Index and Glossary
Açoutado, ilha do (Kiziwa, 12° 35´ S., 400° 40´ E., Map III), 32, 218
Adarga (Arabic el darakah);
according to Jubinal (Armeria Real, Madrid, Plate 3), a short spear with a target-like handguard, and a dagger projecting at right angles;
compare Burton’s Camoens, xiv, p. 571.
Affonso, Martin, interpreter, 12, 17, 176;
Boa Gente, 17
“Africa Pilot,” quoted, 32, 93, 197
Agonia (Arabic El Jumbiyeh) a crooked dagger worn in the waist, waist-belt, 30
Agostinho, Cabe de, Brazil (8° S., 35° W.), 205
Agulhas, Cabo das (34° 50´ S., 20° E., Map II), 168, 169, 215
Agulhas current, xviii, 15, 195
Ailly, Pierre d’ (b. 1350, d. 1419), xvii
Albertis, E. A. D’, quoted 161, 174
Albuquerque, Affonso de (Governor of India, 1509-15), 179, 191
Alcacer do Sal, Portugal (38° 20´ N., 8° 30´ W.), 159
Alcaide (Arabic Al Kadi), a judge, 35
In Portuguese it means the governor of a province, town, or castle. Alcaide-mór governor in chief;
Alcaideria, the district or office of an alcaide.
Alcochete (38° 46´ N., 80° 57´ W.), town, Portugal, 46
Alenquer, Pero d’, 175;
at S. Helena Bay, 5;
at the Cape, 9;
Cross Island, 14
Alexander VI, Pope (1492-1503), 115
Alexandria, Egypt, 78
Algoa Bay (33° 50´ S., 26° E., Map II), 15, 221
Aljofar (from Arabic Jauhar or Gohar i.e., “Jewel”). In Portuguese it means seed-pearls.
Alliacus, see Ailly, Pierre d’.
Almadia (Arabic El Maziyah), a ferry-boat, dug-out, 20
Almanach perpetuum, 167
Almeida, D. Francisco de (Viceroy of India, 1505-9);
at Mombaça, 38, 39;
at Malindi, 44;
at Anjediva, 80
Almoxarife (Arabic), a receiver of customs or taxes.
Almude, a measure of capacity, holding 29½ pints.
Aloes, 99, 104, 213
Alvares, Gonçalo, master of the S. Gabriel, 176.
Alvarez, Francisco (Chaplain of Portuguese mission in Abyssinia, 1520-27), 24, 167
Ambergris, 135, 213, 219
Ameixoeira, João de, 177
Anafil (Arabic El Nafir), a sort of trumpet, 22, 42
Anchovies, 92
Andaman Islands (12° N., 93° E., Maps I and VI), 220, 214 L.
Anjediva Islands (14° 45´ N., 74° 5´ E., Map IV), 80, 200
Antonio, Nicoláo, quoted, xxv
Arabian Sea, 46, 87, 123, 130, 135, 198, 200
Aragão, Texeira de, quoted, xxi, 91, 94, 95, 111, 112, 147, 148, 173, 175, 176, 178, 225
Ascension Island, or Conçeicão (80° S., 14° 10´ E., Map I), 190, 191
Ascençao menor, or Trinidad (20° 20´ S., 29° 20´ W., Map I), 191
Astrolabes, 167
Atambur, or Betel-nut, 56, 96
Badger, Rev. G. P., quoted, 61, 138
Bahar, a weight, at Calcutta equal to 268.16 kilo = 459 pounds. It was divided into 20 farazolas (farzilas) of 100 fens each, and roughly accepted as equal to 4 quintals.
Bahrein islands, Persian Gulf (26° N., 50° 30´ E., Map I), 139
Balandrau, a coat, 41
Balasci (rubies), 130
Baldelli Boni, quoted, 121, 179
Bale (Arabic Wale), governor, 51
Baltasar, a Moor of Calecut, 181
Bananas, 57
Bandini. A., quoted, 120
Baqua, stone of (bezoar), 96
Barbosa, Duarte, quoted, 32, 98, 99, 100, 103, 130, 139
Barca, a term vaguely applied by the author to sailing boats, where others make use of the more definite terms of “fusta”, or “zambuk”.
