Index
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y
A
Actium, 25, etc.; topography of, 30; the battle of, 32, etc.
Æschylus, 2, 21
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 27
Alava, Spanish rear-admiral at Trafalgar, 192; surrenders to Collingwood, 199
Albemarle. See Monk, Duke of
Albini, Italian admiral, second in command at Lissa, 242, etc.
Ali Pasha, Turkish admiral, 85, 86, 88, 93, 103
Alexandria, bombardment of, 253, 254
Allen, Sir Thomas, English admiral in Second Dutch War, 152, etc.
Antony, Mark, 25; flight from Actium, 35; death, 38
Antwerp, the great fire-ship of, 130
Aristides, 15; at Salamis, 21
Armada of 1588, 105, etc.; organisation and statistics, 111
Armour-clads, early: Erik Jarl's "Iron Beard," 49; the "Finis Belli" (1585), 209; floating batteries, 211
Armour-clads, first modern sea-going: the "Gloire" (French), 211; the "Warrior" (British), 213
Artemisia of Halicarnassus, 11, 15; at Salamis, 21; at the council after the battle, 22
Athens, beginnings of its sea-power, 4; occupied by the Persians, 7
Augustus, 25; founder of the Roman Empire, 38; naval policy, 39
B
Bahuchet, French admiral, 61
Baltic Fleet organised by Russia for the Far East, 304; voyage of, 306; Dogger Bank incident, 307; passes Malacca, 309
Barbarigo, Agostino, Venetian admiral, 80, 92; killed at Lepanto, 103
Barbavera, Genoese admiral at Sluys, 61; his escape after the battle, 65
Bertendona, admiral of the Levant squadron of the Armada, 112
Bingham, Queen Elizabeth's Governor of Connaught, 138, etc.
Blackwood, captain of Nelson's look-out frigate "Euryalus," 181, 186, 188, 191
Blake, 143, 144
Bragadino, Venetian commandant of Famagusta, 73; tortured and put to death by the Turks, 74
Bragadino, Ambrogio and Antonio, Venetian captains at Lepanto, 92
British Navy: in Middle Ages, see chap. IV., Sluys, 55; in Tudor period, see chap. VI., the Armada, 105; in Stuart period, see chap. VII., the battle off the Gunfleet, 142; in the eighteenth century, see chap. VIII., the Battle of the Saints' Passage, 158; in Nelson's time, see chap. IX., Trafalgar, 173
Brunel, 208
Buchanan, commodore, C.S.N., captain of the "Merrimac," 219, etc.
Byron, captain, under Rodney, 163
C
Cæsar, Julius, 25
Calais, importance to England, 55
Calder, Sir Robert, action off Finisterre, 177
Cardona, Juan de, Spanish admiral, 80
Cervantes, Miguel de (author of "Don Quixote"), at Lepanto, 82; wounded, 99
Cervera, Spanish admiral, 280; voyage to Cuba, 282, etc.; goes out of Santiago to battle, 287; taken prisoner, 293
Charlemagne and the Norsemen, 41
Chatham, Dutch raid on, 156, 157
Churucca, Commodore, at Trafalgar, 200, 201
Cinque Ports, 57, 58
Cisneros, Spanish rear-admiral at Trafalgar, 197, 198
Cleopatra, 25; flight from Actium, 35; death, 38
Clerk of Eldin, his naval theories, 168
Collingwood, 179, 180, 183; breaks through French line at Trafalgar, 192; takes command of fleet after Nelson's death, 204
Colonna, Marco Antonio, Papal admiral, 71, 76; at Lepanto, 99
Cromwell, 143
Cyprus, Turkish invasion of, under Selim II, 70; fall of Nicosia, 71; siege of Famagusta, 71, 73
D
Damme, naval victory at, 56
Darius, 4
Decrès, Admiral, Minister of Marine under Napoleon I, 178, 180
Dewa, Admiral, 323, 331
Dewey, Admiral, 280
Doria, Giovanni Andrea, Genoese admiral, 80; at Lepanto, 99, etc.
