| CHAPTER I. |
| The Prehistoric Foreworld. |
| B.C. | | PAGE |
| Palæolithic Man in Britain | 1 |
| Neolithic Man in Britain | 3 |
| Pre-Celtic stone-workers | 4 |
| Celtic workers in bronze and iron | 5 |
| Brythons and Goidels | 6 |
| Dolicho-cephalic and Brachy-cephalic men | 7 |
| CHAPTER II. |
| Cæsar in Britain. |
| Pytheas the geographer: his description of Britain | 8 |
| Cæsar’s conquest of Gaul | 9 |
| 55. | His first invasion of Britain. The voyage | 11 |
| The landing | 13 |
| First skirmish and naval disaster | 14 |
| British war-chariots | 15 |
| Return to Gaul and thanksgivings in Rome | 16 |
| 54. | Second invasion. Cassivellaunus heads the resistance of the Britons | 17 |
| Battle of the Thames | 18 |
| Mandubracius, a rival candidate to Cassivellaunus | 18 |
| Cassivellaunus makes a nominal submission | 19 |
| Cæsar returns to Gaul | 19 |
| Cæsar’s description of Britain | 20 |
| His motives for the invasion | 21 |
| Note on Cæsar’s points of arrival and departure in his expeditions to Britain | 23 |
| CHAPTER III. |
| The Century of Suspense. |
| Coin-kings of Britain— |
| Commius | 26 |
| Tincommius, Verica and Eppilus | 26 |
| Dubnovellaunus | 26 |
| Tasciovanus at Verulamium | 27 |
| Cunobelinus: Shakespeare’s Cymbeline | 28 |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| The Roman Conquest of Britain. |
| A.D. | | |
| 41. | Claudius, Emperor of Rome | 29 |
| Aulus Plautius, commander of expedition to Britain | 30 |
| Mutinous disposition of the troops | 31 |
| Battle of the Medway (?) | 31 |
| Claudius arrives to complete the conquest | 32 |
| Camulodunum captured | 32 |
| 44. | Cogidubnus and Prasutagus, subject allies of Rome | 33 |
| 47. | Aulus Plautius returns to Rome | 34 |
| Ostorius Scapula, the new legatus | 35 |
| War against the Silures | 35 |
| 51. | Caratacus defeated: sent a captive to Rome | 36 |
| 52. | Didius Gallus, governor | 37 |
| 59. | Veranius, governor | 37 |
| Suetonius Paulinus conquers the Druids of Anglesey | 38 |
| Revolt of the Iceni under Boadicea | 39 |
| Camulodunum sacked | 41 |
| London and Verulam sacked | 42 |
| Defeat and death of Boadicea | 43 |
| 61. | Recall of Suetonius | 44 |
| Trebellius Maximus, an incompetent governor | 45 |
| 71. | Petillius Cerialis, governor, subdues the Brigantes | 46 |
| 75. | Julius Frontinus completes the conquest of the Silures | 46 |
| 78. | Agricola, governor, conquers the Ordovices | 47 |
| Wise administration of Agricola | 47 |
| 79. | Probable foundation of Eburacum | 48 |
| 80. | Agricola subdues all the country up to the river Tanaus | 49 |
| 81. | Possible foundation of some of the stations on the Roman Wall | 50 |
| 82–84. | Agricola’s Caledonian campaigns | 50 |
| 84. | Recall of Agricola | 51 |
| CHAPTER V. |
| The Roman Occupation. |
| The Roman Wall between Tyne and Solway | 53 |
| Circa 120. | Probably built by Hadrian | 54 |
| Manner of its construction | 55 |
| The Prætenturæ or camps on the line of the wall | 56 |
| Troops garrisoning the wall | 57 |
| Circa 140. | Wall of Antoninus Pius between Firths of Forth and Clyde | 58 |
| 185. | Ulpius Marcellus, governor | 59 |
| 208. | The Emperor Severus in Britain | 60 |
| Builder or rebuilder of the wall (?) | 61 |
| 211. | Severus dies at Eburacum | 62 |
| Third century a time of disintegration of the empire | 63 |
| 284. | Accession of Diocletian. His system of partnership-emperors | 64 |
| 287–293. | Usurpation of Carausius | 65 |
| 293. | Carausius assassinated by Allectus | 65 |
| 296. | Emperor Constantius overthrows Allectus | 66 |
| 306. | Death of Constantius. Proclamation of Constantine | 67 |
| 367. | Theodosius (father of the emperor) checks the ravages of the barbarians in Britain and relieves London | 68 |
| 383. | Usurpation of Maximus | 69 |
| The Notitia Imperii | 70 |
| 409. | The usurper Constantine withdraws the legions to Gaul | 72 |
| Roman roads | 73 |
| Sepulchral inscriptions | 74 |
| Mithraism and Christianity | 75 |
| Character of Roman occupation of Britain | 77 |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| The Anglo-Saxon Conquest. |
| Previous location of Jutes and Saxons | 80 |
| Angles related to Longobardi | 81 |
| Latin authors on the Anglo-Saxon conquest— |
| The chronicler, Prosper Tiro | 82 |
| Life of Germanus | 83 |
| English authors on the conquest— |
| Bede | 86 |
| The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on the conquest— | 87 |
| Kent | 88 |
| Sussex | 89 |
| Wessex | 90 |
| Deira and Bernicia | 94 |
| British version of the conquest— |
| Gildas | 95 |
| Nennius | 100 |
| Summary of results— | 107 |
| Did King Arthur exist? | 107 |
| 500 or 516? | British victory of Mount Badon | 99, 107 |
| 577. | Victory of Ceawlin, the West Saxon, at Deorham | 92, 107 |
