Appendices
Appendix I.
The Rulers and Ministers of the Great Powers of Europe, 1789–1815.
(Capitals indicate Rulers; small capitals, Chief Ministers; and italics, Foreign Ministers.
| Holy Roman Empire; after 1805, Austria. | Great Britain. | France. | Prussia. | Russia. | Spain. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789. | JOSEPH II. (Emperor since 1765; ruler of Austria since 1780). Kaunitz (since 1756). Philip Cobenzl (since 1780). | GEORGE III. (since 1760). William Pitt (since Dec. 1783). Duke of Leeds (since Dec. 1783). | LOUIS XVI. (since 1774). Comte de Montmorin (since 1787). | FREDERICK WILLIAM II. (since 1786). Hertzberg (since 1756). | CATHERINE II. (since 1762). Ostermann (since 1775). | CHARLES IV. (since Dec. 1788). Florida Blanca (since 1773). | 1789. |
| 1790. | LEOPOLD II. (Feb.). | 1790. | |||||
| 1791. | Lord Grenville (June). | A. de Valdec de Lessart (Nov.). | Schulemburg (May). | 1791. | |||
| 1792. | FRANCIS II. (March). | REPUBLIC (Sept.) Dumouriez (March). Chambonas (June). Bigot de Ste. Croix (Aug.) Lebrun Tondu (Aug.) | Haugwitz (Oct.) | Aranda (July). Godoy (Nov.). | 1792. | ||
| 1793. | Deforgues (June). | 1793. | |||||
| 1794. | Colloredo Thugut (June). | (Ministry abolished—April ’94-Oct. ’95). | 1794. | ||||
| 1795. | DIRECTORY (Oct.) Delacroix (Nov.) | 1795. | |||||
| 1796. | PAUL I. (Nov.) Ostermann. Panine. | 1796. | |||||
| 1797. | Louis Cobenzl (April). | Talleyrand (July). | FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (Nov.) | 1797. | |||
| 1798. | Saavedra (March). Urquijo (August). | 1798. | |||||
| 1799. | Thugut (Jan.) Lehrbach (Oct.) | CONSULATE (Nov.) Reinhardt (July). Talleyrand (Nov.) | 1799. | ||||
| 1800. | Godoy (Dec.) | 1800. | |||||
| 1801. | Louis Cobenzl | Henry Addington (March). Lord Hawkesbury (March). | ALEXANDER I. (Mar.) Panine. Kotchoubey. | 1801. | |||
| 1802. | Voronzov. | 1802. | |||||
| 1803. | 1803. | ||||||
| 1804. | William Pitt (May). Lord Harrowby 〃 | Hardenberg (Aug.) | Adam Czartoryski (May). | 1804. | |||
| 1805. | Lord Mulgrave (Jan.) | NAPOLEON, Emperor. | 1805. | ||||
| 1806. | Philip Stadion | Lord Grenville (Feb.) Charles James Fox (Feb.) Viscount Howick (Sept.) | Haugwitz (Feb.) Hardenberg (Nov.) | Baron Budberg (Aug.) | 1806. | ||
| 1807. | Duke of Portland (March). George Canning (March). | Champagny (Aug.) | Stein (July). Goltz (July). | Roumianzov (Sept.) | 1807. | ||
| 1808. | JOSEPH BONAPARTE. Azanza. | 1808. | |||||
| 1809. | Metternich | Spencer Perceval (Dec.) Lord Bathurst (Oct.) Lord Wellesley (Dec.) | 1809. | ||||
| 1810. | Hardenberg (July). | Roumianzov. Nesselrode. | 1810. | ||||
| 1811. | Maret (April). | 1811. | |||||
| 1812. | Lord Castlereagh (March). Earl of Liverpool (June). | 1812. | |||||
| 1813. | Caulaincourt (Nov.) | 1813. | |||||
| 1814. | LOUIS XVIII. Talleyrand (April). | FERDINAND VII. | 1814. |
Appendix II.