Douglas, Sir Charles, share in Rodney's victory, 167–9
Dover with Calais made England mistress of the Channel, 56; De Burgh's naval victory off, 57
Drake, Francis, 107, 109, 116, 119, 124, 132
Drake, Samuel, rear-admiral under Rodney, 164
Dumanoir, admiral of French van squadron at Trafalgar, his blunders, 194; subsequent loss of his ships, 203
E
Edward I, use of navy in Scottish wars, 56
Edward III, 55; the French War, 59; at Sluys, 64
Egypt, early navigators of, 2
Enquist, Russian admiral, 335, etc.
Ericsson, John, designer of the "Monitor," 213; See "Monitor"
Erik Jarl, 46; his ship the "Iron Beard," a primitive armour-clad, 49; in the fight at Svold, 51, etc.
Eubœa, battles of Greeks and Persians off, 11, etc.
Eulate, captain of the "Vizcaya" at Santiago, 294, 295
Eurybiades, 11, 22
Evans, Captain Robley, U.S.N., 294, 295
Evertszoon, Dutch admiral, 148, etc.
F
Famagusta. See Cyprus
Farragut, Admiral, sayings of, 231, 238
Fenner, 116
Fitzwilliam, Elizabeth's Lord Deputy in Ireland, 138, etc.
Fremantle, captain of the "Neptune" at Trafalgar, 197, 198
Frobisher, 117, 128, 132
Fulton and early steamships, 206
G
Galley-slaves, 87
Ganteaume, French admiral, 174
Giustiniani, Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, 81, 103
Grasse, Comte de, Rodney's battle with, 158, etc.
Gravelines, the Armada battle off, 131, etc.
Gravina, Spanish admiral, 176, 181, 187
Guichen, de, 160
H
Hanneken, Major von, German officer in Chinese service, 261
Hardy, captain of the "Victory," 195, 196
Harold Haarfager, 42
Hawkins, 107, 116, 119, 127, 128, 132
Hobart Pasha, 253
Holland, rise of naval power, 142; first war with England, 143; second war, 144
Hood, 164, etc.
Howard of Effingham, 116, 124, etc.
Howard, Lord Thomas, 127
Howe, 173
I
Infernet, captain of the "Intrépide" at Trafalgar, 202, 203
Ireland and the Armada, 137
Ito, Count, Japanese admiral at the Yalu, 259, etc.
J
Japan, rise of naval power, 254; policy after Chinese War, 297; war with Russia, 300
Josephine, the Empress, 161
Juan of Austria, Don, admiral of the Christian League, 76, 78; at Lepanto, 91, etc.
K
Kamimura, Admiral, defeats the Vladivostock squadron, 303; at Tsu-shima, 332
Kara Khodja, his scouting expeditions, 85
Kempenfeldt, Admiral, 161
Kiriet, French admiral, 61
L
Leotychides, 23
Lepanto, 67, etc.
Lepidus, 25
Leyva, general of the troops embarked in the Armada, 114, 120, 123, 127, 135; shipwrecked and drowned, 140
Lissa, battle of (1866), 231, etc.
Longsword, William, his victory at Damme, 56
Lucas, captain of the "Redoutable," 193, 195
M
Macaulay and the Armada, 105, 120
McGiffen, Commander, American officer in Chinese service, 261, 265, 272, 273
Magon, French admiral at Trafalgar, 199
Mahomet II takes Constantinople, 67
Makharoff, Admiral, death of, 301
Manila, battle of, 180
Marathon, 4
Mark Antony. See Antony
Maurice of Nassau, 134
Maximilian, Archduke and Austrian admiral (afterwards Emperor of Mexico), 235
Medina, Lopez de, wrecked on Fair Isle, 137, 138
Medina-Sidonia, Guzman, Duke of, commander-in-chief of the Armada, 109, 115, etc.; return to Spain, 140
"Merrimac," improvised Confederate armour-clad, 214, etc.; attack on the wooden ships at Hampton Roads, 215; sinks the "Cumberland," 218; fight with the "Monitor," 224, etc.; "Merrimac" destroyed later, 230
Missiessy, French admiral, 174
Mohacs, battle of, 68
Moncada, admiral of the galleasses in the Armada, 131
"Monitor," design and construction, 221, etc.; voyage to Hampton Roads, 223; fight with "Merrimac," 224, etc.; lost at sea later on, 230
Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 146, etc.
