| ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 449-1066. |
| | PAGE |
| Departure of the Romans, | 1 |
| Settlement of the various English tribes, | 1 |
| 449 | The Jutes, | 1 |
| 477 | The Saxons, | 2 |
| 520 | The Angles, | 2 |
| 597 | Conversion to Christianity, | 3 |
| Struggle for supremacy among the Saxon kingdoms, | 3 |
| Supremacy of Northumbria, | 3 |
| 716-819 Supremacy of Mercia, | 4 |
| 800 | Ecgberht, | 5 |
| Supremacy of the West Saxons, | 5 |
| Period of Danish Invasion, | 5 |
| 836 | Æthelwulf, | 6 |
| 858 | Æthelbald, | 6 |
| 860 | Æthelberht, | 6 |
| 866 | Æthelred, | 6 |
| 870 | Danish Conquest of East Anglia, | 7 |
| 871 | Alfred, | 7 |
| Appreciation of Alfred’s character, | 8 |
| Continued superiority of Wessex, | 10 |
| 901 | Eadward the Elder, | 10 |
| 925 | Æthelstan, | 11 |
| 940 | Eadmund, | 11 |
| 946 | Eadred, | 11 |
| Rise of Dunstan, | 12 |
| 955 | Edwy, | 13 |
| 957 | Eadgar, | 13 |
| Dunstan’s government, | 13 |
| Division of Northumbria, | 14 |
| 975 | Eadward the Martyr, | 15 |
| Fall of Dunstan, | 15 |
| 979 | Æthelred the Unready, | 15 |
| Third Period of Danish Invasion, | 15 |
| 991 | Battle of Maldon, | 16 |
| 994 | First Danegelt, | 16 |
| Æthelred’s Marriage with Emma, | 17 |
| 1002 | Massacre of St. Brice, | 17 |
| Pernicious influence of Eadric Streona, | 17 |
| 1008 | Thurkill’s invasion, | 17 |
| 1013 | Swegen’s Great Invasion, | 18 |
| England submits to Swegen, | 18 |
| 1014 | Restoration of Æthelred, | 18 |
| 1016 | Edmund Ironside, | 19 |
| Five great battles, | 19 |
| Division of the Kingdom, | 19 |
| 1017 | Cnut King of all England, | 19 |
| His patriotic government, | 20 |
| Disputed succession, | 21 |
| Importance of Earl Godwine, | 21 |
| 1037 | Harold, | 21 |
| 1040 | Harthacnut, | 21 |
| Restoration of the English Line, | 21 |
| 1042 | Eadward the Confessor, | 21 |
| Rivalry of Godwine and the French Party, | 22 |
| 1051 | Godwine banished, | 22 |
| 1052 | His return and death, | 23 |
| 1053 | Harold succeeds to his influence, | 23 |
| He subdues Wales, | 24 |
| 1066 | Harold made King, | 24 |
| Claims of his rivals, Tostig and William of Normandy, | 24 |
| William’s preparations, | 25 |
| Tostig’s invasion, | 26 |
| William lands, | 26 |
| Battle of Hastings or Senlac, | 26 |
| Death of Harold, | 27 |
| —————————— |
| State of Society at the Conquest. |
| —————————— |
| THE CONQUEST. |
| WILLIAM I. 1066-1087. |
| 1066 | Intended resistance of the English, | 40 |
| Election of Eadgar, | 41 |
| William marches to London, | 41 |
| William is crowned, | 41 |
| His position as King, | 42 |
| Transfer of Property, | 43 |
| The form of Law retained, | 43 |
| Castles built, | 43 |
| Appointment of Earls, | 43 |
| 1067 | William revisits Normandy, | 44 |
| Misgovernment by his Viceroys, | 44 |
| Consequent rebellion, | 44 |
| Insurrections call him home, | 44 |
| 1068 | His position in the North and West, | 45 |
| 1096 | His devastations in Yorkshire, | 47 |
| 1070 | Complete subjugation of the North, | 47 |
| William’s legislation, | 48 |
| His reform of the Church, | 48 |
| Appointment of foreign Bishops, | 48 |
| Stigand deposed, | 48 |
| Lanfranc Archbishop, | 49 |
| His Legislation, | 49 |
| He connects the Church with Rome, | 49 |
| But William still Head of the Church, | 49 |
| 1071 | Final Struggle of the English under Hereward, | 50 |
| Wales held in check by the Counts Palatine, | 51 |
| Savage invasions from Scotland, | 51 |
| 1072 | Malcolm swears fealty, | 52 |
| 1075 | Troubles in Normandy, | 52 |
| 1076 | Conspiracy of Norman nobles suppressed, | 52 |
| Waltheof executed, | 53 |
| Quarrel between William and his Sons, | 53 |
| 1079 | Reconciliation at Gerberoi, | 54 |
| Odo’s oppressive government, | 54 |
| 1084 | Cnut’s threatened invasion, | 54 |
| 1085 | The Domesday Book, | 55 |
| 1087 | William’s death and burial, | 55 |
| HENRY I. 1100-1135. |
| 1100 | Henry secures the crown, | 63 |
| Conciliates all classes, | 63 |
| His policy, | 64 |
| His opponents, | 65 |
| 1101 | Robert seeks the crown, | 65 |
| Withdraws without bloodshed, | 65 |
| Henry attacks his partisans, | 65 |
| 1102 | Defeat of Belesme and Norman Barons, | 66 |
| Establishment of royal power, | 66 |
| Belesme received in Normandy, | 66 |
| 1105 | Consequent invasion of the Duchy, | 66 |
| 1106 | Battle of Tenchebray, defeat of Robert, | 66 |