Barros, João de, quoted, xx, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 31, 38, 40, 45, 48, 51, 92, 94, 98, 99, 157, 161, 164, 169, 175, 178, 179, 180
Bastos, E. Pinto, 161
Bastos, José, xxxvi, 118
Bees, 6
Behaim, Martin, (b. 1459, d. 1506), 165
Belnos, quoted, 54
Benapa, Mtapwa (3° 56´ S., 39° 40´ E., Map III), 40
Bengal (24° N., 100° E, Map I), 100, 101, 220
Bent, Theodore, quoted, 139
Benzoin, 99, 101, 103, 213
Berchet, Prof. Guglielmo, xxxvi, 119, 157, 158
“Berrio”, enters Rio dos bons Signaes, 19;
at Mombaça, 37;
at Anjediva, 84
Berrio, name of a pilot, 158
Betel-nut (atambur), 56, 96
Bezoar (Stone of Baqua), 96
Biagi, Prof., xxxvi, 119
Birch, Dr. Walter de Gray, quoted, 145, 146, 149
Bisarma, a two-edged battle-axe, 67
Bittner, Dr. M., quoted, 208, 216
Bombards, 3, 164
Boni, see Baldelli.
Bons signaes, Rio dos (18° S., 37° E., Map III), 19, 124, 146, 173, 196
Braça, or fathom, as used by seamen, equal to 8 palmas or 5.76 feet
Braga, Alvaro de, clerk of the Berrio, 67, 176
Bragança, Duke of, agrees to sell Vidigueira, 228
Braz, see São Braz.
Brazil wood, 99, 102, 104
Breech-loaders, 164
Bretschneider, E., quoted, 132
Buchanan, Claudius, quoted, 137
Bull of Alexander VI (1497), 115
Burton, Sir R., quoted, 20, 23, 33, 36, 44, 52, 53, 79
Cabaya, a silk robe reaching to the ankles.
Cabral, Jorge (governor of India, 1549-50), 159, 160
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, the navigator, 18, 38, 44, 178, 179, 190, note 2 (supposed discovery of Tristão da Cunha), 205
Caçadilho, Cazadillo, village near Salamanca, Spain. See Vilhegas.
Cael (8° 40´ N., 78° 5´ E., Map I), 98
Cairo, Egypt, 78, 113
Caldwell, Rev. Dr., quoted, 98
Calecut (11° 15´ N., 75° 45´ E., Map IV);
arrival, 48;
description, 49, 125;
pagodas, 52, 126, 137, 139;
royal palace 55;
the Zamorin or King, 57, 127, 132;
Portuguese sailors visit the city, 69;
a Padrão set up, 74, 75;
commerce, 77, 96, 115, 127, 135, 142;
Sernigi’s account, 125, 142;
legend on Canerio’s map, 213
Çamatarra (Sumatra, 0°, 110° E., Map I); 98, 101, 213, 220
Cambay (22° 20´ N., 72° 35´ E., Map IV), 47, 213 A.
Camoens, quoted, 26, 178
Çamolim, see Zamorin.
Campo, Antonio de, in Delagoa Bay, 18
Cananor (11° 50´ N., 75° 20´ E., Map IV), 79, 146, 200
Canaries (29° N., 140° W., Map I) sighted, 2
Canerio’s Map, 16, 18, 21, 32, 210, 212
Canestrini, quoted, 119
Cantino, Alberto, his chart, xix, 208, 212
Cão’s padrão at Cape Cross, 169
Cape of Good Hope (34° 20´ S., 18° 32´ E., Map II) doubled, 8, 92, 192, 215
Cape Verde islands (10° N., 24° W., Map I), 2, 94, 141, 142
Capua, or Capocate (11° 20´ N., 75° 44´ E., Map IV), 48, 52
Caputo, M. C., xxxvi, 208
Caravels, 157, 158
Carneiro, Antonio (King Manuel’s secretary), 233, 235
Carvalho e Vasconcellos, Capt. E. J. de, see Vasconcellos.
