Chapter VII Caxton’s Death
The exact date of Caxton’s death has never been settled, but from the position of the entry in the parish accounts relating to his burial, it would appear to have taken place towards the end of the year 1491. All the early writers fixed on 1493 as the date, no doubt because his name appears in the colophon of the edition of the Golden Legend printed in that year.
His will, could this be recovered, would doubtless throw light on this and many another obscure point, but the hope of finding it grows daily less and less. The ordinary repositories have been searched in vain; though it was still considered possible that it might be found amongst the large collection of documents preserved in Westminster Abbey. Mr. Scott, of the British Museum, who is at present engaged in calendaring these documents, and to whom I wrote on the subject, replied: “I believe it to be quite impossible that Caxton’s will can be in the Muniment Rooms at the Abbey, because all the wills are together in one bundle, arranged chronologically, and also I have calendared, so far as I can see, all papers and deeds relating to Westminster.” There is just the possibility that at some period the will, having been recognized as of supreme interest, has been removed to some place of greater security and its whereabouts forgotten.
In a copy of the Fructus Temporum printed by Julyan Notary in 1515, which belonged at one time to a Mr. Ballard of Cambden, in Gloucestershire, a friend of Joseph Ames, the bibliographer, there was written in a very old hand the following epitaph on Caxton:
“Of your charitee pray for the soul of Mayster Wyllyam Caxton, that in hys time was a man of moche ornate and moche renommed wysdome and connyng, and decessed ful crystenly the yere of our Lord M.CCCC.Lxxxxj.
“Moder of Merci shyld him from thorribul fynd
And bryng hym to lyff eternall that neuyr hath ynd.”
There seems great probability that this is a genuine copy of a genuine inscription, for had it been a forgery of the time when it is first mentioned, early in the eighteenth century, the forger would have given the date as 1493, which was then supposed to be the date of Caxton’s death, rather than 1491, the genuine date.
Two years later we find in the colophon to Gerard Leeu’s reprint of Caxton’s Chronicles the same epithets applied to him by his workmen (by one of whom he had been killed during the progress of the work) as are applied to Caxton, “a man of grete wysedom in all maner of kunnying.”
Of Caxton’s domestic affairs we know hardly anything. A lucky discovery made by Mr. Gairdner in the Public Record Office proves that he was a married man. This is a copy of a document produced in a lawsuit relating to a separation between Gerard Croppe, a tailor of Westminster, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Caxton, and dated the 11th of May, 1496. Each was bound over, under penalty of one hundred pounds, not to vex, sue, or trouble the other about any matters relating to their marriage, and to live for the future apart, unless the said Gerard could recover the love and favour of the said Elizabeth. This having been agreed to, Gerard was to receive out of the bequest of William Caxton twenty printed Legends at thirteen shillings and four pence a Legend, giving a general quittance to the executors of William Caxton.
Could the record of the original trial be recovered, the evidence of the various witnesses would no doubt afford much information.
In the churchwarden’s accounts of St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster, there occurs an entry in the year 1490.
“Item atte Bureyng of Mawde Caxston for torches and tapres iijs. ijd.”
This has been supposed to refer to Caxton’s wife, but beyond the similarity of names there is no evidence to support the conjecture. In the same way, too, the entry of a William Caxton’s burial in 1479 in the parish records of St. Margaret’s has caused several to conjecture that this may have been the printer’s father.
It appears almost certain that Caxton left no son, for all his printing material passed into the hands of Wynkyn de Worde, who had for some time been his assistant.
Wynkyn de Worde, who took out letters of denization in April, 1496, is described as a printer, and a native of the Duchy of Lorraine. Many writers have mistakenly derived his name from the town of Woerden in Holland, whereas he really came from the town of Worth in Alsace, and sometimes uses the name Worth in place of Worde. The suggestion, too, that he came with Caxton from Bruges would appear improbable, for as that event took place in 1476, and De Worde did not die until 1535, he would have been too young to be an assistant.
Amongst the documents, however, in Westminster Abbey is one dated 1480, relating to the giving up of a tenement by Elizabeth, wife of Wynand van Worden. If this really refers to the printer, it is clear that he must have married an Englishwoman, who would be able to hold property, which the husband, as an alien, could not. It makes it also appear probable that he was an assistant of Caxton when he established himself as an English printer in 1476, but De Worde must at that time have been a fairly young man.
Several other printers have been quoted as apprentices of Caxton by different writers, but without any authority. Blades mentions Pynson, and even goes so far as to say that he used Caxton’s device, a mistake which may be traced to an imperfect copy of Pynson’s Speculum Vitae Christi in the British Museum, formerly in the Offor Library, which has a leaf with Caxton’s device inserted at the end.
Although Caxton makes frequent mention of the homeliness and rudeness of his language, yet it is clear that these expressions must not be taken quite literally. He was born in the Weald of Kent, where the peasants no doubt spoke a very marked dialect, but his own English shows no signs of this. His family was not of the peasant class, and he had received a good education, though where he does not say. Living as an apprentice in the house of one of the richest and most important London merchants, and in the company of his fellow-apprentices, he would soon lose any provincialisms he might possess. His position as head of the English merchants abroad, and his confidential position at the court of the Duchess of Burgundy, could hardly have been reached by one who spoke rude and provincial language. His statements must be taken rather as expressions of the mock humility which it was the fashion of the time to insert in prefaces, especially when they were addressed to people in high rank.
In the same way we must hardly take as literal his expressions as to his own want of education and learning. French and Dutch he knew fluently, and we know from his own words in the Golden Legend that he could read Latin, for he made use of both a French and a Latin version in making his translation. He seems, indeed, to have been a really well-educated man of the middle classes, at a time when learning was difficult to obtain, and was generally confined to the professions and the members of the Universities.
His work as a printer and a translator is the best evidence as to what manner of man he was. It shows clearly that he did not look upon the printing-press merely as a means of making money, or his publications would have been of a very different character. His mind seems to have grasped the great possibilities of his art, though he could not have foreseen the immensity of the power it was destined to become. He laboured steadily to give to the English-speaking public the literature of their country, and where a suitable book was not to be found in the vernacular, he set to work and translated it. Death found him at his work. “Thus endyth,” writes his successor in the colophon of Jerome’s Vitas Patrum, “the moost vertuouse hystorye of the devoute and right renommed lyves of holy faders lyvynge in deserte, worthy of remembraunce to all well dysposed persones, whiche hath be translated out of Frensshe in to Englysshe by Wyllyam Caxton of Westmynstre late deed, and fynysshed it at the laste daye of his lyff.”
