William Pitt and the Great War

Statistics of the years 1792–1801

N.B.—The figures under the heading “money borrowed” are taken from the official statistics presented by the Rt. Hon. George Rose, “Brief Examination into the Increase of the Revenue, Commerce and Navigation of Great Britain” (London, 1806), p. 16. The total statistics are given in round numbers.

YEAR.	PERMANENT TAXES.	IMPORTS.	EXPORTS.	NAVY.	ARMY.	MONEY BORROWED.
1792	14,284,000	19,659,000	24,465,000	1,985,000	1,819,000	——
1793	13,941,000	19,256,000	19,676,000	3,971,000	3,993,000	4,500,000
1794	13,858,000	22,288,000	25,111,000	5,525,000	6,641,000	12,907,000
1795	13,557,000	22,736,000	25,036,000	6,315,000	11,610,000	19,490,000
1796	14,292,000	23,187,000	28,025,000	11,883,000	14,911,000	29,726,000
1797	13,332,000	21,013,000	26,315,000	13,033,000	15,488,000	44,029,000
1798	14,275,000	27,857,000	30,289,000	13,449,000	12,852,000	15,000,000
1799	15,727,000	26,837,000	33,640,000	13,642,000	11,840,000	15,500,000
1800	14,238,000	30,570,000	38,119,000	13,619,000	11,941,000	18,500,000
1801	14,641,000	32,795,000	37,786,000	15,857,000	12,117,000	25,500,000

Footnotes

1 I am perfectly aware that the term “Radical” (in its first form, “Radical Reformer”) does not appear until a few years later; but I use it here and in the following chapters because there is no other word which expresses the same meaning.

2 See Vivenot, i, 176–81; Beer, “Leopold II, Franz II, und Catharina,” 140 et seq.; Clapham, “Causes of the War of 1792,” ch. iv.

3 B.M. Add. MSS., 34438; Vivenot, i, 185, 186. “He [the Emperor] was extremely agitated when he gave me the letter for the King” (Elgin to Grenville, 7th July, in “Dropmore P.,” ii, 126).

4 B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.

5 Ibid. Grenville to Ewart, 26th July. Calonne for some little time resided at Wimbledon House. His letters to Pitt show that he met with frequent rebuffs; but he had one interview with him early in June 1790. I have found no details of it.

6 “Diary and Corresp. of Fersen,” 121.

7 Arneth, “Marie Antoinette, Joseph II, und Leopold II,” 148, 152.

8 Mr. Nisbet Bain (op. cit., ii, 129) accuses Pitt and his colleagues of waiving aside a proposed visit of Gustavus III to London, because “they had no desire to meet face to face a monarch they had already twice deceived.” Mr. Bain must refer to the charges (invented at St Petersburg) that Pitt had egged Gustavus on to war against Russia, and then deserted him. In the former volume (chapters xxi-iii) I proved the falsity of those charges. It would be more correct to say that Gustavus deserted England.

9 B.M. Add. MSS., 34438.

10 Martens, v, 236–9; “F.O.,” Prussia, 22. Ewart to Grenville, 4th August.

11 On 15th August Prussia renounced her alliance with Turkey (Vivenot, i, 225).

12 Sybel, bk. ii, ch. vi; Vivenot, i, 235, 243.

13 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 192.

14 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 111.

15 Arneth, 206, 210; Vivenot, i, 270.

16 Burke (“Corresp.,” iii, 308, 342, 346) shows that Mercy d’Argenteau, after his brief mission to London, spread the slander. Pitt and Grenville said nothing decisive to him on this or any other topic. Kaunitz partly adopted the charge. (See Vivenot, i, 272.)

17 “F.O.,” Russia, 22. Grenville to Whitworth, 27th October, and W. to G., 14th October 1791.

18 Larivière, “Cath. II et la Rév. franç.,” 88–90, 110–17.

19 Burke’s “Works,” iii, 8, 369 (Bohn edit.).

20 “Parl. Hist.,” xxviii, 1–41.

21 T. Walker, “Review of... political events in Manchester (1789–1794).”

22 T. Walker, “Review of... political events in Manchester (1789–1794),” 452–79. I cannot agree with Mr. J. R. le B. Hammond (“Fox,” 76) that Pitt now spoke as the avowed enemy of parliamentary reform. Indeed, he never spoke in that sense, but opposed it as inopportune.

23 Rutt, “Mems. of Priestly,” ii, 25. As is well known, Burke’s “Reflections on the Fr. Rev.,” was in part an answer to Dr. Price’s sermon of 4th November 1789 in the Old Jewry chapel, to the Society for celebrating the Revolution of 1688.

24 It was more of a club than the branches of the “Society for Constitutional Information,” which did good work in 1780–4, but expired in 1784 owing to the disgust of reformers at the Fox–North Coalition—so Place asserts (B.M. Add. MSS., 27808).

25 T. Walker, op. cit., 18, 19.

26 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 488–510.

27 Ibid., 113–9.

28 M. D. Conway, “Life of T. Paine,” i, 284.

29 Burke’s Works, iii, 76 (Bohn edit.).

30 Ibid., iii, 12. So, too, on 30th August 1791 Priestley wrote that Pitt had shown himself unfavourable to their cause (Rutt, “Life of Priestley,” ii, 145).

31 Prior, “Life of Burke,” 322, who states very incorrectly that not one of them has survived.

32 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 19.

33 Ibid. As late as 9th August a proclamation was posted about Birmingham: “The friends of the good cause are requested to meet us at Revolution Place to-morrow night at 11 o’clock in order to fix upon those persons who are to be the future objects of our malice.” Of course this was but an incitation to plunder. See Massey, iii, 462–6, on the Birmingham riots.

34 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 133, 136; “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 1464.

35 Burke “Reflections on the Fr. Rev.,” 39 (Mr. Payne’s edit.).

36 Conway, op. cit., ii, 330. The printer and publisher were prosecuted later on, as well as Paine, who fled to France.

37 “Mem. of T. Hardy,” by himself (Lond., 1832).

38 Leslie Stephen, “The Eng. Utilitarians,” i, 121. I fully admit that the Chartist leaders in 1838 went back to the Westminster programme of 1780. See “The Life and Struggles of William Lovett”; but the spirit and methods of the new agitation were wholly different. On this topic I feel compelled to differ from Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond (“Fox,” ch. v, ad init.). Mr. C. B. R. Kent (“The English Radicals,” 156) states the case correctly.

39 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 1303–9.

40 “Application of Barruel’s ‘Memoirs of Jacobinism’ to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain,” 32–3.

41 “Application of Barruel’s ‘Memoirs of Jacobinism’ to the Secret Societies of Ireland and Great Britain,” Introduction, p. x.

42 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 20.

43 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 810–15.

44 Ibid., 834.

45 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 551–602, 1404–31.

46 Stanhope, ii, 148–50, and App., xv.

47 Twiss, “Life of Lord Eldon,” ch. x.

48 Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 500–4; Salomon, “Pitt,” 596. The King later on teased the Duke of Leeds by a more compromising overture.

49 “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 454–64.

50 “Leeds Mem.,” 188.

51 Ibid., 194.

52 “Auckland Journals,” ii, 417, 418.

53 Pitt MSS., 103.

54 I accept, with some qualification, Mr. Oscar Browning’s explanation, that Lord Loughborough had exaggerated the accounts of his interviews with Pitt and the Whig leaders. (see “Leeds Mem.,” 197, note).

55 Stanhope, ii, 160.

56 “Bland Burges P.,” 208.

57 Stanhope, “Miscellanies,” ii, 57–63. Letter of Canning to W. Sturges Bourne, 3rd September 1792. This interview is not referred to by Mr. H. W. V. Temperley (“Canning,” ch. ii), Mr. Sichel (“Sheridan”), Captain Bagot (“Canning and his Friends”), or E. Festing (“Frere and his Friends”). In “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies” I shall publish new letters of Canning. One, dated 15th March 1793, declines an offer of Portland to bring him into Parliament.

58 Pallain, “La Mission de Talleyrand à Londres,” 41.

59 Keith’s “Mems.,” ii, 494. Keith to Grenville, 14th January 1792.

60 “Gower’s Despatches,” 142, 143, 145, 149.

61 Pallain, pp. xv-xviii.

62 Pallain, 56, 57.

63 Pallain, 106, 107.

64 “Wealth of Nations,” bk. iv, ch. iii.

65 “Gower’s Despatches,” 165, 171.

66 Sorel, ii, 216.

67 Fersen, “Diary” (Eng. edit.), 255.

68 Clapham, “Causes of the War of 1792,” 231.

69 On the Tobago proposal see “Dropmore P.,” ii, 260.

70 Pallain, 215–9. The original is in Pitt MSS., 333.

71 Fersen, “Diary” (Eng. edit.), 316, 319.

72 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 267. See, too, further details in “Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon,” by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley.

73 Pitt MSS., 333. Chauvelin to Dumouriez, 28th April.

74 “Parl. Hist.,” xxix, 1522.

75 “Rights of Man,” pt. ii, ch. v.

76 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 282; “Auckland Journals,” ii, 410.

77 “Ann. Reg.” (1792), 178–82, 225–32; Sorel, ii, 445–54; Heidrich, pt. ii, ch. ii. I fully agree with Dr. Salomon (“Pitt,” 537) as to the sincerity of Pitt’s desire for neutrality.

78 Sybel, ii, 142.

79 For the discussions between the three Powers on Poland see Heidrich, 165–219; and Salomon, “Das Politische System des jüngeren Pitt und die zweite Teilung Polens” (Berlin, 1895).

80 “F. O.,” Poland, 6. Hailes to Grenville, 16th and 27th June 1792.

81 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 142; see, too, ii, 279.

82 “Mems. of Fox,” iii, 18.

83 Aulard, “La Rév. Franç.,” 270–2.

84 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 291.

85 “Bland Burges P.,” 207, 211.

86 Dumont, “Souvenirs”; Bulwer Lytton, “Hist. Characters” (Talleyrand).

87 W. A. Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 349–51; Sorel, iii, 18–20.

88 Burke, “Corresp.,” iv, 7.

89 Sorel, iii, 139.

90 Carlyle, “Fr. Rev.,” iii, bk. i, ch. vi.

91 “Mems. of Romilly,” i, 351, 352.

92 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 318.

93 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 19, 20.

94 Ibid. In all, 3,772 French refugees landed in September 1792 (“Ann. Reg.” 39). The first subscription for them realized £1,468. Burke gave £20.

