Military Orders of Knighthood
Pontifical Orders of Knighthood
Pontifical Decorations
Footnotes
1The American Ecclesiastical Review, XXXVII (1907), 497-503, carried an article by Joseph J. Murphy under the title, “Pontifical Decorations,” as they were reorganized by Pope Pius X. In the same volume (pp. 324-26) a correspondent criticized the Pope for being “exceedingly lavish in his bestowal” of knighthood and other such honors and he felt that the spirit of a republican community “is entirely against their bestowal.” Three years later (“Roman Curial Honors and American Republican Sentiment,” AER, XLII [1910], 341-44), another (or the same?) correspondent expressed the conviction that the Papal appointments to “knights, marquises, monsignori and the like... are entirely out of place in America and even contrary to the spirit of our people, if not also to the letter of the Constitution.” In both cases the editor’s equivocal comment left no doubt that he wished to run with the hares and hold with the hounds, and his statement that “such decorations as go with these titles are of much the same character as the secret society emblems and titles used in our numerous American fraternities” was, if not startling, at least amusing.
2Pio Paschini, “Ordini Equestri,” Enciclopedia Cattolica, IX, col. 252.
3Cf. Wm. F. Stadelman, “The Royal Order of the Saint Esprit” (AER, LIV [1916], 641-61). There was an older Order of the Holy Ghost, established in Naples in 1352 by Louis of Taranto, but it hardly survived the death of its founder. Cf. Stadelman, “The Knights of the Holy Ghost of the Good Intention” (AER, LIV [1914], 652-69).
4F. Giraud, Le Bienheureux Gérard (Aix, 1919); Carlo Guarmani, Gli Italiani in Terra Santa, reminiscenze e ricerche storiche (Bologna, 1872), pp. 28-29. E. J. King, The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land (London: Methuen, 1939, p. 20), says that the theory that Gerard’s surname was Tonce or that he hailed from Tonco is based on “the error of some copyist of a Latin text, who seeing the words ‘Gerardus tunc’ mistook the adverb for a surname.”
5See C. Fedeli, L’ordine di Malta e le scienze mediche (Pisa, 1913); Hans Karl von Zwehl, Ueber die Caritas im Johanniter-Malteser Orden seit seiner Gründung (Essen: Fredebeul und Koenen, 1929); Edgar Erskine Hume, Medieval Work of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1940).
6For a description of the provincial organization of the Hospitallers see Elizabeth Wheeler Schermerhorn, On the Trail of the Eight-pointed Cross (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940).
7A. Bosio, Les vies des Saints de l’Ordre de St. Jean de Jéruzalem (Paris: Baudoin, 1631); Mathieu de Goussancourt, Martyrologe des Chevaliers de St. Jean, dits de Malte, 2 vols. (Paris: F. Noel, 1643).
8E. Rossi, Riassunto storico del S. M. Ordine San Giovanni in Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta (Rome, 1926); C. Bottarelli-M. Monterisi, Storia politica e militare del Sovrano Ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme, 2 Vols. (Milan, 1940); Giacomo C. Bascapé, “Historic Summary of the Sovereign Military Order of St. John of Jerusalem and Malta,” in: The Official General Roll of the Grand Magistery (Milan: Ciarrocca, 1949), pp. 17-61.
9For this period see Edwin J. King, The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land (London: Methuen, 1930).
10Hans Prutz, “Die Anfänge der Hospitaler auf Rhodes,” Sitzungsbericht der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jg. 1908, Abh. 1.
11Giacomo C. Bascapé, L’ordine Sovrano di Malta e gli Ordini Equestri della Chiesa nella storia e nel diritto (Milan, 1941).
12Michel de Pierredon, Histoire politique de l’Ordre Souverain des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jéruzalem, dit de Malta, depuis la chute de Malte jusqu’à nos jours (Poitiers: Imprimérie du Poiton, 1926).
13E. Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, “Lineamenti dell’organizzazione regionale e della funzione assistenziale dell’Ordine,” in: Studi in onore di C. Calisse (Milan, 1939).
14For an excellent survey in five languages of the division, degrees, emblems and uniforms of the order see Rudolf Prokopowski, Ordre Souverain et Militaire Jéroselymitain de Malte (Vatican City: Éditions “Ecclesia,” 1950).
15See for membership of the order: The Official General Roll of the Grand Magistery (Milan: Ciarrocca, 1949).
16A. Visconti, “La sovranità dell’Ordine di Malta nel diritto italiano,” Rivista di diritto privato, VI (1936), 195-205.
17AAS, XXXV (1953), 765-67.
18Codex juris canonici, can. 4 and 5; can. 25-30; can. 63-79.
19One of the most extensive collections in the United States dealing with the Knights of Malta is to be found in the Library of The Catholic University of America. The collection was assembled by Mr. Foster Stearns who in 1955 entrusted it to The Catholic University. The Library has prepared a catalog classifying the 281 titles which include imprints from 1480 to the present day.
20For the history of the Teutonic Order, see Arbogast Reiterer, O.T., Das Deutsche Kreuz, Geschichte des Deutschen Ritterorders (Graz, 1922).
21E. Joachim, Die Politik des letzten Hochmeisters in Preuszen, Albrecht van Brandenburg, 3 Vols. (Publikationen aus dem K. Preuszichen Staatsarchive, 1892-1895).
22M. Guillamas, De los Ordenes militares de Calatrava, Santiago, Alcantara y Montesa (Madrid, 1852).
23An interesting account on the vows and obligations of the Spanish Military Orders can be found in: Alonso Peñafiel y Araugo, Obligaciones y excellentias de los tres ordenes militares Santiago, Calatrava y Alcantara (Madrid: Diego Dias de la Carrera, 1643)—Microfilm in the Library of Congress.
24AAS, XXXV (1953), 625-56.
25Guido A. Quarti, I Cavalieri del Santo Sepulcro di Gerusalemme (Milano: Enrico Gualdoni, s.d.).
26Pierre Verduc, La vie du bienheureux Théodore de Celles, restaurateur du très-ancien ordre canonial militaire et hospitalier de Ste-Croix (Périgneux, 1681), pp. 40-42; 79-101; Odoardo Fialetti, Degli habiti delle religioni con le armi e breve descrizione loro (Venezia, 1626).
27ASS, XL (1907), 324-25.
28Statuto dell Ordine Equestre del Santo Sepolcro de Gerusalemme (Rome: Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1950).
29Albert de Mauroy, La croix de Jérusalem et son origine (Rome, 1914).
30A.S.S., XXXVII (1904-1905), 565-71.
31Pii P.M. IX Acta, I, 1, (Rome, 1854), 43-45.
32F. Guigue de Champvans de Farémont, Histoire et législation des ordres de chevalerie, marques d’honneur et médailles du Saint-Siège (Paris, 1932); M. Gorino, Causa, titoli nobiliari e Ordini equestri pontifici (Turin, 1933); S. Felice y Quadremy, Ordenes de Caballeria Pontificias (Mallorca, 1950).
33Cf. G. Mollat, Les Papes d’Avignon, 9th ed. (Paris, 1950), pp. 562-65.
34According to a tradition among Free Masons, a number of French Templars went into hiding and formed a lodge of masonry.
35Bullarium Romanum, IV (Rome, 1644), 277-84.
36Acta Gregorii PP., XVI, III (Rome, 1903), 178-80.
37Annuario Pontificio (1954), p. 998.
38A.A.S., XXXII (1940), 41.
39Notificatio Cancellariae Ordinum Equestrium (A.S.S., XXXVII [1905]), 565.
40Acta Leonis XIII, VIII (1889), 259.