Appendix. — List of Caxton’s Books, With Collations
[When the signatures are within brackets it denotes that the book has no printed signatures.]
| BOOKS PRINTED AT BRUGES. | |
|---|---|
| Cessolis (I. de). The game and play of the chess [a-h8, i10]; 74 leaves. Leaves 1, 74 blank. | fol. [1475] |
| Cordiale. Les quartre derrenieres choses [a-d8, e10, f-i8]; 74 leaves. Leaves 1, 74 blank. | fol. [1476] |
| Le Fevre. The Recuyell of the histories of Troye [a-o10, p8; A-I10, K8, L6; aa-kk10]; 352 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1475] |
| BOOKS PRINTED AT WESTMINSTER. | |
| Aesop. Fables a-s8; 144 leaves. Leaves 143, 144 blank. | fol. 1484 |
| Ars moriendi A8; 8 leaves. | 4to [1491] |
| Art and craft to know well to die A8, B4, B32; 14 leaves. Leaf 14 blank. | fol. 1490 |
| Blanchardyn and Eglantine [6] A-M8... Full collation unknown. | fol. [1489] |
| Boethius de consolatione philosophiae [a-l8, m6]; 94 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1478] |
| Bonaventura. Speculum vitae Christi a-s8, t4; 148 leaves. Leaves 1, 148 blank. | fol. [1486] |
| Bonaventura. Speculum vitae Christi. Ed. 2 a-s8, t4; 148 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1490] |
| Book of Courtesy [a8, b6]; 14 leaves. Leaf 14 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Book of divers ghostly matters A-M8; 96 leaves (1-96) Seven points. A-D8; 32 leaves (97-128) Twelve profits. aa, bb8, cc4; 20 leaves (129-148) Rule of St. Benet. | 4to [1491] |
| Cato. Cato, parvus et magnus [a-c8, d10]; 34 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Cato. Cato, parvus et magnus. [Ed. 2] [a-c8, d10]; 34 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Cato. Cato, parvus et magnus. [Ed. 3] a-c8, d4; 28 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1481] |
| Cato. Cathon. [6] a-h8, i10; 80 leaves. Leaves 1, 6, 7, 80 blank. | fol. [1483] |
| Caxton. Advertisement of Sarum Pica Single sheet. | [1477] |
| Cessolis (I. de). Game of chess a-i8, k, l6; 84 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1483] |
| Charles the Great, Life a-m8; 96 leaves. Leaves 1, 96 blank. | fol. 1485 |
| Chartier (Alain). The Curial i, ii, iii6; 6 leaves. | fol. [1484] |
| Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Book of Fame a-c8, d6; 30 leaves. Leaves 1, 30 blank. | fol. [1483] |
| Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Canterbury Tales [a-z, A-I8, K10, L-Q8, R6, S-Z8, aa6]; 374 leaves. Leaves 1, 266, 374 blank. | fol. [1478] |
| Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Canterbury Tales. [Ed. 2] a-t8, v6, aa-hh8, ii6, A-K8, L4; 312 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1484] |
| Chaucer (Geoffrey). Queen Anelida and the false Arcyte [a10]; 10 leaves. | 4to [1477] |
| Chaucer (Geoffrey). The temple of brass [a-c8... ]. End not known. | 4to [1477] |
| Chaucer (Geoffrey). Troilus and Creside a-g8, h10, L-O8, p6; 120 leaves. Leaves 1, 119, 120 blank. | fol. [1483] |
| Christine of Pisan. Moral proverbs [A4]; 4 leaves. | fol. 1478 |
| Christine of Pisan. Fayts of arms and chivalry [2] A-R8, S6; 144 leaves. Leaf 144 blank. | fol. 1489 |
| Chronicles of England [8] a-x8, y6; 182 leaves. Leaves 1, 9 blank. | fol. 1480 |
| Chronicles of England. Ed. 2 [8] a-x8, y6; 182 leaves. Leaves 1, 9 blank. | fol. 1482 |
| Cicero (M. T.). Of old age and friendship 1, a6, b-h8, i4; 72 leaves (1-72) Old Age. a-f8; 48 leaves (73-120) Friendship. Leaves 1, 12, 72 blank. | fol. 1481 |
| Commemoratio lamentationis del. B. V. Mariae a-c8, d10; 34 leaves. | 4to [1487] |
| Cordyale [a-i8, k6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 78 blank. | fol. 1479 |
| Death-bed prayers Single leaf. | fol. [1483] |
| Description of Britain [a-c8, d6]; 30 leaves. Leaf 30 blank. | fol. 1480 |
| Dictes or sayings [a-i8, k6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 77, 78 blank. | fol. 1477 |
| Dictes or sayings. [Variant copy with colophon.] [a-i8, k6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 77, 78 blank. | fol. 1477 |
| Dictes or sayings. Ed. 2 [a-i8, k6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 77, 78 blank. | fol. [1479] |
| Dictes or sayings. Ed. 3 [2] A-G8, H-I6; 70 leaves. Leaf 70 blank. | fol. [1489] |
| Doctrinal of Sapience A-I8, K, L10; 92 leaves. [The Windsor copy has four extra leaves at end, the last blank.] | fol. 1489 |
| Donatus (Ae). Donatus melior Collation not known. | fol. [1487] |
| Festum transfigurationis Jesu Christi a6, b4; 10 leaves. | 4to [1491] |
| Festum visitationis beate Mariae virginis Collation not known. | 4to [1480] |
| Fifteen Oes a, b8, c6; 22 leaves. | 4to [1491] |
| Four sons of Aymon Collation not known. | fol. [1489] |
| Godfrey of Bologne a6, b4, 1-168, 176; 144 leaves. Leaves 1, 11 blank. | fol. 1481 |
| Governal of Helthe A, B8, [2]; 18 leaves. | 4to [1489] |
| Gower (John). Confessio amantis [8], 1, b-z, &, A, B8, C6; 222 leaves. Leaves 1, 8, 9, 222 blank. | fol. 1483 |
| Higden (Ranulph). Polycronicon a, b8, c4, 1-288, 28*2, 29-488, 494, 50, 52-558; 450 leaves. Leaves 1, 21, 25, 246, 450 blank. | fol. 1482 |
| Horae ad usum Sarum Collation not known. | 8^o [1478] |
| Horae ad usum Sarum Collation not known. | 4to [1480] |
| Horae ad usum Sarum Collation not known. | 8^o [1490] |
| Horae ad usum Sarum Collation not known. | 8^o [1490] |
| Image of Pity Single sheet. | fol. [1487] |
| Image of Pity Single sheet. | 4to [1490] |
| Indulgence of John Kendale. Singular issue, no year of pontificate Single sheet. | 1480 |
| Indulgence of John Kendale. Plural issue, with year of pontificate Single sheet. | 1480 |
| Indulgence of I. de Gigliis. Singular issue, with year of pontificate Single sheet. | 1481 |
| Indulgence of I. de Gigliis. Plural issue, with year of pontificate Single sheet. | 1481 |
| Indulgence of I. de Gigliis Single sheet. | 1489 |
| Indulgence of I. de Gigliis Single sheet. | 1489 |
| Infancia Salvatoris [a8, b10]; 18 leaves. | 4to [1477] |
