nach Konstantinopel und die Balkanpässe, p. 122. Jireček, for time of transit, depends upon Hadji Khalfa.

384 Text in Sauli, ii. 260-8.

385 armiratus or amiratus, then amiralus, of which we have made admiral, originally had nothing whatever to do with the sea. It is a corruption of emir.

386 ‘Magnificus et potens dominus, dominus Moratibei, magnus armiratus et dominus armiratorum Turchie’: the whole text is reproduced from the Genoese archives by Belgrano, in Atti della Società Ligure di Storia, xiii. 146-9, and by Silvestre de Sacy, in Notices et Extraits, xi. 58-61. Cf. Canale, ii. 59.

387 ‘Contra illum Turcum filium iniquitatis et nequiciae, ac Sancte Crucis inimicum, Moratum bey et eius sectam, cristianum genus sic graviter invadere conantes.’ The text of this treaty is also in Belgrano, ibid., xiii. 953-65.

388 Text in Romanin, iii. 386-9. There was an earlier law of similar nature enacted in 1334.

389 Cf. Delaville Leroulx, i. 159-60.

390 Romanin, iii. 331.

391 Bullarum, III, part 2, pp. 4, 92, 338; Urban V, Epp. secr. iii. 25, iv. 256; Gregory XI, Epp. secr. ii. 32-3, v. 88-9, 311; Philippe de Mézeray, p. 19; Raynaldus, ann. 1372, XXIX. In 1425 Martin V repeated the anathema against those who sold Christian slaves to the Turks: Bullarum, III, part 2, p. 454.

392 MS., Bibl. de Bâle, A 1, 28, fols. 232-54, cited by Delaville Leroulx, i. 70, n. 2. Adam’s project was a revival of Sanudo’s attempt to ruin Moslem trading.

393 Monumenta historiae patriae, i. 320; iii. 336, 371.

394 In 1432 Bertrandon de la Broquière met at Damascus one of these Genoese of Kaffa, who sold slaves to the Sultan of Egypt: Voyage, Schéfer ed., p. 68.

395 Chalc., I, p. 53; Phr., I. 26, p. 81. Cf. Hertzberg, p. 503.

396 Seadeddin, i. 130-2, draws here upon Idris and Neshri, and has been followed by all the Ottoman historians down to the present day.

397 Col. Djevad, pp. 62-3. He speaks of Alaeddin bey ‘ayant levé l’étendard de la révolte’, and calls the punishment of the Serbians in this campaign the chief cause of Kossova.

398 Chalc., I, p. 53; Phr., I. 26, p. 81.

399 Up to 1383, in outlining the career of Tvrtko, I have followed Klaić, pp. 201-3.

400 Schaffarik, Acta archivii Veneti, &c., CXLI.

401 In a letter of April 1, published in Ljubić, iv. 185-6.

402 Misti, xxxix. 113.

403 Klaić, p. 237; Jireček, p. 341. But von Kállay, i. 166, attributes this victory to George Kastriota of Albania.

404 Orbini, p. 361.

405 Hopf, in Ersch-Gruber, Allgemeine Encycl., lxxxvi. 49.

406 Chronique de Morée, p. 516. Evrenos is called Branezis. This is not the Evrenos heretofore mentioned, but another Christian renegade, of Macedonia. Cf. Finlay, iv. 233 n.

407 Jireček, Die Heerstrasse, &c., p. 147.

408 Leunclavius (1611 Frankfort ed.), pp. 268-76. Jireček, Geschichte der Bulgaren, pp. 341-2, points out that Seadeddin and Leunclavius, whom Zinkeisen, i. 252-5, follows, are in error in representing the Bulgarians as wholly subdued in 1388.

409 Mijatovitch, from Serbian sources, p. 13.

410 Ibid., pp. 16-17.

411 The railway between Mitrovitza and Skoplje (before the Balkan War Uskub) passes through the plain of Kossova. When this railway is connected through the former Sandjak of Novi Bazar with the Austrian (?) railways in Bosnia, Kossovapol will be on one of the great transcontinental routes.

412 The date June 15 is fixed by the Serbian chronicles and songs and by unbroken tradition. Also by Tvrtko’s letter to Florence. But Tvrtko, in another letter to the inhabitants of Trau in Dalmatia, gives June 20 (Pray, Annales, ii. 90). Seadeddin stands alone in placing the death of Murad on the 4th Ramazan (August 27). The other Ottoman historians, as well as Chalcocondylas, Ducas, and the anonymous Hist. Epirot., speak of these events occurring ‘in the springtime’.

413 Chron. of Abbey of Tronosha, section 54, p. 84, and Chron. of Pek, p. 53: cited by Mijatovitch, p. 12 n.

414 ‘Sans arrêter, pendant quinze jours pleins,
 J’ai cheminé le long des hordes turques,
 Sans en trouver ni la fin ni le nombre.’—A. d’Avril, p. 36.

415 Orbini, pp. 314-15. See also the Serbian songs about Kossova, which are accessible in the form of a continuous narrative in French by Adolphe d’Avril, and in English by Mme Mijatovitch, based on the composite poems of Stoyan Novakovich and A. Pavich.

416 Solakzadé, cited by Col. Djevad bey, p. 196. The bow was used as an offensive arm by the Osmanlis until the middle of Murad II’s reign.

417 Seadeddin, i. 147-52; Chalc., I, p. 53; Ducas, 3, pp. 15-16; Hist. Epir., p. 234; the Serbian chants; Bonincontrius, col. 52; and the modern writers, Hertzberg, pp. 503-7; Jireček, pp. 342-4; Fessler, ii. 254; von Kállay, i. 166; Klaić, pp. 236-40. Most illuminating of all is Rački, in Croatian, in Jugoslav. Akademie, iii. 92 f.

418 Clavijo de Gonzáles, fol. 27 rº.

419 Annales, ii. 186.

420 This speech, from the chronicle of Monk Pahomye, is given in Mijatovitch, p. 17.

421 Busbecq, English ed., i. 153; cf. Ricaut, ed. of 1682, p. 159.

422 Const. Porphyr., i. 394, 396, 405.

423 Howorth, ii. 796, commenting on Stoddard’s audience with the Emir of Bukhara.

424 Text in Mon. spect. hist. Slav. Merid., i. 528-9.

425 Chronique du Religieux de St.-Denis (ed. Bellaguet), ii. 391.

426 MS., Wiener Bibl., Gesch. gr., 48.

427 As far as such records are accessible in the great collection of Miklositch and Müller. The statement of Ducas, 23, p. 137, about the persecutions of Christians by Murad, is without any foundation.

428 Phr., I. 26, p. 82; Chalc., I, p. 59; Duc., 3, p. 16; also the Ottoman historians.

429 Sura IV, verse 94 (Sale trans., p. 64).

430 Sura V, verse 53 (ibid., p. 77).

431 Hammer, iii. 302-4. Rambaud, Histoire générale, iii. 831, is mistaken in attributing this law to Bayezid.

432 Ruled 1350 to 1369.

433 In 1330. Panaretos, p. 7.

434 In 1320 at Salonika: Greg., VII. 13, p. 271.

435 Month of Shaban, a.h. 791: MS. turc, Bibl. Nat., Paris, No. 79, pp. 35, 40. Cf. Langlès, in Notices et Extraits, v. 672.

436 Froissart, IV. c. 47, in Kervyn ed., xv. 216-17. Froissart calls Bayezid ‘Amoruth-Baquin’, confusing him with Murad. See below, p. 213, n. 2.

437 Abul Yussif ibn Taghry, Elmanhal Essafy, Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, No. 748, ii, fol. 70.

438 Vuk Brankovitch, as the reward of his treason, received half of Lazar’s inheritance, however, with Pristina as capital. His family continued as Ottoman vassals, with varying fortunes, for a hundred years.

439 Ducas, 4, p. 6.

440 Kantitz, Serbien, pp. 254 f.

441 Busbequius was informed at Constantinople that marriage had been abolished in the Ottoman royal family because Bayezid took to heart the disgrace of Despina by Timur. But Ricaut, p. 296, thinks that it was because of dowry expense and the desire of the Ottoman sovereigns to keep free from family alliances. Naturally, the difference of religion in time prevented the Osmanlis from finding brides for their sovereigns among the European royal families. If they married among their subjects, there was always fear of intrigues in the wife’s family. At a time when family alliances meant so much in Europe, the Ottoman Empire suffered greatly from this disability.

442 Seadeddin, i. 158.

443 Klaić, p. 248. I think Romanin, iii. 331, has confused Stephen Bulcovitch with Stephen Tvrtko. For it is difficult to understand what he means by the ‘pace vergognosa’ with Venice.

444 Old Servian chronicle, quoted by Klaić, p. 271: ‘quasi totaliter destruxerunt Bosniam et populum abduxerunt.’

445 Klaić, pp. 324-5.

446 Accounts differ as to the place. There is some doubt as to whether the independence of Aïdin was totally destroyed before the restoration of Isa’s sons by Timur. Cf. Schlumberger, p. 484; Mas-Latrie, Trésor de Chronologie, col. 1800. Hammer, i. 300, cites no authorities for his statements about this usurpation.

447 Bosio, ii. 143.

448 Ibid., ii. 148.

449 There is the same dearth of information about the details of the destruction of the power of the emirs of Sarukhan and Menteshe as there is about Aïdin. Hammer says simply, ‘Les principautés de S. et M. furent incorporées à l’empire ottoman,’ i. 300. He gives no authorities.

450 Ducas, 13, p. 47.

451 Dialogi XXVI cum Persa quodam de Christianae religionis veritate, Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds grec, No. 1253: partly printed in Notices et Extraits, vol. viii, 2^e partie, and in Migne, 156, pp. 111-74. In Notices et Extraits, loc. cit., C. B. Hase has given an interesting critical account of the dialogues, and the circumstances under which they were written.