| 1107 | War with France, | 67 |
| Louis supports William Clito, | 67 |
| End of the War, | 67 |
| 1113 | Treaty of Gisors, | 67 |
| Prince William acknowledged heir, | 68 |
| 1115 | Renewed War with France and Anjou, | 68 |
| 1119 | Battle of Brenneville, | 68 |
| Complete prosperity, | 68 |
| 1120 | Death of Prince William, and its consequences, | 68 |
| 1124 | War with Anjou, | 69 |
| 1128 | Death of William Clito, | 69 |
| Attempt to secure the succession to Matilda, | 69 |
| 1135 | Death of Henry, | 70 |
| Wales held in check by colonies of Flemings, | 70 |
| Constant insurrections, | 70 |
| Henry’s Church policy, | 70 |
| 1100 | Anselm refuses fealty, | 71 |
| He has to leave England, | 71 |
| 1106 | Unsupported by the Pope, | 71 |
| Makes a compromise at Bec, | 71 |
| 1102 | Synod of Westminster, | 71 |
| Frequent bad Church appointments, | 72 |
| Henry corrects them when possible, | 72 |
| Wretched condition of the People, | 72 |
| Their chief complaints, | 73 |
| Baronial tyranny, | 73 |
| Heavy taxation, | 73 |
| Henry cures what evils he can, | 74 |
| His strict Police, | 74 |
| Administrative machinery, | 74 |
| Local Courts, | 75 |
| Curia Regis, | 75 |
| Its political effect, | 76 |
| The National Assembly, | 76 |
| FEUDAL OUTBREAK. |
| STEPHEN. 1135-1154. |
| 1135 | Strange character of the Reign, | 77 |
| Great power of the Church, | 78 |
| Stephen’s Charter, | 78 |
| Affairs in Wales, | 78 |
| Early signs of disturbance, | 79 |
| 1137 | War with Scotland, | 79 |
| Last national effort of the English, | 79 |
| 1138 | Battle of the Standard, | 80 |
| Growth of Anarchy in England, | 80 |
| Creation of Earldoms and castles, | 80 |
| Robert of Gloucester renounces his fealty, | 81 |
| Stephen’s mercenaries, | 81 |
| Jealousy between the old and new Administrations, | 81 |
| Stephen’s quarrel with the Church, | 82 |
| 1139 | Consequent arrival of Matilda, | 82 |
| Civil War, | 82 |
| Continued quarrel with the Church, | 82 |
| 1141 | Robert of Gloucester, to bring matters to a crisis, fights the Battle of Lincoln, | 83 |
| Matilda seeks help from the Church and becomes Queen, | 83 |
| Importance of the Londoners, | 83 |
| Matilda offends both Church and Londoners, | 84 |
| Consequent revolution of affairs, | 84 |
| 1142 | Gloucester taken prisoner and exchanged for Stephen, | 84 |
| 1146 | Renewal of the old anarchy, | 84 |
| 1147 | Appearance of Prince Henry, | 84 |
| 1148 | Death of Robert of Gloucester, | 85 |
| 1152 | Henry’s marriage and increased power, | 85 |
| The Church sides with him, | 85 |
| 1153 | Meeting of the armies at Wallingford, | 85 |
| The Church mediates a Compromise, | 86 |
| 1154 | Death of Stephen, | 86 |
| Quotations from Chroniclers showing the miseries of the Reign, | 86 |
| RECONSTITUTION OF THE MONARCHY—FORMATION OF THE NATION. |
| HENRY II. 1154-1189. |
| 1154 | Main Objects of Henry’s Reign, | 89 |
| He restores order in the State, | 90 |
| Friendship with Adrian IV., | 90 |
| 1157 | Master of England, Henry attacks Wales, | 91 |
| Rise of Thomas à Becket, | 92 |
| 1158 | He is employed in foreign negotiations, | 92 |
| 1159 | Nevertheless there is war with France, | 92 |
| Interesting points in it, | 92 |
| The Scotch King serves Henry, | 93 |
| Introduction of Scutage, | 93 |
| Having reduced the State to order, Henry turns to the Church, | 93 |
| General friendship of England and France with the Pope, | 94 |
| 1161 | Election of Becket to Archbishopric, | 95 |
| He upholds the Encroachments of the Church, | 95 |
| 1164 | Quarrel with Becket, and Constitutions of Clarendon, | 95 |
| Becket refuses them, | 96 |
| Lukewarmness of Alexander III., | 96 |
| The quarrel takes a legal form, | 97 |
| Comes before the Council, | 97 |
| Henry presses him with charges, | 97 |
| Becket leaves the Court before judgment is given, | 98 |
| 1165 | He is received by the Pope, | 98 |
| But Henry refuses to oppose Alexander, | 99 |
| 1166 | Meanwhile he attacks Wales, and secures Brittany, | 99 |
| Becket excommunicates his enemies, | 99 |
| 1167 | The Pope temporizes, | 99 |
| Critical position of Henry, | 100 |
| 1170 | Coronation of young Henry, | 100 |
| Finding this step unpopular, | 101 |
| Henry submits, | 101 |
| Becket ventures to return to England, | 101 |
| Becket’s death, | 101 |
| Henry retires to the Invasion of Ireland, | 102 |
| Condition of Ireland, | 102 |