| Landry (De la Tour). The knight of the tower [4] a-m8, n6; 106 leaves. Leaves 105, 106 blank. | fol. 1484 |
| Lefevre (Raoul). The history of Jason [a-s8, t6]; 150 leaves. Leaves 1, 150 blank. | fol. [1477] |
| Legrand (I.). The book of good manners a-g8, h10; 66 leaves. | fol. 1487 |
| Lidgate (John). The churl and the bird [a10]; 10 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Lidgate (John). The churl and the bird. Ed. 2 [a10]; 10 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Lidgate (John). Curia sapientiae a-e8; 40 leaves. Leaves 1, 39, 40 blank. | fol. [1480] |
| Lidgate (John). The horse, the sheep and the goose [a8, b10]; 18 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Lidgate (John). The horse, the sheep and the goose. Ed. 2 [a8, b10]; 18 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Lidgate (John). The life of our lady [2] a-l8, m6; 96 leaves. Leaf 96 blank. | fol. [1484] |
| Lidgate (John). The life of our lady. Ed. 2 Collation not known. | fol. [1484] |
| Lidgate (John). The pilgrimage of the soul [4] a-n8, o6; 114 leaves. Leaves 1, 5, 113, 114 blank. | fol. 1483 |
| Lidgate (John). Stans puer ad mensam [a4]; 4 leaves. | 4to [1477] |
| Lidgate (John). The temple of glass [a-c8, d10]; 34 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1477] |
| Malory (Sir T.). Morte d’Arthur 18, 510, a-z, &, A-Z, aa-dd8, ee6; 432 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. 1485 |
| Maydeston (C.). Directorium sacerdotum [6] a-q8, r10, s, t8; 160 leaves. | fol. [1487] |
| Maydeston (C.). Directorium sacerdotum a8, a-y8, z10; 194 leaves. | fol. [1489] |
| Mirk (John). Liber festivalis a-n8, o, p6; 116 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. 1483 |
| Mirk (John). Liber festivalis a-p8, q2, R8, s6; 136 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1491] |
| Order of chivalry a-f8, g4; 52 leaves. Leaves 1, 52 blank. | 4to [1484] |
| Ordinale secundum usum Sarum Collation not known. | 4to [1477] |
| Paris and Vienne a-c8, d, e6; 36 leaves. Leaf 36 blank. | fol. 1485 |
| Psalterium a-x (+7* incipiunt), y8; 177 leaves. Leaves 1, 177 blank. | 4to [1480] |
| Quattuor sermones a-c8, d6; 30 leaves. | fol. [1483] |
| Quattuor sermones A-C8, D^10; 34 leaves. | fol. [1491] |
| Reynard the Fox a-h (+8* your children), i8, k, l6; 85 leaves. Leaves 1, 85 blank. | fol. 1481 |
| Reynard the Fox. Ed. 2 [2] a-h8, i6; 72 leaves. | fol. [1489] |
| Royal book a-t8, u10; 162 leaves. Leaves 1, 162 blank. | fol. [1488] |
| Russell (John). Propositio [a4]; 4 leaves. | 4to [1478] |
| Saona (L. G. de). Nova rhetorica [a6, b2, c-n10, o6]; 124 leaves. | fol. [1479] |
| Sixtus IV. Sex epistolae a-c8; 24 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | 4to [1483] |
| Statutes of Henry VII. An. 1, 3, 4 a-d8, e10; 42 leaves. Leaves 1, 42 blank. | fol. [1489] |
| Vincentius. The mirror of the world a-m8, n4; 100 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1481] |
| Vincentius. The mirror of the world. Ed. 2 a-l8; 88 leaves. | fol. [1490] |
| Virgilius. Eneydos A4, A32, B-L8; 86 leaves. Leaves 6, 86 blank. | fol. 1490 |
| Vocabulary in French and English [a, b8, c10]; 26 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1480] |
| Voragine (I. de). The golden legend AA6, a-z, &8, 26, A-V8, X6, Y2 (+2*)^3, aa-ff8, gg6, hh, ii8, kk6; 449 leaves. Leaves 1, 449 blank. | fol. 1483 |
| Voragine (I. de). The golden legend AA6, a-z, &8, ρ6, A-X8, aa-ff8, gg6, hh, ii8, kk6; 448 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1488] |
| Winifred, Life a, b8; 16 leaves. Leaf 1 blank. | fol. [1485] |
| BOOKS PRINTED FOR CAXTON. | |
| Legenda secundum usum Sarum Collation not known. | [Maynyal, Paris, fol. 1487] |
| Missale secundum usum Sarum [10] a10, b-z, &, ρ, A-F8, G6; 266 leaves. Leaves 1, 11 blank (?). | Maynyal, Paris, fol. 1487 |
| BOOKS PRINTED BY W. DE WORDE WITH CAXTON’S TYPES. | |
| Book of Courtesy Collation not known. | 4to [1492] |
| Chastising of God’s children [2] A-G6, H^4; 48 leaves. | fol. [1492] |
| Treatise of Love A-H6; 48 leaves. | fol. [1493] |
| Vineis (R. de). Life of St. Katherine of Senis a8, b-p6, q4; 96 leaves. | fol. [1493] |
| Voragine (I. de). The golden legend [4] a-e8, F2, f-z, &, ρ8, [=e]4, A-Y, aa-ee8, ff6, gg4; 436 leaves. | fol. 1493 |
A, Only ornamental initial used by Caxton, pl. XIII., 62
Aberdeen Breviary, 35
Advertisement, Caxton’s, pl. V., 42, 43, 91
Aesop. Fables. See Fables of Aesop.
Alost, Printing at, 26
Ames, Joseph, Error in Typographical antiquities, 45
Anelida and Arcyte. See Queen Anelida, etc.
Angelus de Aretio. Lectura super institutiones,printed by Veldener at Louvain, 27
Appendix, 91-98
Archer, Thomas, 67
Ars moriendi, printed by Caxton, 77, 78, pl. XX.
Collation, 91
Art and Craft to know well to die, translated and printed by Caxton, 76, 77
Collation, 91
Arundel, William Fitzalan, Earl of, 63, 84
Ashburnham sale, 1897, 37
Ballard of Camden, 86
Bamburgh castle, 49
Bartholomaeus Anglicus. Bartholomaeus de proprietatibus rerum, 22, 23, pl. I.
Bayntun, William, of Gray’s Inn, 66
Bedford Literary Institute, 67
Bernard sale, 1698, 64
Bibliothèque Nationale, Manuscript of L’Ordre de Chevallerie, 62
Bindings. See forward, Bookbindings.
Blades, William. Arguments concerning Caxton at Cologne, 22-26 Arrangement of Caxton’s books by types, 73, 74 Boethius at St. Alban’s, 37, 38 Book-worms, 57 Dibdin censured, 37 Errors with regard to: Ars Moriendi, 78
Confessio Amantis, 59
Dictes, 39
Eneydos (Spencer’s copy), 77
Indulgence, 1489, 73
Infancia Salvatoris, 44
Mirrour, 76
Number of books printed by Caxton, 79
Perfect copies, 28
Propositio Johannis Russell, 43, 44
Pynson as apprentice, 89
Treatise of Love, 81
W. de Worde, 82
Blanchardyn and Eglantine, printed by Caxton, 74, 75, 91
Blandford, Lord, Copy of Propositio, 44
Boccaccio, Work printed by C. Mansion, 1476, 25
Boethius de consolatione philosophiae, tr. by Chaucer, printed by Caxton, 37, 38, 91, pl. III.
Boke of Eneydos. See Eneydos.
