Appendix
Chronological Tables
| NO. I | |
| Carthaginian Domination in Spain | 238 to 200 B.C. |
| Roman Domination | 200 B.C. to 414 A.D. |
| Visigothic Domination | 414 A.D. to 711 A.D. |
| Visigothic Kings | |
|---|---|
| A.D. | |
| Ataulfo | 414, D. 417 |
| Sigerico | 417 |
| Walia | 420 |
| Teodoredo | 451 |
| Turismundo | 454 |
| Teodorico | 466 |
| Eurico | 483 |
| This king, after conquering the Suevi and other races, is considered he founder of the monarchy. | |
| Alarico | D. 505 |
| Gesaleico | 510 |
| Amalarico | 531 |
| Teudis | 548 |
| Teudiselo | 549 |
| Agila | 554 |
| Atanagildo | 567 |
| Liuva I. | 572 |
| Leovigildo | 586 |
| After destroying the barbarians that still remained in the country, he was the first king who ruled over the whole of the Peninsula. | |
| Recaredo I. | 601 |
| Summoned the 3d Council of Toledo, renounced Arianism, and became the first Catholic king of Spain. | |
| Liuva II. | 603 |
| Witerico | 610 |
| Gundemaro | 612 |
| Sisebuto | 621 |
| Recaredo II. | 621 |
| Suintila | 631 |
| Sisenando | 635 |
| Tulga | 640 |
| Chindasvinto | 650 |
| Recesvinto | 672 |
| Wamba | 680 |
| Ervigio | 687 |
| Egica | 701 |
| Witiza | 709 |
| Don Rodrigo | 711 |
| The Moors entered Spain and defeated Don Rodrigo at the battle of Guadalete, who disappeared there. The Moors occupied in the two following years almost the whole of the Peninsula, and governed under the dependence of the Caliphs of Damascus. | |
| Moorish Rulers in Spain | |
| Emirs dependent on the Caliphs of Damascus | 711-715 |
| Independent Caliphate established by the Ommeyah family, the capital being Cordova | 755-1009 |
| Kings of Taifas, governors of the provinces which declared themselves independent during the last Caliphate, Hischen II. | 1009-1090 |
| The Almoravides from Africa established themselves in the Moorish territory of the Peninsula | 1090-1157 |
| The Almohades conquered the Almoravides | 1157-1212 |
| Kings of Granada. The Moorish domination is reduced to the kingdom of Granada | 1226-1492 |
| The rule of the Moors in Spain ends in 1492, at the conquest of Granada. | |
| Kings of Asturias, Leon, and Castile | |
| Pelayo (the re-conquest begins) | 718, D. 737 |
| Favila | 739 |
| Alonso I., el Catolico | 757 |
| Favila I. (fixes his Court at Oviedo) | 768 |
| Aurelio | 774 |
| Silo | 783 |
| Mauregato | 788 |
| Bermudo I., el Diacono | 795 |
| Alonso II., el Casto | 843 |
| Ramiro I. | 850 |
| Ordoño I. | 865 |
| Alonso III., el Magno | 910 |
| Divided the kingdom of Galicia, Leon, and Asturias, among his sons, the three following kings. | |
| Garcia | 913 |
| Ordoño II. | 923 |
| Fruela II. | 924 |
| Ordoño fixed his Court at Leon, and here end the named kings or Asturias. | |
| Alonso IV., el Monge | 930 |
| Ramiro II. | 950 |
| Ordoño III. | 955 |
| Sancho I., el Craso | 967 |
| Ramiro III. | 982 |
| Bermudo II. | 999 |
| Alonso V., el Noble | 1028 |
| Bermudo III. | 1037 |
| The territory of Castile, which formed a separate state, governed by Condes, passed to Dona Sancha and Don Fernando I., who entitled themselves Kings of Castile and Leon. | |
| Fernando I. and Dona Sancha | 1065 |
| Sancho II., el Fuerte | 1073 |
| Alfonso VI. | 1108 |
| (Conquered Toledo in 1085.) | |
| Dona Urraca | 1126 |
| Alfonso VII., el Emperador | 1157 |
| At his death the kingdoms of Castile and Leon are divided among the six following kings: | |
| Sancho III. (Castilla) | 1158 |
| Fernando II. (Leon) | 1188 |
| Alfonso VIII. (Castilla) | 1214 |
| Alfonso IX. (Leon) | 1230 |
| Enrique I. (Castilla) | 1217 |
| Dona Berenguela, who abdicated the crown of Castile in favor of her son, Fernando III., who inherited also the crown of Leon from his father, Alfonso IX. | |