The Rulers of the Second-rate Powers of Europe, 1789–1815.
| Sweden. | Denmark. | Turkey. | Portugal. | Sardinia. | The Two Sicilies. | Bavaria. | Würtemburg. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789 | Gustavus III. (Since 1771.) | Christian vii. (Since 1766.) | Abdul Hamid. (Since 1774.) Selim iii. (April.) | Maria i. (Since 1777.) | Victor Amadeus iii. (Since 1773.) | Ferdinand iv. (Since 1759.) | Charles Theodore. (Since 1777.) | Charles Eugène. (Since 1735.) | 1789 |
| 1790 | 1790 | ||||||||
| 1791 | Gustavus iv. (March.) | 1791 | |||||||
| 1792 | 1792 | ||||||||
| 1793 | 1793 | ||||||||
| 1794 | 1794 | ||||||||
| 1795 | Frederick Eugène. (Oct.) | 1795 | |||||||
| 1796 | Charles Emmanuel iv. (Oct.) | 1796 | |||||||
| 1797 | Frederick i. (Dec.) | 1797 | |||||||
| 1798 | 1798 | ||||||||
| 1799 | Prince John, Regent. | Maximilian Joseph. | 1799 | ||||||
| 1800 | 1800 | ||||||||
| 1801 | 1801 | ||||||||
| 1802 | Victor Emmanuel i. (June.) | 1802 | |||||||
| 1803 | 1803 | ||||||||
| 1804 | Naples. | 1804 | |||||||
| 1805 | 1805 | ||||||||
| 1806 | Joseph Bonaparte. (March.) | 1806 | |||||||
| 1807 | Mustapha iv. (May.) | 1807 | |||||||
| 1808 | Frederick vi. (March.) | Mahmoud ii. (July.) | Joachim Murat. (August.) | 1808 | |||||
| 1809 | Charles xiii. (May.) | 1809 | |||||||
| 1810 | Bernadotte, Prince Royal (Aug.) | 1810 | |||||||
| 1811 | 1811 | ||||||||
| 1812 | 1812 | ||||||||
| 1813 | 1813 | ||||||||
| 1814 | Ferdinand iv. | 1814 | |||||||
| 1815 | 1815 |
Appendix III.
The Family of Napoleon.
Appendix IV.
Napoleon’s Marshals.
| Names. | Born. | General of Brigade. | General of Division. | Marshal. | Titles. | Notes. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berthier Louis Alexandre. | 20 Nov. 1753 | 22 May 1792 (Maréchal de Camp) | 13 June 1795 | 19 May 1804 | Prince-Duke of Neufchâtel 15 March 1806; Prince of Wagram 31 Dec. 1809. | Peer of France 1814; committed suicide or was murdered at Bamberg 1 June 1815. |
| Murat, Joachim. | 25 March 1767 | 10 May 1796 | 25 July 1799 | 〃 | Prince 1 Feb. 1805; Grand Duke of Berg 15 March 1806; King of Naples 1 Aug. 1808. | Shot at Pizzo in Italy 13 Oct. 1815. |
| Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot. | 31 July 1754 | 18 Feb. 1794 | 9 June 1794 | 〃 | Duke of Conegliano 2 July 1808. | Governor of the Hôtel des Invalides 1833–42; died at Paris 20 April 1842. |
| Jourdan, Jean Baptiste. | 29 April 1762 | 27 May 1793 | 30 July 1793 | 〃 | Count 1 March 1808. | Peer of France 1814 and 1819; Governor of the Hôtel des Invalides 1830–33; died at Paris 23 Nov. 1833. |
| Masséna, André. | 6 May 1756 | 22 Aug. 1793 | 20 Dec. 1793 | 〃 | Duke of Rivoli 24 April 1808; of Essling 31 Jan. 1810. | Died at Paris 4 April 1817. |
| Augereau, Charles Pierre François. | 21 Oct. 1757 | .. | 25 Dec. 1793 | 〃 | Duke of Castiglione 26 April 1808. | Peer of France 1814; died at La Houssaye 12 June 1816. |
| Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules. | 26 Jan. 1763 | 26 June 1794 | 22 Oct. 1794 | 〃 | Prince of Ponte Corvo 5 June 1806; Crown Prince of Sweden 21 Aug. 1810. | King of Sweden 5 Feb. 1818; died at Stockholm 8 March 1844. |
| Soult, Jean de Dieu Nicolas. | 29 March 1769 | 11 Oct. 1794 | 21 April 1799 | 〃 | Duke of Dalmatia 29 June 1808. | Minister for War Dec. 1814-March 1815; Peer of France June 1815; exiled 1815–19; Peer of France 1827; Minister for War 1830–34, 1840–45; Marshal-General 1847; died at Saint Amans 26 Nov. 1851. |
| Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne. | 13 May 1763 | .. | 17 Aug. 1797 | 〃 | Count 1 March 1808. | Peer of France 2 June 1815; murdered at Avignon 2 Aug. 1815. |