Casa da Mina, the “House”, or office, charged with the affairs of the “mine” on the Gold Coast.
Castanheda, Lopez de, quoted, xx, xxiv, 1, 5, 6, 9, 21, 23, 26, 39, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 77, 79, 94, 157, 161, 164, 166, 169, 173, 175, 178, 183;
his signature, xxii
Castro, João de, (Governor and Viceroy of India, 1545-48), 159, 168
Catalan Chart, 211
Catena a poppa, 165
Çatiguam, Sadigam, or Shadigam (Satgaon on Hugli, 22° 15´ N., 88° 5´ E., Maps I and VIII), 220, 213 D.
Cattle among the Hottentots, 11, 12
Catual (Kot-Wal), governor of a fort, 51
Çeitil, a small copper coin, worth one-third of a farthing, 7
Ceylon, (Çillan, 8° N., 80° E., Map I), 77, 98, 115, 135, 136, 143, 214 K.
Chãos, ilhéos; see Ilhéos.
Charton, quoted, 53; see F. Denis.
Charts of Indian pilots, 26
Chinese at Calecut, 131
Chomandarla (Choromandel, on south-east coast of India), 98
Christians at Mombaça, 35, 36, 39;
at Malindi, 40, 44, 45;
in India, 24, 114, 115, 125, 231;
at Calecut, 49, 53, 137
Cidadym, of Harar, 78, note 5
Çillan, see Ceylon.
Çinguapura, Singapore (1° 20´ N., 104° E., Maps I and VII), 18, 196
Cinnamon, 77, 81, 86, 98, 103, 113, 213, 214;
boughs, 113
Cipangu (Japan), xvii
Cloves, 77, 100, 103, 113, 213
Cobilhões, Pedro de (Cobillones), see Covilhã.
Cobre, Rio de (24° 50´ S., 34° 25´ E., Map III), 18, 196
Cochin (10° N., 76° 12´ E., Map IV), 146
Coco-nut palm, 27
Coelho, Nicolau, captain of the Berrio, 175;
at St. Helena Bay, 5;
crossing Kilimani Bar, 196;
lost sight of, 14;
alleged ascent of river in South Africa, 193;
at Moçambique, 22, 27, 29, 197;
at Malindi,, 44;
at Calecut, 51, 66;
at Anjediva, 83, 84;
at Rio Grande, 152;
return to Lisbon, 93, 94, 201
Çofalla, see Sofalla.
Coge (Arabic, Khojah), lord, master
Coimbra (40° 10´ N., 8° 25´ W.), xxii
Coimbra, João de, 30, 175
Coins at Calecut, 128
Coleu, Coulão, Coulam (9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98
Columbus, Bartholomeu, map of world, xix
Columbus, Christopher, compared with Gama, xv;
his first voyage, 189;
his latitudes, xviii;
his journal, xix
Compass, Mariner’s, 26
Compass, equinoctial and variation, 168
Conimata, Sumatra? a corrupt spelling of, 101
Convicts, see Degradados.