Bolomyer, Henry, Canon of Lausanne, 65
Bonaccursus de Montemagno. De nobilitate. See De nobilitate.
Bonaventura, St. Speculum Vitae Christi. See Speculum, etc.
Book of Courtesy, printed by Caxton, 41, 92
By W. de Worde, 81, 98
Book of divers ghostly matters, printed by Caxton, 79, 92
Book of Fame (Chaucer, G.). See Hous of Fame.
Book of Good Manners, tr. and printed by Caxton, 68
Book of Hours of Salisbury use. See Horae ad usum Sarum.
Bookbindings, 38, 44, 68, 75
Caxton’s method, 84, 85, frontispiece
Booke which the Knight of the Toure made (La Tour-Landry, G.), translated and printed by Caxton, 60, 95
Book-worms, Ravages of, 57
Bourbon, Louis, Duke of, 52
Brabant, Caxton in, 17
Bradshaw, Henry, Conjecture as to “pyes” in Caxton’s advertisement, 43 Discovery of: Ars moriendi, 77-78
Indulgence of J. de Gigliis, 73
Margarita Eloquentiae, 45
Breviary of the Church of Salisbury, issued at Cologne, 31
Breviary, Commemoratio and Servitium, intended for, 78
British Museum. Copies of: Canterbury Tales, 37, ed. 2, pl. X.
Charles the Great, 65
Directorium, 66
Fables of Aesop, 61
Fayts of Arms (French manuscript), 72
Fifteen Oes, 78
Golden Legend (French version), 63
Image of Pity, 66, pl. XIV.
Indulgence of J. Kendale, 1480, 48
Meditacions, printed by Mansion, 32
Order of Chivalry, 62
Paris and Vienne, 65
Psalter, 50
Quatre dernierres choses, 30
Servitium, 78
Sex Epistolae, 57
Speculum, printed by Pynson, 89
Broadside, printed by Caxton, 62
Bruges, Caxton’s press at, 17, 18, 22 et seq., 43
Mansion’s, 25
Brut, printed by Caxton, 14
Bryce, Hugh, 51
Burgh, Benet, translator Cato parvus et magnus, 53, 60
See also Cato.
Burgundy, Duchess of, 19, 20, 25
Burgundy, Duke of, 43
Calendar, Rules for adapting to the church services, 42, 66
See also Directorium and Ordinale.
Cambridge, Caxton at, 45
Cambridge University Library, Collection of Caxton pamphlets, 41 Copies of: Book of Good Manners, 68
Directorium, 66
Fayts of Arms, 72
Four Sons of Aymon (de Worde’s), 74
Golden Legend (French version), 63
Legenda (Maynial), pl. XVII.
Campbell of The Hague, 78
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 37
Second edition, revised and illustrated, 57-59; fac-simile pl. X.
Collations, 92
Canutus, Bishop of Aarhaus. Treatise on Pestilence, 80
Capital letters. See Initials, Woodcut.
Carlisle, N., 59
Castel, Étienne and Jean, 40
Cato parvus et magnus (Cato, D.), translated by B. Burgh, printed by Caxton 41, 53, 60
Collations, 92
Caton or Cathon (Cato D.), translated and printed by Caxton, 60
Collation, 92
Caxton, William. Advertisement, 42, 43, 91; fac-simile pl. V. Apprentices employed, 88, 89 Apprenticeship, 16, 17 Birth, 15, 16 Bookbindings. See Bookbindings, in general alphabet. “Braband, Flandres, Holand, and Zealand,” residence, 17 Bruges press, 17, 22 et seq. Collections of Caxtons. See Collectors, in general alphabet; also names of individual collectors. Cologne, Printing learned at (?), 22-26 Dates, Method of reckoning, 40, 41 Daughter, 20, 87 Death, 86-90 Device, 70, 71, pl. XVI. Duchess of Burgundy’s service, 19, 20 Education, 16, 89, 90 England, First printer of, 13 et seq.
Return to, 31 English language, Changes remarked in, 77
Services to, 14, 15
Spoken by, 89 Epitaph, 87 French influence first felt, 69 Gibbon and Disraeli, Sneers of, 13, 14 Handwriting, 51, 83, pl. XXV. Literary and editorial work, 53, 54, 58, 60, 90
See also forward Translations. Mansion, Colard, partner, 24-27, 30
See also Mansion. Marriage, 20, 87 Merchant, 17-19
Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 34 Name, Various spellings, 15 Our Blessed Lady Assumption, Member of Fraternity of, 34 Personal history, 15 et seq. Poetical attempts, 39, 40 Politics, 43, 57 Portrait, Illumination erroneously called, 39 Press, Periods: before 1476, 20-32 1476-1479, 33-46 1480-1483, 47-55 1483-1487, 56-69 1487-1491, 70-85 Products: List of books printed by or for Caxton, 91-97 List of books printed by De Worde, with Caxton’s types, 98 Lost productions, 83, 84 Number of books printed, 79, 80 Pamphlets, 34, 35, 41-46 Reprints in later years, 75 Signatures first used, 47, 49 Statement in Recuyell, 20, 21
See also titles of individual books. Translations: Art and Craft to know well to die, Blanchardyn and Eglantine, Book of Good Manners, Book which the Knyght of the Tour made, Eneydos, Game of the Chess, Godfrey of Bologne, Golden Legend (most important), Jason, Metamorphoses, Mirrour of the World, Oxford (Life of Robert, Earl of), Reynard the Fox, Recuyell of the Hystories of Troye, Vitas Patrum, Winifred (Life of St.). See also these titles in general alphabet. Types. See forward, in general alphabet, Types. Westminster press, 13, 33 et seq., 92-97
Continued by De Worde, 80-85, 98
Will, 82, 86
Cessolis, Jacobus de. Liber de ludo scacchorum. See Game and playe of the Chess.
Chap-book, Four Sons of Aymon in form of, 74
Charles the Bold, Marriage with Princess Margaret, 19
Charles the Great, Life of, translated and printed by Caxton, 16, 65, 92
Chartier Alain. See Curial.
Chartres, Church of. Manual and Statutes, 70
Chastising of God’s Children, printed with Caxton’s type by De Worde, 80, 81, 98
Chaucer, Geoffrey, Poems early printed by Caxton, 14
List, with collations, 92
Poems printed by A. Myllar, 35
Translation of Boeccius, 37, 38
See also, in general alphabet, Canterbury Tales, Hous of Fame, Queen Anelida, Temple of Brass, Troilus and Creside.
Chorle and the Bird (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 42, 95
Christine de Pisan, Character and attainments, 39, 40
See also Fayts of Arms, Morale Proverbes.
Chronological arrangement of Caxton’s books not determined, 73
Chronicles of England, printed by Caxton, 50
Second edition, 53, 54
Collations, 93
Reprinted by G. Leeu, 65, 87
Church, Daniel, 60
Churl and the Bird. See Chorle.
