Mediaeval Church Vaulting

Bibliography

This bibliography contains in large measure only titles referred to in the text. For further references see bibliography in Porter, Medieval Architecture. The abbreviations listed in the first column are those used in the notes.

Baum	Julius Baum	Romanesque Architecture in France
Baudot and Perrault-Dabot	A. de Baudot and A. Perrault-Dabot	Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historiques
Bond	Francis Bond	Gothic Architecture in England
Borrmann and Neuwirth	Richard Borrmann und Joseph Neuwirth	Geschichte der Baukunst. 2 vols.
Bumpus	T. Francis Bumpus	A Guide to Gothic Architecture
Butler	Howard Crosby Butler	Abbeys of Scotland
Cattaneo	Raphael Cattaneo	l’Architecture en Italie du VIe au XIe Siècle
Caumont	Arcis de Caumont	Abecedaire ou Rudiment d’Archaeologie
Choisy	Auguste Choisy	Histoire de l’Architecture. 2 vols.
Cummings	Charles A. Cummings	A History of Architecture in Italy. 2 vols.
C. M. H.		Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique. 1855-72
Dartein	Fernand de Dartein	Etude sur l’Architecture Lombarde et sur les origines de l’Architecture Romano-Byzantine. 2 vols.
Dehio and von Bezold	G. Dehio und G. von Bezold	Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes. 2 vols., text and 360 plates
Enlart	Camille Enlart	Manuel d’Archaeologie Française. 2 vols.
Gosset	Alphonse Gosset	Les Coupoles d’Orient et d’Occident
Gaudet	Julien Gaudet	Elements et Theorie de l’Architecture
Gurlitt	Cornelius Gurlitt	Die Baukunst Frankreichs. 8 vols.
Madrazo-Gurlitt	D. Pedro de Madrazo (Spanish text)	Die Baukunst Spaniens
Madrazo-Gurlitt	Cornelius Gurlitt (German text)
Gwilt	Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. F.R.S.A.	An Encyclopaedia of Architecture. Revised by Wyatt Angelicus van Sandau Papworth
Hamlin	A. D. F. Hamlin	A Text-book of the History of Architecture
Hartung	Hugo Hartung	Motive der Mittelalterlichen Baukunst in Deutschland
Isabelle	Charles Edouard Isabelle	Les Edifices circulaires et les Domes
Joseph	D. Joseph	Geschichte der Architektur Italiens
Kugler	Franz Theodor Kugler	Geschichte der Baukunst
Lasteyrie	R. de Lasteyrie	l’Architecture Religieuse en France a l’Epoque Romane. Ses origines, son developpement
Lenoir	Albert Lenoir	Architecture Monastique in Collection des Documents inedits sur Histoire de France
Lefevre-Pontalis	Eugène Lefevre-Pontalis	l’Architecture Religieuse dans l’Ancien Diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe Siècle
Lubke	Wilhelm Lubke	Outlines of the History of Art. 2 vols. Edited and revised by Russell Sturgis
M. H.		Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique
Michel	André Michel	Histoire de l’Art depuis les premiers temps Chrétiens jusqu’á nos jours. Published under direction of André Michel by a number of collaborators
Moore	Charles Herbert Moore	Development and Character of Gothic Architecture
Moore	Charles Herbert Moore	Mediaeval Church Architecture of England
Moore	Charles Herbert Moore	Character of Renaissance Architecture
Mothes	Oscar Mothes	Die Baukunst des Mittelalters in Italien
Nesfield	W. Eden Nesfield	Specimens of Medieaval Architecture. Drawings
Osten	Friedrich Osten	Die Bauwerke in der Lombardei vom 7ten bis zum 14ten Jahrhundert
Porter	Arthur Kingsley Porter	Mediaeval Architecture. Its Origins and Development. 2 vols.
Porter	Arthur Kingsley Porter	The Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults
Prior	Edward Schröder Prior	The Cathedral Builders in England
Prioux	Stanislas Prioux	Monographie de St. Yved de Braine
Pugin	Augustus Pugin	Specimens of the Architecture of Normandy. New Edition edited by Richard Phené Spiers
Ramée	Daniel Ramée	Histoire Générale de l’Architecture. 3 vols.
Reber	Franz von Reber	History of Mediaeval Art
Revoil	Henry Revoil	Architecture du Midi de la France
Rickman	Thomas Rickman	Gothic Architecture, or An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England from the Conquest to the Reformation
Rivoira	G. Teresio Rivoira	Lombardie Architecture, translated by G. McN. Rushforth
Ross	Frederick Ross	The Ruined Abbeys of Britain
Ruprich-Robert	V. Ruprich-Robert	L’Architecture Normande aux XIe et XIIe Siècles. En Normandie et en Angleterre
Sharpe	Edmund Sharpe	The Seven Periods of English Architecture
Simpson	F. M. Simpson	A History of Architectural Development. 3 vols.
Strange	Edward F. Strange	The Cathedral Church of Worcester. A description of the Fabin and a brief history of the Episcopal See
Street	Geo. Edmund Street	Gothic Architecture in Spain
Sturgis	Russell Sturgis	A History of Architecture
Uhde	Constantin Uhde	Baudenkmaeler in Grossbrittannien. 2 vols. Plates
Uhde	Constantin Uhde	Baudenkmaeler in Spanien und Portugal
Viollet-de-Duc	Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc	Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle. 10 vols.
Willis	R. Willis	On the construction of the vaults of the Middle Ages (in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Vol. I, Part II).

Footnotes

1 Rivoira I, p. 29, et seq.; also Lasteyrie, p. 272, et seq.

2 Lasteyrie, p. 274, and Fig. 268.

3 Lasteyrie, p. 270.

4 Early ex., Umm es-Zeitun illustrated in Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 51.

5 Rivoira, I, p. 193, Fig. 273.

6 Rivoira, I, p. 57, Fig. 82.

7 Rivoira, I, p. 33, Fig. 46.

8 Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 50.

9 Lasteyrie, p. 465 et seq.

10 Lasteyrie, p. 470.

11 Lasteyrie, p. 472, Fig. 489.

12 Exception to this at Fontevrault, see Reber, p. 358.

13 See Choisy, I, p. 20.

14 See Fig. 4.

15 Other examples, all in Cyprus:
1) Peristeroma. 2) Hieroskypos. 3) Saint Barnabas. 4) Larnaca. Enlart, I, p. 210, and p. 286, note 3.

16 Lasteyrie, pp. 473, 474.

17 Lasteyrie, Figs. 491 and 498. Also cathedral of Cahors (original state) Fig. 495.

18 See Lasteyrie, p. 473 and Enlart, I, p. 211, note 1.

19 Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.