Mycale, destruction of Persian fleet at, 24
Mylæ, naval battle of, 27
N
Napier, Sir Charles, first to take steamships into action, 207
Napoleon I, naval projects, 174, etc., 178, 179; refuses Fulton's inventions, 206
Napoleon III and the introduction of armoured ships, 210, 211; Ericsson's offer to, 213
Nebogatoff sent with squadron of old ships to reinforce Baltic Fleet, 308; at Tsu-shima, 323; surrenders, 337, 338
Nelson, alleged Danish descent, 41; the Trafalgar campaign, 173, etc.; plans for the battle, 182, 189, 190; opening of the battle, 192; wounded, 195, 196; his death, 203
Nicholls, English gunner in Chinese service, killed at Yalu, 271
Nicopolis, 29, 38
Norsemen, 41, etc.
North Sea battles in Dutch War, 143, etc.
O
Octavian. See Augustus
Olaf, Saint, 54
Olaf Tryggveson, his career, 42; becomes King of Norway, 44; his famous ships, 45; in the fight at Svold, 47, etc.; death in battle, 53
Opdam, Dutch admiral, 145
Orde, Sir John, and blockade of Cadiz, 176
Ottomans. See Turks
P
Parma, Alexander Farnese, Duke of, 114, 128, 129, 130
Pepys, Samuel, 146, 153
Persano, Italian admiral in command at Lissa, 237, etc.
Pertev Pasha, Turkish seraskier at Lepanto, 86, 88, 95
Petz, Commodore, Austrian second in command at Lissa, 241, etc.
Philip II of Spain, 105
Philip of Valois, King of France, 59, 66
Piracy in early days, 3; of Turks and Algerines in the Mediterranean, 68
Pius V, efforts to form a league against the Turks, 70, 72, 75
Platæa, battle of, 23
Port Arthur, naval operations around, 300, etc.; surrender of, 308
Purvis, English engineer killed at the Yalu, 270
R
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 122
Recalde, Martinez de, admiral of the Biscay squadron of the Armada, 114, 123, 127, 135, 140
Reitzenstein, admiral of the Vladivostock squadron, 302, 303
Rodney, 159, etc.
Rojdestvensky, admiral in command of the Baltic Fleet, 304, etc.; taken prisoner, 340
Rupert, Prince, as an admiral, 146, etc.
Ruyter, de, 146, etc.
S
Saints' Passage, battle of, 158, etc.
Salamis, refuge of the Athenians, 6; Greek fleets concentrate at, 13; the battle, 16, etc.
Sampson, U.S. admiral, 278, etc.
Santa Cruz, Alvaro de Bazan, Marquis of, 80, 108
Santiago, blockade of, 285; battle outside, 287, etc.
Schley, U.S. admiral, 278, etc.
Sebastopol, attack on sea-front, 209, 211
Selim II, 70
Semenoff, Captain, personal narrative of Tsu-shima, 313, 319, 320, 322, 327, 328; taken prisoner, 340
Seymour, Lord Henry, 118, 126, 129, 132
Shafter, General, operations against Santiago, 286, etc.
Sigvald Jarl, 47
Sluys, 55, etc.
Steam applied to warships, 206, etc.
Steevens, John and Robert, inventors, 210
Strachan, Sir Richard, takes Dumanoir's squadron, 203
Suleiman the Magnificent, 70
Svold Island, battle of, 40, etc.
T
Takeomi, Admiral, 322, 331
Tegethoff, Austrian commander at Lissa, 235, etc.
Terschelling, sack of, 156
Themistocles, 4, 13, 14, 22
Ting, Chinese admiral at the Yalu, 259, etc.
Togo, captain of the "Naniwa" in the Chinese War, 260; admiral commanding in chief in war with Russia, 301, etc.; preparations for Baltic Fleet, 310, etc.; his battle signal, 325; slightly wounded, 333
Torpedoes, 252, 253
Trafalgar, 173, etc.