| 1169 | Invasion by Strongbow, | 102 |
| 1171 | Henry himself invades Ireland, | 102 |
| Irish Church adopts Romish discipline, | 102 |
| Henry’s reconciliation with Rome, | 103 |
| 1174 | Great Insurrection, | 103 |
| Crisis of the danger, | 104 |
| Henry’s penance at Canterbury, | 104 |
| Capture of the Scotch King at Alnwick, | 104 |
| Henry’s complete success, | 105 |
| Small diminution of Henry’s power, either temporal or ecclesiastical, | 105 |
| Henry’s Judicial and Constitutional changes, | 106 |
| The Curia Regis, | 106 |
| Itinerant Justices, | 106 |
| Origin of the Jury, | 108 |
| Assize of Arms, Scutage, | 109 |
| Closing troubles with his Sons and with France, | 109 |
| The causes of these troubles, | 109 |
| 1183 | First War, against Young Henry, | 110 |
| 1184 | Second War, against Richard, | 111 |
| 1187 | Third War, | 111 |
| 1188 | Saladin Tax, | 111 |
| 1189 | Last War, with Richard and Philip, | 112 |
| Henry’s ill success, | 112 |
| Disastrous Peace and Death, | 112 |
| Importance of the Reign, | 113 |
| RICHARD I. 1189-1199. |
| 1189 | Persecution of the Jews, | 115 |
| All Offices put up for sale, | 116 |
| 1190 | Richard starts for the Crusade, | 110 |
| Leaving England to Longchamp, | 116 |
| Richard quarrels with Philip in Sicily, | 117 |
| 1191 | He conquers Cyprus, | 118 |
| Miserable condition of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, | 119 |
| 1187 | Jerusalem taken by Saladin, | 119 |
| 1189 | Acre besieged, | 119 |
| 1191 | Arrival of the Crusaders, | 119 |
| Richard saves Acre, | 120 |
| Philip goes home, | 120 |
| Richard quarrels with Austria, | 120 |
| 1192 | Truce with Saladin, | 121 |
| 1191 | John’s Behaviour in England, | 121 |
| Return of Philip, | 122 |
| Need of Richard’s return, | 122 |
| 1192 | His imprisonment in Germany, | 122 |
| John and Philip combine against him, | 122 |
| England ransoms him, | 123 |
| 1194 | Richard’s return, John’s defeat, | 123 |
| War with France, | 123 |
| 1199 | Richard’s death at Chaluz, | 124 |
| Development of the Administrative System, | 124 |
| STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE NATION. |
| JOHN. 1199-1216. |
| 1199 | John secures the crown, | 126 |
| His strong position, | 127 |
| 1200 | His danger from France, | 127 |
| Peace with Philip, and marriage treaty, | 127 |
| Marriage with Isabella de la Marche, | 128 |
| 1201 | Homage of Scotland, | 128 |
| Outbreak in Poitou, | 128 |
| 1202 | John’s French Provinces forfeited, | 128 |
| 1203 | Death of Arthur, | 129 |
| 1205 | Loss of Normandy, | 129 |
| 1206 | Peace with Philip, | 129 |
| 1205 | Election of the Archbishop of Canterbury, | 130 |
| Stephen Langton, | 131 |
| 1207 | Consecration at Viterbo, and John’s violence, | 131 |
| 1208 | Interdict and flight of Bishops, | 131 |
| 1209 | Excommunication, | 131 |
| 1210 | Attack on Scotland, Ireland and Wales, | 132 |
| Disaffection of the Northern Barons, | 133 |
| The King’s rapacity, | 133 |
| 1211 | European crisis, | 133 |
| League with Northern Princes, | 133 |
| 1213 | John’s deposition, | 133 |
| Surrender of the Crown to the Pope, | 134 |
| John’s improved position, | 134 |
| 1214 | Renewed difficulties with Stephen Langton, | 135 |
| 1215 | John hopes to secure his position by victory in France, | 135 |
| 1214 | Battle of Bouvines, | 136 |
| 1215 | Insurrection in England on his return, | 136 |
| Meeting at Brackley, | 136 |
| Capture of London, | 137 |
| Runnymede, | 137 |
| Political position of England, | 137 |
| Terms of Magna Charta, | 138 |
| John attempts to break loose from it, | 139 |
| 1216 | Louis is summoned, | 139 |
| John’s death, | 140 |
| HENRY III. 1216-1272. |
| 1216 | Henry’s authority gradually established, | 141 |
| Difficulties at his accession, | 142 |
| Pembroke’s measures of conciliation, | 142 |
| 1217 | Fair of Lincoln, | 112 |
| Louis leaves England, | 142 |
| Renewal of the Charter, | 142 |
| 1218 | Papal attempt to govern by Legates, | 143 |
| Pandulf’s government, | 143 |
| 1221 | His fall, | 143 |
| Triumph of national party under Hubert de Burgh, | 143 |
| Parties in England, | 144 |
| 1223 | Opposition Barons at Leicester, | 144 |
| Resumption of royal castles, | 145 |
| 1224 | Destruction of Faukes de Breauté, | 145 |
| Danger from France, | 145 |
| 1223 | Death of Philip, | 145 |
| 1226 | Death of Louis VIII., | 145 |