20 See Lasteyrie, p. 475.

21 Among them, Cahors (Lot) Cath. (consecrated 1119); Souillac (Lot) Ch., Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 493; Fontevrault (Maine et Loire) Ab. Ch., Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 494; Gensac (Charente) Ch. (wooden roof over dome), Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 356. Section Lasteyrie, Fig. 496; Solignac (Haute-Vienne) Ch., (consecrated 1143).

22 See also Gensac, Lasteyrie, Fig. 496, and Solignac, Fig. 264.

23 Also Cahors Cath.,—Périgueux Saint Étienne, etc.

24 See comparison of Périgueux, Saint Front, and Venice, San Marco in Lasteyrie, p. 470, Fig. 486 and p. 471, Fig. 487.

25 Also Peristeroma (Cyprus), Enlart, I, p. 210 and p. 286, note 3; Hieroskypos (Cyprus), Enlart, I, p. 210 and p. 286.

26 The clerestory is omitted in the earlier bays and the crossing has peculiar vaulting described in a later chapter.

[27] See Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 51 and Lasteyrie, p. 267, Fig. 259 for examples of this awkward type.

28 See Fig. 7. There is one rectangular bay at the end of the transept aisles and this is covered by an interpenetrating vault at the level of the transverse nave arches.

29 In France, at Champagne (Ardèche), there is a church vaulted in a manner similar to Le Puy, but it is doubtful whether such a method was the original intention of the builders, since each dome is placed over two rectangular nave bays. Enlart, I, pp. 289-291. Plan, Fig. 120. This is, however, a most interesting church for the domes are very segmental in section, are supported upon squinches and have transverse arches through their centers. There is also no clerestory and, in fact, the entire church is of the standard Auvergne type except for the vaults. A reference to the drawings in Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, Vol. V, pl. 27, will show this peculiar system.

30 Among these may be cited: Venice, San Marco, reconstructed 1052 or 1071, dedicated Dec. 8, 1094, but added to and decorated in the twelfth century and later. Canosa, San Sabino (1101). Trani, Santa Maria Immacolata (twelfth century). Santa Maria dei Martiri (near Trani) (also twelfth century). Molfetta, Cathedral (late twelfth and early thirteenth century). Padua, Sant’ Antonio (thirteenth century) Byzantine-Gothic type, numerous Sicilian churches, etc.

31 Plan, in Cummings, II, p. 18, Fig. 248. Interior in Michel, I, p. 542, Fig. 273.

32 Similar churches: Trani, Santa Maria Immacolata, plan in Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 354. Santa Maria dei Martiri, Ch.

33 Rarely the case in Byzantine architecture.

34 Choisy (Choisy, II, p. 201) thus accounts for the vaults, which would then be variants of Perigord domes, but the plan and supports of the pyramids suggest the influence of Le Puy.

35 Examples in France: Grenoble, Saint Laurent (crypt of the seventh or eighth century), Germigny, des-Prés (ninth century), etc. Examples in Italy: Milan, Sant’ Ambrogio (choir of the ninth century), Agliate, etc.

36 For illustrations of Romanesque churches and vaults, the reader is advised to consult Lasteyrie, Dehio and von Bezold, and Enlart.

37 See also Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône); Saint Martin-de-Londres (Hérault); Saint Pierre-de-Redes (Hérault); Mollèges (Bouches-du-Rhône), Saint Thomas. See Reber, pp. 337, Figs. 201-202.

38 Also Lérins (Alpes-Maritimes), Saint Honorat (portion).

39 Early examples: Saint Genou, choir (end of eleventh century), Saint Benoît-sur-Loire, choir (begun 1602), Nevers, Saint Étienne.

40 The double-aisled abbey church of Souvigny, which has a clerestory, might be cited as an exception to this statement, but judging from the narrowness of its inner aisles (Fig. 19) it would appear as if its nave had originally been deprived of direct light, and that the present clerestory must have been introduced with or without a vault above it, either before or at the time when the outer aisles were added. If so, it would not prove an exception to the rule. The present nave vault is an addition of a late Gothic period.

41 As in Saint Sernin at Toulouse.

42 Reber, p. 341, Fig. 205a, and Lasteyrie, p. 413, Fig. 431.

43 Reber, p. 342, Fig. 260a. See also, Abbaye de Fontfroide, Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, V, pl. 41.

44 Found also in St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Lasteyrie, p. 412, Fig. 429.

45 See pp. 13, 14.

46 Exs., Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), Saint Paul, see Enlart, I, p. 269, Fig. 102, or Choisy II, p. 209. Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), Saint Sernin, see Choisy, II, p. 212. Culhat (Puy-de-Dôme), Ch. Lasteyrie, p. 250, Fig. 241. Parthenay-le-Vieux (Deux-Sèvres), Notre Dame, ill. in Choisy, I, p. 205, etc.

47 Enlart, I, p. 267, Fig. 100 and Lasteyrie, p. 413, Fig. 430.
The clerestory at Vaison is hardly worthy of the name, for its windows are cut entirely above the imposts of the vault, which is of pointed section, and therefore does not acquire thickness so rapidly as to render the windows too deep to admit a reasonable amount of light. The construction of such a clerestory consists merely in taking advantage of the pointed form of vaulting without presenting structural advances. Its windows are necessarily small and deep set and the system is not a satisfactory solution of the lighting problem.

48 Revoil, II, pl. XVIII.

49 Semicircular vaults were sometimes used, however. Example, Saint Paul-Trois Châteaux (Drome), Cath. (first half of the twelfth century), Lasteyrie, p. 412, Fig. 429, etc.

50 Choisy, II, p. 206, Fig. 14.

51 Enlart, I, p. 268, Fig. 101.

52 Choisy, II, p. 205, Fig. 13.

53 Lasteyrie, p. 250, Fig. 241.

54 See statement to that effect in Rivoira, II, p. 106.

55 See Dehio and von Bezold, p. 260.

56 Ruprich-Robert, p. 8, Fig. 45, and Reber, Fig. 235.

57 Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 473.

58 Lasteyrie, p. 456, Fig. 474, also Saint Jouin-de-Marnes (Deux-Sèvres), Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 32, and Nouaille (Vienne), Ch., Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 37.

59 For example, the aisle vaults seldom carry the tile of the roofs outside of Provence and Auvergne.

60 This arrangement is general in the school and may be understood by referring to the illustration of Melle, Saint Pierre, Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 473. A number of churches which are exceptions to this rule have already been noted under Provence (see pp. 21, 22).

61 See Lasteyrie, p. 454, Fig. 471.

62 The three western bays of the church are early twelfth century and have transverse arches.

63 Rivoira (Rivoira, I, p. 97) says that such arches were used beneath groined vaults as early as the eighth century in the palace of Theodoric at Ravenna, and gives as tenth century examples (p. 176) the aisles of Sant’ Eustorgio at Milan and the nave and aisles of S.S. Felice e Fortunato, at Vicenza, and as examples of the early eleventh century, the nave and aisles of San Babila, also at Milan.