452 Seadeddin, i. 163. In Hammer, i. 301, in the sentence ‘quoique, depuis la paix renouvelée avec lui par Orkhan, les deux nations eussent continuellement vécu dans des relations de sincère amitié’, is not Murad meant instead of Orkhan?

453 Evliya effendi, ii. 21, tells how Bayezid passed seven times in one year from Anatolia to Wallachia.

454 In matters relating to the progress of Ottoman conquest in Asia Minor, French, German, and British writers have been content to repeat, without critical comment, what they have culled from Leunclavius or the translations of Seadeddin. In many cases, they have gone back no farther than Hammer, and have transcribed, often literally, Hammer’s words. Hammer himself, in this early period of Ottoman history, in spite of his attainments as an orientalist, has relied mainly on Leunclavius, and on Bratutti’s Italian translation of Seadeddin.

455 ‘La principauté fut pour toujours réunie à l’empire,’ Hammer, i. 308. In speaking of this second campaign, Hammer starts by saying, ‘Le prince de Karamanie avait de nouveau levé l’étendard de la révolte’. This is hardly the expression to use for the action of an independent prince. Alaeddin had never made himself the vassal of the Ottoman emirs.

456 Striking testimony to the later power of the Karamanlis is given by Bertrandon de la Broquière, who visited the court of Ibrahim with the Cypriote ambassador in 1443: cf. Schéfer’s edition of his voyage, pp. 108-20. See Appendix B below, where the relations of the Osmanlis with the emirates of Asia Minor during the fourteenth century are discussed in detail, with fuller citation of authorities.

457 Howorth, iii. 749.

458 Sherefeddin, iii. 256, who is the only contemporary authority, says that Bayezid put him to death. This was one of the charges made by Timur against Bayezid.

459 The earliest possible date could be 1393. Perhaps the Osmanlis first appeared near Sivas at this time. But Bayezid would hardly have undertaken so long and perilous an expedition before his position was secure in Karamania. Sherefeddin gives the more likely date 1395, while Ibn-Hedjir places the death of Burhaneddin in 1396.

460 So d’Ohsson fils, vii. 442, says, but gives date 1390. Hammer more correctly puts it in 1391. Xénopol, in his authoritative and carefully documented history, gives a little different account of Mircea’s early relations with Bayezid, and attributes to Mircea a larger influence in the calculations of Murad than he deserves. But the exposition of Mircea’s policy in relation to Poland, Hungary, and the Osmanlis, as given by Xénopol, cannot be overlooked or disregarded by the student of this period.

461 ‘Pierre Aron fut le premier des hospodars qui paya un tribut aux Turcs’: Costin’s Hist. de la Moldavie, p. 367, in Notices et Extraits, vol. xi.

462 Phr., I. 13-14, pp. 58-9, and 26, p. 82; Bonfinius, iii. 2; Chron. Anon. de St.-Denis; Chron. of Drechsler; Campana, fol. 8 (but gives date 1393). Leuncl., Annales, p. 51, following Ottoman sources, speaks only of Sigismund’s defeat. This earlier victory and the disastrous retreat are mentioned also in several of the French chronicles which relate the expedition of 1396.

463 Engel, Gesch. von Ungarn, ii. 368, who draws on all the earlier Hungarian authorities.

464 Russian source cited by Muralt, vol. ii, No. 10 n.

465 Cf. Baedeker, Konst. und Kleinasien, 2. Aufl., p. 46.

466 Jireček, Gesch. der Bulgaren, pp. 347-9, gives Slavic sources for this date, and quotes Camblak’s graphic description of the terrible sacking of the city, the massacre, and the destruction of the churches.

467 In Czech, the word jazyk signifies language as well as nation (cf. Lützow, Life and Times of Master John Hus, p. 239). This illustrates the Slavic conception of nationality, and explains in a nutshell the Austro-Hungarian and Balkan problems. To the Slav, there can be no other test of nationality. The Bulgarian propaganda in Macedonia, carried on through the church and the schools, has been the resurrection of the nation through the language. The Greeks have used the Orthodox Church to combat and stifle this movement. They claim as Greeks all members of the Orthodox Church, while the Bulgarians claim that Bulgarophones, even if not attached to the exarchate, belong to the Bulgarian nation.

468 Schiltberger, Neumann ed., p. 65. On this question cf. Jireček, op. cit., pp. 350-2; Miller, p. 189; and illuminating note of Rambaud, in Hist. générale, iii. 832 n. Also p. 143 of this book and accompanying foot-note.

469 Schiltberger, op. et loc. cit.

470 These cities, or rather, their fortresses, were captured and evacuated several times by the Osmanlis, especially Widin.

471 Hammer, at the beginning of the reign of Bayezid, i. 295-7, relates the history of the quarrel between Andronicus and his father and Manuel, the rescue from the Tower of Anemas, &c., as if these events happened in 1389 and 1390, and gives the capture of Philadelphia for 1391. He has been led astray here by the story of Ducas, and by the fact that the Byzantine historians speak of Bayezid instead of Murad in connexion with the negotiations for restoration. By the internal evidence in the Byzantine historians themselves, the chronology of this period cannot be decided. But, by reading Phrantzes and Chalcocondylas in the light of Quirino, the continuation of Dandolo, and the archives of the colony of Pera, and also by piecing out the length of time of these events and matching them with Bayezid’s occupations during the first two years of his reign, it is not difficult to decide to place the Andronicus versus John and Manuel struggles just before the Chioggia war. At any rate, Andronicus died ten years before the date Hammer gives to these events!

472 Poem cited by Muralt, ii. 738, No. 1.

473 MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds grec, No. 1253, fol. 198 vº.

474 John V Palaeologos was of those who, in the words of Bernino (p. 9), ‘consumavasi vanamente il tempo più in dolersi delle calamità che in repararle’.

475 Ducas, 13, pp. 25-49 passim; Chalc., II, pp. 66, 81-2.

476 Evliya effendi, i. 29-30; ii. 21, who repeats the persistent Ottoman tradition of his day, that is also found in Hadji Khalfa and Nazmi Zadé. Cf. the Genoese accounts of Pera in Jorga’s scholarly Notes à servir, &c. i. 42. According to Schéfer, in his edition of Bertrandon de la Broquière, p. 165, there was a provision that slaves escaping to Constantinople should be given back, but we cannot be sure that this stipulation was made under Bayezid I. The date of the installation of the cadi, &c., is open to question. Some authorities place it after Nicopolis.

477 Shehabeddin, fol. 72 rº, writes Istanbul; Sherefeddin, iv. 37, is transcribed by Petits de la Croix Istanbol; Arabshah, p. 124, transcribed by Vattier Estanbol. Wylie, i. 156, n. 2, gives the time-worn popular derivation from εἰς τὴν πόλιν; also Telfer, in his edition of Schiltberger, p. 119. Why go so far afield? Istambul is a natural contraction of Constantinople. As the Greeks pronounced this long word, the syllables stan and pol bore the stress, and were naturally put together for a shortened form. As for the initial I, which has troubled the philologists, its explanation is easy to one who knows the Osmanlis. They cannot to this day pronounce an initial St without putting I before it.

478 Neshri, trans. Nöldeke, ZDMG., xv. 345; Seadeddin, i. 189; Saguntinus, p. 187; Drechsler, p. 228, says: ‘octo annos vexatur et obsidetur.’

479 Duc., 13, p. 50.

480 Muralt, ii. 753, No. 29.

481 Secr. Cons. Rog., III, E 84.

482 Chalc., II, pp. 80-1; Phr., I. 13, pp. 57-8; 26, p. 82.

483 Miklositch, Acta Serbica, CCIV. Hammer, i. 341, calls this Constantine ‘fils de Twarko’, meaning Stephen Tvrtko, I suppose. But I cannot find that the Bosnian king had such a son, or any reason, if he had, why this son should have been at Serres.

484 Ibid., CCXXIII. For the later kings of the dynasty which Vuk founded, see Picot’s careful article in Columna lui Traianu, new ser., Jan.-Feb. 1883, p. 64 f.

485 Epp. cur., ii. 64.

486 Epp. cur., ii. 103-4. Urban VI in 1387 had written a letter from Lucca inciting the Frankish princes to a war against ‘schismatics’ in Achaia.

487 Secr. Cons. Rog., iii, E 74.

488 Miklositch-Müller, Acta Graeca, CCCCXXXV.

489 Chalc., II, p. 75; Duc., 13, p. 73.

490 Chalc., loc. cit.; Epp. cur., ii. 300-1, 311; iii. 261.

491 Cf. Jorga, in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 2^e série, 110^e fascic.; Molinier, MSS. de P. de Mézières, in Arch. de l’Orient Latin, i. 335-64; Del. Leroulx, i. 201-8.

492 ‘Nostra dominatio audiverat de morte ipsius dom. Morati, de qua maximam displicentiam habuerat, quia semper eum habuimus in singularissimum amicum, et dileximus eum et statum suum. Similiter audivimus de felici creatione sua ad imperium et dominium ipsius patris sui, de quo nos fuerimus valde letati, quia sicut sincere dileximus patrem, ita diligimus et diligere dispositi sumus filium et suum dominium et habere ipsum in singularem amicum’... &c.: Misti, xli. 24, reprinted in full in Ljubić, iv. 269-70.

493 Ibid., xlii. 58-9; the treaty is in Commem., viii. 150. Cf. Romanin, iii. 330.

494 Euboea is called Negropont, the Peloponnesus Morea, Lesbos Mytilene, while Crete is frequently called Candia and Chios Scio, in mediaeval and modern times.

495 Misti, xlii. 55.

496 Ibid., xliii. 156.

497 Secr. Cons. Rog., iii. E 81.

498 ‘Ire contra dictos Turchos ad damnum et destructionem suam’: ibid., p. 94, cited in Ljubić, iv. 335-6.