95 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 21; Twiss, “Life of Lord Eldon,” i, 218; “Bland Burges P.,” 203. Our agent, Munro, on 17th December 1792 reported from Paris: “Dr. Maxwell has at last obtained a company in the French service, and I understand is soon to leave this to join the army” (Gower’s “Despatches,” 260). Mr. Elgar has not been able to trace him afterwards.

96 Massey, iv, 45. This was said to be spoken to Bland Burges; but the papers of the latter (p. 204) contain no reference to it.

97 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 21.

98 Ibid.

99 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 21.

100 Miles (“Corresp.,” 333) states that the editors of the “Argus” and “Morning Chronicle” were regularly paid by the French Embassy and were often there.

101 “Bland Burges P.,” 227–9.

102 Virgil, “Georgics,” i, 463–5. “Who would dare call the sun a liar? In truth, he often warns of the approach of hidden seditions and of the swellings of treachery and strifes yet unseen.”

103 “F. O.,” France, 40.

104 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 22.

105 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 322.

106 “Auckland Journals,” ii, 449, 455; “Dropmore P.,” ii, 324.

107 Sorel, iii, 143.

108 “Auckland Journals,” ii, 465.

109 On 24th November Noël wrote from London to Lebrun: “Tous les symptômes annoncent que les mouvements révolutionnaires ne peuvent être éloignés.” Quoted by Sorel, iii, 214. See, too, Ernouf’s “Maret,” p. 84.

110 “Auckland Journals,” ii, 481. Tomline, iii, 458, 459. Burke’s unfortunate phrase in the “Reflections”: “Learning will be cast into the mire and trodden down under the hoofs of a swinish multitude.”

111 B.M. Place MSS., vol. entitled “Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution.”

112 “Moniteur,” 29th November 1792.

113 “Residence in France in 1792–5,” by an English Lady, i, 190–2.

114 Auckland says (“Journals,” ii, 473) he has seen Paris bulletins and letters which counted absolutely on a revolt in England.

115 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 344. Grenville to Auckland, 27th November.

116 Ibid., 351–2.

117 Salomon, “Pitt,” 599.

118 Rojas, “Miranda dans la Rév. Franç.,” 3–4.

119 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 339, 341, 343; “Auckland Journals,” ii, 471; Lecky, vi, 70–4.

120 “F. O.,” Holland, 20.

121 “F. O.,” Austria, 31, 32. See, too, Vivenot, ii, 446, 447.

122 “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 89, 90.

123 “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 89, 90. This despatch, and the letter of the Prince of Orange referred to above, correct the statement of Mr. Browning (“Varennes,” etc., 191) and Mr. Hammond (“Fox,” 257), that the Dutch did not call upon us for help. This was asserted by Lord Lansdowne on 21st December, but his information was unofficial and is refuted by that given above.

124 Marsh, “Politics of Great Britain and France,” i, 260–2. The militia were not called out in Surrey, Herts, Berks, and Bucks (“Dropmore P.,” ii, 348).

125 Pretyman MSS.

126 Pitt to Westmorland, 14th October and 18th November 1792, in Salomon, “Pitt” (App.); “Dropmore P.,” ii, 318, 320–3, 328, 330, 333, 336; “Mems. of Lord Ed. Fitzgerald,” 155–60.

127 Pretyman MSS.

128 “F. O.,” France, 40. For Grenville’s account of the interview, see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

129 Miles, “Correspondence,” ii, 46; see, too, Ernouf, “Maret,” 89, 95. This corrects the mis-statement of Lecky (vi, 94) on this topic.

130 Ernouf, “Maret,” 90.

131 “Ann. Reg.” (1792), 190–3; Ernouf, “Maret,” 94–8.

132 “F. O.,” Holland, 41; B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Auckland, 4th December.

133 “F. O.,” Holland, 42. Auckland to Grenville, 7th and 8th December 1792. See, too, Miles, “Correspondence,” i, 382; Sorel, iii, 224.

134 Sorel, iii, 204, 224.

135 Vivenot, ii, 393.

136 Sorel, iii, 225, 226.

137 Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 388, 389.

138 Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 385–7.

139 B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.

140 Pitt MSS., 245. Published in “Napoleon and the Invasion of England,” by H. E. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, ii, App.

141 “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 475.

142 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 19–21.

143 Miles (“Corresp.,” i, 391), who also asserts that Sheridan echoed words used by the French agent, Noël.

144 “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 478–81.

145 “Life and Letters of Earl Minto,” ii, 82.

146 Chuquet, “Jemappes,” 196–7, shows that the urgent needs of the army in Belgium were the raison d’être of the decree.

147 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 359–62; “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 126.

148 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 137–46.

149 “Méms. tirés des Papiers d’un homme d’Etat,” ii, 100. This false assertion was adopted by Malouet (“Méms.,” ii, 201), whence it has been copied largely, without examination of the debate itself.

150 Godoy, “Mems.,” i, ch. vi.

151 “F. O.,” Spain, 25, 26.

152 “F. O.,” France, 40.

153 “F. O.,” France, 40, 41.

154 Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 398–400. Unfortunately, Lord Acton (“Lects. on the French Rev.,” 253) accepted the stories against Pitt. He states that Danton secretly offered to save Louis for £40,000; that Lansdowne, Sheridan, and Fox urged Pitt to interpose; and that Pitt informed Maret that he did not do so because the execution of Louis would ruin the Whigs. I must reply that Lord Fitzmaurice assures me there is no sign that the first Lord Lansdowne urged Pitt to bribe the Convention, though in the debate of 21st December 1792 he suggested the sending an ambassador to Paris to improve the relations of the two lands, and assuage the hostility to Louis. Further, Danton could scarcely have made that offer; for he left Paris for Belgium on 1st December, and did not return till 14th January, after which he was engrossed in the last illness of his wife. Danton’s name was dragged into the affair probably by mistake for Dannon (see Belloc, “Danton,” 200). Lastly, as Maret left London on 19th December, and did not return until 30th January, he did not see Pitt at the crucial time of the trial. And would Pitt have made so damaging a remark to a Frenchman? Is it not obviously a Whig slander?

155 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 189. See ch. iii of this work.

156 See ch. iii for a refutation of this.

157 Sorel, iii, 241. So, too, Gouverneur Morris, then in Paris, thought the French Ministers, despite their bluster, wished to avoid war “if the people will let them.” (Quoted by Lecky, vi, 114.)

158 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 250–3; “Ann. Reg.” (1793), 114–16.

159 B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.

160 Ibid., and “Dropmore P.,” ii, 361.

161 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 253–6; “Ann. Reg.” (1793), 116–9.

162 Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 351.

163 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 363.

164 B.M. Add. MSS., 34446.

165 B.M. Add. MSS., 34446. Grenville to Whitworth, 29th December.

166 Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 441.

167 Ibid., i, 439.

168 I published it in the “Eng. Hist. Rev.” for April 1906; see, too, Fitzmaurice, “Shelburne,” iii, 515. Bulwer Lytton, “Hist. Characters” (Talleyrand), wrongly states that he was at once expelled.

169 “Ann. Reg.,” 122–5; “Parl Hist.,” xxx, 259–61; Miles, “Corresp.,” ii, 4.

170 “F. O.,” France, 41.

171 Whether Chauvelin was guilty of any worse offence than entertaining at his house the editors of Opposition newspapers (Miles, “Corresp.,” i, 440) is not proven. Maret admitted to Miles that some scoundrels were sowing sedition in England; but he added the not very comforting assurance that, in that case, they would cease to be Frenchmen. Miles evidently believed those intrigues to be the work of French emissaries, (Ibid., 450, 451).

172 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 262–6; “Ann. Reg.,” 119–22.

173 Miles, “Corresp.,” ii, 28–36, 42. See, too, Sorel, iii, 258, on Maret’s letter.

174 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 366; but see Miles, “Corresp.,” ii, 43, 44.

175 “Corresp. du Gén. Miranda avec le Gén. Dumouriez... depuis janvier 1793,” 3–8. See “Dropmore P.,” ii, 371, on Dumouriez’ plan.

176 Ibid., 8.

177 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 365.

178 Miles, ii, 36.

179 “Gower’s Despatches,” 278.

180 B.M. Add. MSS., 34447.

181 “F. O.,” France, 41. The order to Chauvelin must have been given earlier, probably on 22nd January, as will be seen by Dumouriez’ letter to Miranda soon to be quoted. George III’s order of 24th January (endorsed by Pitt) for Chauvelin’s expulsion cannot have the importance which Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond (“Fox,” 262–3) assigns to it. See “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies” for Lebrun’s letter to Grenville.

182 Published in “Dumouriez, etc.,” 159, 160, by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley, from B.M. Add. MSS., 34447.

183 Lecky, vi, 119–22.

184 Miles, “Corresp.,” ii, 55.

185 Miles, “Conduct of France towards Great Britain,” 108; “Corresp.,” ii, 62.

186 Miles, “Conduct of France towards Great Britain,” 108.

187 Miles, “Corresp.,” ii, 62.

188 Dumouriez, “Méms.,” ii, 128–31 (edit. of 1794).

189 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 350. Fox admitted (p. 371) that Maret did not think himself authorized to negotiate. See, too, Bland Burges in “Auckland Journals,” ii, 493. I cannot agree with Mr. Oscar Browning (“Varennes, etc.,” 198), and Mr. J. L. le B. Hammond (“Fox,” 258) as to the importance of Maret’s “mission.” Lecky (vi, 126) also overrates it, in my judgement.

190 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 322.

191 “Auckland Journals,” ii, 465.

192 “Moniteur,” 29th November 1792.

193 Maret stated that “M. Chauvelin had shamefully deceived the Executive Council, and that nothing but misrepresentations and falsehoods had marked his despatches since he lost all hope of remaining in this country” (Miles, “Corresp.,” ii, 62).

194 Wilberforce urged this (“Life,” ii, 13).

195 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 339, 351, 378.

196 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 377.

197 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 565.

198 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 378; Prior, “Burke,” 368.

199 “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 11. Note the statement of George Rose to Auckland (8th February, 1793): “Our revenue goes on gloriously. The year ending 5th January shows £300,000 more than the year preceding.... We may suffer in some respects; but we must crush the miscreants”(B.M. Add. MSS., 34448).