64 It is a question whether the transverse arches actually carried much or any of the weight of the vault. (See discussion of this point as regards crypts in Porter, Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, pp. 17-18.) They did, however, strengthen the church by tying together the piers and walls besides saving centering as above stated.

65 Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 472.

66 The influence of the Poitou system was quite extensive, however, as is shown by the little church of Saint Loup-de-Naud (Seine-et-Marne) (eleventh and twelfth centuries), Choisy, II, p. 207, Fig. 15.

67 See Choisy, II, p. 210. The great objection to this is that they are not found in the neighboring provinces, in which much the same reason for having them must have existed.

68 See Lasteyrie, pp. 388-391, for account of the latter.

69 Rivoira, II, p. 283, Fig. 727.

70 Michel I, p. 444, Fig. 208.

71 Enlart I, p. 255, Fig. 94.

72 Lasteyrie, p. 330, Fig. 354.

73 Rivoira, II, p. 47, Fig. 410.

74 Other examples showing extent of the method are, Barletta cathedral in Italy, and Rochester Cathedral (twelfth century) in England, while Rouen and Meaux cathedrals furnish Gothic instances. See also Enlart, I, p. 257, note 1.

75 It is also worthy of note as showing the architectural influence of Lombardy and the Rhenish provinces upon Auvergne, that Chatel-Montagne has the alternate system of supports, a Lombard-Rhenish-Norman characteristic rarely found outside of these schools.

76 This would also explain the elevation and vaulting of the aisles of Jumièges-Abbey church, which are unlike those of the other churches of Normandy and yet not truly Lombard in type. See p. 43.

77 It is also characteristic of the churches of Normandy, Bourgogne and the Rhenish provinces, all more or less strongly Lombard.

78 An exception to this is to be seen in the church of Champagne (Ardèche), see note 29.

79 See section of Saint Saturnin (Puy-de-Dôme), Lasteyrie, p. 437, Fig. 454.

80 Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme), Notre Dame-du-Port, Choisy, II, p. 230, Fig. 30.

81 Example, Limoges (Haute-Vienne), Saint Martial, Lasteyrie, p. 251, Fig. 242.

82 See also Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), Saint Austremoine (early twelfth century), Michel, I, p. 461, Fig. 218. Saint Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme) (eleventh century).

83 Partly because the half tunnel vault in this part of the church required a strong and continuous impost.

84 Already seen in Poitou.

85 See discussion of this form of crossing on p. 106

86 Saint Sernin served as a model for the Spanish church of Santiago-de-Compostella (eleventh and twelfth centuries), which shows the extended influence of Auvergne.

87 Other examples are: Chatel-Montagne (Allier), Ch., Chateauneuf (Saône-et-Loire), Ch. Choisy, II, p. 245, Limoges (Haute-Vienne), Saint Martial, (destroyed, see Enlart, I, p. 256, note 5), without windows according to Lasteyrie (see Lasteyrie, p. 251, Fig. 242), Tours (Indre-et-Loire), Saint Martin (probable system).

88 Illustrated in Baum, p. 154.

89 See also Chatel-Montagne (Allier), Ch., Lasteyrie, p. 330, Fig. 354.

90 Lasteyrie, p. 338, Fig. 360.

91 The church of Fontgombault (Indre) (Baum, p. 265) is a similar church, but of later date (consecrated 1141), which might be classed as belonging to the “Loire school.”

92 See Lasteyrie, p. 424.

93 Reber, p. 351.

94 Rivoira, II, p. 106.

95 Rivoira, II, p. 106, Fig. 490.

96 The plan as given in Guadet, p. 265, Fig. 1127, shows groined vaults in both aisles, and the portion of the church remaining would make it seem probable that it originally had groined aisles in one story, but the matter is of little importance here.

97 Lasteyrie is of the opinion that these walls were raised to make it possible to place straight wooden beams across the church above the vaults (see Lasteyrie, p. 340, and also Choisy, II, p. 162, Fig. C.), but even if this were one reason, they also materially aided by their downward pressure, in offsetting the outward thrust.

98 Pointed nave arcade arches were used as early as the eleventh century in Bourgogne in such churches as Farges and Saint Vincent-des-Prés (Saône-et-Loire); see Lasteyrie, p. 428.

99 These lie along the line between Bourgogne and Auvergne, and the influence of the latter school may account for the preference shown in them for round headed arches.

100 See Enlart, I, p. 275.

101 Azy (Aisne), Chapel. Jouaignes (Aisne), Chapel. See Enlart, I, p. 445, note 1.

102 Enlart, I, p. 270, Fig. 103, and Porter, I, p. 278.

103 A few examples are found, among them: Mont Saint Vincent (Saône-et-Loire) Ch. (eleventh century), see Enlart, I, p. 272, and Lasteyrie, p. 248; Palognieu (Loire) Ch. (twelfth century), Enlart, I, p. 272, and Michel, I, p. 475; see also Enlart, I, p. 272, for other examples.

104 Choisy, II, p. 198.

105 “See also Saintes (Charente-Inférieure) Saint Eutrope (Crypt of the twelfth century restored in the thirteenth), Enlart, I, p. 294, Fig. 120 bis; Poitiers, Saint Hilaire (aisles added in the nave), Choisy, II, p. 199, Fig. 9.

106 See p. 5.

107 See p. 21.

108 This was also the original method of vaulting in the aisles of the wooden roofed basilica church of Saint Front at Périgueux (cir. 988-991), according to Rivoira, II, p. 113.

109 Enlart, I, p. 271, Fig. 104, and Michel, I, p. 475, Fig. 236.

110 Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 258.

111 Lasteyrie, p. 249, Fig. 239.

112 See Lasteyrie, p. 248, and note 3.

113 Section in Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 529.

114 Borrmann and Neuwirth, II, p. 163.

115 Enlart, I, p. 239.

116 According to Reber (p. 367), but according to Rivoira (Vol. II, p. 117) they were originally wooden roofed.

117 Lasteyrie, p. 261, Fig. 251.

118 Common to many transitional vaulting systems. See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, pp. 12-14.

119 Viollet-le-Duc, IV, p. 26.

120 This can be seen by a glance at the transverse arches as shown in Fig. 17.

121 See Lasteyrie, p. 427. Other examples are: Pontaubert (Yonne) Ch., Enlart, I, p. 277, Figs. 109-110; Gourdon (Saône-et-Loire) Ch., Lasteyrie, p. 255, Fig. 246; Toulon-sur-Arroux (Saône-et-Loire) Ch. Bragny-en-Charollais (Saône-et-Loire) Ch.

122 The side aisles of La Trinité are shut off from the choir and covered with tunnel vaults, a method which is sometimes found in this school. See Ruprich-Robert, I, p. 61.