499 Misti, lxiv. 140.

500 Ibid., lxiv. 156.

501 We must reject the statement of Morosini, MS. Wiener Bibl., fol. 135 rº, that Bayezid ‘entered in arms in the Strait of Romania with so many galleys that one could not navigate in the strait’, and doubt the opinion that Monicego, with his forty-four Venetian and Genoese galleys, had to force the Bosphorus, and contributed powerfully ‘a la destrucion del dito Turcho’.

502 Misti, xliii. 29.

503 Ibid., xliii. 5: ‘confidasse in Dio, confidasse nei provedimenti che saprebbero à fare i principi christiani, scrivesse al Papa e a questi promovendo una lega generale’.

504 Ibid., xliv. 108.

505 Ibid., xliv. 128.

506 Belgrano, pp. 152-3.

507 Lib. iurium, ann. 1392, fol. 474, in Turin archives, printed in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes (1857), 4^e série, iii. 451-2.

508 Religieux de St.-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, i. 319-21.

509 Chronicorum Karoli Sexti, ed. Bellaguet, i. 709-11. The relations of the ambassadors of Sigismund with the Duke of Burgundy and with Charles VI are found in Religieux de Saint-Denis.

510 On September 13, 1395, in the presence of ambassadors from all parts of Christendom, and also ‘del gran Turco, del Rè de’ Tartari, del gran Soldano, del gran Tamerlano e di molti altri Principi infedeli e ribelli alla Fede christiana’, who were treated like Christians and lodged at the expense of ‘il Signore di Milano’, Galeazzo was solemnly raised to ducal rank and invested with the Duchy of Milan by Wenceslaus: Andrea Gataro, in Muratori, xvii, col. 820.

511 Mémoires de Madame de Lussan, iii. 5.

512 The references to Froissart which follow are given from vol. xv of Kervyn de Lettenhove’s edition, and the references to Schiltberger from the English translation in the Hakluyt Society series, vol. lviii, unless otherwise specified.

513 See the sources and references for Nicopolis grouped in the classified bibliography. Although the citations in the text of my narrative are mostly from Froissart and Schiltberger, all chronicles and contemporary sources available have been used in the preparation of this section, especially Bellaguet’s edition of Religieux de Saint-Denis, ii. 425-30, 483-522 (Bellaguet’s notes, however, on these sections are very disappointing).

514 Froissart, pp. 218, 221, 223.

515 Ibid., pp. 227-8, 230, 394-8. A complete list of the chevaliers, compiled from sources, is found in Buchon, and, in much more complete and accurate form, in Delaville Leroulx, ii. 78-86.

516 Froissart, and other earlier writers, have several ways of designating Bayezid. Froissart calls him Amorath-Baquin (p. 216), Amorath (p. 226), le roy Basaach, dit l’Amourath-Bacquin(p. 230), l’Amourath-Bacquin many times, and l’Amourath three times in one paragraph (p. 311). Chroniclers and writers of the fifteenth century were continually confusing Bayezid with Murad (cf. Cuspianus, Secundinus, Sylvius Aeneas, Donado da Lezze, Paolo Giovio, et al.). From the different ways Froissart designates Bayezid, it is very clear that he is not mixing him with Murad, but that by ‘dit l’Amourath-Bacquin’ he means ‘l’émir-pacha’. The fact that he uses the definite article so frequently and says several times ‘l’Amourath’ is proof positive of this. His transcription of the title emir, and that of many other western writers, led later historians to think the chroniclers meant Murad! It is merely a coincidence that the words are so similar. Froissart, however, would be capable of mistaking Murad for Bayezid. On p. 216 he calls Sigismund Henry, and on p. 334 Louis! Olivier de la Marche (éd. Beaune et d’Arbuthnot), i. 83-4, speaks twice of ‘Lamourath-bahy’. Here, too, there is not a confusion of Murad and Bayezid. He, like Froissart, means to say ‘l’amiral-pacha’. On ‘amiral’ for ‘emir’ see above, p. 163, n. 2.

517 Froissart, pp. 230-1, 242.

518 Donado da Lezze, p. 9.

519 Leunclavius, Hist. Musul. Turc., preface, p. 14, speaks of how grateful Sigismund was later for the services rendered to him personally by the Burgrave in the Nicopolis campaign, and that the friendship formed then led to the later advancement of the house of Brandenburg.

520 Wylie, i. 6, 158, quoting Ducas, 13, and Venetian State Papers (Brown), i. 85. Ducas knew nothing of Nicopolis, while the Venetian reference is based on a misapprehension.

521 Lavisse, Histoire de France, iv. 311: ‘on l’avait vu à la bataille de Nicopoli sur les bords de la Baltique avec les chevaliers teutoniques.’ Lavisse has evidently mixed up the Nicopolis expedition with the earlier Prussian one in which Henry did take part. His statement on the same page that Henry IV took part in the Boucicaut expedition is another error.

522 Conclusive proof of the whereabouts of Henry in the summer of 1396 is found in the letter ‘escript... le xx^e jour d’augst’. This letter is in Arch. Nat., Paris, J. 644: 35¹¹. For the expeditions in which Henry did take part, when he was Henry of Derby, see vol. lii of the Camden Society, edited by Lucy Toulmin Smith, London, 1894, 4to.

523 Froissart, p. 244.

524 Phr., I. 14, p. 59; Bontinius, III. 2.

525 Engel, Geschichte der Bulgaren, p. 468. According to the authority who has made the most exhaustive study of the Nicopolis expedition, Sigismund disposed of 120,000 men in all, including the western allies: Kiss, in À Nikápolyi ülkozet, p. 266. Kiss’s estimate is corroborated by the Cronica Dolfina, which says that Sigismund had one hundred thousand men under arms in 1394. Sanuto quotes this in Muratori, xxii, col. 762. Cf. also Hungarian Nat. Archives, Dipl. 8201, 8212, 8214, 8493, 8541.

526 Schiltberger, p. 2.

527 Bruun, in his Geographische Anmerkungen zum Reisebuch von Schiltberger (Sitz.-Ber. k. Bay. Akademie, 1869, ii. 271), tried to prove that the battle was fought, not at Nicopolis on the Danube, but near the ancient Nicopolis of Trajan’s foundation. But in his notes to the English translation of Schilt., Hakluyt, lviii. 108-9, he assents to the contention which Kanitz makes in Donau-Bulgarien, ii. 58-70, that the battle was near Nicopolis-on-the-Danube. An examination of the chronicles corroborates Kanitz’s hypothesis over against the ingenuous argument of Jireček. Some historians have been so unmindful of geographical considerations as to put the battle at the ancient Nicopolis ad Haemum, of which Ortellius, p. 225, speaks.

528 Schiltberger, p. 2.

529 Froissart, pp. 251, 262-3, 310, 329. ‘Miscreant’, of course, in its original sense.

530 Ibid., p. 310.

531 Ibid., pp. 311-17; Relig. de St.-Denis, pp. 490-7. Schiltberger, p. 3, attributes this initiative to Jean de Nevers, whom, like many other writers on Nicopolis, he calls, by anticipation, Duke of Burgundy. Cf. Donado da Lezze, p. 9, who says: ‘Il signor Carlo, prima Duca di Borgogna.’ Also Morosini, p. 6. Sigismund is frequently spoken of as German emperor at the time of Nicopolis. Cf. Chalc., ed. Migne, col. 76: ἡγουμένου Σιγισυούνδου Ῥωμαίων βασιλέως τε καὶ αὐτοκράτορος.

532 Rabbi Joseph, i. 252.

533 Froissart, pp. 313-16; Relig. de St.-Denis, pp. 490 f.; Rabbi Joseph, p. 253; Schiltberger, p. 3; Seadeddin, i. 184; Neshri, in ZDMG., xv. 345-8. Cf. authorities cited in Bibliography.

534 Froissart, p. 317. Hermann de Cilly and the Burgrave of Nürnberg are said by some authorities to have thrown themselves in front of Sigismund, and to have saved him and carried him off to the boat.

535 The bitterness against and contempt for the Hungarians is expressed in the following verses:
‘Nichopoly, cité de payennie,
 Au temps là où li sièges fut grans,
 Fut delaissés par orgueil et folie;
 Car les Hongres qui furent sur les champs
 Avec leur roy, fuitis et récréans,
 Leur roy meisme enmainent par puissance,
 Sans assembler.’
     Œuvres inédites d’Eustache des Champs, ed. Tarbé, 1849, i. 166.

536 Schiltberger calls him ‘der hertzog auss der Sirifey, der genant despot’: Bibl. des Lit. Vereins (Tübingen), clxxii. 4.

537 Cf. Miller, in Story of Nations Series, pp. 290-1.

538 Belonging to the grand master of Rhodes: Froissart, p. 317. But Morosini, p. 15, and others, say that he went directly on board Monicego’s galley. It is a pity that Hammer, in his description of the battle of Nicopolis, relied so much on such an unreliable third-hand authority as Abbé Vertot. Skentkláráy, À dunai hajóhadak törtenéte, says that Jean de Vienne commanded the galleys.

539 Schiltberger, p. 6.

540 Bonfinius, one of the earliest Hungarian historians, recorded that Sigismund had boasted that he would not only turn the Osmanlis out of Europe, but also that with the army under his command, if the sky fell, it could be held up on their lances: Decades, ii. 403.

541 ‘Sigismund was cruel and sensual, perjured and frivolous, rapacious and dissolute, fierce and pusillanimous, a byword and object of horror to the Bohemians, hated and despised by the Germans, a warning to all rulers. His companion, John XXIII, lewd and murderous, a simonist and an infidel, was a true comrade for Sigismund in all evil deeds’: Dr. Flajshans, in Mistr Jan Hus: quotation translated by Count Lützow, John Hus and his Times, pp. 137-8.

542 Froissart, pp. 330-1.

543 But not until he ‘regracioit les dieux et les déesses selon la loy où il creoit et que les paiens croient’: Froissart, p. 321. The ignorance among the western chroniclers of everything pertaining to the Osmanlis—or the wider circle of Mohammedan peoples—was appalling.