| Fernando III., King of Castile and Leon | 1252 |
| He conquered Cordova, Jaen, and Seville. | |
| Alonso X., el Sabio | 1284 |
| Sancho IV., el Bravo | 1295 |
| Fernando IV., el Emplazado | 1312 |
| Alonso XI. | 1350 |
| Pedro I., el Cruel | 1369 |
| Enrique II., el Bastardo | 1379 |
| Juan I. | 1390 |
| Enrique III., el Doliente | 1407 |
| Juan II. | 1454 |
| Enrique IV., el Impotente | 1474 |
| Dona Isabel, la Catolica | 1504 |
| Fernando V. de Aragon | 1516 |
| Dona Juana, la loca | 1555 |
| Felipe I., el Hermoso, first king of the house of Austria | 1505 |
| Carlos V., Emperador | 1558 |
| Felipe II. | 1598 |
| Felipe III. | 1621 |
| Felipe IV. | 1665 |
| Carlos II. | 1700 |
| Felipe V. (first king of the house of Bourbon) abdicated in | 1724 |
| Luis I. | 1724 |
| Felipe V. | 1746 |
| Fernando VI. | 1759 |
| Carlos III. | 1788 |
| Carlos IV., abdicated | 1808 |
| Fernando VII. | 1833 |
| Isabel II., dethroned | 1868 |
| Gobierno Provisional | 1871 |
| Amadeo de Saboya | abdicated 1873 |
| Spanish Republic | 1874 |
| Alfonso XII | died 1886 |
| Kings of Navarre. | |
| The inhabitants of Navarre began the re-conquest from the middle of the 8th century. Their rulers were called condes, or kings, until Sancho Abarca widened the territory; from that time they are always called kings of Navarre. | |
| Sancho Abarca | 980-994 |
| Garcia III. | 1000 |
| Sancho III., el Mayor | 1038 |
| Garcia IV. | 1057 |
| Sancho IV. | 1076 |
| Sancho Ramirez V. | 1092 |
| This king, and the two that followed, were likewise kings of Aragon. | |
| Pedro I. | 1106 |
| Alfonso, el Batallador | 1134 |
| Garcia Ramirez IV. | 1150 |
| Sancho VI., el Sabio | 1194 |
| Sancho VII., el Fuerte | 1234 |
| Here begin the kings of the House of Champagne. | |
| Teobaldo I. | 1253 |
| Teobaldo II. | 1270 |
| Enrique I. | 1273 |
| Juana I. | 1304 |
| On her marriage with Philip le Bel, Navarre passed to the house of France. | |
| Luis Hutin | 1316 |
| Felipe le Long | 1320 |
| Carlos I. de Navarra, IV. de Francia | 1329 |
| Juana II. | 1343 |
| Carlos II. d’Evreux | 1387 |
| Carlos III. | 1425 |
| Dona Blanca y Juan I. | 1479 |
| Francisco Febo | 1483 |
| Catalina | 1512 |
| Fernando V. of Navarre took possession in 1512 of Navarre, and it was then incorporated with Castile. | |
| Kings of Aragon. | |
| Aragon belonged to the kingdom of Navarre until Sancho III. gave it to his son Ramiro. | |
| Ramiro I. | 1035, D. 1063 |
| Sancho I. | 1094 |
| Pedro I. | 1104 |
| Alfonso I., el Batallador | 1134 |
| Ramiro II., el Monge | 1137 |
| Aragon and Cataluña are united. | |
| Petronila | 1162 |
| Alfonso II. | 1196 |
| Pedro II. | 1213 |
| Jaime I., el Conquistador | 1276 |
| Pedro III. | 1285 |
| Sicily is united to Aragon. | |
| Alfonso III. | 1291 |
| Jaime II. | 1327 |
| Alfonso IV. | 1336 |
| Pedro IV. | 1387 |
| Juan I. | 1395 |
| Martin | 1410 |
| Fernando, el de Antequera | 1416 |
| Alfonso V. | 1458 |
| Juan II. | 1470 |
| Fernando el Catolico. | |
| Aragon passes to the crown of Castile. | |
| Counts of Barcelona. | |
| In the 8th and 9th centuries Cataluña belonged to Charlemagne and his successors. Wilfredo was the first independent Conde. | |
| Wilfredo el Belloso | 864-898 |
| Borrell I. | 912 |
| Suniario | 917 |
| Borrell II. and his brother Miron | 992 |
| Ramon Borrell | 1018 |
| Ramon Berenguer I. | 1025 |
| Ramon Berenguer II. | 1077 |
| Berenguer and Ramon Berenguer III. | 1113 |
| Ramon Berenguer IV. | 1131 |
| Ramon Berenguer V. married Dona Petronila de Aragon, and this kingdom was incorporated with the Condado de Cataluña. | |
NO. II
Contemporary Sovereigns
The periods have been selected during which leading events in Spanish history have occurred.