200 “F. O.,” Austria, 32 (Stratton to Grenville, 22nd December, 1792). Cobenzl, Austrian Chancellor, assured Stratton that Francis II would require from France “l’établissement d’une constitution quelconque fondée sur les bases les plus essentiels du gouvernement monarchique.”
In view of these considerations I cannot endorse Lecky’s censure (vi, 134) on Pitt’s “blindness” as to the character of the war.

201 Sir James Murray, our envoy at Frankfurt, was assured on 1st February that 138,419 Austrians were ready for the campaign.

202 B.M. Add. MSS., 34448.

203 See Martens, v, 530–5, for the Russo-Prussian treaty of 13th July 1793.

204 Murray to Grenville, 19th January 1793; see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies,” which also contain the new letters of Burke referred to above.

205 Vivenot, ii, 498–506.

206 Martens, v, 438–42.

207 Hon. J. W. Fortescue, “Hist. of the British Army,” iv, 77–83.

208 Pretyman MSS.

209 Chevening MSS.

210 Murray reported to Grenville on 10th and 18th February that the Allies at Frankfurt were disturbed by news of the negotiation with Dumouriez. See too, Vivenot, ii, 489.

211 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 377–81; “Dumouriez,” by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley, 162–75.

212 “F. O.,” Austria, 32, Morton Eden to Grenville, 30th March.

213 “War Office” 6, (7); 23rd February, to Duke of York; B.M. Add. MSS 34448, Grenville to Auckland, 23rd February; Calvert, “Campaigns in Flanders and Holland,” chs. i, ii.

214 This letter (for which see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies”) corrects Mr. Fortescue’s statement (iv, 125) that Ministers alone were responsible for the Dunkirk scheme. George III was morally responsible for it.

215 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 387.

216 “F. O.,” Austria, 33, Eden to Grenville, 27th and 28th March, 10th April; Vivenot, ii, 541; Häusser, i, 483.

217 Ibid., Eden to Grenville, 15th April. This probably refers to Alsace; but it may possibly hint at a partition of Venice which had been mooted at Vienna before. A slice of Piedmont was also desired (Eden to Grenville, 8th June).

218 Ibid., Eden to Grenville, 30th March.

219 The West India expedition was again and again deferred in favour of that to la Vendée or Toulon (Vivenot, iii, 383).

220 Sybel, iii, 38–40; Häusser, i, 488, 489.

221 Pretyman MSS. I have published the letter of 5th April 1793 almost in full in the “Eng. Hist. Rev.” for April 1910.

222 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 388–93, 399.

223 “F. O.,” France, 42. I cannot agree with Sorel (iii, 405) in taking the French overtures seriously.

224 “W. O.,” 6 (10), Dundas to Murray (now secretary to the Duke of York).

225 Calvert, 80.

226 Calvert, ch. iii; Fortescue, iv, 111.

227 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 493.

228 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 436.

229 Sybel, iii, 136, 137.

230 “Mems. of Sir G. Elliot (Earl of Minto),” ii, 159.

231 “W. O.,” 6 (10), 1st August, to Sir J. Murray, which corrects the statement in Sybel (iii, 140), that England meant to keep Dunkirk.

232 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 18.

233 Calvert, 119–21.

234 “Mems. of Sir G. Elliot,” ii, 160.

235 Pitt MSS., 196.

236 Vivenot, iii, 352, 353.

237 Ibid., 320, 321, 339, 379, 380; “Dropmore P.,” ii, 470, 536. In the last passage Yarmouth accuses the King of Prussia of deliberately thwarting the action of the Austrian army under Wurmser.

238 “F. O.,” Austria, 33, Grenville to Eden, 11th June; Eden to Grenville, 26th June.

239 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 392, 399, 407, 412. Spain hoped to find her “indemnity” in Corsica. See too Fortescue, iv, 116, 117.

240 See “Eng. Hist. Rev.” for October 1909, p. 748.

241 Pitt MSS., 196.

242 “H. O.,” Adm. Medit., 1793.

243 Ibid.

244 “F. O.,” Spain, 28. St. Helens to Grenville, 4th and 11th September.

245 “W. O.,” 6 (10). See Fortescue (iv, pt. i, chs. vi, vii) for criticisms of these measures.

246 The arguments of Mr. Spenser Wilkinson in “Owens College Essays,” do not convince me that Napoleon alone devised that plan. Chuquet’s conclusion (“Toulon,” 176), “Bonaparte partageait l’avis des représentants,” seems to me thoroughly sound. So, too, Cottin, “Toulon et les Anglais,” ch. xi.

247 “F. O.,” Spain, 28.

248 “H. O.” (Adm. Medit., 1793). Nevertheless Hood sent off a small squadron to offer help to Paoli in Corsica, but with very disappointing results. On 7th October he writes: “Paoli is a composition of art and deceipt [sic].” He also dwells on the hostile conduct of Genoa and Tuscany.

249 Martens, v, 473–83. In “H. O.,” Secrs. of State, 4, is a despatch of General Acton of 30th October 1793 to Sir W. Hamilton, stating that when transports reach Naples, they will take off 1,200 more troops for Toulon, making a total of 6,300. But ships and supplies of food were wanting. The troops must be commanded by a Neapolitan, Marshal Fortiquerri, whom Hood had censured for incompetence!

250 On 15th September Pitt wrote to the Earl of Westmorland, Viceroy of Ireland, asking him to send the flank companies (the best men) of the regiments then in Ireland. Westmorland agreed on 18th September, but said they could not sail in less than three weeks. As the crisis at Toulon deepened, Pitt, about the middle of November, begged the Lord Lieutenant to send the 35th, 41st, and 42nd regiments from Ireland to Toulon. On 20th November Westmorland agreed (though pointing out the danger of an Irish rising). On the 30th he said the two latter regiments were ready to sail from Cork whenever the transports should arrive; but the delays in the arrival and sailing of transports had always been serious—a prophetic remark (Pitt MSS., 331).

251 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 471. Thugut took no interest whatever in Toulon (see Vivenot, iii, 324, 327, 362, 363). Other proofs follow (pp. 381, 384) of the pressing demands which Grenville, also Mr. Trevor at Turin, made for the fulfilment of the Emperor’s promise. Some difficulties supervened as to the provisioning of the 5,000 Austrian troops on the march and the place of embarkation; but these were far from insuperable. Clearly the operating cause was Thugut’s conviction that there was at Toulon a number of troops “excédant ce que toute place quelconque peut exiger pour sa défense” (ibid., 385).

252 “H. O.” (Adm. Medit, 1793), Hood to Dundas, 24th November.

253 Ibid. O’Hara to Hood. This reached London on 8th December; but, as we have seen, Ministers up to 22nd December continued to rely on the arrival of the Austrians as providing a sufficient reinforcement.

254 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 447; “Mems. of Sir G. Elliot,” ii, 190, et seq.

255 “F. O.,” Spain, 28.

256 Even by M. Cottin in his works, “Toulon et les Anglais,” “L’Angleterre et les Princes.”

257 “F. O.,” Austria, 34. Grenville to Eden, 7th September. So in his letter of 4th October to Pitt he refers to “such other towns or districts [in S. France] as may become objects of indemnity.” See, too, “Dropmore P.,” ii, 412, 438; Vivenot, iii, 326.

258 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 487.

259 “H. O.,” 455, ad fin.

260 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 33.

261 “F. O.,” Spain, 28. Grenville to St. Helens, 22nd October 1793. Cottin omits this despatch, which is essential to the understanding of British policy. See for further details C. J. Fox, “Bonaparte at the Siege of Toulon,” bk. ii, ch. ii.

262 “F. O.,” Spain, 28. On 30th November Grenville instructed St. Helens to express regret that Spain seemed to retract her wish, previously expressed, that Corsica should go to England; and also to advise that Spain should take her indemnity from France on the Pyrenean frontier.

263 Fortescue, iv, 172.

264 “H. O.,” Adm. Medit., 1793.

265 “H. O.,” Mil., 455. Fortescue (iv, 175) vehemently censures Henry Dundas, but I think without sufficient ground. The letters of David Dundas called for reproof. See Mr. Oscar Browning’s “Youth of Napoleon” (App. iv).

266 Pitt MSS., 331; “H. O.,” Mil., 455.

267 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 476, 477; “Mems. of Sir G. Elliot,” ii, 198.

268 Admiralty. Out Letters, xiii.

269 “H. O.,” Mil., 455.

270 “H. O.,” Adm. Medit., 1794.

271 “F. O.,” Austria, 36. Grenville to Eden, 3rd January 1794.

272 Pellew, “Sidmouth,” i, 112.

273 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 438.

274 See “The Complaints of the Poor People of England,” by G. Dyer, B.A. (late of Emmanuel College, Camb., 1793).

275 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 27, 28.

276 E. Smith, “The English Jacobins,” 111–3; C. Cestre, “John Thelwall,” ch. ii.

277 “Report of the Committee of Secrecy,” May 1794. The Duke of Richmond’s plan was the Westminster programme of 1780, which became the “six points” of the Charter of 1838.

278 See Fox’s letter of 2nd May 1793 to Hardy in “State Trials,” xxiv, 791.

279 M. Conway, “Life of T. Paine,” i, 346.

280 In the Place MSS. (Brit. Mus.), vol. entitled “Libel, Sedition, Treason, Persecution”—a valuable collection.

281 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxii, 929–44.

282 “Collection of Addresses... to the National Convention of France” (Debrett, 1793), 14.

283 “Speeches of Lord Erskine,” 293.

284 “State Trials,” xxii, 471–522.

285 Porritt, ii, 128.

286 “H. O.,” Scotland, 7.

287 Ibid.

288 “State Trials,” xxiii, 118–26.

289 I differ here from Lord Cockburn, “Examination of the Trials for Sedition in Scotland,” i, 147.

290 Ibid., i, 162–5; “State Trials,” xxiii, 146–8, 160.

291 P. Mackenzie, “Life of Muir,” does not state the reason for Muir’s visit to Paris.

292 “H. O.,” Scotland, 8. Dunlop, Lord Provost of Glasgow, sent it to Robert Dundas on 12th March 1793. For this William Christie, who translated the French Constitution of 1791 into English, see Alger, “Englishmen in the French Revolution,” 78, 98.

293 See Campbell, “Lives of the Lord Chancellors,” vii, 273, note, and viii, 143–5, for criticisms on the judges: also Cockburn, op. cit., i, 147–80; “Life of Romilly,” i, 23.

294 “H. O.,” Scotland, 8. Letter of 2nd August 1793. Dundas further stated that Muir had several Irish handbills on him.