544 Schiltberger, p. 5. Cf. Froissart, pp. 322-8; Relig. de St.-Denis; Chronique de Boucicaut; Chronique des 4 premiers Valois, éd. Luce, p. 326; and the other chronicles and secondary authorities given in Bibliography.

545 Xénopol, in Hist, générale, iii. 882, whose writings furnish the most reliable and most accessible data for Rumanian history, allows his patriotism to get the better of his judgement when he writes that this unimportant skirmish was a complete defeat inflicted upon Bayezid, and that ‘le Sultan court jusqu’à Adrinople’! Xénopol makes no attempt to explain the battle of Nicopolis, and Mircea’s action in and after the battle.

546 Schiltberger, p. 6. Chalc., II, pp. 76-80, who exaggerates the raid to the point of saying that Bayezid reached the environs of Buda.

547 Secr. Cons. Rog., iii. 134-5. Mém. d’Olivier de la Marche (éd. Beaune et d’Arbuthnot), i. 199-200, reads as if Bayezid had actually taken possession of Hungary.

548 MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds turc, No. 79, pp. 61 f. (collection of Feridun). For wrong date, see Langlès, in Acad. des Inscriptions, iv. 673-4.

549 Schiltberger, p. 7, who would have been chosen himself for Egypt but for the fact that he had been wounded.

550 Froissart, p. 341; Rabbi Joseph, p. 254.

551 Froissart, p. 345. In xvi. 40, Froissart makes a mistake in saying that the body of the Comte d’Eu was ‘en ung sarcus rapporté en France et ensevely en l’eglise Saint-Laurent d’Eu, et là gist moult honnourablement’. The tomb in St. Laurent is merely a memorial. Philippe was buried in the chapel of a monastery in Galata, where, seven years later, Clavijo, fol. 17 vº, saw his burial-spot, but unmarked. His tomb is described by Bulladius, who saw it in 1647, in his notes to Bonn ed. of Ducas, p. 560. Cf. Mordtmann, Beiträge zur osmanischen Epigraphik, I, in ZDMG. (1911), lxv. 103.

552 Froissart, xv. 329, 332, 342 f., 355-8; xvi. 16.

553 Godefroy, Hist. de Boucicaut (1620 ed.), i. 16; Ducas, p. 52.

554 Chronique d’Enguerran de Monstrelet (ed. Douet d’Areq), i. 332-3; Froissart, xvi. 57-9.

555 Jean de Nevers, as Duc de Bourgogne and leader of the faction against the king’s brother, openly accepted the responsibility of the assassination of the Duc d’Orléans. This was the beginning of the Burgundy-Armagnac civil war, which delivered France to the English until Jeanne d’Arc appeared to awaken the French to a feeling of nationality.

556 Froissart, xvi. 47. For ransom, ibid., pp. 37-8, and Rabbi Joseph, i. 254; also Livre des faicts of Boucicaut, passim.

557 Raynaldus, ann. 1364, No. XXVIII. Jireček, Gesch. der Bulg., p. 323, says that at this time ‘Osmanen erschienen in Attika’. He has mistaken roving Turkish corsairs of Sarukhan or Aïdin for the Osmanlis. It must have been these Turks who attacked Thebes.

558 For the deliverance of the grand master of Rhodes, Jean Ferdinand d’Hérédia: Ducange, viii. 296.

559 Chron. Breve at end of Ducas, p. 516.

560 Ibid. According to Finlay, iv. 233, he captured Akova. Cf. Muralt, ii. 741, citing Guichenon MS., and Ducange, viii. 39, 296.

561 Phr., I. 16, p. 62; 26, p. 83; Chalc., II, pp. 67-9.

562 Muralt, under 1395 and 1397, gives the same expedition. From internal evidence of Byzantine historians, one might put the Morean expeditions in either or both of these years. But cf. Chron. Breve, p. 516, and the silence of the Ottoman historians on an expedition in 1395.

563 Chalc., II, p. 67; Seadeddin, i. 192.

564 Chalc., II, p. 67; Seadeddin, i. 192.

565 Chron. Breve, p. 516; Phr., I. 16, p. 62; Chalc., II, pp. 97-9.

566 Seadeddin, i. 193.

567 The Venetians seized Athens in 1395, and sent Antonio Contareno to act as governor.

568 Hammer describes the capture of Athens in 1397 in i. 350, and again in 1456 in iii. 51.

569 Gibbon and Hammer follow Chalcocondylas in this error. Cf. Berger de Xivrey, in Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscr., vol. xix, partie 2, pp. 29-30.

570 Seadeddin, i. 180.

571 Ducas, 13, p. 50; Chalc., II, p. 59; Idris.

572 The land walls of Salonika, still standing, are eloquent proof of the difficulty which confronted their assailants before the days of cannon.

573 Phr., I. 17, p. 64.

574 See p. 199. There is serious difference of opinion as to just when these concessions were made.

575 Feridun collection, letter from Adrianople, ordering kadis to prepare for siege of Constantinople: Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds turc, No. 79, p. 60.

576 Ducas, 14, p. 53; Canale, ii. 62. Leunclavius, Annales, p. 52, puts this in 1391/2.

577 Karamzin (Russian ed. of 1819), v. 164.

578 Miklositch-Müller, Acta Graeca, DCXXXVI.

579 Ibid., DXIV, DXV, DXVI.

580 Froissart, xvi. 132-3.

581 Religieux de Saint-Denis, ii. 559-62, 564.

582 Secreta Consilii Rogatorum, E iii. 138, 146, printed in Ljubić, iv. 404.

583 Ibid., p. 137.

584 Misti, xliv. 210, xlv. 443; Belgrano, Arch. Gen., 1396-1464, pp. 175 f.

585 Ducas, 14, p. 53; Chalc., II, p. 80; Sherefeddin, iv. 38.

586 ‘El Cuirol castello de Grecia está despoblado y destruydo y el dela Turquia está poblado’: Seville ed., 1582, fol. 17 v°. Busbecq, i. 131, wrote: ‘stand two castles opposite each other, one in Europe and the other in Asia.... The former was held by the Turks a long time before the attack on Constantinople.’ Busbecq was, of course, misinformed, as Rumeli Hissar was built in 1452. It is still standing in excellent preservation. Anatoli Hissar, of which only one tower remains intact, was built between 1392 and 1397. There is no way of determining the exact date. But Saladin, in Manuel de l’Art Musulman, i. 482, displays his usual inaccuracy concerning facts of Ottoman history, when he gives 1420 as the date for Anatoli Hissar.

587 Phr., I. 14, p. 60; Chalc., II, p. 83; Ducas, 14, p. 53.

588 Venice contemplated action against the Osmanlis with the aid of France, Hungary, and Genoa. Cf. Secr. Cons. Rog., E iii. 137-44.

589 Epp., v. 26, 99, 293-5.

590 Edition of Seville, 1582, fol. 16 v°-17 r°.

591 My account of this expedition is taken from MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds fr., No. 11432, Livre des faicts du bon messire Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut. For printed editions, see Bibliography.

592 The chronicler makes the most astonishing assertions as to these raids, saying that the chevaliers reached Ak-Seraï! He evidently had no idea of local geography. I have been unable to identify several of the places mentioned.

593 I have walked in one day from Riva to a point on the Bosphorus not many miles above Constantinople. When one reads the history of the Osmanlis in the country of their origin, the fact that from the very beginning of their history they were practically within sight of the imperial city is vividly impressed upon one.

594 The Byzantine historians give little attention to Boucicaut, and are in contradiction with his chronicler on this point. Phr., 15, p. 61, says that John, who had been in the court of Bayezid, fled to his uncle because he had been slandered to Bayezid, and was afraid for his life; and Chalc., II, p. 84, that it was John who commanded the 10,000 Osmanlis against the city, and that Manuel shared the throne with him in order to save the city. Muralt, ii. 762, is a year in advance of the actual date.

595 Chron. de Saint-Denis and Juvenal d’Ursins. But these are really the same source, according to Lacabane, Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, ii. 62.

596 Foglieta and Stella, in Muralt, ii. 778, No. 61.

597 Sanudo, in Muratori, xxii. pp. 794-8.

598 Chalc., II, pp. 83-4; Ducas, 14, pp. 54-6. For Rhodes and the Pope in the Morea, Phr., I. 16, p. 63; Bosio, ii. 154.

599 September 10, 1400, in Misti, xlv. 33.

600 Livre des faicts, fol. 53 r°-55 r°, and Wylie, pp. 159-65. Wylie has collated admirably the sources on Manuel’s visit.

601 Text is published in Theiner, ii. 170-2.

602 Epp., v. 300-2; vi. 92.

603 ‘Cum Dom. summus Pontifex advertens quod perfidus ille Baysetus Princeps Turchorum, manu potenti et brachio extento in Christianum Populum maxima feritate extitit debachatus ad Exterminium Civitatis Constantinopolitanae et universitatis Populi Christiani nisi eius nephanda propositio resistatur, omnes et singulos qui, pro Liberatione et Subsidione Manuelis Imp. Cpni et dictae Civitatis suae, Manus adiutrices porrexerint...’ etc.: Rymer, vol. iii, part 4, pp. 195-6.

604 Clavijo, who visited Constantinople the following year, reports this, fol. 7 v°.

605 Miklositch-Müller, Acta, DCXXVI.

606 Strikingly shown in letter of April 20, 1402: Canc. Secr., i. 58.

607 Misti, xlv. 19-23, 25-6, 29-30, 35, 87; xlvi. 37. Several of these are published in Ljubić, iv. 579, 590.

608 Knoelle, in Journal R. A. S. (1822), xiv. 125; Nöldeke, in ZDMG. (1859), xiii. 185, n. 6.

609 ‘Toutesfoiz il a la main senestre et pié senestre comme impotent et ne s’en puet aidier, car il a les nerfs coppez’: Dominican Friar, p. 463. ‘Infirmus, ut dicitur, a cingulo infra’: Stella, in Muratori, vol. xvii. col. 1194. Cf. Sherefeddin, i. 55, 381. The English corruption Tamerlane is from Timurlenk, the latter syllable signifying lameness.