| English neglect this opportunity, | 146 |
| Poitou remains French, | 146 |
| 1227 | Hubert’s continued power, | 146 |
| Langton supports his policy, | 146 |
| Change of Popes—increased exactions, | 147 |
| 1228 | Death of Langton, | 147 |
| Quarrel of Henry and De Burgh, | 147 |
| 1229 | Henry’s false foreign policy, | 147 |
| 1231 | Return of Des Roches, | 148 |
| 1232 | Twenge’s riots, | 148 |
| Fall of De Burgh, | 148 |
| 1233 | Revolution under Des Roches, | 149 |
| Earl of Pembroke upholds De Burgh, | 149 |
| 1234 | Edmund of Canterbury causes Des Roches’ fall, | 150 |
| 1235 | Henry becomes his own minister, | 151 |
| 1236 | Henry’s marriage, | 151 |
| 1237 | Influence of the Queen’s uncles, | 151 |
| 1238 | Formation of a national party under Simon de Montfort, | 152 |
| Revival in the Church, | 152 |
| Grostête, | 153 |
| 1243 | Loss of Poitou, | 153 |
| Prince Richard joins the foreign party, | 154 |
| 1244 | Exactions in Church and State, | 154 |
| 1247 | Inroad of Poitevin favourites, | 155 |
| 1248 | Discontent of the Barons, | 155 |
| Continued misgovernment, | 155 |
| 1249 | Tallages on the cities, | 155 |
| 1250 | Diversion of the Crusade, | 156 |
| De Montfort’s government of Gascony, | 156 |
| His quarrel with the King, | 156 |
| 1253 | By his aid Gascony is saved, | 156 |
| The King’s money difficulties, | 157 |
| 1254 | The Pope offers Edmund the Kingdom of Sicily, | 157 |
| Henry accepts it on ruinous terms, | 157 |
| 1256 | Consequent exactions, | 158 |
| 1257 | Terrible famine, | 158 |
| Parliament at length roused to resistance, | 158 |
| Parliament at Westminster, | 158 |
| 1258 | The “Mad Parliament,” | 159 |
| Provisions of Oxford, | 159 |
| Opposition to the surrender of Castles, | 160 |
| Exile of aliens, | 160 |
| Proclamation of the Provisions, | 160 |
| Government of the Barons, | 160 |
| 1259 | Final treaty with France, | 161 |
| Henry thinks of breaking the Provisions, | 161 |
| 1261 | The Pope’s absolution arrives, | 161 |
| Quarrel between De Clare and De Montfort, | 161 |
| 1262 | Return of De Montfort, | 162 |
| 1263 | Outbreak of hostilities, | 162 |
| 1264 | The Award of Amiens fails, | 163 |
| War—Battle of Lewes, | 163 |
| The Mise of Lewes, | 163 |
| Appointment of revolutionary government, | 163 |
| The exiles assemble at Damme, | 164 |
| De Montfort desires final settlement, | 164 |
| Royalist movements on the Welsh Marches, | 164 |
| 1265 | Parliament assembles, | 165 |
| Conditions of Prince Edward’s liberation, | 165 |
| De Clare forsakes the Barons, | 166 |
| He joins the Marchers, | 166 |
| Escape of Edward, | 166 |
| Leicester opposes Edward in Wales, | 166 |
| Defeat at Kenilworth, | 166 |
| Battle of Evesham, | 167 |
| 1266 | Dictum of Kenilworth, | 168 |
| 1267 | De Clare compels more moderate government, | 168 |
| Constitutional end of the reign, | 168 |
| Views of the people on the war, | 168 |
| SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION. |
| EDWARD I. 1272-1307. |
| 1272 | Edward’s accession and character, | 171 |
| The first English King, | 172 |
| His political views, | 173 |
| His legal mind, | 173 |
| His success, | 173 |
| His enforced concessions, | 174 |
| 1275 | His first Parliament, | 174 |
| Statute of Westminster, | 174 |
| Establishment of Customs, | 174 |
| 1278 | Edward’s restorative measures, | 174 |
| New coinage, | 175 |
| 1279 | Statute of Mortmain, | 175 |
| Affairs in Wales, | 175 |
| 1275 | Llewellyn’s suspicious conduct, | 175 |
| 1277 | War breaks out, | 176 |
| Llewellyn submits, and is mercifully treated, | 176 |
| 1282 | Second rising in Wales, | 176 |
| Death of Llewellyn, | 176 |
| 1288 | Execution of David, | 176 |
| 1284 | Statute of Wales, | 177 |
| Annexation of Wales, | 177 |
| 1282 | Foreign affairs call Edward abroad, | 177 |
| 1284 | The Sicilian Vespers, | 177 |
| 1286 | Edward acts as mediator between France and Aragon, | 178 |
| 1288 | His award is repudiated, | 178 |
| 1289 | Disturbances in England during his absence, | 178 |
| He returns, punishes corrupt judges, banishes the Jews, | 179 |
| Second period of the reign, | 179 |
| Relations with Scotland, | 180 |
| 1290 | Extinction of the Scotch royal family, | 181 |
| Proposed marriage of the Maid and Prince Edward, | 181 |
| Invitation to Edward to settle the Succession, | 182 |
| Death of the Maid, | 182 |
| 1291 | Meeting at Norham, | 182 |