Cicero, M. T. Of Old Age and Friendship, translated from De senectute and De amicitia; printed by Caxton, 52
Collation, 93
Collations of Caxton’s books, 91-97
Of De Worde’s books, 98
Collectors of Caxtons: American private collector owns finest copy, 37 Only two unique Caxtons outside England, 45, 78 Made-up copies of little value to, 54 See also names of individual collectors,—as, Bamburgh castle; Bedford Library
Institute; Bodleian Library; British Museum; Cambridge University; Congregational Library; Copenhagen Royal Library; Devonshire, Duke of; Edward IV.; Eton College; George III.; George IV.; Ghent, University of; Göttingen University Library; Harleian Library; Heber, W.; Hedrington, R.; Herbert, W.; Holland, Colonel; Jersey, Lord; Lambeth Palace Library; Leicester, Earl of; Lenox Library, New York; Lincoln Minster; Magdalene College (Cambridge); Mary, Queen of England; Merton College (Oxford); Miller, C.; Moore, Bishop; Newton, Lord; Osborne, T.; Perde, W.; Peterborough, Earl of; Pope; Ripon Cathedral; Roxburghe, J., Duke of; St. Alban’s Grammar School; St. John’s College, Oxford; Selden collection; Shrewsbury School; Smith, Richard; Spencer, Lord; Trinity College, Dublin; Tutet; Windsor, Royal Library at; York Cathedral. Also under titles of individual books.
Cologne, Controversy as to Caxton’s learning to print there, 22-26
Commemoratio Lamentationis Beatae Mariae Virginis, printed by Caxton, 45, 78, 93
Commonest Caxtons, 53, 54
Confessio Amantis (Gower, J.), printed by Caxton, 59, 94
Congregational Library, London, Copy of Servitium, 78
Consolatio peccatorum. See Jacobus de Theramo.
Copenhagen, Royal Library. Copy of Book of Good Manners, 68
Copland, Robert, assistant of De Worde, and translator of Dictes, 34, 35
Copland, William, printer of Four Sons, 74, 84
Cordyale, translated by Lord Rivers, from Quatre derrenieres choses; printed by Caxton, 40, 41, 45, 46, 93
For French edition, see Quatre derrenieres choses.
Cotton, Archdeacon, Remarks on Caxton’s Indulgence type, 73
Croppe, Gerard, Separation from Caxton’s daughter, 20, 87
Crucifixion, Wood-cut, pl. XXII.
Curia Sapientiae (Lidgate J.), printed by Caxton, 50, 95
Curial (Chartier, A.), printed by Caxton, 59
Dates: Definite date, 59
First book printed with, in England, 34
None in Caxton’s books, 1487-1491 (excepting Statutes), 73
Variations in style as to, 40, 41
De amicitia. See Cicero.
De consolatione philosophiae. See Boethius.
De nobilitate (Bonaccursus de Montemagno), printed by Caxton, 52
De proprietatibus rerum. See Bartholomaeus Anglicus.
De quattuor novissimis. See Quatre derrenieres choses.
De senectute. See Cicero.
Death-bed Prayers, printed by Caxton, 62, 93
Deguilleville, Guillaume, 54
See also Pilgrimage of the Soul.
Description of Britain, printed by Caxton, 50, 93
Devices, Caxton’s, 70, 71, pl. XVI.
De Worde’s, 81
Devonshire, Duke of. Copies of: Parvus Cato, 41
Recuyell, 28
Vocabulary, 48-49
Overtures for Morte d’Arthur, 64
Dibden, censured by Blades, 37
Description of Bartholomaeus, 23
Persuaded Dean of Lincoln to sell Caxtons, 30
Remarks on Treatise of Love and Chastising, 81
Dialogue of Salomon and Marcolphus, printed by G. Leeu, 66
Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, printed by Caxton, 34, 35, 38, 39, fac-simile pl. IV.
Second edition, 46
Reprinted, 75
Translated by Scrope, 52
Collations, 93
Dickinson’s List of printed Service Books, 56
Dictionary of National Biography, List of Caxton’s books in, 74
Dies used by Caxton on bindings, 84-85, pl. XXVI.
Directorium Sacerdotum, or Pica (Maydeston, C.), printed by Caxton, 66, 67
Reprinted, 75
Collation, 96
Disraeli, Isaac, sneers at Caxton, 13, 14
Doctrinal of Sapience, translated and printed by Caxton, 76, 93
Donatus melior (Donatus, Ae.), printed by Caxton, 68, 93
Douce collection, Bodleian Library, 81
Dunbar, Stories by, 35
Edward IV., Copy of Godfrey of Bologne, 52
Grants charter to Mercer’s Company, 18, 19
Authorizes translation of Jason, 36
L’Ordre de Chevallerie, written for, 62
Proclamation concerning Rhodes, 48
Elizabeth, Wife of Edward IV, 28
Elizabeth of Hungary, Revelations of St., 80
Eneydos, Boke of, translated and printed by Caxton, 77, pl. XIX.
England, Caxton first printer of, 13
First dated book in, 34
Only two unique Caxtons outside, 45, 78
English language, Caxton’s remarks on changes in, 77, pl. XIX.
First printed book in, 27
Services of Caxton to, 13, 14
English nation in the Low Countries. See Merchant Adventurers.
Erasmus, Life of St., added by Caxton to Golden Legend, 71
Esope, Fables of. See Fables of Aesop.
Estenay, John, Sacrist of Westminster, 33
Evil-merodach, Wood-cut of, 53
Fables of Aesop, printed by Caxton, 61, 62, fac-simile pls. XII., XIII.
Collation, 91
Faits et prouesses du chevalier Jason. See Jason.
Fairfax, Bryan, copy of Morte d’Arthur, 64
Fastolfe, Sir John, 52
Fayts of Arms (Christine de Pisan), translated and printed by Caxton, 72
Collation, 93
Ferrara, Duke of, 57
See also Sex Epistolae.
Festial. See Liber Festialis.
Festum Transfigurationis Jesu Christi. See Servitium.
Festum Visitationis Beatae Mariae Virginis. See Servitium.
Fifteen Oes, printed by Caxton, 78
Cut of Crucifixion for, pl. XXII.
Collation, 94
Flanders, Caxton in, 17
Flemish families in Kent, 16
Flemish goods prohibited in England, 19
Four Sons of Aymon, History of, printed by Caxton, 74
Collation, 94
Printed by Copland, 84
Folios, Caxton’s early, 35 et seq.
Fraternity of Our Blessed Lady Assumption, 34
Fructus Temporum, printed by Julyan Notary, 86
Gairdner discovers record of Caxton’s marriage, 87
Gallopes, Jean de, 54
Game and playe of the Chess (Cessolis, J. de), translated and printed by Caxton, 29-31, fac-simile pl. VIII.
Second edition, 53
Collations, 91
George I. presents Caxton pamphlets to Cambridge, 41
George III., Copy of Directorium, 66
George IV., Copy of Fables of Aesop, 61
Germany, Origin of printing in, 13
Title-pages used in, 80
Ghent, Oration at, 1470, 43
Ghent, University of, Copy of Commemoratio, 78
Gibbon, Criticism of Caxton, 13, 14
Gigliis, John, 73
See also Indulgence.