295 Curiously enough, Lord Cockburn paid no heed to this in his otherwise able examination of the case.

296 T. Wolfe Tone, “Autobiography,” ii, 285.

297 “H. O.,” Scotland, 7.

298 “H. O.,” Scotland, 8. W. Scot to R. Dundas, 1st August.

299 See the “Narrative of the Sufferings of T. F. Palmer and W. Skirving” (1794), and “Monthly Mag.,” xvii, 83–5, for Palmer’s adventures. He died of dysentery in 1799.

300 “H. O.,” Scotland, 9.

301 Their Memorial to Henry Dundas is in “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 27. They did not claim that he was innocent, merely that the punishment was excessive and unjust.

302 “Arniston Mems.,” 240.

303 Campbell, op. cit., viii, 145, 147.

304 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 27.

305 For the instructions see E. Smith, “The Story of the English Jacobins,” 87.

306 “State Trials,” xxiii, 414.

307 J. Gerrald had published a pamphlet, “A Convention the only Means of saving us from Ruin” (1793). It is in the British Museum.

308 “H. O.,” Scotland, 9.

309 “State Trials,” xxiii, 766.

310 “Auckland Journals,” iii, 205.

311 “Arniston Mems.,” 242.

312 E. Smith, “The Eng. Jacobins,” 93–7.

313 See “Report of the Committee of Secrecy” (17th May 1794).

314 C. Cestre, “John Thelwall,” 77.

315 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 30.

316 “State Trials,” xxiii, 1055–1166. For technical reasons this statement of Booth could not be given at Walker’s trial. Besides Walker’s Constitutional Society, there were two others, the Reformation and Patriotic Societies, founded in March and April 1792.

317 See E. Smith, “The Eng. Jacobins,” ch. vi, for the meetings at Sheffield and the part played by Yorke.

318 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 31.

319 Ibid., 27, 29. Spence purveyed “Pigs’ Meat,” while Eaton sold “Hogs’ Wash.” The titles are a take-off of Burke’s phrase “the swinish multitude.”

320 I.e., similar to the one passed in Dublin against a People’s Convention.

321 “Report of the Parl. Comm. of Secrecy” (17th May 1794).

322 “Parl. Hist.,” xxx, 1363–91; xxxi, 1–27.

323 Ibid., xxxi, 97–121.

324 “Morning Chronicle” for April 1794.

325 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 30.

326 “Auckland Journals,” iii, 213.

327 “State Trials,” xxiv, 588, 600, 601.

328 “State Trials,” xxiv, 626.

329 E. Smith, “Eng. Jacobins,” 116.

330 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxi, 475–97.

331 “Life of Horne Tooke,” ii, 119. It was afterwards absurdly said that Dundas, Horne Tooke’s neighbour at Wimbledon, had had the letter filched from his house. Both of them lived on the west side of the “green.”

332 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxi, 497–505.

333 “Life of T. Hardy,” 42; “State Trials,” xxiv, 717, 729, 762, etc. The evidence fills 1,207 pages.

[334] Ibid., 1–200.

335 “Troilus and Cressida,” act i, sc. 3.

336 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 452.

337 Thugut in the autumn of 1793 sketched a scheme for annexing the north of France from the Somme to Sedan.

338 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 628. So, too, Morton Eden wrote to Grenville on 1st January 1793: “The steadfastness of the Emperor does not equal his moral rectitude” (“F. O.,” Austria, 32).

339 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 491; “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 17–19, 69.

340 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 494; “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 31, et seq.

341 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 50; Sorel, iv, 17.

342 Seeley, “Stein,” i, 65.

343 “F. O.,” Austria, 36. Eden to Grenville, 15th and 27th February.

344 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 81, 82.

345 Sorel, iv, 13.

346 Vivenot, iii, 89–96; “Dropmore P.,” ii, 505–7.

347 “F. O.,” Austria, 36, Eden to Grenville, 31st March, 9th April. See, too, Vivenot, iii, 172, for proofs that Kosciusko sought to delay the rising, and looked to Vienna for help against Russia and Prussia.

348 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 85, 89.

349 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 516.

350 “F. O.,” Prussia, 33. Grenville to Malmesbury, 21st April.

351 Ibid., Same to same, 23rd May.

352 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 96.

353 “W. O.,” I, 169. See an admirable article in the “United Service Mag.” (Aug. 1897), by Colonel E. M. Lloyd, founded on the papers of General Sir James Craig, Adjutant-General of the Duke of York.

354 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxii, 1132.

355 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 599.

356 “F. O.,” Austria, 38. Despatch of 19th July.

357 Pitt MSS., 180. See, too, “Dropmore P.,” ii, 617–20, 626.

358 See “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies” for Grenville’s letters. Pitt was the guest of Grenville at Dropmore at the end of November 1794 (“Buckingham P.,” ii, 319).

359 “F. O.,” Prussia, 35. Malmesbury to Grenville, 25th November 1794.

360 See “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies” for this letter.

361 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 26–30, 50, 57.

362 Ranke, “Hardenberg,” i, 258; “Paget P.,” i, 95, et seq.

363 See “Eng. Hist. Rev.,” October 1909.

364 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 395, 438, 443, 444, 464.

365 Pitt MSS., 349.

366 Pitt MSS., 121.

367 “F. O.,” France, 40.

368 Malouet, “Méms.,” ii, 209–11; Morse Stephens, “French Rev.,” ii, 481–4; “Dropmore P.,” ii, 388.

369 Fortescue, iv, pt. i, 77, 78.

370 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 402, 403.

371 Pitt MSS., 349.

372 Pitt MSS., 155, 349. In the latter packet is Malouet’s letter of 10th March 1793 from Kingston, Jamaica, to M. Franklyn at London, dwelling on the woes of San Domingo and Martinique—all due to the folly and wickedness of one man, probably Brissot. He despairs of the French West Indies. See, too, “Dropmore P.,” ii, 388.

373 Pitt MSS., 349.

374 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxiii, 586.

375 The facts stated above suffice to refute the strange statement of Mr. Morse Stephens (“Fr. Rev.,” ii, 476) that the English invasion of San Domingo was “absurd.” It was not an invasion, but an occupation of the coast towns after scarcely any resistance.

376 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 443, 454, 464.

377 Fortescue, iv, pt. i, chs. xiii, xiv; James, i, 250–2.

378 Pinckard, “Notes on the Expedition to the West Indies,” ii, especially Letter 15.

379 Bryan Edwards, “Hist. Survey of S. Domingo” (1801), 204. Fortescue (iv, 385) assesses the British losses in the West Indies in 1794 at 12,000 men, apart from deaths in battle.

380 Pitt MSS., 121.

381 “F. O.,” Spain, 28. Grenville to St. Helens, 30th November 1793. On 1st October Pitt pressed Grenville to open this question to the Spanish Court (“Dropmore P.,” ii, 433, 438).

382 “H. O.” (Secretaries of State), 5.

383 Pitt MSS., 349. He added that in 1788, 584 European and 699 American ships set sail from Hayti: 37,447 negroes were imported.

384 “F. O.,” Spain, 36. Bute to Grenville, 26th June 1795.

385 “F. O.,” Spain, 36. Jackson to Grenville, 2nd January and 11th February 1795.

386 “F. O.,” Spain, 37. Grenville to Bute, 5th, 12th, and 19th June.

387 Del Cantillo, “Tratados,” 660.

388 “Papiers de Barthélemy,” vi, Introd., xv, 71, 77–85.

389 “W. O.,” vi, 6, which contains other despatches of Dundas cited later.

390 “Diary of Sir John Moore,” i, 208, 221, 233, 243; ii, 18, 19.

391 “Diary of Sir John Moore,” 2 vols. Edited by General Maurice.

392 “F. O.,” Spain, 39, 40. Merry to Grenville, 20th and 25th December and 19th January, 10th February, 6th and 29th March.

393 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 214.

394 “F. O.,” Spain, 44. Bute to Grenville, 10th September and 21st October.

395 For the disgust of Pitt and Dundas, see “Dropmore P.,” iii, 390.

396 Malouet wrote to Pitt on 24th June 1798: “The wisdom of General Maitland’s measures, the perfect order in which he has conducted the operations have lessened the disasters attending it, and by means of a truce and convention agreed on with the Republican chiefs, not an inconsiderable number of inhabitants has been induced to remain on their plantations” (Pitt MSS., 146).

397 “F. O.,” Holland, 57.

398 “Cape Records,” i, 98.

399 “W. O.,” vi, 67.

400 “Cape Records,” i, 17, 22.

401 “Cape Records,” i, 23–6, 138–40; Cory, “Rise of South Africa,” i, ch. ii.

402 “W. O.,” i, 323. In “F. O.,” Holland, 57, is a memorial of Elphinstone and Craig to Grenville, stating why they had detained at the Cape the U. S. ship “Argonaut,” whose owners now prosecuted them for £100,000.

403 “South Africa a Century ago.” By Lady Anne Barnard.

404 “F. O.,” Prussia, 70. Pitt to Harrowby, 27th October 1805.

405 “Nelson Despatches,” ii, 5.

406 “Corresp. of Sir John Sinclair,” i, 141–3.

407 Puisaye, “Mems.,” ii, 594–603; Forneron, “Hist. des Emigrés,” ii, 13, 14.

408 Cornwallis, “Corresp.,” iii, 289.

409 “F. O.,” France, 44. Grenville to d’Harcourt, 19th June 1795.

410 On 19th January 1798 Pitt, Windham, and Canning agreed to give £9,082 and £9,400 for the discharge of debts due for services of the Royalists in France, incurred in England and France respectively, leaving a balance of £8,000 for future payment. The following sums were paid to the Duc d’Harcourt for the support of “Monsieur”: in 1796, £3,000; in 1797, £9,000; and after May 1798 at the rate of £500 per month (B.M. Add. MSS., 37844). I have not found the sums allowed to the Comte d’Artois.

411 “Diary of a Tour through Great Britain in 1795,” by W. MacRitchie (1897).

412 “Dropmore P.,” ii, 172.

413 In “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 27, are Dundas’s instructions to Moira, dated 20th November 1793, appointing him Major-General in an expedition to Guernsey, with Admiral MacBride, taking with him a Hessian corps as soon as it arrives. He is to seize St. Malo or any place near it suitable for helping the Royalists and harassing the enemy. If he deems success doubtful, he is to await reinforcements. The aim is to help the cause of Louis XVII and lead to a general pacification.