| Edward’s supremacy allowed, | 182 |
| The claimants to the Scotch throne, | 182 |
| 1292 | Edward gives a just verdict, | 183 |
| Balliol accepts the throne as a vassal, | 183 |
| 1293 | Scotland appeals therefore to the English Courts, | 183 |
| The appeals not pressed to extremities, | 184 |
| Quarrel with France, | 184 |
| Edward is outwitted, Gascony occupied, | 184 |
| Balliol in alliance with France, | 184 |
| 1295 | First True Parliament, | 183 |
| 1296 | Edward marches into Scotland, | 185 |
| Defeat of the Scotch at Dunbar, | 185 |
| Submission of Balliol and Scotland, | 186 |
| Constitutional opposition of Clergy and Barons, | 186 |
| 1296 | Refusal of the Clergy to grant subsidies, | 186 |
| 1297 | The Clergy outlawed, | 187 |
| The Barons refuse to assist Edward, | 187 |
| Compromise with the Clergy, | 187 |
| Edward secures an illegal grant, | 187 |
| The Earls demand the confirmation of the Charters, | 188 |
| They are granted with reservations, | 188 |
| Scotch insurrection under Wallace, | 189 |
| 1299 | English Treaty with France, | 189 |
| Edward invades Scotland, | 190 |
| Defeats Wallace at Falkirk, | 190 |
| Comyn’s Regency, | 190 |
| 1301 | Parliament of Lincoln, | 190 |
| The Pope’s claims rejected, | 191 |
| 1303 | Third invasion and conquest of Scotland, | 191 |
| 1306 | Bruce murders Comyn and rebels, | 192 |
| Preparations for a fourth invasion, | 192 |
| 1307 | Edward’s death near Carlisle, | 192 |
| Constitutional importance of the reign, | 193 |
| RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN. |
| EDWARD II. 1307-1327. |
| 1307 | Edward’s friendship for Gaveston, | 198 |
| 1308 | The Barons demand his dismissal, | 198 |
| 1309 | Gaveston’s return, | 199 |
| General discontent, | 199 |
| Statute of Stamford, | 200 |
| 1310 | Appointment of the Lords Ordainers, | 200 |
| 1311 | Useless assault on Scotland, | 200 |
| The Ordinances published, | 201 |
| Policy of the Opposition, | 201 |
| Gaveston banished, | 201 |
| 1312 | He reappears with the King, | 202 |
| He is beheaded at Warwick, | 202 |
| 1314 | Renewal of the War with Scotland, | 203 |
| Battle of Bannockburn, | 203 |
| Edward refuses to treat, | 204 |
| Consequent disasters, | 204 |
| 1315 | Wars in Wales and Ireland, | 204 |
| Bruce’s invasion of Ireland, | 204 |
| 1316 | He is crowned King, | 205 |
| 1318 | He is killed at Dundalk, | 205 |
| 1316 | Distress in England, | 205 |
| Lancaster temporary Minister, | 205 |
| Power of the Despensers, | 205 |
| 1318 | Temporary reconciliation, | 206 |
| 1320 | Truce with Scotland, | 206 |
| The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers, | 206 |
| Edward supports his favourites, | 206 |
| 1321 | Hereford and Lancaster combine, | 206 |
| The Despensers are banished, | 206 |
| An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy, | 207 |
| Edward recalls the Despensers, | 207 |
| 1322 | Pacifies the Marches, | 207 |
| Attacks Lancaster, | 207 |
| Battle of Boroughbridge, | 207 |
| Lancaster worshipped as a Saint, | 207 |
| Triumph of the Despensers, | 208 |
| Renewal of war with Scotland, | 208 |
| 1323 | Peace for thirteen years with Scotland, | 208 |
| Dangers surrounding the King, | 208 |
| 1324 | Difficulties with France, | 209 |
| 1325 | The Queen and Prince in France, | 209 |
| 1326 | She lands in England, | 210 |
| Her party gathers strength, | 210 |
| The King is taken, | 210 |
| 1327 | The Prince of Wales made King, | 210 |
| Murder of Edward, | 211 |
| BEGINNING OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS. |
| EDWARD III. 1327-1377. |
| 1327 | Measures of reform, | 214 |
| Mortimer’s misgovernment, | 214 |
| Fruitless campaign against Scotland, | 214 |
| Opposition to Mortimer, | 214 |
| 1330 | Conspiracy and death of Kent, | 215 |
| Edward overthrows Mortimer, | 215 |
| Edward’s healing measures, | 216 |
| 1332 | Balliol invades Scotland, | 216 |
| Edward supports him, | 216 |
| Siege of Berwick, | 217 |
| 1333 | Battle of Halidon Hill, | 217 |
| 1334 | Temporary Submission of Scotland, | 217 |
| Edward’s claims on France, | 218 |
| The Scotch, with Philip’s help, renew the War, | 218 |
| 1337 | Edward therefore produces his claims, | 218 |
| Edward attacks France, | 218 |
| 1338 | His alliances on the North-east, | 219 |
| He is made Imperial Vicar, | 219 |
| Great taxation, | 219 |
| He lands in Flanders, | 220 |