Troy, 4
Tsu-shima, battle of, 321, etc.
Turks, growth of their power, 67
U
Ulugh Ali, renegade Turkish admiral, 77, 84, 85; counter-attack at Lepanto, 101; his escape, 102
United States: the navy and the Civil War, 213, etc.; the navy after the war, 277; the new navy, 278; situation at outbreak of war with Spain, 278, 279
Uriu, Admiral, 331
Urs de Margina, defender of fortress of Lissa, 237
V
Valdes, Diego Flores de, admiral of the Castilian squadron of the Armada, 114
Valdes, Pedro de, admiral of the Andalusian squadron, 114, 123
Van Tromp, 148, etc.
Veniero, Sebastian, Venetian admiral, 76; at Lepanto, 97
Vikings. See Norsemen
Viking ships, 43
Villeneuve, French admiral commanding at Trafalgar, 174, etc.; wounded and taken prisoner, 197
W
Winter, Sir W., 118, 129, 132
Wireless telegraphy, 319
Witjeft, Russian admiral, killed in battle on the 10th of August, 302
Worden (afterwards Admiral), commander of the "Monitor," 223, etc.; wounded in fight with "Merrimac," 227
X
Xantippus, 23
Xerxes, 4; his great expedition, 5, etc.; watches the battle of Salamis, 16; return to Asia, 21, 22
Y
Yalu, naval battle of the, 255, etc.
York, Duke of (afterwards James II), 145, 158
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Bacon's Essay on "The Greatness of Kingdoms," first published in 1597. The extract is from the edition of 1625.
[2] Men of the same race of sailors and fishermen largely manned the victorious fleet of Tegethoff at Lissa, nineteen centuries later. See Chapter XI.
[3] "Antony and Cleopatra," Act iii, scene 7.
[4] Some interesting light was thrown upon the voyages of the Norsemen by a practical experiment made in 1893. A Viking ship was built on the precise lines and dimensions of the ancient ship dug out of the mound of Gokstadt in 1880, 77 feet long with a beam of 17 feet, and was rigged with one mast and a square mainsail and jib foresail. As a prelude to her being shown at the Chicago Exhibition she was successfully taken across the Atlantic under sail and without an escorting ship. She left Bergen on May 1st, 1893, and arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A., on June 13th. She was commanded by Captain Magnus Andersen, who in 1886 had performed the feat of crossing the Atlantic in an open boat. Andersen had a crew of eleven men in the Viking ship. He reported that she had met with some bad weather and proved an excellent sea boat. Her average speed was nine knots, but with a fair wind she did eleven. In the following year the ship was accidentally sunk in the Chicago river, and raised and broken up.
[5] Admiral Jurien de la Gravière in his study of the campaign of Lepanto remarks that many a fortified strait has owed its inviolability only to its exaggerated reputation for the strength of its defences, and adds that in the Greek war of independence a French sailing corvette, the "Echo," easily fought its way into the gulf past the batteries, and repassed them again when coming out a few days later.
[6] The flagship.
[7] Galleys were used in the land-locked Mediterranean and Baltic up to the first years of the nineteenth century, but the only sailors who ever ventured to take galleys into the wild weather of the Atlantic were the Norse Vikings.
[8] These old wooden ships had a much longer life than the steel battleship of to-day, which becomes obsolete and is broken up after twenty years. The "Ark," launched in 1587 (and built at the cost of £5000 = £50,000 in the money of to-day), was refitted and renamed the "Anne Royal" (after James I's queen) in 1608; was the flagship of the Cadiz expedition of 1625, and was broken up in 1636. Hawkins's ship, the "Victory," was launched in 1561; she sailed as the "Resolution" in Blake's fleet under the Commonwealth; was renamed the "Royal Prince" at the Restoration, and was burned in 1666 during Charles II's Dutch war. She was then over a hundred years old and still fit "to lie in the line of battle."