Godfrey of Bologne, History of, translated and printed by Caxton, 52, 94
Göttingen University Library, Copy of Infancia Salvatoris, 44
Of Treatise of Love, 81
Golden Legend (Voragine, J. de), translated and printed by Caxton, 63 Second edition, 71, 72
Copies left to Caxton’s son-in-law, 82, 83, 88
Introduction, 83
French and Latin version used in, 89 Third edition, reprint by De Worde, 81-83
Date of Caxton’s death in colophon (?), 86
Collations, 97, 98
Governal of Helthe, printed by Caxton, 94
Gower, John, 14, 59
See also Confessio Amantis.
Granton, John, debtor to Wm. Craes of Bruges, 18
Guild of St. John, 26
Gutenberg, Invention of movable type, 13
Halberstadt. Hecht-Heine Library, Copy of Sex Epistolae, 57
Harleian Library, Copy of Infancia Salvatoris, 44
Heber, Book-collector, 54, 55
Hedrington, Robert, Collector of Caxtons, 63
Henry VII., Founded almonry, 33
Loaned Caxton manuscript of Fayts, 72
Statutes, printed by Caxton. See also Statutes.
Herbert, W., Bibliographer, 54
Higden, Ralph, 14, 50, 53
See also Polycronicon.
History of Blanchardyn and Eglantine. See Blanchardyn.
History of Jason. See Jason.
History of Reynard the Fox. See Reynard.
History of the Four Sons of Aymon. See Four Sons, etc.
History of the Knight Paris and the Fair Vienne. See Paris.
Holdsworth, Dr., 66
Holford, Col., Copy of Game of the Chess, 29
Of Godfrey of Bologne, 52
Holkham, Copy of Speculum, 1494, 73
Holland, Caxton in, 17
Horae ad usum Sarum, printed by Caxton, found in binding of Boethius, 38, 50
Wood-cuts intended for, 67
Fifteen Oes, supplement to, 78
Collations, 94
Horse, the Shepe and the Goose (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 42
Collation, 95
Hous of Fame (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 59
Collation, 92
Image of Pity, 66, pl. XIV., 94
Indulgence of John Kendale, printed by Caxton, 1480, 48, 94
Indulgence of John de Gigliis, printed by Caxton, 1481, 68
1489, 73, pl. XVIII.
Collations, 95
Infancia Salvatoris, printed by Caxton, 42, 44
Collation, 95
Initials, Wood-cut A, used by Caxton, 62, pl. XIII.
Blank spaces usually left for, 36
First used in England, 48
Intended for Life of St. Katherine, printed by De Worde, 80
Jacobus de Cessolis. See Cessolis.
Jacobus de Theramo. Consolatio peccatorum, printed by Veldener, 27
Jacobus Magnus. See Legrand, Jacques.
Jason, Faits et prouesses du chevalier (Lefevre, R.), printed by C. Mansion, 31, 32
Jason, History of (Lefevre, R.), translated and printed by Caxton, 35-37, 95
Reprinted by G. Leeu, 65
Jerome, St. Vitas Patrum, colophon, 90
Jersey, Earl of. Copy of Recuyell sold, 29
Library sold, 64
John of Westphalia, Printer, 26
John of Trevisa, 53
Katherine, Life of St., printed with Caxton’s type by W. de Worde, 80, 98, pl. XXIII.
Kendale, John, Indulgence of. See Indulgence.
Kent, Weald of, Birthplace of Caxton, 15, 16
King Apolin of Tyre, printed by De Worde in 1510, 34
Knight of the Tour. See La Tour-Landry, G.
Könnecke, Archivist at Marburg, 57
Lambarde, William. Perambulation of Kent, 15
Lambeth Palace Library, Copy of Book of Good Manners, 68
Manuscript of Dictes, 39
Landry, Geoffrey de la Tour-. See La Tour-Landry.
La Tour-Landry, Geoffrey, 60
See also Booke which the Knyght of the Toure made.
Large, Robert, Master of Caxton, 16, 17
Laurentius de Saona. Margarita Eloquentiae, or, Nova rhetorica. See Margarita.
Lectura super institutiones. See Angelus de Aretio.
Leeu, Gerard, Printer of Antwerp. Dutch edition of Reynard, 51
Reprint of Paris and Vienne, History of Jason, Chronicles of England, 65, 66, 87
Lefevre, Raoul, 27, 36
See also Recueil des histoires de Troyes and Recuyell, etc.
Legenda secundum usum Sarum, printed for Caxton, probably by Maynial, 71, 82, pl. XVII.
Collation, 97
“Legends” bequeathed by Caxton, 82
Legrand, Jacques (Jacobus Magnus), 68
See also Book of Good Manners.
Leicester, Earl of. Copy of Propositio, 43
Lenox Library, New York, Copy of Caton, 60
Le Roy, G., Printer at Lyons, 77
Lettou, John, First London printer, 47, 48
Lewis de Bretaylles, 38
Liber de ludo scacchorum (Cessolis, J. de). See Game of Chess.
Liber Festivalis, or Festial (Mirk, J., comp.), printed by Caxton, 56, pl. IX.
Second edition, 77
Collation, 96
Lidgate, John, 14, 50, 57
See also Chorle and the Bird, Curia Sapientiae, Horse, the Shepe and the Goose, Life of Our Lady, Pilgrimage of the Soul, Stans puer ad mensam, Temple of Glass.
Life of Charles the Great. See Charles the Great.
Life of Our Lady (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 57, 95
Life of St. Katherine of Senis. See Katherine.
Life of the Holy and Blessed Virgin St. Winifred. See Winifred.
Lincoln Minster, Copies of Recuyell, 30
Reynard, 52
Sale of Caxtons, 30
Linton, Mr., Suggestion as to metal blocks, 53
List of Caxton’s books, with collations, 91-97
Little John. See Book of Courtesy.
Livre des Eneydes, printed at Lyons, 1483, by G. le Roy, 77
Lloyd, Mr., of Wygfair, Library sold, 1816, 64
London, John Lettou first printer of, 47, 48
Louvain, Printing at, 26
Lover’s Confession. See Confessio Amantis.
Low Countries, Caxton Governor of the English nation in, 34
Lumley, Lord, Autograph, 84
Lydgate. See Lidgate.
Lyf of St. Katherin. See Katherine, Life of St.
Machlinia, William de, London printer, 80
Madden, Note on Caxton at Weidenbach, 24
Made-up copies of Caxtons, 54, 55
Magdalene College, Cambridge. Pepysian collection, Copy of Reynard the Fox, 76
Manuscript colophon of Metamorphoses, 83, pls. XXIV., XXV.
Malory, Sir Thomas. See Morte d’Arthur.
Mancinellus, Revision of Donatus, 68
Manipulus Curatorum. See Doctrinal of Sapience.
Mansion, Colard, Illuminator and writer of manuscripts, 24, 26
Press at Bruges established, 25
Partner of Caxton, 26, 27, 30
Printed alone, 25, 31, 32
Manuscript preferred to printing for presentation, 84
Margaret, Lady, mother of Henry VII., patron of Caxton, 33, 34
Margaret, Queen, 72
Margarita Eloquentiae or Nova Rhetorica (Laurentius de Saona), printed by Caxton, 45, 97
Martens, Thierry, Printer, 26
Mary, Queen of England, Copy of Psalter, 49-50
Maydeston, Clement, 66
See also Directorium.