414 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 96–8.

415 Chevening MSS.

416 Pretyman MSS.

417 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” ii, 289.

418 “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 92.

419 Sorel, v, 41; “Wickham Corresp.,” i, 269–74, 343. Some mis-statements of Sorel may be noted here. On pp. 39, 40 of vol. v he states that Pitt was intent on acquiring Malta and Egypt (though he was then in doubt whether to retain Corsica): also that, after the insult to George III in London on 29th October 1795, Pitt proposed a loan of £18,000,000 and new taxes, which Parliament refused. The facts are that Pitt asked for that loan on 7th December 1796, and it was subscribed in twenty-two hours. On the same day Parliament voted the new taxes.

420 B.M. Add. MSS., 27808.

421 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 36.

422 “H. O.,” (Departmental), Secs. of State.

423 B.M. Add. MSS., 27808; “Hist. of the Two Acts,” 330 et seq.

424 Pitt MSS., 190; “W. O.,” 113.

425 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 36.

426 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxii, 235–42, 687–700, 1156; Tooke, “Hist. of Prices,” i, 185 et seq.; Porter, “Progress of the Nation,” 147, 452.

427 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 87, 243, 526–30; “Report of the American Hist. Assoc.” (1903), ii, 67–9, 354, 375, 440 et seq., 552–8; E. Channing, “United States,” 148–50; Cunningham, 512, 694.

428 “Mems. of Sir John Sinclair,” i, ch. iv; ii, ch. i.

429 “Mems. of Sir John Sinclair,” ii, 60–4, 104; Sinclair, “Address... on the Cultivation of Waste Lands (1795)”; “Observations on... a Bill for facilitating the Division of Commons.” He first urged this on Pitt on 10th January 1795 (Pitt MSS., 175).

430 Pitt MSS., 178.

431 “Corresp. of Sir John Sinclair,” i, 124.

432 Pitt MSS., 193. Sinclair raised two corps of Fencibles. The list of his works, pamphlets, etc., fills thirty-two pages at the end of his Memoirs.

433 “Mems. of Sir John Sinclair,” ii, 106–9.

434 “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

435 “Lord Colchester’s Diary,” i, 82.

436 “Mems. of Lady Hester Stanhope,” i, 177–81. Tomline asserted that a lady of the highest rank desired to marry Pitt. Various conjectures have been made on this topic. Lord Rosebery suggests that the Duchess of Gordon was hinted at.

437 “Auckland Journals,” iii, 356, 363, 369, 373–4.

438 Wordsworth, “Prelude,” bk. xiv.

439 Pretyman MSS. Quoted in full, with Pitt’s second letter and one of Auckland, by Lord Ashbourne (“Pitt,” 241–4).

440 Pellew, i, 183.

441 Ashbourne, 162, 179; G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 410, 429.

442 “Auckland Journals,” iii, 359. George III, who disliked Auckland, ordered the appointment of Chatham.

443 Ibid., iii, 387.

444 See Appendix for the sums borrowed, expended on the army and navy, and raised by the Permanent Taxes in 1792–1801.

445 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxii, 1297–1347; Pitt MSS., 102. Pitt to Boyd, 4th January 1796.

446 “Mems. of Sir John Sinclair,” ii, 276.

447 W. Newmarch, “Loans raised by Pitt (1793–1801),” pp. 16, 25–33.

448 On 2nd December 1796, Thomas Coutts, Pitt’s banker, wrote to him: “Mr. Dent, Mr. Hoare, Mr. Snow, Mr. Gosling, Mr. Drummond, and myself met today, and have each subscribed £50,000.... I shall leave town tomorrow, having staid solely to do any service in my power in forwarding this business, which I sincerely wish and hope may be the means of procuring peace on fair and honourable terms. P.S.—We have subscribed £10,000 in your name, and shall take care to make the payments” (Pitt MSS., 126). Mr. Abbot (“Lord Colchester’s Diary,” 76) states that fear of a compulsory contribution helped on the Loyalty Loan.

449 Pitt MSS., 272.

450 Ann. Reg. (1797), 130–42.

451 Sir J. Sinclair, “Hist. of the Public Revenue,” ii, 143.

452 Pitt MSS., 272; “Parl. Hist.,” xxxii, 1517; Gilbart, “History... of Banking” (ed. by E. Sykes), i, 46. On 25th February 1797 Pitt wrote a memorandum (Pitt MSS., 102), stating that the crisis was due to the too great circulation of paper notes by banks having limited resources. Their stoppage affected larger Houses and paralysed trade. He had wanted to meet the City men, who met on the 22nd to discuss the situation, but failed to agree on any remedy. Finally they agreed to meet at the Mansion House to discuss the issue of Exchequer Bills. Coutts, on 19th March 1797, informed Pitt that gambling in the Prince of Wales’ Debentures, which exceeded £432,000, ruined the market for ordinary securities (Pitt MSS., 126). Sinclair had vainly urged Pitt to compel bankers to find and exhibit securities for the paper notes which they issued (“Corresp. of Sir J. Sinclair,” i, 87).

453 H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, “Napoleon and the Invasion of England,” ch. ii, have proved this.

454 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxiii, 473–516; “Hist. of the Mutiny at Spithead and the Nore” (Lond. 1842), 61–2; “Dropmore P.,” iii, 323.

455 Pitt MSS., 102. Lord Mornington deemed the surrender to the seamen destructive of all discipline in the future (“Buckingham P.,” i, 373).

456 Holland, i, 84–91.

457 “H. O.,” Geo. III (Domestic), 137.

458 “Report of the Comm. of Secrecy” (1799), 23; App., v, vi.

459 From Mr. Broadley’s MSS.

460 Pitt MSS., 189. See, too, “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 217; Windham (“Diary,” 363) saw Williams on and after 13th May.

461 J. Corbett, “England in the Seven Years’ War,” i, 191.

462 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 259–368; “Dropmore P.,” iii, 239–42, 256, 287, 290.

463 Pitt MSS., 102. See Stanhope, iii, App., for the letters of the King and Pitt; “Dropmore P.,” iii, 310 et seq.; also C. Ballot, “Les Négociations de Lille,” for an excellent account of these overtures and the European situation.

464 See Pitt’s letter of 16th June to the King and new letters of Grenville in “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies”; “Windham’s Diary,” 368; C. Ballot, op. cit., ch. v and App.; Luckwaldt (vice Huffer) “Quellen,” pt ii, 153, 161, 176, 183.

465 On 1st August 1797 Wilberforce wrote to Pitt a letter (the last part of which is quoted in Chapter XX of my former volume) urging him, even if the negotiation failed, to declare on what terms he would resume it. In Mr. Broadley’s library is a letter of Lord Shelburne to Vergennes, dated 13th November 1782, which makes it clear that Pitt in 1782–3 was wholly against the surrender or the exchange of Gibraltar.

466 Ballot, op. cit., 302, who corrects Thiers, Sorel, and Sciout on several points.

467 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 377, 380–2; “Malmesbury Diaries,” iii, 590.

468 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxiii, 1076; “The Early Married Life of Lady Stanley,” 149.

469 Pitt MSS., 193. Mr. Abbott, afterwards Lord Colchester, differed from his patron, the Duke of Leeds, on this question. See “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 124–31.

470 B.M. Add. MSS., 34454.

471 “Parl. Hist.,” xxxiii, 1434–54, 1481; “Mems. of Sir John Sinclair,” i, 310, 311.

472 Addington’s description (Pellew, “Sidmouth,” i, 206) fixes the spot. Mr. A. Hawkes, in an article in the “Wimbledon Annual” for 1904, places it in front of the house called “Scio,” but it must be the deeper hollow towards Kingston Vale. Caricatures of the time wrongly place the duel on the high ground near the windmill. A wag chalked on Abershaw’s gibbet a figure of the two duellers, Tierney saying: “As well fire at the devil’s darning-needle.”

473 Pretyman MSS.; “Dropmore P.,” iv, 222.

474 The hero is probably Robert Adair, the Whig “envoy” to St. Petersburg in 1791,
“the youth whose daring soul
With half a mission sought the frozen pole.”
Pitt’s authorship of the lines quoted above is denied by Mr. Lloyd Sanders in his Introduction to the “Anti-Jacobin” (Methuen, 1904); but his arguments are not conclusive. Lines 370–80 of “New Morality” are also said to be by Pitt.

475 In “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies” I shall describe Pitt’s work in the national defence. See an excellent account of the popular literature of the time in “Napoleon and the Invasion of England,” by H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, i, ch. vii.

476 Pitt MSS., 108. See “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies,” for a fuller investigation of the Fitzwilliam affair in the light of new evidence.

477 Lecky, vii, 41–4.

478 “Dropmore P.,” iii, 35–8.

479 Pitt MSS., 331.

480 Quoted by Froude, “The English in Ireland,” iii, 158–61.

481 “Autobiography of Wolfe Tone,” ii, chs. iv-vi; Guillon, “La France et l’Irlande.”

482 “Mems. of Ld. E. Fitzgerald,” ch. xx.

483 Tone, “Autob.,” ii, 99.

484 “Report of the Comm. of Secrecy” (1799), 22, 25; W. J. Fitzpatrick, “Secret Service under Pitt,” ch. x; C. L. Falkiner, “Studies in Irish History,” ch. iv; “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 270–88.

485 “Lord Colchester’s Diary,” i, 103.

486 B.M. Add. MSS., 34454.

487 Pitt MSS., 326. Quoted with other extracts from Camden’s letters, in “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

488 Tone, “Autob.,” ii, 272.

489 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 165–8.

490 B.M. Add. MSS., 27808; “Report of the Comm. of Secrecy” (1799), App. x; “Nap. Corresp.,” iii, 486–92. For Place see ante, ch. vii.

491 W. J. Fitzpatrick, “Secret Service under Pitt,” ch. iii; “Report of the Comm. of Secrecy” (1799), App. xxvi. For Despard, the plotter of 1802, see “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 306, 326; ii, 4.

492 “Auckland Journals,” iv, 52. I have published the statements of O’Connor, etc., and the news sent by a British agent at Hamburg, in the “Eng. Hist. Rev.” for October 1910.