| 1339 | Deserted by his allies, he returns home, | 220 |
| 1340 | Returns, and wins the Battle of Sluys, | 220 |
| Fruitless expedition to Tournay, | 220 |
| Sudden visit to England, | 221 |
| Displacement of the Ministry, | 221 |
| 1341 | His dispute with Stratford, | 221 |
| Edward yields, | 221 |
| 1342 | Loss of all his allies, | 222 |
| New opening in Brittany, | 222 |
| 1343 | Mediation of the Pope offered, | 223 |
| Decay of Papal influence, | 223 |
| 1344 | His mediation accepted conditionally, it fails, | 224 |
| Edward’s commercial difficulties, | 224 |
| 1345 | War breaks out again, | 224 |
| Derby hard pressed in Guienne, | 224 |
| 1346 | Edward, to relieve him, lands in Normandy, | 225 |
| Marches towards Calais, | 225 |
| Battle of Cressy, | 227 |
| Battle of Neville’s Cross, | 228 |
| 1347 | Siege of Calais, | 228 |
| Truce, | 229 |
| 1349 | The Black Death, | 229 |
| 1355 | Renewal of the War, | 229 |
| Destructive March of the Black Prince southwards, | 229 |
| The “Burnt Candlemas,” | 231 |
| 1356 | The Black Prince’s expedition northwards, | 231 |
| Battle of Poitiers, | 231 |
| Release of King David, | 232 |
| 1357 | Peace with Scotland, | 232 |
| Terrible condition of France, | 232 |
| 1359 | Reviving power of the Dauphin, | 232 |
| Edward again invades France, | 233 |
| 1360 | Want of permanent results induce Edward to make The Peace of Brétigny, | 233 |
| The Treaty is not carried out, | 234 |
| 1364 | The War in Brittany continues, | 234 |
| 1365 | Affairs of Castile, | 234 |
| 1366 | France and England support the rival claimants, | 234 |
| 1367 | Battle of Navarette, | 235 |
| 1368 | Taxation in Aquitaine, | 235 |
| The Barons appeal to Charles, | 235 |
| 1369 | Renewal of French War, | 235 |
| Gradual Defeat of the English, | 236 |
| 1370 | The Black Prince takes Limoges, | 236 |
| His final return to England, | 236 |
| 1374 | Loss of Aquitaine, | 236 |
| 1372 | Naval victory of the Spaniards, | 236 |
| 1375 | Discontent in England, | 236 |
| Politics of the Time, | 237 |
| 1376 | The Good Parliament, | 239 |
| Death of the Black Prince, | 240 |
| Lancaster regains power, | 240 |
| 1377 | The Lancastrian Parliament, | 240 |
| Trial of Wicliffe, | 240 |
| Uproar in London, | 240 |
| Death of the King, | 240 |
| BEGINNING OF THE FACTION FIGHT AMONG THE NOBILITY. |
| RICHARD II. 1377-1399. |
| 1377 | Difficulties of the new reign, | 242 |
| Regency and administration of Lancaster, | 242 |
| Patriotic government, | 243 |
| 1380 | Money wanted for the War in Brittany, | 243 |
| The Poll Tax, | 243 |
| 1381 | Insurrection of the Villeins, | 244 |
| Death of Wat Tyler, | 244 |
| The insurrection suppressed, | 245 |
| Parliament rejects the Villeins’ claims, | 245 |
| 1383 | Suspicions of Lancaster’s objects, | 245 |
| He deserts Wicliffe, | 245 |
| He is charged with the failure in Flanders, | 246 |
| 1385 | Jealousy of him thwarts the Scotch invasion, | 246 |
| He is glad of the excuse to leave England to support his claims in Castile, | 246 |
| Gloucester takes Lancaster’s place, | 246 |
| The King’s Favourites, | 247 |
| 1386 | Gloucester heads an opposition, | 247 |
| Change of Ministry demanded, | 247 |
| Impeachment of Suffolk, | 247 |
| Commission of Government, | 247 |
| 1387 | The King prepares a counterblow, | 248 |
| The Five Lords Appellant, | 248 |
| They impeach the King’s friends, | 248 |
| Affair of Radcot, | 248 |
| 1388 | The Wonderful Parliament, | 248 |
| 1389 | Gloucester’s unimportant Government, | 249 |
| Richard assumes authority, | 249 |
| 1393 | Final Statute of Provisors, | 250 |
| 1394 | Expedition to Ireland, | 250 |
| 1397 | Marriage with Isabella of France, | 251 |
| Richard’s vengeance after seven years’ peace, | 251 |
| 1398 | Hereford and Norfolk banished, | 252 |
| His arbitrary rule alienates the people, | 253 |
| 1399 | During his absence in Ireland, | 253 |
| Hereford returns and is triumphantly received, | 253 |
| He captures Richard, | 254 |
| Makes him resign the Kingdom, | 254 |
| ——————— |
| State of Society. |
| ——————— |
| MONARCHY BY PARLIAMENTARY TITLE. |
| HENRY IV. 1399-1413. |
| 1399 | Henry’s position in English History, | 275 |
| Reversal of the Acts of the late King, | 276 |
| Tumultuous scene in the First Parliament, | 276 |
| The King’s insecure position for nine years, | 276 |
| 1400 | Insurrection of the late Lords Appellant, | 277 |