123 Bond, p. 293.

124 See Lasteyrie, p. 540.

125 See Enlart, I, p. 445, note 2.

126 Choisy, II, p. 206, Fig. 14.

127 See Choisy, II, pp. 220-222.

128 See Rivoira, II, p. 122.

129 Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 414.

130 See Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 415.

131 The abbey church of Laach (begun in 1093 but work neglected somewhat until its resumption in 1112) is an exception, having been planned from the ground for vaulting. This is not of domed-up type, but seems to have been inspired directly by that of Vézelay. See Rivoira, II, pp. 330-331 and Fig. 781.

132 See Laach, Abbey Ch. south aisle in Rivoira, II, p. 328, Fig. 777.

133 Mainz, Speyer, etc.

134 See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.

135 Alternate piers, eaves-galleries, etc.

136 See also Cologne, Saint Maurice (before 1144) Lasteyrie, p. 518; Brauveiller; Guebviller; Rosheim; Schlestadt; Saint Die. See Enlart, I, p. 279, note 2.

137 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, pp. 20-21.

138 See aisles of Bernay (Eure), Abbey Ch., Ruprich-Robert, I, p. 61.

139 Although this arrangement would seem to reflect Lombard influence, the form of the triforia and of the vaults is much more like those of Auvergne.

140 Illustrated in Bond, p. 293.

141 Illustrated in Bond, p. 293.

142 See also the aisles of Bernay choir in Ruprich-Robert, I, p. 61.

143 In St. Étienne at least. Gloucester cathedral may or may not have been vaulted before the transformation of its interior from Romanesque to Perpendicular Gothic.

144 See Fig. 63.

145 See p. 101, 102.

146 Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVII.

147 Rivoira, I, p. 225.

148 Rivoira, I, p. 224, Figs. 330, 331.

149 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vault.

150 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 22.

151 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 23.

152 See Cattaneo, p. 227.

153 The word square is used to denote bays which are approximately as well as actually equilateral.

154 See list in Enlart, I, p. 264 note 2 and note 3. Examples of transverse arches of earlier date exist in Syrian and Early Christian architecture, but not with a regular alternate system.

155 This was especially important to the Lombard builders, who always preferred the semicircular arch, which could thus be employed for all six ribs of the vault and would cause the crown to be domed up just high enough to permit the construction of the entire vault by means of a simple centering from rib to rib. See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.

156 See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.

157 Illustrated in M. H.

158 Illustrated in Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 19.

159 See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 13.

160 Examples include: Laval (Mayenne), La Trinité; LeMans (Sarthe), La Couture; Poitiers (Vienne), Cath. (portion); Poitiers, Sainte Radegonde; Brantôme (Dordogne), Ch.; Lucheux (Somme), Ch.; Airaines (Somme), Notre Dame.

161 They are, perhaps, the earliest of the Anjou group. Enlart (Vol. I, pp. 435, note 1 and 445, note 1) gives an earlier date for Lucheux and Airaines, but the appearance of their vaults does not seem to bear out this assertion.

162 See Choisy, II, p. 277 and p. 276, Fig. 8—A. B. C.

163 Enlart, I, p. 437, Fig. 205.

164 Enlart, I, p. 444, Fig. 210. See also p. 446, note 1.

165 Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.

166 Ill. in Bond, p. 328, Fig. 4.

167 See Street, p. 80, and Fig. 7, opp. same.

168 Examples could be cited in Belgium, Holland, Norway, Spain, etc., in fact, wherever Lombard, Rhenish or Anjou influence was strong.

169 See also Milan, S. Nazzaro. Cummings, I, p. 116.

170 Similar building-up of the arches may be seen in the nave at Bury (Fig. 22), and in the narthex of St. Leu d’Esserent (Oise). See Moore, p. 68 and p. 69, Fig. 24.

171 Very interesting examples occur also at Saint Aignan (Loire-et-Cher), Ch.

172 Similar angels are found in the porch of Santiago-de-Compostella illustrated in Uhde, Baudenkmaeler in Spainen und Portugal; also in Madrazo-Gurlitt, pl. 166. These latter are Angels of Judgment, forming part of the sculptural scheme of the three portals.

173 Similar figures also appear at Salamanca, in the old cathedral. See Street, p. 80 and Fig. opp. p. 80. Uhde, op. cit., Fig. 119, p. 50.

174 See p. 57.

175 Other examples include: Bologna, San Petronio, ill. in Joseph, p. 172, Fig. 132; Verona, Cath. See Bond, p. 321; Pavia, San Teodoro (1150-1180), see Bond, p. 321; Venice, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Cummings, II. p. 192.

176 See also Rivolta d’Adda—Rivoira, I. p 234, Fig. 331; Pavia, S. Michele, Porter, I, ill. 104, opp. p. 204.

177 See pp. 39 and 42.

178 Omitting for the present the cathedral of Durham.

179 These windows like others of the Norman school are actually to one side of the center of the bay but not far enough to make the difference apparent. In fact, they would seem to have been moved over for the purpose of making them appear in the center since the inward curve of the diagonal, which lies on one side of them only, would make them appear to be out of center were they placed on the axis of the bay.

180 Enlart gives several examples, though not in churches with a regular pier system. Among these are: Cerisy-la-Forêt (Manche), Enlart, I, p. 261, Fig. 97; Le Mans, N. D. du Pré (original state); Villemagne (Hérault), Saint Gregoire (ruined), see Enlart, I, p. 264, note 2.

181 Illustrated in Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXIX.

182 Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXVIII.

183 Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXI.

184 In England, where thick walls are an important factor in vault support even at a comparatively late date, this same form of vaulting conoid is frequently found, for example in Chichester, Cath. (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 110, Fig. 91), Worcester, Cath. choir, (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XX), Lincoln, Cath., E. Transept (see Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 116), etc.

185 Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVIII.

186 Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVII.

187 Flying-buttresses had to be added not long after their construction, to keep them from falling.

188 Even these vaults have suffered from reconstruction in the thirteenth century.

189 See Moore, p. 130 et seq. for discussion of this point.

190 A later instance does appear and this, too, on a very large scale in the rebuilt choir vaults of Beauvais cathedral (1284), but the six-part vaults of this church are entirely due to the subdivision of four-part rectangular vaults in order to obtain greater stability.

191 Among the more important examples not mentioned are: Laon (Aisne), Cath.; Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), Cath.; Dijon (Côte-d’Or), Notre Dame, etc.

192 Other examples are: Lincoln, Cath. choir; (Fig. 35) Durham, Cath. east transept; Rochester, Cath. presbytery, (Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XVIII), etc.

193 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Figs. 58-60.

194 Other Italian examples are: Casamari, Ch.; San Galgano, Ch.; San Martino, Ch.; etc.

195 This bay was rebuilt (cir. 1237-1239) after the fall of the tower and is, therefore, later than the transept (cir. 1200).