| Lannes, Jean. | 11 April 1769 | 17 March 1797 | 10 May 1799 | 〃 | Duke of Montebello 15 June 1808. | Mortally wounded at the battle of Aspern; died at Vienna 31 May 1809. |
| Mortier, Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph. | 13 Feb. 1768 | 23 Feb. 1799 | 25 Sept. 1799 | 〃 | Duke of Treviso 2 July 1808. | Peer of France 1814 and 1819; Ambassador to Russia 1830–31; Chancellor of the Legion of Honour 1831; Minister for War 1834–35; killed by the explosion of an infernal machine at Paris 28 July 1835. |
| 10 Ney, Michel.Jan. 1769 | 1 Aug. 1796 | 28 March 1799 | 〃 | Duke of Elchingen, 5 May 1808; Prince of the Moskowa 25 March 1813. | Peer of France 1814; shot at Paris 7 Dec. 1815. | |
| Davout, Louis Nicolas. | 10 May 1770 | 24 Sept. 1794 | 3 July 1800 | 〃 | Duke of Auerstädt 2 July 1808; Prince of Eckmühl 28 Nov. 1809. | Minister for War 1815; Peer of France at Paris 1 June 1823. |
| Bessières, Jean Baptiste. | 6 Aug. 1768 | 18 July 1800 | 13 Sept. 1802 | 〃 | Duke of Istria 28 May 1809. | Killed at Lutzen 1 May 1813. |
| Kellermann, François Christophe. | 28 May 1735 | 9 March 1788 (Maréchal de Camp) | 19 March 1792 (Lieut.-General) | 〃 | Count 1 March 1808; Duke of Valmy 2 May 1808. | Peer of France 1814; died at Paris 13 Sept. 1820. |
| Lefebvre, François Joseph. | 15 Oct. 1755 | 2 Dec. 1793 | 10 Jan. 1794 | 〃 | Count 1 March 1808; Duke of Dantzic 10 Sept. 1808. | Peer of France 1814 and 1819; died at Paris 14 Sept. 1820. |
| Pérignon, Dominique Catherine de. | 31 May 1754 | .. | 25 Dec. 1793 | 〃 | Count 6 Sept. 1811. | Peer of France 1814; created a Marquis 1817; died at Paris 25 Dec. 1818. |
| Sérurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert. | 8 Dec. 1742 | 22 Aug. 1793 | 13 June 1795 | 〃 | Count 1 March 1808. | Governor of the Hôtel des Invalides, 1804–15; Peer of France 1814; died at Paris 21 Dec. 1819. |
| Victor, Victor Claude Perrin, called. | 7 Dec. 1764 | 20 Dec. 1793 | 10 March 1797 | 13 July 1807 | Duke of Belluno 10 Sept. 1808. | Peer of France 1815; Minister of War 1821–23; died at Paris 1 March 1841. |
| Macdonald, Jacques Étienne Joseph Alexandre. | 17 Nov. 1765 | 26 Aug. 1793 | 28 Nov. 1794 | 12 July 1809 | Duke of Taranto 9 Dec. 1809. | Peer of France 1814; Chancellor of the Legion of Honour 1815–31; died at Courcelles 7 Sept. 1840. |
| Oudinot, Nicolas Charles. | 25 April 1767 | 14 June 1794 | 12 April 1799 | 〃 | Count 2 July 1808; Duke of Reggio 14 April 1810. | Peer of France 1814; Chancellor of the Legion of Honour 1839–47; Governor of the Hôtel des Invalides 1842–47; died at Paris 13 Sept 1847. |
| Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de. | 20 July 1774 | 10 June 1798 | 9 Sept. 1800 | 〃 | Duke of Ragusa 28 June 1808. | Peer of France 1814; Ambassador to Russia 1826–28; died at Venice 22 July 1852. |
| Suchet, Louis Gabriel. | 2 March 1770 | 23 March 1798 | 10 July 1799 | 8 July 1811 | Count 24 June 1808; Duke of Albufera 3 Jan. 1813. | Peer of France 1814 and 1819; died near Marseilles 3 Jan. 1826. |
| Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent. | 13 April 1764 | 10 June 1794 | 2 Sept. 1794 | 27 Aug. 1812 | Count 3 May 1808. | Peer of France 1814; Minister for War July-Sept. 1815, 1817–19; created a Marquis 1819; died at Hyères 17 March 1830. |
| Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince. | 7 May 1762 | .. | .. | Oct. 1813 | .... | Drowned in the Elster at the battle of Leipzig 19 Oct. 1813 |
| Grouchy, Emmanuel de. | 23 Oct. 1766 | 7 Sept. 1792 | 13 June 1795 | 17 Apr. 1815 | Count 28 Jan. 1809. | Exiled 1815–20; restored as Marshal 1831; died 29 May 1847. |
Appendix V.