493 Pitt MSS., 324; B.M. Add. MSS., 27808; “Dropmore P.,” iv, 167. On 24th May 1798 Thelwall wrote to Thos. Hardy from Llyswen, near Brecknock, describing his rustic retreat, and requesting a new pair of farmer’s boots for “Stella.” He hopes that O’Connor has returned in triumph to his friends. Tierney’s vote in favour of suspending the Habeas Corpus Act does not surprise him, for he is vulgar and a sycophant. Hardy is too angry with Sheridan, whose chief offence is in going at all to the House of Commons. Sheridan surely does well in encouraging the people to resist an invasion. “I remain steady to my point—‘no nation can be free but by its own efforts.’ As for the French Directory and its faction, nothing appears to me to be further from their design than to leave one atom of liberty either to their own or to any nation. If, however, Mr. Sheridan supposes that all his talents can produce even a temporary unanimity while the present crew are in power, even for repelling the most inveterate enemy, he will find himself miserably mistaken. No such unanimity ever can exist: I am convinced, nay, the Ministers themselves seem determined, that it shall not. The only way to produce the unanimity desired is to stand aloof, and let these ruffians go blundering on till our most blessed and gracious sovereign shall see that either Pitt and Co. must bow down to the will of the people or his British crown bow down to five French shillings.... But what have we to do with Directories or politics? Peaceful shades of Llyswen! shelter me beneath your luxuriant foliage: lull me to forgetfulness, ye murmuring waters of the Wye. Let me be part farmer and fisherman. But no more politics—no more politics in this bad world!” (From Mr. A. M. Broadley’s MSS.)

494 Pretyman MSS. See, too, “Diary of Sir J. Moore,” i, ch. xi.

495 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 458–67; “Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox,” ii, 299–302; “Mems. of Lord E. Fitzgerald,” chs. 27–30.

496 B.M. Add. MSS., 34454.

497 “Dropmore P.,” iv, 230, 239.

498 B.M. Add. MSS., 34454. News received through Sir F. d’Ivernois.

499 Pretyman MSS. The King also stated that Pitt had “saved Ireland” by persuading Pelham to return and act as Chief Secretary. Pelham was a clever man, but often disabled by ill health.

500 J. Alexander, “... Rebellion in Wexford” (Dublin, 1800).

501 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” ii, 395–404. For the panic in Dublin see “Dropmore P.,” iv, 289 et seq. Cooke wrote to Castlereagh on 28th September that the Bishop of Killala and his family were saved from slaughter by a few French officers, “who execrate our savages more than they whom they have plundered.” He adds that though the United Irishmen began the plot the Catholics are turning it solely to their own interests (Pitt MSS., 327). See, too, H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, “The War in Wexford” (1910).

502 “F. O.,” Austria, 51; “Dropmore P.,” iv, 170. The French took nearly 33,000,000 francs from the Swiss cantonal treasuries.

503 Pitt MSS., 108.

504 “Dropmore P.,” iv, 166, 172; “F. O.,” Austria, 51. Grenville to Eden, 20th April.

505 The Earl of Crawford’s MSS.

506 “F. O.,” Russia, 40. Whitworth to Grenville, 6th August 1798.

507 See my Introduction to “The History of Malta, 1798–1815,” by the late W. Hardman.

508 “Dropmore P.,” iv, 344, 355.

509 See Rose, “Napoleonic Studies,” 54–8, for this despatch of 16th November 1798.

510 For a fuller account see “Camb. Mod. Hist.,” viii, ch. xxi, by the present writer.

511 “F. O.,” Russia, 42. Despatches of 2nd, 8th and 25th January 1799.

512 Huffer, “Quellen,” i, 23–9.

513 “Dropmore P.,” iv, 297, 338, 505; “F. O.,” Russia, 42.

514 “F. O.,” Russia, 42. Whitworth to Grenville, 29th March.

515 “F. O.,” Russia, 43. Grenville to Whitworth, 23rd June.

516 G. Caudrillier, “L’Association royaliste... et la Conspiration anglaise en France” (Paris, 1908); Wickham, “Corresp.,” ii, passim.

517 B.M. Add. MSS., 37844.

518 “Dropmore P.,” v, 400. I propose to examine this campaign in “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

519 “F. O.,” Russia, 43. Whitworth to Grenville, 23rd June 1799; “Dropmore P.,” v, 133, 259; Windham, “Diary,” 411. On 22nd July Windham urged Pitt to send a force to help the Bretons rather than to Holland. “If we succeed in France, Holland falls of course, but not vice versa” (Pitt MSS., 190).

520 Pretyman MSS.

521 That of Bruix, which after entering the Mediterranean, returned to Brest on 13th August along with the Spanish fleet.

522 The Earl of Crawford’s MSS.

523 Fortescue, iv, 662, 673–6; Bunbury, “Narrative of the War (1799–1810),” 50. Hermann wrote to the Emperor blaming the British for not supporting his advance (“Dropmore P.,” v, 425); but on 10th October Paul dismissed him from the Russian service (“F. O.,” Russia, 44).

524 “Dropmore P.,” v, 446.

525 See Rose, “Napoleon I,” 240–2.

526 Cicero, Seventh Philippic, ch. iii.

527 The father of the present Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. See his work, “Ten Great and Good Men,” 49.

528 Pretyman MSS.

529 Pretyman MSS.

530 Salomon, “Pitt,” 599. See, too, the similar letter of Richmond to his sister, Lady Conolly, in June 1795 (Lecky, vii, 134).

531 Pitt MSS., 328.

532 Ibid., 169.

533 Porritt, ii, ch. iii; Seeley, “Stein,” i, 267–82.

534 Pitt MSS., 326. For the text in full see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

535 B.M. Add. MSS., 34454.

536 See my article in the “Eng. Hist. Rev.” for October 1910.

537 B.M. Add. MSS., 34454.

538 B.M. Add. MSS., 34455.

539 Ibid.; “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 13.

540 Lecky, viii, 328 note.

541 “Dropmore P.,” iv, 344; “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 393.

542 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 424 et seq.; “Cornwallis Corresp.,” ii, 439–441; Brougham, “Statesmen of George III”; Lecky, viii, 311; Wilberforce (“Life,” iii, 178) calls Castlereagh “a cold-blooded creature.”

543 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” ii, 29; “Buckingham P.,” ii, 411, 412.

544 Pitt MSS., 325; “Cornwallis Corresp.,” ii, 441–3.

545 Pretyman MSS.

546 Pretyman MSS. “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 3; Macdonagh, “The Viceroy’s Post Bag,” 19.

547 “Beresford Corresp.,” ii, 189; “Cornwallis Corresp.,” ii, 436; “Castlereagh Corresp.,” i, 404.

548 For the plan and notes, see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

549 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” ii, 456, 457.

550 B.M. Add. MSS., 34455. William C. Plunket (1764–1854), born in co. Fermanagh, was called to the Irish Bar in 1787, and entered Parliament in 1798. He speedily made his mark, and in 1803 was State Prosecutor of Emmett. In Pitt’s second Administration (1804) he was Solicitor-General: he was created Baron Plunket in 1827 and was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1830–41. William Saurin sat in the Irish Parliament as a nominee of Lord Downshire (“Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 212).

551 “Strictures on a Pamphlet, etc.,” 5 (Dublin, 1798).

552 B.M. Add. MSS., 34455. The term “Contractor” used above is equivalent to “Undertaker,” i.e., one who undertook to get business through the Irish Parliament for certain rewards (Lecky, iv, 353).

553 Pretyman MSS.

554 Pretyman MSS.; also in Pitt MSS., 327.

555 Pretyman MSS.

556 “Mems. of Fox,” iii, 150; “Grattan Mems.,” iv, 435.

557 Virgil, “Aen.,” xii, 189–91. “As for me, I will neither bid the Italians obey the Trojans, nor do I seek a new sovereignty. Let both peoples, unsubdued, submit to an eternal compact with equal laws.” The correct reading is “Nec mihi regna peto,” which Pitt altered to “nova.”

558 Pitt MSS., 196, 320.

559 Pretyman MSS. See “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 125, 210, for Unionist sentiment in Cork.

560 Pitt MSS., 189.

561 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 52, 54; Hunt, “Pol. Hist. of England,” x, 447.

562 B.M. Add. MSS., 35455.

563 B.M. Add. MSS., 35455.

564 “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 227.

565 These were boroughs in which all holders of tenements where a pot could be boiled had votes. See Porritt, ii, 186, 350.

566 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iv, 8–10.

567 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 101, 102, 226; “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iii, 260; Plowden (ii, 550), without proof, denies the existence of Downshire’s fund.

568 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iii, 135, 226. On the proposed changes in the Catechism there is a long précis in the Pretyman MSS., being a summary of the correspondence of Lords Castlereagh and Hobart with Archbishop Troy and Bishop Moylan.

569 B.M. Add. MSS., 35455; “Dropmore P.,” vi, 121.

570 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iii, 263, 278.

571 M. Mac Donagh, “The Viceroy’s Post-Bag,” 43–53; “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 245, 251–6, 267, 318–21.

572 “Dropmore P.,” iv, 337.

573 “Dropmore P.,” v, 82; “Malmesbury Diaries,” ii, 507. Sir John Macpherson called Loughborough by far the cleverest man in the country (“Glenbervie Journals,” 54).

574 Campbell, viii, 172; G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 300.

575 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 21; “Auckland Journals,” iv, 114–25.

576 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iv 8–12.

577 Ibid., iii, 418; iv, 13, 17–20.

578 Pellew, i, ad fin. The original is in “H. O.,” Ireland (Corresp.), 99, together with nine others for or against Catholic Emancipation, some with notes by Castlereagh.

579 The first Imperial Parliament met on 22nd January; but time was taken up in swearing in members and choosing a Speaker. Addington was chosen. The King’s Speech was fixed for 2nd February.

580 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iv, 17–20; G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 303.

581 Ibid., iv, 81.

582 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 309; Pellew, i, 287. Addington afterwards destroyed those letters of the King to him which he considered unsuitable for publication.

583 Grenville agreed with Pitt’s letter to the King, but doubted the possibility of precluding discussion on the question, as it was already in the papers. He assured Pitt that he would act closely with him (Grenville to Pitt, 1st February 1801; Pretyman MSS.). Pitt afterwards declared that his resignation was largely due to the manner in which the King opposed him.

584 “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 224.

585 Pitt MSS., 122.

586 Pretyman MSS.

587 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iv, 8–12. Both Grenville and Windham declared in Parliament in May 1805 that hopes were held out to the Irish Catholics, and that their support of the Union was the result (Hansard, iv, 659, 1022).

588 “H. O.,” Ireland (Corresp.), 99.