196 In La Trinité there are no side aisles, but a series of chapels constitutes virtually the same arrangement.

197 Lubke, I, p. 440, Fig. 313.

198 Sturgis, II, p. 435, Fig. 382.

199 Sturgis, II, p. 439, Fig. 386.

200 See also one bay of Lincoln choir (Fig. 35) rebuilt cir. 1239, also Bourges, S. Pierre-le-Guillard, early thirteenth century, vaults rebuilt on original lines in the fifteenth century. Nesle (Somme) Ch. also has this vaulting form according to Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 114, note 1.

201 See also Erfurt, Frankiskanerkirche.

202 Gurlitt, pl. 83.

203 Ex. Voulton (Seine-et-Marne), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, I, pl. 62.

204 Bumpus, illustration opp. p. 92.

205 Ill. in Moore, p. 51.

206 See p. 96 and Fig. 44.

207 Bond, p. 643.

208 Rivoira, II, pp. 235-243.

209 Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 25.

210 Lasteyrie, p. 497, note 1.

211 Bond, p. 370.

212 Bond, pp. 315 and 319.

213 Bond, p. 319.

214 The system, moreover, is complete with a transverse arch which might seem to indicate that it was later than that at Durham.

215 The other three are, the sexpartite and pseudo-sexpartite vaults and the irregular four-part method employed at Durham.

216 Moore, p. 80, Fig. 32.

217 Whether these concealed buttresses were first used in Normandy or the Ile-de-France is an open question, but in either case their origin would seem to be traceable to such prototypes as the ramping walls above the transverse aisle arches of such Lombard churches as Sant’ Ambrogio at Milan and perhaps even to Roman monuments like the basilica of Maxentius at Rome. The really important question is to learn when these concealed buttresses were first raised above the aisle roofs to constitute true flying-buttresses. This would seem to have taken place in the Ile-de-France, perhaps at Domont as Porter suggests (Porter, II, pp. 91-92), or at Noyon towards the middle of the twelfth century.

218 Ill. in Moore, p. 76.

219 An example of the heavy ribs used in early work may be seen at Morienval, Fig. 77.

220 These and the following churches are chosen at random merely for the purposes of comparison.

221 For example in the cathedral of Albi, where the nave is sixty feet in width, and in that of Gerona (Spain), where it is over seventy.

222 See pp. 49 and 70.

223 See Bond, p. 336.

224 See Bond, p. 335.

225 See Bond, p. 336.

226 As a matter of fact these in their turn help to support the ridge rib.

227 See Street, p. 78 for a drawing (from Wilde) of this vault before its restoration.

228 See p. 93 for examples.

229 So far as the writer knows there are no examples of the simple transverse ridge rib in England, where one would naturally expect to find it used.

230 Moreover the tiercerons at Worcester would seem to have been an afterthought. See Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 175.

231 Illustrated in Bond, p. 327.

232 Illustrated in Bond, p. 327. See also Lichfield’s Cath. nave for similar transverse rib.

233 Not without their influence, however, as a number of late churches could be cited in which there is no true transverse rib, as for example the minster at Berne (Switzerland), (illustrated in Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31).

234 See Bond, p. 333.

235 Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 234, Fig. 1.

236 A larger number of tiercerons is frequently found but not in vaults without liernes, except in very rare instances such as Oxford Schools Tower, where there are three pairs of tiercerons in each severy. Plan in Bond, p. 324-8.

237 Bond, p. 340.

238 Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

239 Illustrated in Bond, p. 331.

240 Michel, III, p. 27, Fig. 17.

241 Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

242 Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.

243 See also illustration in Bond, p. 332.

244 See illustration of Gloucester choir in Bond, p. 334.

245 See illustration in Bond, opp. p. 132.

246 See illustration of Tewkesbury nave, Wells choir (Bond, p. 332) and Gloucester choir (Bond, p. 334).

247 Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.

248 Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.

249 Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.

250 Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

251 Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

252 See also Cambridge, King’s College chapel, illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

253 See also Oxford, Christ Church staircase, illustrated in Bond, p. 348.

254 Illustrated in Willis, p. 50.

255 Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

256 The vaults are modern but the church was planned to have this type.

257 Illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348, also Willis, pl. III, opp. p. 54.

258 Illustrated in Bond, p. 297. See also Oxford, Divinity School, illustrated in Bond, p. 331 and Henry VII’s Chapel, illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348.

259 For an extended discussion of English vaulting see Bond, English Church Architecture, Vol. I, Chap. V, pp. 279-384.

260 The diagonals of many vaults in France and Spain and especially in England had been decorated with carving, particularly in the early Gothic period.

261 Illustrated in Michel, IV, p. 858.

262 Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 558.

263 Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373. See also Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (Hartung, I, pl. 5).

264 Plan in Street, pl. IV, opp. p. 104.

265 Plan in Street, pl. XII, opp. p. 194.

266 Michel, III, p. 10, Fig. 4.

267 Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31.

268 Hartung, II, pl. 114.

269 So far as the writer is aware.

270 Michel, IV, p. 567, Fig. 376.

271 Enlart, I, pp. 598-599, Fig. 323.

272 Enlart, I, pp. 676-677, Fig. 345. See also Bristol cathedral, Berkeley Chapel (cir. 1340) illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

273 See Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 82.

274 Perhaps as early as between 1124-1140 when there was a reconstruction of the cathedral. The character of their construction certainly would not be inconsistent with such a date.

275 Ribs rising in a somewhat similar manner are to be found in the south of France, in the crypt of the church of Saint Gilles (Gard.) (Ill. in Lasteyrie, p. 263, Fig. 253) or the chapel of the Pont Saint-Benezet at Avignon (Vaucluse), where they mark the intersection of two flattened tunnel vaults.

276 Lincoln, Cath. nave aisle. Plan in Bond, pp. 308-9; Salisbury, Cath.; Southwell, Minster.

277 Hartung, I, pl. 16.

278 Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

279 Examples include: Linköping, Cath.; Paderborn, Cath.; Minden, Cath.; Mainz, S. Stephen; Landshut, Saint Martin; Prenzlau, Marienkirche; Heidelberg, Peterskirche; Paris, Sainte Chapelle (lower church); Chaumont, Ch.; Perugia, Cath.; Winchester, Cath. (Lady chapel); Belem (Portugal) Ab. Ch.; Barcelona, Cath.; Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (1494-1501); Hartung, I, pl. 5; Soest, Sta Maria zur Wiese, Hartung, I, pl. 49; Stendal, S. Maria (cir. 1450), Hartung, II, pl. 69.