Maynial, or Maynyal, Printer for Caxton, 70, 71, 97, pl. XVII.
Medal, Earliest known English, 48
Meditaciones sur les sept pseaulmes, printed by C. Mansion, 31, 32
Memorare novissima. See Quatre derrenieres choses.
Mercers’ Company, Caxton a member of, 34
Mention of, 51
Merchant Adventurers, or “English nation in the Low Countries,” Caxton Governor of, 18, 19, 34
Merchant’s mark in Caxton’s device, 70, 71
Merton College, Oxford, Copy of Canterbury Tales, 37
Metamorphoses of Ovid, a lost product of Caxton’s press, 83, pls. XXIV., XXV.
Mielot, Jean, 52
Mirk, John. See Liber Festivalis.
Mirrour of the World (Vincentius), translated and printed by Caxton, 51, fac-simile pls. VI., VII.
Reprinted, 75, 76
Collations, 97
Missale secundum usum Sarum, printed for Caxton by Maynial, 70, 97
Montemagno, Bonaccursus. See Bonaccursus.
Moore, Bishop, Collector of Caxtons, 41
Morale Proverbes of Cristyne (Christine de Pisan), translated by Earl Rivers, printed by Caxton, 39, 40, 93
Morte d’Arthur (Malory, Sir T.), printed by Caxton, 63-65, 96
Mutilation of Caxtons, 54, 55
Myllar, Andrew, First printer of Scotland, 35
New Testament. Apocrypha. Infancia Salvatoris. See Infancia.
Newton, Lord, Copy of Missale, 70
Notary, Julyan, Printer, 86
Nova Rhetorica. See Margarita Eloquentiae.
Number of books printed by Caxton, 79, 80
O, Fifteen prayers commencing with. See Fifteen Oes.
Obray, William, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 19
Of Old Age and Friendship. See Cicero, M. T.
Oldys on handwriting of Caxton, 51
Order of Chivalry, printed by Caxton, 62, 96
Ordinale secundum usum Sarum, printed by Caxton, 42, 74, 96, pl. V.
Orologium Sapientiae, part of Book of divers ghostly matters, q. v.
Os, Gotfried van, 80
Osborne, Thomas, Bookseller. Copy of Infancia Salvatoris, 44
Morte d’Arthur, 64
Osterly, Copy of Morte d’Arthur, 64
Ovid. Metamorphoses. See Metamorphoses.
Oxford, Earl of. Copies of Charles the Great and Paris and Vienne, 65
Library sold, 64
Oxford, Life of Robert, Earl of, translated by Caxton, 84
Oxford, Press at, 47
Pamphlets printed by Caxton rare, 34, 35, 41-46
Parchment not used as binding material by Caxton, 75
Paris and the fair Vienne, translated and printed by Caxton, 65
Collation, 96
Reprinted by G. Leeu, 65
Parker, Archbishop, Books bequeathed to Corpus Christi, 45
Parvus Cato. See Cato.
Pepysian library. See Magdalene College.
Perde, William, Copy of Polycronicon, 54
Peterborough, Earl of, Copy of Godfrey, 52
Petrus Carmelianus, Editor of Sex Epistolae, 57
“Philosopher,” Wood-cut, pl. VIII.
Pica. See Directorium Sacerdotum; also Ordinale secundum usum Sarum.
Pilgrimage of the Soul (Deguilleville, G.), translated by Lidgate, and printed by Caxton, 54, 95
Pisan, Christine de. See Christine.
Pitt, Moses, 62
Polycronicon (Higden, R., compiler), printed by Caxton, 53, 54, 94
Pope, American collector, Copy of Morte d’Arthur, 64
Pratt, William, Mercer, 68
Prayers, Death-bed. See Death-bed prayers.
Premierfait, Laurence de, 52
Prices, Highest, paid for a Caxton, 67
See also under names of individual books.
Printing, Brito reputed inventor of, 25, 26
Introduced into Europe, 13
Into England, 13, 27
Prior, Robert, Reputed author of Life of St. Winifred, 59
Proctor, Robert, Discovery of Donatus melior, 68
Propositio Johannis Russell, printed by Caxton, 42, 44, 97
Psalter, printed by Caxton, with signatures, 49, 96
Pynson, Richard, not apprenticed to Caxton, 89
Reprinted Servitium, 49
Quartos, Almost all early ones unique, 35
Quatre derrenieres choses, also called Cordiale, Memorare novissima, or De quattuor novissimis, printed by Caxton and Mansion, 30
Collation, 91
For English translation printed later by Caxton, see Cordyale.
Quattuor Sermones, printed by Caxton, 56, 96
Queen Anelida and the false Arcyte (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 41, 92
Quires of eight leaves, Caxton’s books in, 80
Record Office, Document concerning Caxton’s daughter, 87
Recueil des histoires de Troyes (Lefevre, R.), translated by Caxton, 19, 20, 24, 25
Printed by Mansion, 31, 32
Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (Lefevre, R.), translated by Caxton, 20, 21
Manuscript presented to Duchess of Burgundy, 25
Printed by Caxton, 17, 20, 21, 28-30, fac-simile pl. II.
Collation, 91
Prices, 20-30
Red ink, Caxton’s method of printing in, 30, 78
Red Pale, Sign of the, 33
Reynard the Fox, translated and printed by Caxton, 49, 51, 52
Reprinted, 75, 76
Collations, 96
Reynes, John, Binding by, 62
Rhodes, Besieged by Turks, 48
Richard II., Command to poet Gower, 59
Ripon Cathedral, Copy of Vocabulary, 48-49
Rivers, Lord, Illuminated portrait of, 39 Translator of: Dictes, 38, 39
Quatre derrenieres choses, 45
Rood and Hunte, Oxford printers, 56
Roxburghe, John, Duke of, Copy of Blanchardyn and Eglantine, 75
Royal Book, translated and printed by Caxton, sold for £2225, 67
Binding lined with Indulgences, 68
Collation, 96
Rule of St. Benet, Part of Book of divers ghostly matters, q. v.
Russell, John. Propositio Johannis Russell. See Propositio.
St. Alban’s Grammar School, Copy of Boethius, 37-38, 50
Press, 47
St. John’s, Bedford, Church library, 67
St. John’s College, Oxford, Copy of Canterbury Tales, 59
St. Margaret’s Church, Westminster, “Bureyng of Mawde Caxston”, 88
Salisbury, Church of. Hours, Legends, Missal, Ordinale. See, respectively, Horae, Legenda, Missale, Ordinale, ad usum Sarum.
Saona, Laurentius de. Nova Rhetorica. See Margarita Eloquentiae.
Sarum, Church of. See Salisbury.
Scotland, Andrew Myllar first printer of, 35
Scott, Sir Walter, Comment on Morte d’Arthur, 64
Scott, Mr., of British Museum, Remark on Caxton’s will, 86
Scrope, Translator of Dictes, 52
Selden collection, 75
Sermones, Quattuor. See Quattuor Sermones.