610 Sherefeddin, ii. 222.

611 There is an excellent account of the dynasties of the Black and White Sheep, with list, following Mirkhand, in Teixera, ii. 24-39, 69-70. For the later activities of Kara-Yussuf, Teixera, ii. 355; de Guignes, iii. 302.

612 Langlès translation, p. 260.

613 Ibid., pp. 258-62; Sherefeddin, iii. 255-62; Clavijo de Gonzáles, fol. 25 r°-26 v°.

614 Chalcocondylas and Raynaldus are wrong in calling him Ertogrul, and in stating that he was killed in the subsequent siege. Sherefeddin, iii. 267, calls him Mustafa, and Schiltberger, p. 18, Mohammed. That it was Soleiman is proved by the agreement of the Ottoman historians with Arabshah, p. 124, and with Clavijo, fol. 26 r°, whose ‘Musulman Tchelebi’ is Soleiman.

615 Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, vol. ii, fol. 1776.

616 Clavijo, fol. 26 r°; Arabshah, p. 125.

617 Clavijo, fol. 26 v°-27 r°; Arabshah, p. 125; Sherefeddin, iii. 267-9; Dominican Friar, p. 264; Schiltberger, p. 18. Schiltberger says 21 days, and 5,000 horsemen buried, and 9,000 virgins carried off by the Tartars.

618 It is impossible to understand why Muralt, with all the authorities he had at hand, places the taking of Sivas in 1395: Chronographie Byzantine, ii. 753, No. 26. The contemporary authorities cited above establish the date. Cf. also letter from Crete, in Jorga, Notes à servir, &c., i. 106, n. 3. There is a full discussion of the proper dating of the Ottoman aggression against Sivas, Caesarea, and Erzindjian, and the probability of two Ottoman campaigns, one before and one after Nicopolis, in Bruun’s note to the Hakluyt edition of Schiltberger, pp. 121-2.

619 The letters exchanged between Charles VI and Timur are preserved in the French archives. The Turkish text of these letters, with Latin translation, is published by Charrière, introd., i. 118-19.

620 Stella, in Muratori, xvii. 1194.

621 ‘En la qual batalla se acaescieron Payo de Soto Mayor e Hernan Sanchez de Palaçuelos Embaxadores’: Clavijo, fol. 1 r°, col. 2.

622 Letters of Timur and Bayezid in Arabic and Persian in Feridun collection, MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, ancien fonds turc, pp. 65-91. Cf. Langlès, in Notices et Extraits, iv. 674, for list and dates of these. Sherefeddin, iii. 396-416.

623 Sherefeddin, iv. 1-6. For description of route from Sivas to Angora, Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, ii. fols. 1803-4. Timur’s own account of his march and the battle of Angora is very brief: ‘Je pris moi-même le chemin d’Ancouriah. Bayezid, suivi de 400,000 hommes, tant cavaliers que fantassins, vint à ma rencontre; on livra la bataille, et je la gagnai. Ce Prince vaincu fut pris par mes troupes, et amené en ma présence. Enfin... je retournai victorieux à Samarcande’: Langlès trans., p. 264.

624 A great deal has been written about the date of Angora, but all authorities agree in putting it between July 20 and July 28, 1402. Cf. Art de vérifier les Dates, i. 193; Silvestre de Sacy, in Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions, vi. 488-95; Moranvillé, in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, lv. 437-8. A few early western writers have given 1397 and 1403, while Petits de la Croix, in his French translation of Sherefeddin, is a decade too late in all his dates. The latter part of July 1402 is fixed by all contemporary authorities on this battle. Abu’l-Mahasin, in his history of the reign of the Egyptian sultan Barkok, states that the greater part of Bayezid’s army perished by thirst before his capture.

625 On the nationality of the Tartars who betrayed Bayezid at Angora, see the latter part of the note of Bruun on the ‘White Tartars’ in the Hakluyt ed. of Schiltberger, pp. 114-17.

626 From the account of the Dominican Friar, pp. 458-9, it seems clear that Bayezid was the aggressor until after Soleiman’s command had been cut to pieces.

627 Sherefeddin, iv. 8-12; Dominican Friar, p. 458.

628 Afterwards Mohammed I. Many western writers have confused him with his nickname of Kiritchelebi (Girigilibi in Rabbi Joseph, i. 257, and a variety of spellings in other early writers), and made him thus his own father, to account for the later Sultan Mohammed.

629 In this battle I have used Sherefeddin, Arabshah, Dominican Friar, in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, lv. 437-68, Schiltberger, Clavijo, and the invaluable letters in Marino Sanuto, Muratori, xxii. 794-7. The authorities for Angora and Timur are classified in the bibliography below.

630 Sherefeddin, iv. 15, says the carnage in this battle was seven times greater than in any of Timur’s previous victories. The Dominican Friar, p. 459, puts the Ottoman losses at 40,000.

631 Schiltberger, p. 21, says that he retreated to this hill with 1,000 horsemen. Hammer is in error in saying that Bayezid ‘resisted like a hero at the head of his ten thousand janissaries with whom he had occupied the slope of a hill’: ii. 91. There were never as many as ten thousand janissaries enrolled in the Ottoman army until a century after Bayezid’s death. See above, p. 119. In oriental historians numbers are almost invariably exaggerated at least tenfold.

632 Solak-zadé, p. 63. Sherefeddin and Arabshah bear witness to Bayezid’s personal courage.

633 The Ottoman historians explain the capture of Bayezid by the fact that he was unhorsed. Some say that he was mounted on an inexperienced horse. A great deal was written about the battle of Angora at a much later date, but, as in describing the battles of Kossova and Nicopolis, I have limited myself to contemporary sources.

634 Mustafa’s fate was never cleared up. Mohammed and Isa fled naked, according to the Dominican Friar, p. 450.

635 I am unable to agree with Alberi, Rel. Ven. Ambasc., 3rd ser., vol. i, preface viii., ‘Secondo migliori testimonianze deve rigettarsi per falsa la tradizione’, and Bruun, Notes to Hakluyt ed. of Schiltberger, p. 21 n., ‘We are forced to conclude, after Hammer’s searching inquiries, that there is no truth whatever in the story of Bayezid having been confined by Timur in an iron cage’. Hammer’s arguments, ii. 96-101, do not seem to me at all convincing. From the philological point of view, they have been refuted by Weil, Gesch. der Chalifen, ii. 92. From the historical point of view, there is just as strong evidence for as against the litter with bars, which could hardly have been any different from a cage. If one argues that Timur did not subject his prisoner to this indignity, and advances that the cage was really nothing more than a closed litter, such as was used for ladies of the imperial harem, he is merely substituting one indignity for another. From the character of Bayezid, one would infer that the humiliation of being shut up like a lion in a cage would have been less than that of being put into a harem litter like a woman, for whom the conqueror had contempt rather than fear. There is no mention of the iron cage in Schiltberger, Clavijo, and the Dominican Friar. But their silence signifies nothing. They are excellent witnesses for the battle of Angora itself, but knew little or nothing of what happened in Asia Minor after Angora. One might just as well argue from Schiltberger’s silence that Timur did not capture Smyrna! Nor does Sherefeddin mention the humiliation of Bayezid, and the iron cage. But the story is given in Arabshah, p. 210, who must be reckoned with as a contemporary source. If, as de Salaberry, iv. 200-1, claims, the iron cage story was inserted in Arabshah by his Ottoman editor and translator, Nazmi-zadé, it only goes to show that the careful Ottoman students of his time believed the story. The Ottoman historians, who are without exception too late to be regarded as sources, and who had reasons for making the degradation of the Ottoman sovereign as slight as possible, show their knowledge of the early and contemporary character of this record by trying to controvert it, and prove that Bayezid was carried on a litter rather than in a cage, e. g. Seaddedin, i. 230. That the common tradition among the Osmanlis, outside of the court chroniclers who were compelled to uphold at all costs the dignity of the house of Osman, was in favour of the cage story is proved conclusively by Ali Muhieddin, Migne ed., col. 597, who is earlier than Seadeddin, and by Evliya effendi, i. 29-30; ii. 21-22, who gives the story just as we find it in Arabshah and the western writers. Sagredo, who follows Spandugino, vigorously defends the cage story as opposed to the litter of the Ottoman court chroniclers, and says that Bayezid died from striking his head against the bars of his cage, pp. 25-6. In Lonicerus, fol. 12 vº, is a picture of the cage. It is mentioned by Guazzo, fol. 275 vº; Donato da Lezze, p. 10; Paolo Giovio; Geuffry, p. 283; Campana, fol. 8 vº; Egnatius, p. 30; Rabbi Joseph, i. 256; Sanuto, in Muratori, xxii. 791; Bonincontrius, col. 88; Formanti; and Timur’s early western biographer, Perondino, p. 31, who, fifty years before Seadeddin, wrote that Timur compelled Bayezid’s wife Despina to wait nude upon him and his guests at table. The story is also found in Ducas, chapter 26.

636 Perondino, p. 31; Sagredo, p. 26; Campana, fol. 8 vº; Raynaldus and Spandugino; Lettres d’un Solitaire turc, i. 106-7. Exposure of women was a common symbol of conquest among the Mongols. It was a formal ceremony at the sack of Pekin and Djenghiz Khan’s sack of Samarkand.

637 Many authorities declare that Bayezid committed suicide by striking his head against the bars of his cage, being unable to support the sight of his wife’s disgrace. The humiliation to which Despina was subjected was often given in later times by the Osmanlis themselves as a reason why the house of Osman does not contract marriages. See above, p. 183, and note.