[9] Macaulay, writing his ballad of the Armada before the full English and Spanish records of the time were available, represents the news as being brought to Plymouth by a merchantman that had seen "Castille's black fleet lie heaving many a mile" out by the Channel Islands, where the Armada was never sighted. The "tall 'Pinta'" chased her for hours. There was no such ship in the Armada. Macaulay took the name of one of Columbus's caravels to adorn his ballad. Instead of the enemy seeing "fire and smokes" at dawn, he describes with more picturesque effect, how, in the night—
"From the deep the Spaniards saw
Along each southern shire,
Cape after cape in endless range,
Those twinkling points of fire."
[10] "Historie of the World," edit. 1736, ii, 565, quoted by Professor Laughton, "State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada," vol. i, Introduction, p. lxvi.
[11] "Her two decks and her poop were blown up: in which was the paymaster of this Armada with part of the King's Treasure."—Medina-Sidonia's narrative.
[12] "Entry" = boarding the ship.
[13] In some histories of the Armada and in more than one standard book of reference Lopez de Medina is confused with Medina-Sidonia, and it is stated that it was the flagship of the whole Armada that was lost on Fair Isle.
[14] Treves, "Cradle of the Deep," p. 175.
[15] Rodney in at first refusing was upholding the strict letter of the "Fighting Instructions," which forbade breaking the line or changing the order of battle during an action. Instruction XVI laid it down that:—
"In all cases of fight with the enemy the commanders of His Majesty's ships are to keep the fleet in one line, and (as much as may be) to preserve that order of battle, which they have been directed to keep before the time of fight."
[16] David Hannay, "Rodney" (English Men of Action), p. 213.
[17] Compare this with 23,000 horse-power of the "Dreadnought's" turbine engines.
[18] "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," vol. i, pp. 726, 727. Worden recovered, and there was no permanent injury to his sight. He lived to be a distinguished admiral of the United States Navy.
[19] "Re d'Italia" (King of Italy); "Re di Portogallo" (King of Portugal).
[20] The "Principe di Carignano" was wooden built; all the rest iron.
[21] This was one of his least powerfully-armed ironclads, but Tegethoff seems to have selected her as his flagship because she was named after his old friend and chief, the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, who was at that time Emperor of Mexico, and involved in the final stage of the struggle that ended in his capture and execution by the Republican Juarez.
[22] Some of the forts were still known by English names, such as Wellington Tower, Bentinck Tower, and Robertson Tower.
[23] Semenoff had served with the Port Arthur fleet on board one of the cruisers which were disarmed in a neutral port after the battle of August 10th, 1904. He then returned to Europe, was attached to the staff of the Baltic fleet, and went out to the East on board the flagship. His remarkable narrative, "The Battle of Tsu-shima," is a vivid detailed account of the "Suvaroff's" fortunes during the fight. He died in 1910.
[24] These tables are from Sir George Sydenham Clarke's preface to Captain Lindsay's translation of Semenoff's "Tsu-shima," p. 11.
[25] The old turret-ship Chin-yen—captured from the Chinese (formerly the Chen-yuen) (4 12-inch and 4 6-inch guns)—was with the fleet, but is not included in a list of effective armour-clads.
[26] A German Atlantic liner purchased at the beginning of the war—formerly known as the "Königin Maria Theresa"—"roomy and luxurious, but as a warship useless," says the Naval Constructor Politovsky, Chief Engineer of the Baltic Fleet.
[27] "Tsu-shima," p. 10.
[28] "From Libau to Tsu-shima." By the late Eugene S. Politovsky. Translated by Major F. R. Godvey, R.M.L.I. 1906.
[29] "Tsu-shima," pp. 27, 28.
[30] English people have so seldom occasion or opportunity of consulting large-scale maps of Japan, that there is an impression that the battle of Tsu-shima was fought in narrow waters, where there was no chance of the Russians eluding Togo and little room for manœuvring. The strait in which the battle took place is really about as wide as the North Sea between Harwich and the Hook of Holland. (See accompanying sketch map.)
[31] Admiral Fölkersham had a paralytic stroke while at Honkohe Bay, and died at sea two days before the battle.