| Imprisonment and secret death of Richard, | 277 |
| Hostile attitude of France and Scotland, | 278 |
| Useless and impolitic march into Scotland, | 278 |
| 1401 | Insurrection Wales, | 278 |
| Owen Glendower, | 278 |
| 1402 | Quarrel with the Percies, | 278 |
| The pretended Richard, | 279 |
| Causes of the quarrel with Northumberland, | 279 |
| 1403 | The Percies combine with Glendower, | 279 |
| Battle of Shrewsbury, | 280 |
| 1404 | Submission of Northumberland, | 280 |
| Widespread Conspiracy, | 280 |
| 1405 | Flight of the young Earl of March, | 280 |
| Renewed activity of Northumberland, Scrope and Mowbray, | 281 |
| Events which secured Henry’s triumph, | 281 |
| Capture of James of Scotland, | 281 |
| 1407 | Murder of Orleans, | 282 |
| 1408 | Final defeat and death of Northumberland, | 282 |
| Henry’s improved position, | 282 |
| His enforced respect for the Commons, | 282 |
| Climax of their power, | 283 |
| Explained by the King’s failing health, | 283 |
| 1412 | Renewed vigour at the end of his reign, | 283 |
| Henry’s foreign policy, | 283 |
| His alliance with the Church, | 284 |
| His persecuting Statute, | 285 |
| Views of the nation with regard to the Church, | 285 |
| Henry’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales, | 285 |
| RENEWAL OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR. |
| HENRY V. 1413-1422. |
| 1413 | Fortunate opening of his reign, | 287 |
| General amnesty and release of prisoners, | 288 |
| 1414 | Signs of slumbering discontent, | 288 |
| The Lollards, | 288 |
| Henry’s reason for the impolitic French War, | 289 |
| State of France, | 290 |
| Expulsion of the Burgundians from Paris, | 290 |
| Attempt at national government, | 290 |
| Henry’s double diplomacy and outrageous claims, | 291 |
| His preparations, | 291 |
| 1415 | He lands in France, | 292 |
| Conspiracy of Cambridge, | 292 |
| Capture of Harfleur, | 292 |
| Henry compelled to retire upon Calais, | 293 |
| Battle of Agincourt, | 295 |
| The French Government falls into the hands of the Armagnacs, | 296 |
| 1416 | Visit of Sigismund, | 297 |
| His position in Europe, | 297 |
| His close union with Henry, | 297 |
| Failure of his mediation, | 298 |
| 1417 | Armagnac attacks Queen Isabella, | 298 |
| She allies herself with Burgundy, | 298 |
| Henry’s second Invasion, | 298 |
| 1418 | The Parisians, anxious for peace, admit the Burgundians, | 298 |
| 1419 | Fall of Rouen, | 299 |
| Negotiations for peace, | 300 |
| Attempted reconciliation of the French parties, | 300 |
| Murder of Burgundy, | 300 |
| Young Burgundy joins England, | 300 |
| 1420 | Treaty of Troyes, | 300 |
| 1421 | English defeat at Beaugé, | 301 |
| Henry hurries to Paris, | 301 |
| 1422 | While re-establishing his affairs he dies, | 301 |
| Death of Charles VI., | 302 |
| LOSS OF FRANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BARONAGE. |
| HENRY VI. 1422-1461. |
| 1422 | Arrangements of the Kingdom, | 303 |
| Position of affairs in France, | 304 |
| 1423 | Bedford’s marriage, | 304 |
| Release of the Scotch King, | 304 |
| 1424 | Battle of Verneuil, | 305 |
| Consequent strength of the English position in France, | 305 |
| It is disturbed by the consequences of Gloucester’s marriage, | 305 |
| The first blow to the Burgundian alliance, | 305 |
| 1425 | Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester, | 306 |
| 1426 | Gloucester’s marriage with Eleanor Cobham, | 307 |
| Bedford again secures Burgundy, | 307 |
| 1428 | And attacks Orleans, | 307 |
| 1429 | Battle of the Herrings, | 308 |
| Danger of Orleans, | 308 |
| Joan of Arc, | 308 |
| Causes of her success, | 310 |
| The siege is raised, | 310 |
| March to Rheims to crown the Dauphin, | 310 |
| Unsuccessful attack on Paris, | 311 |
| 1430 | Capture of Joan of Arc, | 311 |
| Coronation of King Henry, | 311 |
| 1431 | Joan’s death, | 311 |
| 1432 | Increasing difficulties of the English, | 312 |
| State of England, | 312 |
| Conduct of Gloucester, | 312 |
| Death of the Duchess of Bedford, | 312 |
| Bedford re-marries. Second blow to the Burgundian alliance, | 312 |
| 1433 | Efforts at peace, and | 313 |
| 1434 | Rise of a War party under Gloucester, | 313 |
| 1435 | Great Peace Congress at Arras, | 314 |
| Bedford’s death, | 314 |
| Consequent defection of Burgundy, | 314 |
| 1436 | Obstinacy of the War party, | 314 |