Napoleon’s Ministers during the Consulate and Empire 1799–1814.
| Foreign Affairs. | Interior. | Finances. | War. | Marine. | Justice. | Police. | Public Worship. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1799. | 9 Nov. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord. (Prince of Benevento 5 June 1806.) | 12 Nov. Pierre Simon Laplace. (Count 24 April 1808.) | 10 Nov. Martin Michel Charles Gaudin. (Count 26 April 1808; Duke of Gaeta 15 Aug. 1809.) | 10 Nov. Louis Alexandre Berthier. | 24 Nov. Pierre Alexandre Laurent Forfait. | 19 July. Jean Jacques Régis Cambacéres. (Duke of Parma 24 April 1808.) | 20 July. Joseph Fouché. | 1799. | |
| 〃 | 〃 | 25 Dec. Lucien Bonaparte. | 〃 | 〃 | 25 Dec. André Joseph Abrial. (Count 26 April 1808.) | 〃 | |||
| 1800. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 12 April. Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot. | 〃 | 1800. | |||
| 〃 | 〃 | 6 Nov. Jean Antoine Chaptal. (Count 26 April 1808; Count of Chanteloup 25 March 1810.) | 〃 | 8 Oct. Louis Alexandre Berthier. (Prince of Neufchâtel 13 March 1806; Prince of Wagram 31 Dec. 1809.) | 〃 | 〃 | |||
| 1801. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1 Oct. Denis Decrès (Count June 1808; Duke 28 April 1813.) | 1801. | |||
| 1802. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 15 Sept. Claude Ambroise Regnier. (Count 24 April 1808; Duke of Massa 15 Aug. 1809.) | 15 Sept. (Ministry abolished.) | 1802. | |
| 1803. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1803. | |||
| 1804. | 〃 | 1 Aug. Jean Baptiste Nompère de Champagny. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 10 July. Joseph Fouché. (Count 24 April 1808; Duke of Otranto 15 Aug. 1809.) | July. Jean Étienne Marie Portalis. | 1804. |
| 1805. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1805. |
| 1806. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1806. |
| 1807. | 8 Aug. Jean Baptiste Nompère de Champagny. (Count 24 April 1808; Duke of Cadore 15 Aug. 1809.) | 9 Aug. Emmanuel Cretet. (Count of Champmol 26 April 1808.) | 〃 | 9 Aug. Henrí Jacques Guillaume Clarke. (Count of Hunebourg 24 April 1808; Duke of Feltre 15 Aug. 1809.) | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | Aug. Félix Julíen Jean Bigot de Préameneu. (Count 24 April 1808.) | 1807. |
| 1808. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1808. |
| 1809. | 〃 | 1 Oct. Jean Pierre Bachasson de Montalivet. (Comte 27 Nov. 1808.) | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1809. |
| 1810. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | June 8. Anne Jean Marie René Savary. (Duke of Rovigo 1808.) | 〃 | 1810. |
| 1811. | 17 April. Hugues Bernard Maret. (Count 3 May 1809; Duke of Bassano 15 Aug. 1809.) | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1811. |
| 1812. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1812. |
| 1813. | 20 Nov. Armand Augustin Louis Caulaincourt. (Duke of Vicenza 7 June 1808.) | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1813. |
| 1814. | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 〃 | 1814. |
Appendix VI.
Concordance of the Republican and Gregorian Calendars.
(Extracted from Stephens’ History of the French Revolution, vol. ii. (Longmans and Co.))
