Appendix I
| England. | France. | The Empire. | Spain. | The Papacy. | Brandenburg. | Sweden. | Russia. | Turkey. | Denmark. | |
| 1598. | Elizabeth. | Henry IV. | Rudolf II. | Philip III. | Clement VIII. | Joachim Frederick. | Sigismond of Poland. | Boris Godunoff. | Mohammed III. | Christian IV. | 1598. |
| 1603. | James I. | | | | | | | | Achmet. | | 1603. |
| 1604. | | | | | | | Charles IX. | | | | 1604. |
| 1605. | | | | | Paul V. | | | The Troublous Times. | | | 1605. |
| 1608. | | | | | | John Sigismund. | | | | | 1608. |
| 1610. | | Louis XIII. | | | | | | | | | 1610. |
| 1611. | | | | | | | Gustavus Adolphus. | | | | 1611. |
| 1612. | | | Matthias. | | | | | Michael Romanoff. | | | 1612. |
| 1617. | | | | | | | | | Mustapha I. | | 1617. |
| 1618. | | | | | | | | | Osman II. | | 1618. |
| 1619. | | | Ferdinand II. | | | George William. | | | | | 1619. |
| 1621. | | | | Philip IV. | Gregory XV. | | | | | | 1621. |
| 1622. | | | | | | | | | Mustapha I. (restored). | | 1622. |
| 1623. | | | | | | | | | Murad IV. | | 1623. |
| 1624. | | | | | Urban VIII. | | | | | | 1624. |
| 1625. | Charles I. | | | | | | | | | | 1625. |
| 1632. | | | | | | | Christina. | | | | 1632. |
| 1637. | | | Ferdinand III. | | | | | | | | 1637. |
| 1640. | | | | | | Frederick William. | | | Ibrahim. | | 1640. |
| 1643. | | Louis XIV. d. 1715. | | | | | | | | | 1643. |
| 1644. | | | | | Innocent X. | | | | | | 1644. |
| 1645. | | | | | | | | Alexis. | | | 1645. |
| 1648. | | | | | | | | | Mohammed IV. | Frederick III. | 1648. |
| 1649. | The Commonwealth. | | | | | | | | | | 1649. |
| 1654. | | | | | | | Charles X. | | | | 1654. |
| 1655. | | | | | Alexander VII. | | | | | | 1655. |
| 1658. | | | Leopold I. | | | | | | | | 1658. |
| 1660. | Charles II. | | | | | | Charles XI. | | | | 1660. |
| 1665. | | | | Charles II. | | | | | | | 1665. |
| 1667. | | | | | Clement IX. | | | | | | 1667. |
| 1670. | | | | | Clement X. | | | | | Christian V. | 1670. |
| 1676. | | | | | Innocent XI. | | | Theodore. | | | 1676. |
| 1682. | | | | | | | | Peter and Ivan | | | 1682. |
| 1685. | James II. | | | | | | | | | | 1685. |
| 1687. | | | | | | | | | Suleiman II. | | 1687. |
| 1688. | William III. | | | | | Frederick III. | | | | | 1688. |
| 1689. | | | | | Alexander VII. | | | Peter the Great. d. 1724. | | | 1689. |
| 1691. | | | | | Innocent XII. | | | | Achmet II. | | 1691. |
| 1695. | | | | | | | | | Mustapha II. | | 1695. |
| 1697. | | | | | | | Charles XII. d. 1720. | | | | 1697. |
| 1699. | | | | | | | | | | Frederick IV. d. 1730. | 1699. |
| 1700. | | | | Philip V. d. 1746. | Clement XI. d. 1724. | | | | | | 1700. |
| 1702. | Anne. | | | | | | | | | | 1702. |
| 1703. | | | | | | | | | Achmet III. deposed 1727. | | 1703. |
| 1705. | | | Joseph I. | | | | | | | | 1705. |
| 1711. | | | Charles VI. d. 1742. | | | | | | | | 1711. |
| 1713. | | | | | | Frederick William. d. 1740. | | | | | 1713. |
| 1714. | George I. d. 1727. | | | | | | | | | | 1714. |
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