| Continued ill success, | 315 |
| Danger from Scotland, | 315 |
| 1437 | James’s death, | 315 |
| 1440 | Peace party procures the liberation of Orleans, | 316 |
| 1442 | Peace becomes necessary, | 316 |
| Rise of Suffolk, | 316 |
| 1445 | Marriage of Henry with Margaret of Anjou, | 316 |
| 1446 | Pre-eminence of Suffolk, | 317 |
| 1447 | Gloucester’s death, | 317 |
| York takes his place, | 317 |
| 1448 | Ministry of Suffolk, | 318 |
| His unpopularity, | 318 |
| Renewal of the War, | 318 |
| 1449 | Fall of Rouen, | 319 |
| Popular outbreak against Suffolk, | 319 |
| 1450 | Murder of Suffolk, | 319 |
| Continued discontent, | 320 |
| Jack Cade, | 320 |
| 1452 | York’s appearance in arms; Civil War begins, | 320 |
| He is duped into submission, | 321 |
| 1453 | Imbecility of the King, | 321 |
| 1454 | Prince of Wales born, | 321 |
| York’s First Protectorate, | 322 |
| Recovery of the King, | 322 |
| 1455 | York again appears in arms, | 322 |
| First Battle of St. Albans, | 322 |
| Character of the two parties, | 323 |
| 1456 | York’s Second Protectorate, | 324 |
| 1457 | With the Nevilles he retires from Court, | 324 |
| 1458 | Hollow reconciliation of parties, | 325 |
| 1459 | Renewed hostilities, | 325 |
| Battle of Blore Heath, | 325 |
| Flight of the Yorkists from Ludlow, | 325 |
| Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry, | 325 |
| 1460 | Fresh attack of the Yorkists, | 325 |
| Battle of Northampton, | 326 |
| Yorkist Parliament in London, | 326 |
| York at last advances claims to the throne, | 326 |
| The Lords agree on a compromise, | 326 |
| York is defeated and killed at Wakefield, | 326 |
| 1461 | The young Duke of York wins the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, | 327 |
| The Queen, advancing to London, wins second Battle of St. Albans, | 327 |
| Sudden rising of the Home Counties, | 327 |
| Triumphant entry of Edward, | 327 |
| HEREDITARY ROYALTY WITHOUT CONSTITUTIONAL CHECKS. |
| EDWARD IV. 1461-1483. |
| 1461 | Edward secures the crown, | 328 |
| Battle of Towton, | 328 |
| Yorkist Parliament, | 328 |
| 1462 | With French help Margaret keeps up the War, | 328 |
| 1464 | Battle of Hedgeley Moor, | 328 |
| Battle of Hexham, | 328 |
| 1465 | Edward’s triumph and popular Government, | 329 |
| Apparent security of his Throne, | 330 |
| Destroyed by his marriage, and the rise of the Woodvilles, | 330 |
| 1466 | Power of the Nevilles, | 331 |
| Their French policy, | 331 |
| Edward’s Burgundian policy, | 331 |
| 1467 | Defection of the Nevilles, | 332 |
| 1469 | Popular risings inspired by them, | 332 |
| Clarence’s weakness drives them to the Lancastrians, | 333 |
| 1470 | Wells’ rebellion, | 333 |
| Flight of Warwick, | 333 |
| He returns and re-crowns Henry, | 334 |
| 1471 | Edward gets help from Burgundy, | 334 |
| Clarence joins him, | 335 |
| Battle of Barnet, | 335 |
| Margaret lands in England, | 335 |
| Battle of Tewkesbury, | 335 |
| Edward’s triumphant return to power, | 335 |
| Murder of Henry, | 335 |
| Clarence’s quarrels, | 336 |
| 1476 | With Richard, | 336 |
| 1477 | With Edward, | 336 |
| 1478 | His trial and death, | 337 |
| 1475 | Edward joins Burgundy against France, | 337 |
| Failure of his expedition, | 337 |
| Treaty of Pecquigni, | 338 |
| Ambitious projects of marriage for his daughters, | 338 |
| 1482 | Affairs in Scotland, | 338 |
| Edward supports Albany, | 339 |
| He gains Berwick, | 339 |
| 1483 | His death and character, | 339 |
| RICHARD III. 1483-1485. |
| 1483 | Richard’s position, and policy of conciliation, | 345 |
| His strong position, | 345 |
| Weak points in it, | 346 |
| Disaffection in the South, | 346 |
| Death of the Princes, | 346 |
| Projected marriage of Elizabeth and Richmond, | 346 |
| Defection of Buckingham, | 347 |
| Richmond’s first Invasion, | 347 |
| Death of Buckingham, | 347 |
| Failure of the Conspiracy, | 347 |
| 1484 | The great Act of Confiscation, | 347 |
| Richmond’s continued schemes, | 348 |
| Richard’s efforts to oppose him, | 348 |
| Attempts to win the Queen, | 348 |
| Death of the Prince of Wales, | 348 |
| Lincoln declared heir, | 348 |
| 1485 | General uneasiness in England, | 348 |
| Richard has recourse to benevolences, | 349 |
| Richmond lands at Milford, | 349 |
| Conduct of the Stanleys, | 349 |
| Battle of Bosworth, | 349 |
| Richard’s character and laws, | 350 |