638 Sherefeddin, iv. 65-7; Chalc., III, pp. 162-5; Duc., 17, pp. 77-8; Phr., 1. 26, p. 85; and the Ottoman historians.

639 The Dominican Friar says that the Jews of Brusa sent a delegation of rabbis to inform Mohammed-Sultan that their religion was the same as his. He answered that their law was a good one, and that they should assemble all their people in the chief synagogue. He promised that no harm would come to them. When the Tartars entered the city, they sealed fast the doors of this synagogue, and set fire to it.

640 Sherefeddin, iv. 37-48; Duc., 16, pp. 66-7.

641 Seadeddin, i. 235.

642 Sherefeddin, iv. 47, 52.

643 Accounts of the capture of Smyrna: Sherefeddin, iv. 47-53; Chalc., III, p. 161; Duc., 18, p. 78; Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1949; Arabshah, ii. 24. For date, see M. de Ste. Croix, in Acad. des Inscriptions, 2^e série, ii. 566, 569.

644 Ali Muhieddin, Leuncl. trans., in Migne, Patr. Graec., clix., 596. Schiltberger, p. 27, relates a similar massacre of children after the capture of Ispahan.

645 Ducas, 18, p. 79.

646 ‘Would that the day might dawn in which your Highness would profess the religion of Christ, and stand up in power as the champion of the Christian Church against the enemies of the cross.’ In the London archives, however, this passage, while legible, is cancelled. So it may not have gone in the copy of the letter sent to Timur. Cf. Wylie’s Henry IV, i. 316 and n. 4.

647 Misti, xlvi. 47.

648 Ducas, 18, p. 78; Phr., I, 15, p. 62.

649 Phr., loc. cit.; Innocent VII, Epp., i. 212-13.

650 Wylie, i. 321, says Timur died February 19, 1405, on authority of Schiltberger. But this date is in Brunn’s note, p. 133, and not in Schiltberger’s narrative. According to Clavijo, fol. 57 rº, Timur died November 18, 1404, while Arabshah, p. 248, says ‘17 Saghan, 807’, which would be in February 1405. For his abandonment of Asia Minor, Chalc., III, p. 182; Duc., 17, p. 76; Sherefeddin, iv. 88-95.

651 Stella, in Muratori, xvii. 1195.

652 Sanuto, in Muratori, xxii. 791, quoting an eye-witness.

653 Gerardo Sagredo, quoted by Sanuto, ibid., p. 796. He admits that this action was foolish and ruinous.

654 ‘El Emperador de Constantinopola e los Genoueses de la ciudad do Pera, en lugar do tener lo que con el Tamurbec auian puesto, dexaron passar los Turcos de la Grecia en la Turquia e desque fuera vencido aqueste Turco passauan ellos mismos a los Turcos con sus fustes de la Turquia en la Grecia de los que venian fuyendo, e por esta ocasion tenia mala voluntad el Tamurbec a los Christianos de que se fallaron mal los de sa tierra.’ Clavijo, fols. 26 vº-27 rº.

655 ‘Qui s’ensuivra Dieu le sache. Témir Bey tout seul scet son propos et non aultre qui vive’: Dominican Friar, p. 459.

656 Epp., vii. 144-60.

657 The dates given under the Latin columns in Chalcocondylas are almost invariably wrong and are responsible for much of the confusion of European historians in the matter of chronology. Chalcocondylas himself is full of mistakes, and knew very little about the history of Byzantium and the Osmanlis in the fourteenth century. But he is not as bad as his Latin translator, whom the historians have followed. In order to trace some of the errors, I collated the Greek text of Chalcocondylas with the Latin translation through the first two books of his history, which cover the period 1300-1403. The glosses and the inexact translations are many. For example of glosses, in I. c. 4 B, ‘quos Tartaros nominant’ after Scythis; I. c. 7 C, ‘Orthogulus adhibitus in colloquium’, at beginning of third sentence; I. c. 10 C, ‘ex tribus, Orchanes nomine’, after ‘filius eius natu minimus’; I. c. 12 C, ‘circiter viginti duo’ in the sentence ‘Orchanes cum regnasset annos mortem obiit’. For a very unfaithful translation compare Latin with Greek original in I. c. 27, the end of A and beginning of B. In I. c. 28 C ἓξ καὶ τριάκοντα is translated ‘triginta septem’! The letters cited refer to column position in Migne edition.

658 Chalcocondylas (in Migne), I. 6, p. 22.

659 Trans. Petits de la Croix, ii. 287-9.

660 Annales Turcici, in Migne, Patr. Graec., clix. 579.

661 Bratutti trans., i. 4.

662 Chronological Tables, Italian trans. of Carli Rinaldo.

663 Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xiii. 188-9.

664 For editions, translators and dates of publication, see Bibliography.

665 Egnatius, cited by Cuspianus, 12, says: ‘Ottomannus obscuro loco et parentibus agrariis natus’. Nicolaus Euboicus, Saguntinus Episcopus, Sylvius Aeneas, and Andreas a Lacuna say that Osman, of obscure beginnings, arose through oppressing neighbours, Moslem as well as Christian. Ab. Ortellius says, ‘Tam Graecis quam Turcis repugnantibus cited by Leunclavius, Pandectes, 99. Bosio, ii. 37, declares, ‘Osman first came out of Persia’. Similar vagueness in Haeniger; Geuffroi, 266; Sagredo; Manutio, 3; Cuspianus, 11, 42; Barletius, in Lonicerus, iii. folios 231-2; Vanell, 356; Cervarius; Richer, 11.

666 De Sacy, in Notices et Extraits, xi. 56, foot-note 1, in his discussion of the text of a treaty between Genoese of Kaffa and Janko, Lord of Solkat, where this word also occurs, suggests that it is an altered form of ‘sheik’.

667 Formanti: Donado da Lezze, 4; Paulo Giovio, Ven. ed. of 1541, 3; Vertot, ii. 97; Rabbi Joseph, ii. 503; Guazzo, 257 vº; Ortellius in Leunclavius, Pandectes, 99; Lonicerus, 10 Spandugino, 182-4. Also Evliya effendi, i. 27.

668 ‘Il Pazzo Delis, pecoraio’, Spandugino, 184. Leunclavius, Pandectes, 103, says that Alaeddin poisoned Delis.

669 Formanti; Donado da Lezze, 4; Cuspianus, 48; ibid., Ant. ed., 6; Spandugino, in Sansovino (ed. 1654), 243; Egnatius, 28. Also travels of Busbecq, Eng. ed., i. 137, and the Ottoman Evliya, ii. 95.

670 This story in full in Formanti, 2-3; Vertot, ii. 97-8; Spandugino, 183. Leunclavius, in Pandectes, 103, says that Nicetas Choniates mentions such a renegade Comnenus, but calls him Isaac.

671 The author of Tractatus de rilibus, who was a slave captured by Murad II, for example. Also Spandugino, a native of Constantinople, and relative of the Cantacuzenos and Notaras families. Also Donado da Lezze. See the prefaces of editions of Charles Schéfer, of Spandugino; and of Professor Ursu, of Donado da Lezze.

672 Evliya effendi, a learned member of the Moslem Ulema of Constantinople, who travelled widely in the seventeenth century in the Ottoman Empire, is continually making statements which show that he had a very hazy notion of early Ottoman history. This is true also of Hadji Khalfa, the famous bibliographer, in his Djihannuma, a work which I have tested and found incomplete and unreliable both in its geographical and historical information about the region which gave birth to Osman and his tribe.

673 Houdas, p. 374, foot-note 1.

674 Mohammed en Nesawi, p. 374.

675 Ibid., 394.

676 Ibid., 209, 328.

677 Shehabeddin, 230-9, 263-72, 289-91, in describing Khorussan, Armenia, and the strife between Djelaleddin and Alaeddin, makes no mention of Soleiman Shah or Ertogrul, or of a formidable invasion such as 50,000 families, under one ruler, would certainly have been regarded. Nor is there mention of the 50,000 and their leader in Ibn-Bibi, Seljuk chronicler of this period.

678 Hadji Khalfa, in index of his Bibliography, iii. folios 133-5, speaks of more than sixty Arabic genealogies known to him, but in his chronological tables he cites none of them for early Ottoman genealogy.

679 Dourar-al-Othman, ‘the precious pearls touching the original source of the Ottoman house’, by Ibn Ali Mohammed-al-Biwy. No date or indication of contents. Hadji Khalfa in Dictionnaire bibliographique, Paris MS., i. folio 867.

680 Introduction à l’histoire d’Asie: Turcs et Mongols, passim.

681 There is a letter of this sort to Bayezid, quoted in Timur’s Institutes. Also a letter, given by Sherefeddin, iii. 259-63, near the beginning of which he says: ‘But you whose true origin ends in a Turcoman sailor, as all the world knows.’

682 ‘L’empire des Seljucides s’écroula, et sur ses ruines surgit celui d’Osman,’ Hammer, i. 83.

683 i. 7-13.

684 In the Story of the Nations Series. This book does not do credit to the name of the great scholar whom Orientalists and numismatists universally honour.

685 In the Allgemeine Staatengeschichte, Werk 15 (1840-63) and Werk 37 (1908-13).

686 Leunclavius, Pandectes. This work will be found in all large libraries, because it is reprinted in volume 159 of Migne’s Patrologia Graeca Latine, 715-922.

687 For translations of Cantemir, see Bibliography. The Rumanian translator, Dr. Hodosiu, has reprinted the notes of the various editors of Cantemir, which makes his edition the most valuable.

688 Youssouf Fehmi, Histoire de la Turquie, Paris, 1908, p. 11.

689 Halil Ganem, Les Sultans ottomans, Paris, 1901, i. 24.

690 ‘Osman verband sich mit der Leibwache in Bagdad, eroberte die Stadt, setzte sich auf den Thron, wodurch er der Beherrscher aller Muhammedaner wurde, und liess dem Chalifen nur die nichts bedeutende geistliche Oberhoheit in Bagdad; er nannte sich Sultan, d. h. Herrscher, und starb 729 (1328 n. Chr.).’ Prof. F. Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Türken, &c., Leipzig, 1899, pp. 15-16.