Copper, 18, 96
Cordeira, Luciano, quoted, xxi, 2, 168, 225
Cormorants, 6
Coromandel (south-east coast of India), 98
Corongolor, Crangalor (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97
Correa, Gaspar, his untrustworthiness, xx, 56, 193, 194;
Herculano’s eulogy, xxxiii;
Vasco’s ships, 164;
his padrões, 169;
his portrait, 150;
number of men, 173;
convicts, 48, 178;
Gaspar da Gama, 179;
Monçaide, 180;
Davane, 21 note 4, 41, 181;
departure from Lisbon, 185;
doubling the Cape, 193;
alleged mutiny, 194;
transactions at Cananor, 79;
concoction of a letter to the Zamorin, 58
Correa, Manuel, 178
Correa, Ayres, 158
Cosa, Juan de la, his chart, xix, 205
Costa, D. Jorge da, 112
Costa, P. Antonio Carvalho da, xiii
Coulão (Coulam, 9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98
Covilhã, Pedro de, a priest, 177
Covilhão, Pero de, 24, 167
Crangalor, Quorongoliz (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97
Cross-bows, 10, 12
Cross-staff, 26
Cruz, ilha da, Brazil (5° S., 40° W., Map I), 14, 15, 205
Cruz, ilhéo da, Algoa Bay (33° 48´ S., 25° 45´ E., Map II), 15, 195
Cruzado, a Portuguese gold coin, weighing 71.25 grãos (4,608 grãos = 1 marc = 229.5 grammes) of fine gold, and consequently worth 9s. 8d. It retained this value up to 1555, when, being coined of gold having a fineness of 22⅝ carat only, its value was reduced to 9s. 2d.
Up to 1499, 380 réis were accepted as the equivalent of a cruzado; between 1499 and 1517 the rate of exchange was 390 réis, and after that date 400 réis. This shows that the relative value of gold to silver was assumed to have been as 1:10 (in England about the same time the rate of exchange was as 1:11).
The value of 100 réis was consequently 30.5d. up to 1499, 29.82d. from 1499 to 1517, and 29.08d. after 1517 (see Nunes, O livro dos Pesos, 1555, published at Lisbon in 1868; and M. B. Lopes Fernandes, Memoria das moedas correntes em Portugal, Lisbon, 1856).
Dalla Vedova, Prof., xxxvi, 133
Dameiroeiro, João, 177
Davane, the Moor, 21, 41, 181
Declination of the sun, 167, 168
Degradados (convicts or banished men), 174
Delagoa Bay (26° S., 34° E.), its discovery, 19, 221
Dely, Eli, Mount (12° N., 75° 15´ E., Map IV), 47, 198
Denis, Ferd., quoted, xxxiv, 53, 78
Dias, Bartholomeu sails to Elmina, 2;
his conflict at the bay of S. Braz, 10;
his last padrão, 14, 15, 195;
builds Gama’s ships, 159
Dias, Diogo, 176;
factor at Pandarani, 67;
carries a message to the Zamorin, 70;
his imprisonment, 71, 73;
liberated, 74
Dias, Pedro, a convict, 178
Dogs of the Hottentots, 6
Dress at Calecut, 133
Elephants, how they are captured, 102;
at Mossel Bay, 11;
in India, 98, 99, 100, 133, 140
Eli, Dely, mount (12° N., 75° 15´ E., Map IV), 47, 198
Empoli, Giovanni da, quoted, 6, 99, 191
Escolar, Pero, pilot of the Berrio, x, 148, 175; see Escovar.
Escovar, Pero, was associated with Santarem in the discovery of the Gold Coast, 1471;
another Pero Escovar went as pilot to the Congo, 1490;
Barros and Resende call the pilot of the Berrio Esolar and not Escovar.
Esphera de ouro, a coin, 170
Esteves, Pero, a convict, 178
Evora (38° 33´ N., 7° 55´ W.), 235, 236
Falcão, Luiz de Figueiredo, 119, 147, 157
False Bay, South Africa (34° 15´ S., 18° 30´ E., Map II), 9, 215
Fanão, a coin, at Calecut worth 7.45d. (see p. 69 n.).
Farazola, Frasila, weight, at Calecut, equal to 10.4 kilos., or 22 lbs.
Faria, Manuel de, 170
Faria, Severim de, quoted, 175
Faria e Figueiredo, Francisco de, xxx, 177
Faria e Figueiredo, Pedro de, 177
Faria y Sousa, quoted, xxi, 46, 157, 173, 175, 177, 178
Ferdinand, Valentin, 178
Fernandez, M. B. Lopez, 170
Figueiredo, see Faria and Falcão.