589 Hansard, iv, 1015.

590 Pretyman MSS.

591 Pretyman MSS.

592 In “H. O.,” Ireland (Corresp.), 99, are long reports of the Irish Catholic bishops, dated November 1800, on the state of their dioceses. The bishops’ incomes did not average more than £300 a year. The Archbishops of Dublin and Tuam reckoned the total number of parish priests and curates at 1,800, of whom 1,400 were seculars and 400 regulars. The benefices numbered 1,200; each required the services of two priests. The destruction of the seminaries in France and the poverty of the Irish made it impossible to supply or support 2,400 clergy. Other papers follow for and against Catholic Emancipation. See also “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iii, ad fin.

593 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 3, 8, 9, 14.

594 “Dropmore P.,” vi, 445. Mulgrave, who knew Pitt well, was convinced of his sincerity in resigning. His letter of 9th February 1801 (quoted by R. Plumer Ward, “Memoirs,” i, 44) refutes the insinuations of Sorel (vi, 101) that Pitt resigned because he could not make peace with France.

595 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iii, 285.

596 “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 286.

597 Pretyman MSS.

598 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 313, 330; “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 244.

599 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 31, 32.

600 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 360; Stanhope, iii, 304, 305.

601 “Cornwallis Corresp.,” iii, 343–9.

602 Ibid., iii, 346; “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 243. The writer in the “Edinburgh Review” for 1858, who censured Pitt, failed to notice the entire change in the political situation brought about by the King’s acute malady.

603 Pretyman MSS.

604 Bagot, “Canning and his Friends,” i, 180.

605 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” iv, 14.

606 Wraxall, iii, 458. For Pitt’s earlier friendships see my former volume.

607 “Mems. of Lady Hester Stanhope,” iii, 187.

608 From Mr. Broadley’s MSS. Hayley’s efforts on behalf of Cowper have been described by Professor E. Dowden, “Essays: Modern and Elizabethan” (1910). Ultimately a pension of £300 a year was assigned to Cowper: the authorization, signed by the King and Pitt, and dated 23rd April 1794, is now in the Cowper Museum, Olney, Bucks, so the secretary, Mr. Thomas Wright (editor of Cowper’s Letters), kindly informs me.

609 “Rutland Papers,” iii, 229, 241 (Hist. MSS. Comm.). So, too, Tomline said that Pitt had no ear for music, and little taste for drawing or painting, though he was fond of architecture, and once drew from memory the plan of a mansion in Norfolk, with a view to improving it (Lord Rosebery, “Tomline’s Estimate of Pitt,” 34).

610 “Glenbervie Journals,” 195.

611 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 26; G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 4.

612 Pitt MSS., 189.

613 “Life of Wilberforce,” ii, 270.

614 The estimate of Pitt by Wellesley, summarized above, refutes the ungenerous remark of Lecky (v, 72) that he took little delight in books and “was a politician, and nothing more.” Lecky was perhaps misled by the ignorant libel on Pitt in Wraxall, iii, 223.

615 “Diary of D. Scully,” quoted by Dr. Hunt, “Transactions of Royal Hist. Soc.” (1908), p. 12.

616 Lord Rosebery, “Tomline’s Estimate of Pitt,” 33.

617 I.e., Mantua rejoices in Wurmser, Rovereda in Davidovitch, Verona is open to Quosdanovitch. “Woe is me,” says the greedy Gaul, Bonaparte, “I shall have to be off through the Alps and go to the dogs.”

618 Pitt MSS., 188.

619 Pitt MSS., 188. Hobart married Pitt’s early love, Eleanor Eden, and became Minister at War under Addington. For Mornington’s comments on his factious conduct at Madras, see “Dropmore P.,” iv, 384, 476; v, 268; vi, 338.

620 Stanhope, iii, 232; Rosebery, “Pitt,” 213–7.

621 Pitt MSS., 188.

622 Gabrielle Festing, “J. H. Frere and his Friends,” 31.

623 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 8; Pellew, i, ch. xi; G. Festing, “Hookham Frere,” 42–4; R. Bell, “Canning,” 176; H. W. V. Temperley, “Canning,” 62–3.

624 Stanhope, iii, 315; Festing, 47–51.

625 May, “Constit. Hist.,” i, 232–8; Lecky, v, 27.

626 Wraxall, ii, 286.

627 Stanhope, iii, 352; “Dropmore P.,” vii, 49–51. For new letters of Canning and Grenville, see “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

628 See Rose, “Life of Napoleon,” i, ch. xiv, for details.

629 B.M. Add. MSS., 37844.

630 “Private Papers of Wilberforce,” 110.

631 For the passing misunderstanding of February 1802, see Pellew, ii, 489–92, with Pitt’s letters.

632 B.M. Add. MSS., 37844.

633 Pellew, ii, 75, 76.

634 Pretyman MSS. Bullock paid the servants and supervised the accounts at Downing Street. Pitt was then staying with Addington near Reading.

635 Omitting shillings, the details for Downing Street and Holwood for July–December 1799 are respectively: Table, £344, £231; Cellar, £169, £126; Housekeeping, £531, £156; Private Account, £357, £—; Servants’ Wages, £251, £69; Servants’ Board Wages, £329, £80; Servants’ Bills, £353, £15; Liveries, £41, £—; Taxes, etc., £747, £77; Farm, £—, £784; Farm Labourers, £—, £379; Garden, £—, £125; Stable, £155, £—; Job Horses, £165, £—; Incidentals, £347, £340. (Pitt MSS., 201.)

636 Joseph Smith (no relative of “Bob Smith,” Lord Carrington) became Pitt’s private secretary in 1787. His letters, published along with “The Beaufort Papers” in 1897, throw no light on Pitt’s debts.

637 Ashbourne, 162. See, too, ch. xv of this work.

638 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 429; ii, 215.

639 Pitt MSS., 126. Coutts and five other bankers each subscribed £50,000 to the “Loyalty Loan” in 1797 and invested £10,000 on behalf of Pitt.

640 Stanhope, iv, 233, 252; Ashbourne, 351–4.

641 Pretyman MSS.

642 “Private Papers of Wilberforce,” 34; G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 508.

643 “Letters of Wilberforce,” i, 256.

644 Pretyman MSS.

645 Auckland, while ambassador at The Hague, was suspected of too great inquisitiveness as to the British despatches which passed through that place. On 20th July 1790, Aust, of the Foreign Office, wrote to Sir R. M. Keith at Vienna that Keith’s new cipher puzzles “our friends at the Hague,” and that Auckland’s curiosity is “insatiable” (B.M. Add. MSS., 35543). See, too, a note by Miss Rose in G. Rose “Diaries,” ii, 75.

646 Pretyman MSS.

647 Pellew, ii, 113. Lord Holland, writing early in 1803 to his uncle, General Fox, then at Malta, says that there are three parties in Parliament, besides many subdivisions, “Grenville and Windham against peace and nearly avowed enemies of the present Government; the old Opposition; and Addington [sic]. Pitt, as you know, supports Addington, but the degree of intimacy and the nature of his connection with Ministers are riddles to every one.” (From Mr. Broadley’s MSS.)

648 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 168; G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 6–9; Pellew, ii, 113.

649 Addington desired the retirement of St. Vincent. See “Dropmore P.,” vii, 121; Stanhope, iv, 21.

650 Pellew, ii, 114–6.

651 “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 415; Pellew, ii, 121–4.

652 Pretyman MSS.

653 G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 156; “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 416, 417; Pellew, ii, 119–28.

654 Hawkesbury’s remissness (so Vorontzoff told Rose) then lost an opportunity of gaining the friendly mediation of the Czar (G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 43, 157). Romilly (“Mems.,” i, 427) calls the Ministry a thing of no account in comparison with Pitt, and says it was universally despised.

655 Romilly Memoirs, i, 427.

656 Sichel, “Sheridan,” i, 440. Spencer Stanhope declared Pitt’s speech the finest he ever heard. His wife wrote to their son: “He (Pitt) spoke for two hours, but unless he can be prevailed upon to give it himself, as the shorthand-writers were excluded, the speech will be lost for ever. Your father thinks it will be made out by some of his friends and submitted to his inspection; therefore, tho’ we may lose much, we shall not lose the whole” (A. M. W. Stirling, “Annals of a Yorkshire House,” ii, 282).

657 “Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon,” by J. H. Rose and A. M. Broadley.

658 Lyon, “Hist. of Dover,” p. xxxiii.

659 Hansard, i, 1899–1902.

660 “Mems. of Lady Hester Stanhope,” i, 174.

661 Lady Hester’s second brother.

662 G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 70–2; Desbrière, “Projets de Débarquement,” iii, 98–105; Wheeler and Broadley, “Napoleon and the Invasion of England,” ii, ch. 14; Cornwallis (“Corresp.,” iii, 500) thought ill of our chances if the French landed, but he doubted if they could. (Ibid., iii, 503.)

663 Pitt MSS., 157.

664 “Dropmore P.,” vii, 193, 196.

665 Pretyman MSS. It is in answer to the one referred to in “Dropmore P.,” vii, 209.

666 “Dropmore P.,” vii, 211–14.

667 Pretyman MSS.

668 “Creevey Papers,” i, 25–7.

669 Pretyman MSS.

670 Stanhope, iv, 139–44.

671 Pretyman MSS.

672 From Mr. A. M. Broadley’s MSS.

673 Stanhope, iv, App. viii-ix.

674 G. Rose, “Diaries,” i, 4.

675 Stanhope, iv, 177.

676 Pitt thoroughly approved of Castlereagh taking the India Board under Addington in July 1802; in October he entered the Cabinet (“Private Papers of Wilberforce,” 131).

677 Wraxall (iii, 281) with his usual bias says that Pitt “affected” to desire the inclusion of Fox.

678 “Life of Wilberforce,” iii, 168, 182, 184, 211, 212.

679 Ibid., iii, 230–4; Pitt MSS., 189.

680 Pitt MSS., 102. Pitt to Whitworth, 28th May 1804; G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 136. See, too, Rose, “Despatches relating to the... Third Coalition,” 27.

681 Stanhope, iv, 199–201.

682 Czartoryski, “Memoirs,” ii, 35.

683 “Creevey Papers,” i, 28.

684 Pretyman MSS.

685 Rose, “Despatches relating to the... Third Coalition” (Royal Hist. Soc., 1904), 14–19; also Rose, “Napoleonic Studies,” 364–6, for the tentative Russian overture of November 1803.