691 Reineccius thought that this name must be common to all the Sultans of Konia. It does not appear for others than Kaï Kobad II in the Arabic genealogies. Leunclavius is so confused by the discrepancy here that he concludes that the Ottoman historians must have given the name indiscriminately to all the Sultans! (Pandectes, 106). Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, folio 1790, speaking of Amassia, says that its fortress was repaired by ‘Sultan Alaeddin the Seljucide’. It is typically Ottoman to be vague about names as well as about dates. Hadji Khalfa frequently speaks of an Ottoman Sultan, whose name is duplicated, without any following ordinal. There is often no clue in the context to identify the Sultan to whom he refers.

692 As the year of the Hegira began in June in 1240, there is the alternative of reckoning the Christian era a year later during the middle period of this century. But I have not thought necessary to indicate this alternative each time.

693 Villani, book VI, c. 32, in Muratori, xiii, col. 175, describes this battle; also Vie de Saint Louis, by Le Nain de Tillemont (ed. Gaulle), iii. 4.

694 Abulfeda; Howorth, iii. 47.

695 This is the opinion of two of the ablest modern scholars, Heyd, i. 534, and Sarre, p. 41.

696 I can find no record of coins to controvert this statement. Lane-Poole, Mohammedan Coins in the Bodleian Library, 41, gives only one coin of the Bodleian collection after 641 of the Hegira, and to this he assigns the date A.H. 663 with a question mark.

697 MS. Bib. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe, 583, folio 144 rº and vº.

698 The lists of coins in I. Ghalib Edhem’s Monnaies turcomanes also bear eloquent testimony to the disappearance of Seljuk vassal dynasties during this period.

699 I have not heard of such a coin existing to-day, but make the statement on the strength of Abulfaradj, Chronicon Syr., 527-8.

700 Abulfaradj, ibid., 542-3; Howorth, iii. 69.

701 Abulfeda, v. 15-16, under date of A.H. 662. Villani (in Muratori, xiii), VII. c. 40, column 261-2, describes how Abaka Khan chased the Saracens (sic) from ‘Turchia’, and also the ‘Re d’Erminia’, who ‘lasciò a’ Tartari la Turchia’.

702 Huart, Souvenirs de voyage, 164, speaks of the battle, but does not mention occupation of Konia.

703 Abulfaradj, Chronicon Arab., 365-7; d’Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols, ii. 570-80; Howorth, iii. 295.

704 Howorth, iii. 315.

705 Konia, Ville des Derviches tourneurs, 177.

706 ‘Ils sont souspost an Tartar de Levant, qui y met sa seigneurie.’ Edition of Pauthier, 37. For status of this country at the beginning of the thirteenth century, see Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier (ed. Mas-Latrie, Paris, 1871), pp. 377, 381.

707 Hadji Khalfa naïvely solves this doubt by rolling Masud and Kaï Kobad into one and the same person. Djihannuma, folio 1752 bis.

708 There is no way of reaching certainty on this point. Rasmussen, Annales Islamici, pp. 34-8, reflects the confusion which attended the scholar of the early nineteenth century who wanted to make a chronological table of the later Seljuk Sultans. The two best modern tables are to be found in Sarre and Huart, scholars who became interested in the Seljuk problem through their archaeological travels in Asia Minor. The best account of the Seljuks is that of Houtsma in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. It is to be regretted that Professor Houtsma has not published the French translation of Ibn Bibi, which he promised in his introduction to the 4th volume of the Leyden series of Seljuk texts. Three years ago, Professor Sir William Ramsay, who knows Konia better than any European scholar, told me that he felt there was rich reward for the research student in the Seljuk period. The history of the Seljuks of Konia has yet to be written.

709 Osman was the sole heir according to Boecler: also Donado da Lezze, 4.

710 ‘Osman, Karaman, and Assam. Karaman retired to Syria and Assam to Persia. The house of Osman always persecuted the descendants of these two latter.’ Geuffroi, 267. Also Cuspianus, 11, and Haeniger.

711 Spandugino, Lonicerus, and Egnatius.

712 Mignot, 33.

713 Tractatus de moribus; Vanell, i. 351-2; Sagredo; Cervarius; Cuspianus, 46.

714 The historian must use the Bonn editions with caution. There are frequent glosses in the Latin translations of Byzantine texts. See foot-note on p. 263.

715 Pachymeres, ii. 589.

716 See Appendix B, which is really a continuation of this argument.

717 Vie de Timour, iii. 255.

718 ‘Osman possessed all Anatolia, which he called Osmania: he came to be called Lord of Asia Minor,’ Formanti, 4; ‘Osman made himself master of all Anatolia without any difficulty,’ Spandugino; ‘Osman seized Cappadocia, Galatia, and Bithynia,’ Cuspianus, 10; ‘master of Syria as well as of Asia Minor,’ Donado da Lezze, 5.

719 Formanti; Geuffroy; Donado; Cuspianus; Giovio Paulo; Richer; Guazzo, 257 vº.

720 Rabbi Joseph, ii. 505.

721 Mignot, 33.

722 Chronique de Saint-Denis (Ed. Soc. Hist. de France), i. 319, 709.

723 Richer, whom I have already quoted in Chapter I.

724 ‘Cette nation nombreuse, pleine de confiance dans ses forces, et brûlant du désir de soumettre à sa domination toute la chrétienté, avait quitté les confins de Perse.’ Chronique de Saint-Denys, i. 709.

725 ‘Quod cum ante complures annos florens illud Orientis imperium everterit et in Occidentis non exigua spacia invaserit, atque oppresserit quod reliquum nobis factum est, omni vi suo intolerabile iugum ditionemque redigere studet.’ Domini de la Vuo, Disputatio de bello turcico, bound in with Camerarius, p. 94, in Bibl. Nat., Paris, Imprimés, no. J 860.

726 Col. Djevad bey, 192-3.

727 H. Saladin, Manuel de l’architecture musulmane, 437-40.

728 Ibid., 437. On p. 479, Saladin makes another curious statement to the effect that in 1300 the Osmanlis employed architects who had fortified the Seljuk strongholds. I have never been able to find in my reading or from observation of Ottoman constructions any authority for such an assertion.

729 i. 50. The medressé is, as Seadeddin says, to the right after you enter the Yeni Sheïr gate. The imaret is near the Yeshil Djami, which is the oldest Ottoman mosque extant, dating from 1378. The imam of the Yeshil Djami told me that the imaret was built by Osman’s wife, Malkhatun. According to Seadeddin, however, Malkhatun died before Osman!

730 Parvillée, p. 6, says that the Oulou-Djami, which is attributed to Murad I in Brusa by popular consent, was not finished until the reign of Mahomet I.

731 Cf. preface of Parvillée; and Hammer, i. 83.

732 W. Lübeke, Geschichte der Architektur (6te Auflage), i. 425; Franz-Pasha, Die Baukunst des Islams (third volume of part 2 of Handbücher der Architektur), 52, 67.

733 Mas-Latrie, Trésor de Chronologie, and papers on commercial relationship between Cyprus and Asia Minor in Bibl. de École des Chartes; Lane-Poole, ‘Successors of the Seljuks in Asia Minor,’ Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc., 1882, new series, xiv. 773-80 (Lane-Poole did not avail himself of the precious indications in Ibn Batutah and Shehabeddin, but trusted altogether to Gibb’s translation of Seadeddin’s unreliable chronology. Seadeddin did not have access to as good source-material as Lane-Poole himself!); Clément Huart, ‘Épigraphie arabe d’Asie Mineure,’ Revue sémitique, 1894-5.

734 Muralt, in the bibliography of his Chronographie Byzantine, puts Ibn Batutah at 1320. There can be no doubt about this being an error, for when Ibn Batutah visited the Ottoman domains, Orkhan was ruling, and Nicaea had been captured. I put 1340 as latter limit, because Ibn Batutah speaks of some places captured by Orkhan before 1340 as being still independent.

735 Quatremère, in Notices et Extraits, xiii. 152-3, cannot reach a definite conclusion as to whether Shehabeddin is from Damascus, Marash, or Morocco. But I find that Hadji Khalfa, Dict. Bibl., Paris MS., fol. 1832, under no. 10874, records him as a ‘writer of Damascus’.

736 Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe 2325. For Quatremère trans. see Bibliography.

737 Ibid., fol. 123 vº.

738 Notices et Extraits, xiv, partie 2, to face p. 77.

739 See discussion of source-material in Bibliography.

740 If one asks why Adana and Marash are included in this résumé, it must be remembered that these are regions which might legitimately be included in Asia Minor as a portion of the latter Konia Seljuk dominions which we are discussing. In the division of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, Cilicia is given under Diocesis Oriens rather than under Diocesis Asiana with the rest of Asia Minor. To regard Cilicia as belonging to Syria was common up to the days of Mehemet Ali. Ibn Khaldun, Notices et Extraits, xix. 1^ère partie, p. 143, speaks of Adana as being ‘at the extremity of Syria’, while Cilicia is included in Syria in Abdul Ali Bakri’s description of Africa, Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds arabe no. 2218, p. 103. Both the Latin and Orthodox Churches made Cilicia depend ecclesiastically upon Antioch: cf. Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, ii. col. 869, iii. col. 1181. But, in modern times, we have come to regard this region as a portion of Asia Minor.

741 Shehabeddin, 339, 369; Ibn Batutah, ii. 295-310; Cant. ii. 28, pp. 470-3; 25, p. 455, iii. 192; Greg. xvi. 6, p. 834; Ducas, 7, pp. 29-30; 18, p. 79; Schlumberger, Numismatique de l’Orient latin, 481-5; for Venice’s share in crusade against Smyrna, Romanin, iii. 147; for complete list of princes, Karabeck, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vienna, 1877, ix. 207.