280 Hartung, III, pl. 126.

281 Illustration in Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373.

282 See Butler, p. 78.

283 See Lasteyrie, p. 480 and notes 1-2.

284 From its elevation, this would seem to have been added later.

285 Other examples include: Issoire, Saint Paul, and the churches at Saint Saturnin and Saint Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme).

286 Illustrated in Lasteyrie, p. 445, Fig. 463.

287 Illustrated in Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 588.

288 Saint Jean-au-Bois (Oise) (twelfth century); Épinal (Vosges) (thirteenth century); Valentigny and Vendeuvre (Aube); Roberval, Vauciennes, and Verberie (Oise); Brunembert (Pas-de-Calais); etc.

289 See p. 131, note 16 for explanation of the use of the word chevet.

290 See also Tour (Calvados), Ch. Illustrated in Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 187. Rys (Calvados), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot II, pl. 12; Omonville-la-Rogue, Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 46; Puiseaux (Loiret), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, III, pl. 28.

291 Hartung, III, pl. 134.

292 There is a similar vault in the transept.

293 Among them: Lérins, Chapelle de la Trinité. Illustrated in Revoil I, pl. 1; St. Martin-de-Londres, Ch. Revoil, I, pl. XXXIII.

294 For example: Querqueville (Manche).

295 See Lasteyrie, p. 530.

296 An earlier transept with similar vaulting may have existed in church of St. Lucien at Beauvais (1090-1109), but this church was unfortunately destroyed during the Revolution. See Enlart, I, p. 480, note 3.

297 Similar transepts at Breslau, Heiligekreuze; Paderborn, Cath.; Marburg, St. Elizabeth.

298 The development and construction of chevet vaults is discussed in Chapter III.

299 Apparently later than the chevet.

300 See Enlart, I, p. 490 note 3 and Lasteyrie, pp. 285 and 522 for lists. Also Neufchâtel (Seine Inférieure) fifteenth century. Porter, II, p. 95.

301 Plan in Gurlitt, p. 22.

302 See Enlart, I, p. 480 note 3 and Lasteyrie, pp. 285 and 522 for further examples.

303 In rare instances, as in Saint Hilaire at Poitiers, there are aisles along the west wall only, but this is due to a rebuilding of the church.

304 Toulouse, Saint Sernin; Reims, Saint Remi (originally) (see Lasteyrie, p. 282); Winchester, Cath. (1079-1093) (Rivoira, II, p. 205). Tribunes are also to be seen in churches without a triforium gallery along the transept walls as for example in Saint Georges-de-Boscherville, Cerisy-la-Forêt (1030-1066), etc. See list in Enlart, I, p. 236, note 1.

305 See Lasteyrie, p. 539 and Enlart, I, p. 265, note 1.

306 See Ruprich-Robert, II, p. 3.

307 Lasteyrie, p. 271, Fig. 264.

308 For other examples see Lasteyrie, p. 335, notes 3-4-5.

309 Lasteyrie, p. 336, Fig. 359.

310 See Lasteyrie, p. 270.

311 See Enlart, I, pp. 123, 124.

312 See Rivoira, II, pp. 27, 29.

313 Lasteyrie, p. 445, Fig. 463.

314 Lasteyrie, p. 316, Fig. 338.

315 See p. 106.

316 Lasteyrie, p. 249, Fig. 239.

317 Lasteyrie, p. 336, Fig. 359.

318 See also Marseilles,—La Major.

319 See p. 124.

320 Either with or without a lantern beneath them. Examples: Montagne (Gironde); Nantille, Notre Dame; Saumur, St. Pierre. See Michel, II, p. 108 and Lasteyrie, p. 479.

321 See also such other buildings as the Château de Simiane (Basses-Alpes) (apparently twelfth century). Illustrated in Revoil, III, pl. VIII.

322 See p. 125.

323 Similar domes may be seen in the old cathedral of Salamanca (finished before 1178). (Moore, Character of Renaissance Architecture, p. 57, Fig. 28.) [Street, (Fig. 7, op. p. 80) shows this dome as having flat severies, and does not mention the fact that they are curved, as he takes pains to do in regard to Zamora]; and the collegiate church at Toro (begun cir. 1160-1170, finished in thirteenth century), (Michel, II, p. 108, Fig. 76). It is difficult to tell from the photograph whether this last example has the lobed vault surface.

324 Illustrated in Simpson, II, p. 104.

325 There is an earlier and somewhat similar crossing vault in the church of S. Marien at Gelnhausen (1225-on) Hartung, III, pl. 145.

326 Michel, IV, p. 829, Fig. 546.

327 Michel, IV, p. 828, Fig. 545.

328 It is possible that this vault is of wood.

329 Simpson, II, Fig. 68, opp. p. 104.

330 Simpson, II, Fig. 69, opp. p. 164.

331 Examples are furnished by: Florence, S. M. Novella; Sens, Cath. (Fig. 28); Paris, N. D.; Soissons, Cath.; Cologne, Cath.; to cite but a few churches.

332 Cummings, II, p. 141, Fig. 330.

333 Cummings, II, p. 149, Fig. 335.

334 For example in Dol, Cath.; Étampes, Saint Gilles; Bayeux, Cath., etc.

335 For example in Angers, Cath. (Fig. 19); Bordeaux, Saint Michel, etc.

336 Numerous illustrations may be found in Bond, Gothic Architecture in England and English Church Architecture.

337 Most of the vaulting is modern but built as originally planned.

338 An example of this arrangement may be seen at Saint Nicolas-du-Port (Meurthe-et-Moselle). Enlart, Fig. 318, opp. p. 588.

339 See also Poitiers, Saint Hilaire (Fig. 7) and Notre Dame-la-Grande, etc.

340 See also Toulouse, Saint Sernin; Saint Benoît-sur-Loire (Fig. 13); and Nevers, St. Étienne, etc.

341 They may have been inspired by the salient arches of such a tunnel vault as that in the Temple of Diana at Nîmes, and in any event would seem to owe their origin to classic prototypes and to be largely decorative, a theory which is strengthened by the appearance of such a vault as that in the little church of Saint Jean-de-Moustier, at Arles (probably of the ninth century) (Revoil, I, pl. XVI), where these radiants very closely resemble Corinthian pilasters.

342 Dartein, pl. 76.

343 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 62. There are also a number of churches of the more developed period in which somewhat similar ribbed half domes are found, though these are frequently laid up in flat gores over polygonal apses. Examples include: Worms, Cath.; west apse, see Fig. 58; Florence, Cath. east and transept apses.

344 Madrazo-Gurlitt, pl. 178.

345 Examples include Berzy-le-Sec and Laffaux (Aisne); Chelles (Oise) and Bonnes (Vienne) all dating cir. 1140-1150; Bruyères, and Vauxrezis (Aisne) probably of about the same date, and Torcy (Aisne) dating from the second half of the twelfth century; Étampes, St. Martin, radiating chapel. All of these are illustrated in Lefevre-Pontalis. Examples with three ribs include Thor (Vaucluse) and Saint Pierre-de-Reddes (Hérault), both illustrated in Revoil. Example with four ribs, Como, Sant’ Abondio. Example with five ribs, Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône), Ab. Ch. Revoil, II, pl. XXXI. For further examples, see Porter, II, p. 78.