| A.D. | Spain. | England. | France. | Rome. |
| 800 | Alonso II. el Casto | Egbert | Charlemagne | Leo III. |
| 877 | Alonso III. el Magno | Alfred | Louis II. | John VII. |
| 996 | Ramiro III. | Ethelred II. | Hugh Capet | Gregory V. |
| 1075 | Sancho II. | William the Conqueror | Philip I. | Gregory VII. |
| 1155 | Alfonso VII. | Henry II. | Louis VII. | Adrian IV. Breakspeare |
| 1245 | San Fernando | Henry III. | St. Louis | Innocent IV. |
| 1345 | Alfonso XI. | Edward III. | Philip VI. | Benedict VI. |
| 1360 | Pedro el Cruel | Edward III. | John II. | Innocent VI. |
| 1485 | Isabel la Catolica | Henry VII. | Charles VIII. | Innocent VIII. |
| 1515 | Fernando de Aragon | Henry VIII. | Francis I. | Leo X. |
| 1550 | Carlos V. | Edward VI. | Henry II. | Paul III. |
| 1560 | Felipe II. | Elizabeth | Charles IX. | Pius IV. |
| 1644 | Felipe IV. | Charles I. | Louis XIV. | Innocent X. |
| 1705 | Felipe V. | Anne | Louis XIV. | Clement XI. |
| 1760 | Carlos III. | George III. | Louis XV. | Clement XIII. |
| 1808 | Fernando VII. | George III. | Napoleon I. | Pius VII. |
| 1840 | Isabel II. | —Victoria | Louis Philippe | Gregory XVI. |
| Napoleon III. | and Pius IX. | |||
| 1877 | Alfonso XII. | French Republic | Leo XIII. | |
| 1886 | Cristina, queen-regent | |||
| 1886 | Alfonso XIII. |
Footnotes
1 “Historia general de España,” by Juan de Mariana. 9 vols., Valencia, 1783-96.
2 Al Manzor al Allah: “The Victor of God; or, Victorious by the Grace of God.”
3 Mas Moros mas ganancia, “The more the Moors, the greater the booty,” was one of his sayings, and it has passed into a well-known national proverb.
4 Having kicked to pieces the splendid furniture and beaten the Papal chamberlain, he proceeded to threaten to caparison his horse with the rich hangings of the chapel, if the Pope refused him instant Absolution!
Si no me absolveis, el Papa,
Seriaos mal contado
Que do vuestras ricas ropas
Cubriré yo mi caballo!
—Wolf and Hofmann, “Cid Ballads.”
5 Muley is an Arabic word meaning “my lord.”
6 Certainly in 1480, possibly not five-and-twenty years later. From curious criminal proceedings instituted against the Corregidor of Medina del Campo, we learn that that high judicial authority had not hesitated to declare that the soul of Isabella had gone direct to hell for her cruel oppression of her subjects, and that King Ferdinand was a thief and a robber, and that all the people round Medina and Valladolid, where the queen was best known, had formed the same judgment of her. “Arch. Gen. Simancas,” Estado, Legajo i., folio 192; “Calendar of State Papers” (Spain), Supplement to i. and ii. (1868), p. 27.
7 From January, 1493, till October, 1497.
8 Legaspi and Guido Lavezares, under oath, made promises of rewards to the Lacandola family and a remission of tribute in perpetuity, but they were not fulfilled. In the following century—year 1660—it appears that the descendants of the rajah Lacandola still upheld the Spanish authority, and having become sorely impoverished thereby, the heir of the family petitioned the governor (Sabiniano Manrique de Lara) to make good the honor of his first predecessors. Eventually the Lacandolas were exempted from the payment of tribute and poll tax forever, as recompense for the filching of their domains.
In 1884, when the fiscal reforms were introduced which abolished the tribute and established in lieu thereof a document of personal identity (cedula personal), for which a tax is levied, the last vestige of privilege disappeared.
Descendants of Lacandola are still to be met with in several villages near Manila. They do not seem to have materially profited by their transcendent ancestry—one of them was serving as a waiter in a French restaurant in the capital in 1885.
9 Guido de Lavezares deposed a sultan in Borneo, in order to aid another to the throne, and even asked permission of King Philip II. to conquer China, which of course was not conceded to him. Vide also the history of the destruction of the Aztec (Mexican) and Incas (Peruvian) dynasties by the Spaniards.
10 According to Juan de la Concepcion, in his “Hist. Gen. de Philipinas,” Vol I., page 431, Li-ma-hong made his escape by cutting a canal for his ships to pass through, but this appears highly improbable under the circumstances.
11 Other authors assert that only Soliman rebelled.
12 Bondage in the Philippines was apparently not so necessary for the interests of the Church as it was in Cuba, where a commission of friars, appointed soon after the discovery of the island to deliberate on the policy of partially permitting slavery there, reported “that the Indians would not labor without compulsion, and that, unless they labored, they could not be brought into communication with the whites, nor be converted to Christianity.” Vide W. H. Prescott’s “Hist. of the Conquest of Mexico.”
13 “Hist. Gen. de Philipinas,” by Juan de la Concepcion Vol. III., Chap. IX., page 365, pub. Manila, 1788.
14 So tenacious was the opposition brought by the Austin friars both in Manila and the provinces that the British appear to have regarded them as their special foes.