| Year II. 1793–1794. | Year III. 1794–1795. | Year IV. 1795–1796. | Year V. 1796–1797. | Year VI. 1797–1798. | Year VII. 1798–1799. | Year VIII. 1799–1800. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Vendémiaire, | 22 September 1793. | 22 September 1794. | 23 September 1795. | 22 September 1796. | 22 September 1797. | 22 September 1798. | 23 September 1799. |
| 11 〃 | 2 October. | 2 October. | 3 October. | 2 October. | 2 October. | 2 October. | 3 October. |
| 21 〃 | 12 October. | 12 October. | 13 October. | 12 October. | 12 October. | 12 October. | 13 October. |
| 1 Brumaire, | 22 October. | 22 October. | 23 October. | 22 October. | 22 October. | 22 October. | 23 October. |
| 11 〃 | 1 November. | 1 November. | 2 November. | 1 November. | 1 November. | 1 November. | 2 November. |
| 21 〃 | 11 November. | 11 November. | 12 November. | 11 November. | 11 November. | 11 November. | 12 November. |
| 1 Frimaire, | 21 November. | 21 November. | 22 November. | 21 November. | 21 November. | 21 November. | 22 November. |
| 11 〃 | 1 December. | 1 December. | 2 December. | 1 December. | 1 December. | 1 December. | 2 December. |
| 21 〃 | 11 December. | 11 December. | 12 December. | 11 December. | 11 December. | 11 December. | 12 December. |
| 1 Nivôse, | 21 December. | 21 December. | 22 December. | 21 December. | 21 December. | 21 December. | 22 December. |
| 11 〃 | 31 December. | 31 December. | 1 January 1796. | 31 December. | 31 December. | 31 December. | 1 January 1800. |
| 21 〃 | 10 January 1794. | 10 January 1795. | 11 January. | 10 January 1797. | 10 January 1798. | 10 January 1799. | 11 January. |
| 1 Pluviôse, | 20 January. | 20 January. | 21 January. | 20 January. | 20 January. | 20 January. | 21 January. |
| 11 〃 | 30 January. | 30 January. | 31 January. | 30 January. | 30 January. | 30 January. | 31 January. |
| 21 〃 | 9 February. | 9 February. | 10 February. | 9 February. | 9 February. | 9 February. | 10 February. |
| 1 Ventôse, | 19 February. | 19 February. | 20 February. | 19 February. | 19 February. | 19 February. | 20 February. |
| 11 〃 | 1 March. | 1 March. | 1 March. | 1 March. | 1 March. | 1 March. | 1 March. |
| 21 〃 | 11 March. | 11 March. | 11 March. | 11 March. | 11 March. | 11 March. | 11 March. |
| 1 Germinal, | 21 March. | 21 March. | 21 March. | 21 March. | 21 March. | 21 March. | 21 March. |
| 11 〃 | 31 March. | 31 March. | 31 March. | 31 March. | 31 March. | 31 March. | 31 March. |
| 21 〃 | 10 April. | 10 April. | 10 April. | 10 April. | 10 April. | 10 April. | 10 April. |
| 1 Floréal, | 20 April. | 20 April. | 20 April. | 20 April. | 20 April. | 20 April. | 20 April. |
| 11 〃 | 30 April. | 30 April. | 30 April. | 30 April. | 30 April. | 30 April. | 30 April. |
| 21 〃 | 10 May. | 10 May. | 10 May. | 10 May. | 10 May. | 10 May. | 10 May. |
| 1 Prairial, | 20 May. | 20 May. | 20 May. | 20 May. | 20 May. | 20 May. | 20 May. |
| 11 〃 | 30 May. | 30 May. | 30 May. | 30 May. | 30 May. | 30 May. | 30 May. |
| 21 〃 | 9 June. | 9 June. | 9 June. | 9 June. | 9 June. | 9 June. | 9 June. |
| 1 Messidor, | 19 June. | 19 June. | 19 June. | 19 June. | 19 June. | 19 June. | 19 June. |
| 11 〃 | 29 June. | 29 June. | 29 June. | 29 June. | 29 June. | 29 June. | 29 June. |
| 21 〃 | 9 July. | 9 July. | 9 July. | 9 July. | 9 July. | 9 July. | 9 July. |
| 1 Thermidor, | 19 July. | 19 July. | 19 July. | 19 July. | 19 July. | 19 July. | 19 July. |
| 11 〃 | 29 July. | 29 July. | 29 July. | 29 July. | 29 July. | 29 July. | 29 July. |
| 21 〃 | 8 August. | 8 August. | 8 August. | 8 August. | 8 August. | 8 August. | 8 August. |
| 1 Fructidor, | 18 August. | 18 August. | 18 August. | 18 August. | 18 August. | 18 August. | 18 August. |
| 11 〃 | 28 August. | 28 August. | 28 August. | 28 August. | 28 August. | 28 August. | 28 August. |
| 21 〃 | 7 September. | 7 September. | 7 September. | 7 September. | 7 September. | 7 September. | 7 September. |
| 1st Complementary Day, or ‘Sans-Culottide,’ | 17 September. | 17 September. | 17 September. | 17 September. | 17 September. | 17 September. | 17 September. |
| 5th Complementary Day, or ‘Sans-Culottide,’ | 21 September. | 21 September. | 21 September. | 21 September. | 21 September. | 21 September. | 21 September. |
| 6th Complementary Day, or ‘Sans-Culottide.’ | .. | 22 September. | .. | .. | .. | 22 September. | .. |
Note.Each month in the Republican Calendar consisted of thirty days.