346 For instance, at Vieil-Arcy, Ch. (Lefevre-Pontalis, pl. XLV), where there are no ribs beneath the half dome; and in the last five churches with two ribs listed in the preceding note.

347 Lasteyrie, p. 450, Fig. 470.

348 Rivoira, II, p. 38, Fig. 399.

349 Rivoira, II, pp. 39-40.

350 Rivoira, II, p. 93.

351 Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 15, Fig. 11.

352 Forest-l’Abbaye (Somme) (plan in Enlart, I, p. 447, Fig. 211) furnishes one example of this and others are listed in Enlart, I, p. 447 and note 2 at the foot of that page.

[353] There are occasionally to be found some late examples showing the survival of the half dome as an apse vault, but these are exceptional after cir. 1150, until the Renaissance period.

354 The word chevet is used here and elsewhere as referring to the ribbed vaulting developed and applied to the apse of the Gothic churches.

355 See p. 128, 129.

356 See p. 110.

357 Lefevre-Pontalis, pl. XXIX.

358 Lefevre-Pontalis, pl. LI.

359 At Laon the remaining bays of the chapel are groined and if their vaults are original, this presents one of the few examples of a church completely groined and especially of one with the combination of groined vault and ribbed chevet.

360 Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. 1, opp. p. 19. Variously dated 1130-1150.

361 Illustrated in Moore, pp. 72 and 73, Figs. 26, 27.

362 See Moore, p. 130, et seq., and Porter, II, p. 80.

363 See also the apses of Saint Étienne at Caen, of Saint Martin-des-Champs at Paris and of Soissons cathedral transept. Other churches were probably originally designed without the flying-buttresses, among them Saint Remi at Reims. See Porter, II, p. 209 (from Lefevre-Pontalis).

364 This type of vault is later discussed. See p. 153.

365 The chevet vault is chosen for this discussion merely because the photographs are handy for reference. Similar vaults could, however, be found in all the other portions of the church.

366 For example, in Soissons transept. In certain other examples, the formeret does not follow the vault curve. See Paris, St. Martin-des-Champs (Fig. 65), Noyon transept, etc.

367 A vault of similar character may be noted in the name of Amiens and numerous other instances could be cited outside of the chevet vaults.

368 The eastern bay in this particular church was widened to give a broad opening into the Lady chapel.

369 It may be noted that La Madeleine also resembles St. Germer in having a groined triforium.

370 Vaults with just such doming were to be used side by side with those with higher window cells, as is later shown.

371 Unfortunately the vaults of Sens and Noyon have been rebuilt though apparently in the original manner, while those of Senlis, which would have been of much value, have been reconstructed in a later style.

372 Examples include: Bologna, San Francesco; Auxerre Cath. (planned for six-part type of vaults), etc.

373 Other examples not mentioned include Albi (Tarn) cath.; Troyes (Aube) cath.; Semur-en-Auxois (Côte-d’or), Notre Dame.

374 It is possible that it owes this arrangement to the church of Saint Remi (Fig. 64).

375 Although not originally planned for four-part vaults in the choir, its present arrangement illustrates the combination referred to.

376 This is not a noticeable fault with sexpartite choir vaulting since the crowns of all the window cells form similar angles.

377 Porter, II, p. 83, Fig. 176.

378 In referring to chevet vaults, the terms three-celled, four-celled, etc., refer to the number of window panels or severies, while the terms four-part, five-part, etc., refer to the total number of severies in the vault, generally one more than the number of window cells.

379 See also the five-part chevet in the cathedral of Saint Louis at Blois (Loire-et-Cher) which is, however, of much later date.

380 This may explain the fact that the buttressing rib type of chevet persisted side by side with this fourth form.

381 In St. Étienne this rib would seem to be an addition to the original chevet.

382 Street, pl. XXV. op. p. 408.

383 Bond, p. 63.

384 This church has a rather exceptional chevet in that it is considerably more than a semicircle in plan.

385 Plan in Street, pl. XVI, opp. p. 306.

386 The double apse of the Chapel of the Seminaire at Bayeux (thirteenth century) (Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 44) has two chevets of similar character.

387 Plan in Caumont, p. 590.

388 See the illustration in Bond, p. 165.

389 See also Pirna, Hauptkirche (1502-1546), Hartung, I, pl. 57.

390 See also Le Mans, Notre Dame-de-la-Couture: Padua, Sant’ Antonio.

391 And sometimes in churches where this arrangement is not found.

392 See also Neubourg (Eure). Plan in Enlart, I, Fig. 317.

393 Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, I, pl. 46.

394 See Fig. 31.

395 The vault has been recently reconstructed along original lines.

396 A feature which certainly enhances the present appearance of the cathedral, though it is quite possible that the builders originally intended to shut off this vista by a high reredos behind the altar.

397 Compare for example the chevet of Reims with that of Saint Urbain.

398 Needless to say, no flying-buttresses are necessary with such a vault as the thrusts are easily absorbed by the piers.

399 Similar openings are to be seen in the apse of Saint Nazaire at Carcassonne.

400 For other examples showing the employment of this feature even in the Renaissance see Enlart, I, p. 506, note 2.

401 Hartung, I, pl. 15.

402 For a discussion of this point see E. Gall’s series of articles on the ambulatory in Monatschefte fur Kunstwissenschaft, beginning with the fifth volume, 1912, pp. 134-149.

403 See Rivoira I, p. 184.

404 Now destroyed. See Rivoira I, p. 184.

405 Some examples of the walled off ambulatory are found, however. See Enlart, I, p. 234, note 5.

406 See Rivoira, I, p. 183, for dates of Santo Stefano and Ivrea.

407 An annular tunnel vault also covered the passage around the tribune of the so-called stadium of Domitian already mentioned. See Rivoira, I, p. 184.

408 For other examples, see Enlart, I, p. 266, note 6. A similar vault is sometimes found in the aisles of circular churches, as for example in Ste. Croix at Quimperlé (eleventh century). Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 5.

409 See Rivoira, II, p. 289.

410 At intervals this vault is cut by lunettes or groined bays but it is fundamentally an annular tunnel vault.

411 Exactly as has been suggested in regard to similar side aisle vaults.

412 See Enlart, I, p. 266, note 6.

413 Enlart, I, p. 34, Fig. 14.

414 Revoil, I, pl. XLVIII.

415 Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 25.

416 Rivoira, II, p. 270, Fig. 718.

417 See Rivoira, II, p. 8. See also the Duomo Vecchio at Brescia (Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 49).