Figueiro, João, a priest, xxxi, 177
Fish, 133
Flutes, 11
Food at Calecut, 132
Foot, Captn., view of Mombasa, 35
Foster, William, xxxvi
Fowls, 17
Fracanzio di Montalboddo, editor of Paesi novamente retrovati, q. v.
Francisco de S. Maria, quoted, 177
Frankincense, 104, 213
Fumos (25° S., 32° E., Map III), 17, 217
Fusta, a galley, 83
Gabriel, see São Gabriel.
Gallois, Prof. L., xxxvi, 210
Galvão, Antonio, quoted, 173, 198, 206
Gama, Estevão da, nephew of Vasco, Voyage to India, 191
Gama, Gaspar da, at Anjediva, 84, 152;
tortured, 86;
information on countries to the south, 95, 115, 121;
his history, 179, 180
Gama, Paulo da, offered the command of the expedition, xiii;
captain of the S. Raphael, 1;
loses the flagship, 2;
rejoins his brother, 3;
at St. Helena Bay, 8;
tends the sick, 21;
at Moçambique, 26, 31;
his ship aground at Malindi, 44;
at Calecut, 51, 65;
at Anjediva, 85;
his ship burnt, 91, 153;
alleged breaking-up of his ship, 146, 147;
his death, 94, 147, 148
Gama, Vasco da; His birth, xiii; qualification as a navigator, xiv; compared with Columbus, xv; his observations for latitude, xviii; authorities on his first voyage, xix; his death, xiv First Voyage.—
The ships, 147, 151, 157-160;
muster-roll, 173;
despatch by King Manuel, 185, 230;
Lisbon, dep., 1, 123, 146, 148, 151, 153, 185;
Cape Verde, 3, 186;
across the Southern Atlantic, xvii, 3, 142, 186;
first landfall, 5, 189;
St. Helena Bay, 5, 192;
doubling the Cape, 8, 192;
S. Braz Bay, 9, 192;
alleged mutiny, 194;
a gale, 14, 194;
ilhéos chãos, 14, 195;
Ilhéos da Cruz, 15, 195;
Dias’ furthest, 15, 195;
the Agulhas current, viii, 15;
Rio do Cobre, 16, 196;
Rio dos bons Signaes, 19, 146;
Mozambique, 22, 146, 151, 197;
false start for the north, 28, 197;
the S. Raphael aground, 33, 197;
Mombasa, 34, 198;
Malindi, 40, 146, 151, 198;
across the Arabian sea, 46, 198;
landfall near Mount Eli, 47, 198;
at Capocate, 48, 199;
royal audiences, 56, 61, 126;
capture of hostages, 72, 115, 180 Departure from Calecut, 76;
supposed visits to Cochin and Cananor, 146, 147, 200;
S. Maria islands and Anjediva, 80, 200;
across the Arabian Sea, 87, 200;
Magadoxo, 88, 200;
Malindi, 89, 200;
the S. Raphael burnt, 91, 201;
Mozambique, 92, 201;
S. Braz Bay, 92, 201;
doubling the Cape, 92, 201;
Rio Grande, 93, 201;
return to Lisbon, 94, 113, 122, 124, 148
Loss of life during the voyage, 124, 141, 231 Second Voyage to India, 1502-3, 191, 233 Honours and rewards bestowed upon Vasco da Gama, 225-232 Instructions to Cabral, 190.
Garnett, Dr. R., 119
Gazelles, 6
Genoese needles, 26
George, see São Jorge.
Germanus, Henricus Martellus, his Map, 204
Ghats, Western, in India, 199
Ginger, 77, 103, 113
Giovanni da Empoli, 6, 99, 191
Goa (15° 25´ N., 73° 50´ E., Map IV), 219
Goes, Damião de, quoted, xx, 5, 8, 18, 19, 21, 26, 40, 45, 50, 53, 56, 57, 94, 112, 159, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180
Gold of Sofala, 33, 113, 124
Gonçalves, André, 176
Greiff, Dr. G., 121
Guillen, Felipe, 168
Gujarat (Guzerat, 22° N., 72° E., Map IV), F 45, 63
Gulf-weed, 4
Gulls, 8
Guzerate (Gujarat, 22° N., 72° E., Map IV), 45, 63
“Guzerati”, a merchant of Guzerat, or Gujarat, at Calecut, 63
Hamy, Dr. E. T., quoted, 18, 19, 21, 32, 206
Harar, Cidadym of, 78
Harrisse, Mr., 205
Helena, see Santa Helena.