Servitium, or Festum de Transfiguratione Jesu Christi, printed by Caxton, 78, 94, pl. XXI.
Servitium, or Festum de Visitatione Beatae Mariae Virginis, printed by Caxton, reprinted by De Worde and Pynson, 48, 49, 94
Sex Epistolae, edited by Petrus Carmelianus, printed by Caxton, 57
Shrewsbury School, Copy of Confessio Amantis, 59
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, 72
Signatures adopted by Caxton, 47, 49
Sixtus IV. Indulgence, 48
Sex Epistolae, 57, 97
Skelton, John, Assisted Caxton in translation, 77
Smith, Richard, Copy of Godfrey of Bologne, 52
Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, 75
Somme des vices et vertus (La). For English translation, see Royal Book.
Sophologium, 68
Speculum Vitae Christi (Bonaventura, St.), printed by Caxton, 67, fac-simile pl. XV.
Second edition, 77
Wood-cut intended for, 79
Collations, 91
Printed by De Worde, 73
Spencer, Lord, Collection of Caxtons at Manchester, 62 Copies of: Blanchardyn and Eglantine, with manuscript note, 75
Dictes, 39
Eneydos, 77
Four Sons of Aymon, 74
Game of the Chess, 30
Golden Legend, 63
Propositio, 43, 44
Recueil, printed by Mansion, 31
Recuyell, 28
Reynard, 52
Supplied missing leaves for Canterbury Tales, 37
Stans puer ad mensam (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 96
Statutes of Henry VII., printed by Caxton, 73, 97
Stow, John, Description of “almonesrye,” etc., 33, 34
Strype, Rev. John, Life of Archbishop Parker, 45
Temple of Brass (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 41, 92
Temple of Glas (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 96
Theological and liturgical books printed by Caxton, 77
Thorney, Roger, 52
Title-page first used at Westminster press, 80
Tour-Landry. See La Tour-Landry.
Trade regulations in England, 19
Translations made by Caxton. See before under Caxton.
Treatise of Love, printed with Caxton’s type by De Worde, 81, 98
Treatise on Pestilence (Canutus), Title-page prefixed, 80
Trinity College, Dublin, Copy of Indulgence, 1489, 73
Triphook, Bookseller, 74
Troilus and Creside (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 59, 92
Turks, Crusade against, 73
Tutet, Copy of Chronicles, 54
Twelve Profits of Tribulation, part of Book of divers ghostly matters, q. v.
Type, Invention of movable, 13
Types, Caxton’s No. 1, 22 et seq., pl. II. No. 2, 30, 31, pl. IV.
Recast, 45 No. 2*, 48, pls. VI.-VIII. No. 3, 49, pls. III., V. No. 4, 48, 49
Recast, 56 et seq. No. 4*, pls. IX.-XI.
De Worde’s modification, 80, pl. XXIII. No. 5, 68, pls. XV., XXI. No. 6, 80, pls., XIX., XX. No. 7, 72, 73, pl. XVIII. No. 8, pl. XX. Caxton’s types used by Mansion, 31, 32
By De Worde, 80-82, 98
Chronological arrangement of Caxton’s books by, 73, 74
Smallest used. See No. 7.
Upsala University Library, Copy of Margarita Eloquentiae, 45
Utrecht, Printing at, 26
Vander Haeghen, Dr. Ferdinand, 78
Veldener, John, printer at Louvain, 26, 27
Vellum, Copy of Doctrinal of Sapience printed on, 76
Not used by Caxton for bindings, 75
Venetians, Letters in interest of, 57
Vincentius. Mirrour of the World. See Mirrour.
Vineis, R. de. Life of St. Katherine of Senis. See Katherine.
Virgilius. Eneydos. See Eneydos.
Visitation, Feast of, 49
See also Servitium.
Vitas Patrum (St. Jerome), translated by Caxton, printed by De Worde, 90
Vocabulary in French and English, printed by Caxton, 48, 97
Voragine, Jacques de. Golden Legend. See Golden Legend.
Waste sheets found in bindings, 38, 68
Weald of Kent, Birthplace of Caxton, 15, 16
Weidenbach, Monastery of, 24
Westminster Abbey, Caxton’s will possibly preserved in, 86
Westminster press, Conducted by Caxton, 33-79
List of books printed by Caxton, 91-97
Continued by De Worde, 80-85
List of books printed by De Worde, 98
White Knights sale, 1819, 55
Windsor Royal Library, Copy of Doctrinal of Sapience, 76
Fables of Aesop, 61
Winifred, Life of the Holy and Blessed Virgin St., translated and printed by Caxton, 59, 97
Women, Caxton adds to Dictes chapter on, 38
Wood-cuts. A, first wood-cut initial used in England, 48, 62 Caxton’s first illustrations, 51 Not engraved abroad, 53 Doing double duty, 58 Special cuts mentioned: Crucifixion, pl. XXII.
Caxton’s device, 70, 71, pl. XVI.
De Worde’s device, 81
“Figure of a Philosopher”, 76, pl. VIII.
Transfiguration, 76 Special mention of illustrated books: Cato parvus et magnus, 3d ed., 53
Canterbury Tales, 58, pl. X.
Directorium, 66
Fables of Aesop, 61, pls. XII., XIII.
Fifteen Oes, 78, pl. XXII.
Game of Chess, 2d ed., 53, pl. VIII.
Golden Legend, 63
Image of Pity, 66, pl. XIV.
Mirrour, 51, 76, pls. VI., VII.
Speculum, 67, 79, pl. XV.
Wool trade, Abbots of Westminster in, 34
Worde, Wynkyn de, Printer. Birth, etc., 88, 89 Device, 81, 88 Printed books with Caxton’s type, 79 et seq., 88, 98
Also Ars moriendi, 77-78
Four Sons of Aymon, 74
King Apolyn of Tyre, 34
Polycronicon, 52
Speculum, 73 Quatrain about Caxton at Cologne, 22, pl. I. Remark on Caxton’s death in Vitas Patrum, 90 Wood-cut used by, pl. XXII.
York Cathedral, Copy of Chorle, 2d ed., 42
Horse, 41
Zel, Ulric, Printer at Cologne, 24
[Advertisement pasted into the front of this Book:
With a Genuine Leaf Printed by W. Caxton preserved at end.
44 CAXTON (William), by E. Gordon Duff.
With 25 full-plates of facsimiles of specimens of his work, etc.
4to, orig. boards, uncut. Chicago, The Caxton Club, 1905. (see illustration, Plate No. XVII.)
The above is one of a few special copies, each of which contains A GENUINE ORIGINAL LEAF (contained in a pocket at end), from a copy of the First Edition of Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales,” printed by Caxton, and formerly in Lord Ashburnham’s Library, having been purchased for this purpose by the Caxton Club.
The Author has compiled an extremely interesting Biography of the First English Printer, avoiding, as far as possible, the merely mechanical bibliographical details (which have been relegated in an abridged form to an Appendix), and has confined himself to a more general description of the Books, especially of those not hitherto correctly or fully described, and is able to add to the Bibliographical List some discoveries and corrections, since Blades published his great work in 1861.
Notes
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