418 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 53.

419 Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 52.

420 Enlart, I, p. 273, Fig. 105.

421 The date of this cathedral is uncertain and the exceptional character of its triforium leads to the suspicion that it may not now retain its original arrangement, though the writer has no proof of this suggestion.

422 In some instances these lintels have been cut through with an arch running up into the surface of the vault between the bays.

423 Previous to Porter there had been suggestions of this origin of the ribbed vault in Choisy’s work and in Rivoira’s Lombardic architecture, but their studies had been largely confined to vaults whose ribs were sunken into the masonry panels.

424 See discussion of this point on p. 136.

425 See p. 53, 54.

426 Plan in Rivoira, I, p. 222, Fig. 327.

427 If Signor Rivoira is correct in his attribution of this ambulatory to the third quarter of the eleventh century (Rivoira, I, pp. 222, 223), it affords not only an extremely early example of the straight ribbed type but an instance of a ribbed vaulted ambulatory of large size antedating that at Morienval by half a century. I am not prepared to accept this early date. The general elevation of the piers and ribs, the geographical situation of the church, the lack of any similarly vaulted ambulatories in the fifty years following its construction and the very form of the vaults, which may easily have once been of the groined type to be seen in the gallery of Santo Stefano at Verona with ribs added at a later date or reconstruction (note lower imposts of diagonal ribs and expanding soffits of transverse arches like those at Verona) together with many other details a discussion of which the limits of this paper forbids, make it seem most improbable that this ambulatory dates from 1049-1078. As a matter of fact, the date is of little importance in the present connection, since it is the type of vault employed with which this study is largely concerned.

428 Plan and interior view in Moore, pp. 72, 73, Figs. 26, 27.

429 Plan in Moore, p. 83, Fig. 34.

430 This may be plainly seen at the cathedral of Tournai (Fig. 85).

431 Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 96, Fig. 82 and pl. XV, opp. p. 104.

432 Crypt illustrated in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 94, Fig. 80, Trinity chapel, p. 103 Fig. 86 and pi. XIV. opp. same page.

[433] See Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pp. 94-95.

434 See p. 99 for theory regarding this.

435 Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XV, opp. p. 104.

436 Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XIV, opp. p. 103.

437 Ambulatories vaulted in a similar manner appear in Saint Sauveur at Bruges, the Groote Kerk at Breda, the cathedral of Burgos, the church at Gonesse (Seine-et-Oise) (plan in Enlart, I, p. 486, Fig. 233) etc. Also, in Magdeburg Cath. (Hartung I, pl. 16), there is an instance in which the intermediate rib is shortened evidently to admit the greatest possible amount of light.

438 This is also a church employing the lancet type of window common in Normandy and England and the subdivision of the ambulatory thus made possible windows of general lancet shape. Furthermore, it carried the subdivision of the triforium arcade into the clerestory above. (For a large photograph of this ambulatory see Gurlitt, pl. 84).

439 Plan in Moore, p. 83, Fig. 34.

440 Similar vaults appear at Coutances Cath., outer ambulatory, Utrecht Cath. (ridge ribs added), Malmo, Ch., and Lagny, Ab. Ch. (illustrated in Lenoir, part II, p. 207).

441 Plan in Enlart, I, p. 505, Fig. 244.

442 Violet-le-Duc (Vol. IV, pp. 75-77) calls attention to the architectural refinements in this church, mentioning the use of arches flattened on their inner face and curved on the outer between the apse and triforium. It is also interesting to note that here as in Saint Remi the vault of the triforium differs from that of the ambulatory proper. The arrangement at Saint Remi has been described, that at Chalons consists of a simple four-part vault of trapezoidal form with outer and inner sides curved.

443 Examples at Strassburg, Cath., Neubourg (Eure), ch. (irregular type of ch. with central pier and triangular apse. See plan in Enlart, I, p. 590, Fig. 317) and Tewkesbury Abbey (here even the triangular bays open into chapels). See also Cléry (Loiret) (fifteenth century) (plan in Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, III, pl. 60).

444 Plan in Caumont, p. 396.

445 Examples not mentioned include, Beeskow; Keisheim; Stargarde, Johanniskirche (slightly elaborated); Treptow (considerably elaborated); Worms, Liebfrauenkirche; Arles, Saint Trophime, etc.

446 Plan in Gaudet, III, p. 247, Fig. 1108.

447 Plan in Gaudet, III, p. 240, Fig. 1104.

448 These two churches not only show the vault with simple added ribs but the last named is most interesting as showing an ambulatory equal in height to the apse, a most unusual arrangement.

449 This church also presents certain changes in the arrangement of the ribs but these are unimportant.

450 See also Kuttenberg.

451 A similar plan on a smaller scale and with only two side chapels occurs at Ville-neuve-le-Comte (Seine-et-Marne) (plan in Enlart, I, p. 485, Fig. 232) and the same arrangement in churches with central plan appears at Trier in the Liebfrauenkirche while other examples include Lisseweghe; Toul, Saint Gengoulf; Xant; Oppenheim; Ludinghausen; Anclam; Lübeck, Saint Jakob; Lagny (Seine-et-Marne) (illustrated in Lenoir, Part II, p. 207) and Kaschau (Hungary) (illustrated in Lenoir, Part II, p. 208). See also Enlart, I, p. 485, note 2.

452 Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, V, pl. 79.

453 Such chapels were frequently omitted all through both the Romanesque and Gothic periods even in churches with an ambulatory and were not therefore established parts of the church plan. For examples of such chapels see Enlart, I, p. 228 note 2 and p. 485 note 3 and Lasteyrie, p. 297.

454 For discussion of prototypes see Lasteyrie, pp. 187, 188.

455 For examples see Lasteyrie, p. 301 and Enlart, I, p. 231, note 4.

456 For examples see Lasteyrie, p. 301 and Enlart, I, p. 486, note 1.

457 See Enlart, I, p. 231, note 2.

458 For examples see Lasteyrie, p. 297, and Enlart I, p. 233, note 1 and p. 486, note 3.

459 For examples see Lasteyrie, p. 297, and Enlart, I, p. 233, note 2.

460 For examples see Lasteyrie, p. 297, and Enlart, I, p. 233, note 3.

461 Orcival (Lasteyrie, p. 297, Fig. 458).

462 For examples see Enlart, I, p. 233, note 3.

463 Rather rare in the Romanesque period. For examples see Enlart, I, p. 232.

464 See page 173 et seq.

465 For examples of square chapels see Enlart, I, p. 231, note 2 and p. 487, note 7.

466 For example, the chapels with other chapels added to them toward the east at Norwich cath. and Mehun-sur-Yevre (Cher) see Enlart, I, p. 234, note 4.

467 See p. 112.