Hellmann, G., quoted, 169
Herculano, quoted, xxiv, xxxiii, 41, 65, 195
Herons, 4
Heyd, W., 130
Hirth, F., 132
Horsburgh, Captain, 188
Horses, 133
Hostages taken at Calecut, 72, 115;
carried to Portugal, 76
Hottentots, meeting with, 11-13
Hour-glasses, 168
Hulot, Baron, xxxvi
Ilha da Cruz, see Cruz.
Ilhas primeiras (17° S., 39° E., Map III), 21
Ilhéos chãos, low islets, Algoa Bay (33° 50´ S., 29° 18´ E., Map II), 4, 195, 216
Images, worshipped by Portuguese and Indians, 24
Incense, 104, 213
Infante, Rio de (i.e., River of J. Infante), frequently called Rio do Infante, i.e., River of the Infante, Prince Henry (33° 30´ S., 27° 8´ E., Map II), 14, 216
Ivory, 18
Jack-fruit, 57
Jaus, Rev. J. J., quoted, xxxvi, 52, 54, 97
Java, on Canerio’s Map, 211
Jeronymo de São José, 177
Jews at Calecut, 137
Jidda, Red Sea (21° 30´ N., 39° 10´ E., Map I), 78
Jordanus, Friar, quoted, 98
Jorge, see São Jorge.
Jornal das Viagens, 145, 146
Juromenho, Visconde, 159
Justice, administration of, at Calecut, 135
Kilwa, see Quiloa.
Kioni, Quioniete (30° 38´ S., 39° 50´ E., Map III), 40
Kirk, Sir John, quoted, xxxvi, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 45, 90
Kohl, Dr., 205
Kopke, Diogo, quoted, xxii, xxiv, xxxii, 4, 5, 6, 13, 19, 24, 26, 32, 33, 38, 78, 97, 98, 99, 101, 120, 194
Krishna and Devaki, 53
Lac, 98, 101, 102, 104, 213
Laccadivas (10° N., 73° E, Map I), 134, 198
Lambel, striped cloth, 11
Lamu (2° 15´ S., 40° 20´ E., Map III), 219
Lançarote (29° N., 14° W.); pass to lee of it, 2
Larks, 6
Latitudes on early maps, 213;
observed by Colon, xix
Laurie’s Sailing Directory, 190
League. The Portuguese (Castilian) legoa of 7,500 varas was equal to 6,269 meters, or 20,568 feet, and 17.72 of these legoas were consequently equal to one mean degree of a meridian. The Portuguese pilots generally assumed 17½ of these legoas to be equal to 1°; and had they known the real size of the earth the league would have been 6,350 m., an error of only 1.27 per cent. in the estimate of the size of the earth as determined by observation for latitude taken at sea.
There can hardly be a doubt that the Italian mile was the same as the old Roman mile, and had a length of 1,480 m. Consequently, 4.236 of these miles were equal to a legoa, and when Sernigi (see p. 124) reckons 4¼ of these miles to a legoa he is very near the truth. On the Cantino chart 75 Italian miles are = 1° = 17.5 Portuguese legoas, and if we accept this estimate the legoa would be = 4.29 Italian miles. The Portuguese pilots at the Conference of Badajoz (1525), maintained, however, that 1 legoa = 4 Italian miles. As to Prof. Wagner’s “Portulano mile” (Report of Sixth International Geographical Congress, p. 698) of only 1,265 m., its shortness is obviously due to the very common over-estimate of distances, even when there is no mileage charge as in the case of London cabmen.