742 Shehabeddin, 365.

743 Ibn Batutah, ii. 267. Shehabeddin, 360, gives Akridur under Hamid.

744 Ibn Batutah, ii. 285.

745 Leunclavius, Ann., v. 40; Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1769; Sarre, 21. Cf. struggles between Murad and Bayezid and the Karamanlis, pp. 165-7, 187-90 above.

746 Bosio, ii. 221-2, 237-8; Mas-Latrie, Hist. de Chypre, iii. 175, 335. Cf. authorities for Karamania, Tekke, and Satalia, and Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 2^e série, i. 326, 328, 498, 505; ii. 138-41.

747 Not in 1354 by Soleiman, as Cant. iv. 37, p. 284, infers. Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1852-6.

748 Pachymeres, vii. 13, p. 589.

749 How does Schlumberger reconcile the continuance of Ayasoluk, or Ephesus, as capital of Aïdin with the Rhodian conquest? Cf. Wood. Discoveries at Ephesus, pp. 12, 183, for coins which prove that the chevaliers held the city in 1365. Cf. Palatchia, for treaty made by Venice with an independent prince here in 1403. Ibn Batutah states expressly that Guzel Hissar, or Birgui, was the capital of Aïdin.

750 Ibn Batutah, ii. 317. Evliya effendi, ii. 19, distinguishes between Balikesri and Karasi in his enumeration of the conquests of Orkhan.

751 Ibn Batutah, ii. 340.

752 Sherefeddin, iii. 256; Howorth, iii. 749.

753 Shehabeddin, 338, 358, 366; Ibn Batutah, ii. 275, 277; Reclus, Géog. univ., ix. 633, 645; Baedeker, Kleinasien, 2. Aufl., 390. Mas-Latrie, Trésor de Chronologie, makes an error in extending the northern boundary of Denizli, which he calls Thingizlu, to the emirate of Marmora.

754 Panaretos, 13.

755 Lane-Poole, Mohammedan Coins in British Museum, 21-4, 35; ibid., Mohammedan Coins in Bodleian Library, 12.

756 Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1119; Sherefeddin, iii. 257.

757 Ibn Batutah, ii. 279; Shehabeddin, 370; Bosio, ii. 4.

758 Ibn Batutah, ii. 270.

759 Ibn Batutah, ii. 267; Hammer, xvii. 98; Sarre, 21. See also under Akridur, and Nazlu.

760 Shehabeddin, 339.

761 Shehabeddin, 363; Ibn Batutah, ii. 326-9; Hammer, xvii. 99.

762 ‘Ledit Karaman haioit fort le Grant Turc, dont il eust la sœur.’ Bertrandon de la Broquière, Schéfer ed., 120. Bertrandon visited the court of the emir of Konia in 1443 with a Cypriote ambassador.

763 In time of Osman and Orkhan, Nicolay, 148-9; Howorth, iii. 428; Byzantine historians in Stritter, iii. 1092; Anon., Hist. de Géorgie, i. 642; Shehabeddin, 346, 375; Ibn Batutah, ii. 284 (calls them emirs of Larenda); Hammer, i. 262 fol.; Rasmussen, 116; Feridun letters, Bibl. Nat., fonds turc, no. 79, p. 1. In time of Murad and Bayezid, Feridun letters, ibid., pp. 18-20, 30, 33-4, and references in text of this book. For fifteenth century, from re-establishment by Timur, Sherefeddin, iv. 33; Bertrandon de la Broquière, 118-20; Mas-Latrie, Hist. de Chypre, iii. 3; Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 2^e série, i. 326, 510; ii. 138; Sanuto, in Muratori, xxii. 962. For coins, Lane-Poole, Bodleian Collection, 12; British Museum, 21-6. The power of Karamania in the fifteenth century will be discussed in a later volume.

764 Shehabeddin, 350, 357, 372. Cf. Hertzberg, 471.

765 Shehabeddin, 361; Ibn Batutah, ii. 343-7; Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 2^e série, i. 325; Hammer, i. 90, 309-11; Clavijo, 20 vº.

766 Ibn Batutah, ii. 339.

767 Ashikpashazadé, Vatican MS., 33.

768 Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, 617, 1807-9. It is curious that Hadji Khalfa does not mention the famous potteries of Kutayia.

769 Persian letter in collection of Feridun, Bibl. Nat., fonds turc no. 79, p. 18.

770 Shehabeddin, Paris MS., fonds arabe no. 583, fol. 144 rº-vº; Ibn Batutah, ii. 270-1; Hammer, ii. 133, xvii. 98; Schéfer, preface to his edition of Bertrandon de la Broquière, lxi. For expedition of Bayezid against, Phr. i. 26, p. 82; Ducas, 18-19; Chalc. ii, pp. 64-6.

771 Panaretos, 49, 52.

772 Hammer, v. 28.

773 Shehabeddin, 358, 366. In speaking of the propinquity of Denizli and Marmora, one wonders if Mas-Latrie has not confused the Scamander and Maeander rivers. Both of these rivers are called Menderes in Turkish.

774 Its last emir died without issue in 1425. M. de Ste. Croix, in Acad. des Inscriptions, nouv. série, ii. 569-75; Hammer, i. 300-1, xvii. 98; Ducas, 18, p. 79; Lane-Poole, Coins in British Museum, 33-4.

775 Mordtmann, in Zeitschrift d. m. G., lxv (1911), p. 105.

776 See above, p. 225.

777 Shehabeddin, 360.

778 Shehabeddin, 367.

779 Clavijo, fol. 6 vº, 60 vº.

780 Mas-Latrie, in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 5^e série, v. 219-31, quoting Pacta, vi. 129 vº, and Commem., ii. 231, iii. 374.

781 Cf. St. Pierre de Thomas, in Bollandist Coll.

782 The currency of Byzantine money among the maritime emirates of Asia Minor demonstrates this. See Makrisi, 7, and Stickel, in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, viii. 837-9.

783 Shehabeddin, 339, 360, 368-9; Ibn Batutah, ii. 313; Commemor., ii. 231; Greg. xi. 2, p. 530; xv. 5, p. 763; Cant. ii. 29-30, pp. 480-4; iii. 96, pp. 591-6; Ducas, 18, p. 79; Hadji Khalfa, Djihannuma, fol. 1820; for relations of Genoese and Byzantines with, Sauli, i. 256-7; for coins, Schlumberger, 479-81; Lane-Poole, Bodleian, 12; British Museum, 31-2.

784 ‘Aussi y est Satalie, située en rivages maritimes de Cilicie: d’où a prins son nom le Goulphe de Satalie, anciennement appelé Issa: et a présent la Iasse et en cest endroit Alexandre vainquit Daire...’ Nicolay, 148. This passage, which shows Adalia confused with Adana, would have helped Bruun in his note on p. 123 of the Hakluyt edition of Schiltberger.

785 In Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. fonds turc no. 62, there is a marginal note in Armand’s handwriting which terminates thus: ‘La dynastie des Seljuks de Rum finit en la personne de Kaï Kobad, fils de Feramorg, fils de Kaï Kaous le 14^e qui aye regné qui fut exterminé lui et toute sa race par Gazankhan.’ This view was taken by several Orientalists of Armand’s day, but there is good authority for Ghazi Tchelebi’s ancestry.

786 Fallmerayer, Originalberichte, ii. 15, 319; Stella, cited by Muralt, ii. 533; Ibn Batutah, ii. 343.

787 Matteo Villani, in Muratori, xiv. 663.

788 Shehabeddin, 359; Ibn Batutah, ii. 277.

789 Shehabeddin, 371; Ibn Batutah, 258-9, 265; Bustron, Chronique de Chypre, 296; Mas-Latrie, Trésor, col. 1802; Matteo Villani, in Muratori, xiv, col. 662; Urban V, Epp. secr., i. 161; Rasmussen, 45; Schiltberger, 19. (I cannot agree with Bruun that Adana is meant, for there is no reason to believe that the Osmanlis crossed the Taurus into Cilicia for more than one hundred years after the events Schiltberger was describing. See above, p. 296, n. 3.)

790 See note for Mikhalitch.

791 Weil, iv. 504-624; Heyd, passim under Tarsus, Lajazzo, Adana, and Alexandretta; Mas-Latrie, Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, vi. 310-11; Le Nain de Tillemont (éd. Gaulle), iii. 9; iv. 459; Abulfaradj, Chron. Syr., 572; Bertrandon de la Broquière (éd. Schéfer), introd., lv. 90-1.

792 Finlay, iv. 386-92; Panaretos, passim.

793 Ibn Batutah, ii. 314; Cant. ii. 13, pp. 388-90; Phr. i. 8, p. 37; Greg. xi. 9, p. 554; Sauli, i. 256-7. See also in text of this book under Orkhan.

794 Matteo Villani, in Muratori, xiv. 650, under spring of 1360, says: ‘E per tante guerre e divisioni de’ Turchi gli paesi loro erano rotti e in grande tribulazione. E per questa cagione i Greci havieno minore persecuzione da loro. E più ciò fu materia al Re di Cipro di fare l’impresa sopra loro con honore e vittoria grande.’ Mas-Latrie, in Bibl. de l’École des Chartes, 2^e série, ii. 122-3, says that the Karamanian army was defeated before Gorhigos in 1361, and that Cyprus, then at the height of its power, was able to impose tribute on the emirs of Asia Minor.

795 Ibn Batutah, ii. 288-95.

796 See above under Smyrna, Aïdin, Menteshe, Fukeh, and Tawas. Also in text of book, p. 44.

797 Cf. Weil, iv. passim.

798 See above, p. 123.

799 The ordinals following the names of Byzantine emperors are a cause of confusion, as there is no universal agreement as to the method of numbering. Some historians count by sovereigns of the same family bearing a particular name (i. e. John I Palaeologos and John II Palaeologos), while others number by the imperial line as a whole (i. e. John V Palaeologos, John VI Cantacuzenos, John VII Palaeologos). I have used the second system.