686 Rose and Broadley, “Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon,” 260.

687 Fortescue, v, 204–13. Half of the fine went to the overseers of the parish, who were bound under penalties to provide a parochial substitute.

688 Fortescue, v, 239, 240.

689 “Creevey Papers,” i, 29.

690 Pitt MSS., 157.

691 Pretyman MSS. See “Ann. Reg.” (1805) for the failure at Boulogne on 3rd October 1804.

692 See Desbrière, “Projets... de Débarquement, etc.,” vol. v; J. Corbett, “The Campaign of Trafalgar,” chs. ii, iii, ix.

693 “Kentish Gazette,” 26th October 1804. Apparently Moore agreed to the scheme, despite his opinion quoted above. For information on this topic I am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel Fynmore of Sandgate. In the manœuvres of 1910 regiments were told off to extemporize means of crossing the canal in the quickest and most effective way.

694 “W. O.,” 76; “Diary of Sir J. Moore,” ii, 71–4.

695 Pretyman MSS.

696 Harrowby MSS.

697 Mahan, ii, ch. xv, ad fin.; “Ann. Reg.” (1804), 555; “Mems. of R. P. Ward,” i, ch. vii. For the subsequent plan of Ministers to attack Ferrol, from which Moore dissuaded them, see “Diary of Sir J. Moore,” ii, ch. xxi.

698 Harrowby MSS.

699 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 32, 53, 61, 65, 67, 71, 75.

700 Harrowby MSS.

701 Lefebvre, “Cabinets de l’Europe,” ii, 33.

702 Pretyman MSS.

703 Stanhope, iv, 244–8.

704 See the letter in “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies.”

705 “H. O.” Ireland (Corresp.), 99.

706 “Mems. of Fox,” iv, 45, 68, 72, 75.

707 See an interesting account by Dr. Hunt, “Transactions of the Royal Hist. Soc.” (1908), pp. 7–16.

708 Hansard, iv, 1013–22, 1060.

709 Hansard, iv, 255–325; “Life of Wilberforce,” iii, 219–23; “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 338, 347; “Lord Colchester’s Diaries,” i, 544–9.

710 Chevening MSS.

711 “Trial of Lord Melville” (1806), 256–9, 370, 378.

712 “Creevey Papers,” i, 34.

713 “Barham Papers” (Navy Records Society), iii; Corbett, “Trafalgar Campaign,” 70–2; Stanhope, iv, 287; Pellew, ii 356–64.

714 Czartoryski, “Mems.,” ii, ch. vii.

715 “F. O.,” Prussia, 70; Rose, “Napoleonic Studies,” 54–8; Rose, “Napoleon,” ii, 54.

716 Garden, “Traités,” viii, 317–23; Alison, App. to ch. xxxix.

717 Toreno (“War of Independence in Spain,” vol. i, ad fin.) had the story from Alava, who connected it with the arrival of the news of Ulm, on 2nd November. Pitt said: “All is not lost if I can succeed in raising up a national war in Europe, and this must have its commencement in Spain.” But Malmesbury (“Diaries,” iv, 340), who was present, does not name the incident, and states that Pitt disbelieved the news (see ch. xxiv).

718 Pretyman MSS.

719 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 25, 32, 44, 61, 66, 73, 76, 87, 97, etc.; Mr. Julian Corbett, “The Trafalgar Campaign,” chs. i, ii. For a critique on Pitt’s Mediterranean plans, see Bunbury’s “Great War with France,” 183–95.

720 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 127–30.

721 Czartoryski, “Mems.,” ii, 74–6.

722 Czartoryski, “Mems.,” ii, 78; Rose, “Third Coalition,” 155–64.

723 Ibid., 232; Ulmann, “Russisch-preussische Politik”; Hansing, “Hardenberg und die dritte Coalition.”

724 “Paget Papers,” ii, 186; Sir G. Jackson, “Diaries,” i, 304, 458–60; Rose, “Third Coalition,” 180.

725 “Lettres inédites de Napoléon,” i, 50.

726 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 279–82. On 9th August Austria allied herself to Russia.

727 For a time her action was unknown at London; and Pitt and Mulgrave outlined a plan of campaign turning largely on the liberation of South and Central Italy. See Mr. Corbett, “Trafalgar Campaign,” App. B.

728 G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 198–200.

729 Pretyman MSS.

730 “Lady Hester Stanhope’s Mems.,” ii, 63.

731 Chevening MSS. See, too, G. Rose, “Diaries,” ii, 235, as to Pitt’s reliance on “cordial medicines.”

732 By Mr. Julian Corbett, “The Campaign of Trafalgar.” Mr. Corbett has kindly helped me to fix the probable date of Castlereagh’s letter.

733 Pitt MSS., 121. In Pitt MSS., 111, is a hasty and undated note of Pitt to Middleton (probably of February 1805) asking him to consider “whether it might not be expedient to direct Sir John Warren to proceed to Cape de Verde, and if he there found that Sir James Duckworth was gone to the West Indies, but not upon certain information of the enemy having preceded him, that Sir J. Warren should be ordered on to the Cape, unless he received intelligence that the enemy had taken another course.” He adds that this suggestion arises out of the news received from the Cape, where French troops were expected. In that case the operations would be protracted. Pitt hoped that Warren would be back in five months, that is by 1st June, before which time the French preparations for the invasion of England would not be far advanced. Evidently, then, Pitt sought Middleton’s advice direct on the complex problem of defending England and guarding the overland and the sea routes to India at the same time. On this see Corbett, “Trafalgar Campaign,” 236–8.

734 Wellington in 1834 told Croker that they met in the anteroom of the Secretary of State, Castlereagh (Croker, “Diaries,” ii, 234).

735 G. Jackson (“Diaries,” i, 270) gives a supposed instance of her interference in favour of Haugwitz.

736 Ibid., i, 301, 305, 314–9.

737 Metternich, “Mems.,” i, 57 (Eng. ed.); Hardenberg, “Mems.,” ii, 220–4.

738 Hardenberg, “Mems.,” ii, 292–300.

739 “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 340.

740 Pretyman MSS.; “Life of Wilberforce,” iii, 412.

741 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 208–20. In “F. O.,” Russia, 59, is a ciphered despatch of 25th October 1805 that, if circumstances favoured, a second British expedition (i.e., besides that destined for Hanover) would be made ready to seize Walcheren.

742 Pitt MSS., 142.

743 See Hansing, “Hardenberg und die dritte Coalition” (Appendix), for a comparison of these terms with those of the Anglo-Russian treaty of 11th April 1805.

744 Czartoryski, “Mems.,” ii, ch. ix. The editor wrongly gives the date of Vorontzoff’s letter as 17/29 September 1805, though it contains references to Ulm and Trafalgar. It is of 18th–21st November. “F. O.,” Prussia, 70. Mulgrave to Harrowby, 23rd November.

745 I.e., the Prussian mediation by Napoleon.

746 Harrowby MSS.

747 See “Pitt and Napoleon Miscellanies” for the letter in full.

748 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 230–5.

749 The French held the fortress of Hameln.

750 Rose, “Third Coalition,” 259.

751 Ibid., 260, 261.

752 Pitt MSS., 142.

753 Pretyman MSS.

754 G. Jackson, “Diaries,” i, 377, 381, 384. Harrowby left Berlin on 7th or 8th January 1806 (ibid., 390).

755 Harrowby MSS.

756 G. Jackson, “Diaries,” i, 381.

757 Peach, “Historic Houses of Bath.” The “Bath Herald” of 11th January 1806 has an ode containing the lines:
Oh prepare, prepare
The renovating draught! He comes by stealth
(For so unconscious worth is ever seen)
With thoughts uplifted but retiring mien.

758 Ruville, “Chatham,” iii, 246.

759 Chevening MSS.

760 Thomas Hardy (“The Dynasts,” i, Act vi, sc. 7) places the incident in the week after Austerlitz. The date is impossible.

761 Stanhope, iv, 369.

762 Pitt MSS., 337.

763 Ibid., 121. See, too, in his letter of 23rd December (“Castlereagh Corresp.,” vi, 92).

764 J. Bagot, “Canning and his Friends,” i, 227. The statement about the gout corrects Malmesbury (“Diaries,” iv, 343) that the attack of gout left Pitt far weaker and with digestion impaired. Malmesbury was not at Bath. Frere’s father had lately died.

765 Bagot, “Canning, etc.,” 415–9; H. Newbolt, “Year of Trafalgar,” 190–3.

766 Pitt MSS., 121.

767 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” vi, 70–85.

768 Pitt MSS., 121.

769 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” vi, 100; “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 344.

770 Gifford, “Life of Pitt,” vi, 802; Lord Rosebery, “Tomline’s Estimate of Pitt” (1903), p. 16.

771 Pitt MSS., 142.

772 In the “Hardenberg Memoirs” (ii, 353) it is stated that Harrowby offered Holland to Prussia. Every despatch that I have read runs counter to this assertion. If Harrowby made the offer, it was in sheer desperation and on his own authority; but he nowhere mentions it.

773 Chevening MSS.; “Notes and Queries,” 12th November 1864. Mr. John Upham of Bath on 10th March 1806 sent these particulars to Lord Chatham. Gifford (“Life of Pitt,” vi, 803) wrongly states that the journey took four days.

774 The house has been very little altered since 1806, and not at all on the side shown in the accompanying sketch, which, by kind permission of Mr. and Mrs. Doulton, was done by my daughter. The room over the veranda is that in which Pitt died.

775 Pretyman MSS.

776 Stanhope, iv, 374.

777 Pretyman MSS.

778 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” vi, 103–112, 119.

779 Stanhope, iv, 375; “Malmesbury Diaries,” iv, 346; “Dropmore P.,” vii, 327

780 “F. O.,” Austria, 77. Mulgrave to Harrington, 10th January 1806.

781 “Castlereagh Corresp.,” vi, 126.

782 R. P. Ward, “Memoirs,” i, 176.

783 Pretyman MSS.

784 Lord Rosebery, “Tomline’s Estimate of Pitt,” 18; “Dropmore P.,” vii, 330.

785 Stanhope, iv, 381.

786 “Life of Wilberforce,” v, 260; “Private Papers of Wilberforce,” 68.

787 Marquis Wellesley, “Quarterly Rev.” (1836).

788 Michelet, “La Femme,” Introd., ch. ii, quoted by Stanhope, iv, 405.

789 “Private Papers of Wilberforce,” 67–72.

790 Lord Acton, “Letters to Mary Gladstone,” 45, 46, 56.