| March of King Cunedag from Lothian to Wales | 102 |
| Did the Anglo-Saxon conquest involve the extermination of the Britons? | 110 |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| The Coming of Augustine. |
| 553. | Procopius held Britain to be the abode of departed spirits | 113 |
| 577? | Gregory and the Anglian lads in the Forum at Rome | 115 |
| 596. | Gregory sends Augustine to Britain | 116 |
| 597. | Interview of the missionaries with Ethelbert, King of Kent | 117 |
| Ethelbert baptised | 119 |
| Augustine sends report of his mission to Rome | 120 |
| 597. | Gregory’s reply and letters to the Kentish king and queen | 121 |
| Essex partly converted. St. Paul’s Church in London built | 122 |
| Conferences of Augustine with Welsh bishops | 123 |
| 605? | Death of Augustine. He is succeeded by Laurentius | 125 |
| 616. | Death of Ethelbert | 125 |
| Ethelbert as Bretwalda | 126 |
| The kings of Kent and Essex apostatise | 127 |
| Vision of Archbishop Laurentius. The King of Kent returns to Christianity | 128 |
| CHAPTER VIII. |
| Edwin of Deira. |
| Anglian settlement of Northumbria | 131 |
| 547. | Ida, King of Bernicia. His building of Bamburgh | 132 |
| 593–617. | Reign of Ethelfrid, grandson of Ida | 133 |
| 603. | Battle with the Scots at Dawston Burn | 134 |
| 613. | Battle with the Welsh at Chester | 135 |
| Early history of Edwin, son of Aelle, King of Deira | 136 |
| 617. | Edwin defeats Ethelfrid at the river Idle | 137 |
| Edwin as Bretwalda | 138 |
| 625. | Marriage with Ethelburga of Kent | 139 |
| 626. | Attempted assassination of Edwin | 140 |
| Edwin and Paulinus | 141 |
| Debate at Goodmanham. Acceptance of Christianity | 142 |
| 627. | Baptism of Edwin and his family | 142 |
| 633. | Battle of Heathfield against Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Wales. Edwin defeated and slain | 144 |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| Oswald of Bernicia. |
| 563. | St. Columba and the religious settlement of Iona | 147 |
| 615. | Oswald, son of Ethelfrid takes refuge at Iona | 150 |
| 633. | Consequences of the Battle of Heathfield. Disastrous reign of Osric and Eanfrid | 151 |
| 634. | Oswald returns to Northumbria. Victory of Heavenfield over Cadwallon | 152 |
| Oswald rules from Bamburgh | 154 |
| St. Aidan’s mission planted at Lindisfarne | 155 |
| Oswald as Bretwalda | 157 |
| 642. | Oswald defeated by Penda at Maserfield and slain | 158 |
| Canonisation of Oswald | 159 |
| CHAPTER X. |
| Oswy and Penda. |
| Early history of Mercia | 160 |
| Conversion of Wessex by Birinus | 161 |
| Conversion of East Anglia | 163 |
| 637. | Egric, King of East Anglia, slain in battle with Penda | 164 |
| 654. | His successor, Anna, shares the same fate | 165 |
| Oswy reigns in Bernicia and Oswin in Deira | 165 |
| Marriage of Oswy with Eanfled, daughter of Edwin | 165 |
| Murder of Oswin, King of Deira | 167 |
| Death of St. Aidan | 167 |
| Ravages of Penda | 168 |
| Penda’s son, Peada, converted to Christianity | 169 |
| 655. | Battle of the Winwaed. Penda defeated by Oswy and slain | 170 |
| CHAPTER XI. |
| Territorial Changes—The Conference at Whitby—The Great Plague. |
| History of Northumbria. Alchfrid, King of Deira | 171 |
| The Bewcastle Cross | 172 |
| 658. | History of Mercia. Wulfhere, son of Penda, throws off the yoke of Oswald | 173 |
| 653. | Sigebert, King of Essex, becomes Christian | 175 |
| Temporary relapse of East Saxons into heathenism | 176 |
| Wars between Wessex and Mercia | 178 |
| Division between Celtic and Roman Churches on the question of date of Easter | 179 |
| 664. | Synod convoked at Whitby to settle this question | 180 |
| Chief combatants on either side | 182 |
| First appearance of Wilfrid | 183 |
| The dispute settled in favour of the Roman Easter | 186 |
| Ravages of the great plague | 188 |
| 671. | Death of Oswy | 190 |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| King Egfrid and Three Great Churchmen: Wilfrid, Theodore, Cuthbert. |
| 671–685. | Chief events of Egfrid’s reign | 191 |
| Wilfrid, Bishop of York: his journey to Gaul | 193 |
| Ceadda appointed in Wilfrid’s absence | 195 |
| Theodore of Tarsus chosen for see of Canterbury | 195 |
| 669. | Theodore arrives in England | 196 |
| He restores Wilfrid to diocese of York | 198 |
| Egfrid’s wives: Etheldreda and Ermenburga | 199 |
| Magnificence of Wilfrid | 200 |
| Ermenburga and Theodore both hostile to Wilfrid | 201 |
| 678. | Wilfrid’s diocese divided against his will | 202 |
| He appeals to Rome | 203 |
| Wilfrid’s imprisonment and exile | 204 |
| His missionary work in Sussex | 204 |
| 678. | Early life of St. Cuthbert | 205 |
| 685. | He is made Bishop of Lindisfarne | 207 |
| 685. | King Egfrid’s death on the battlefield of Nechtansmere miraculously revealed to St. Cuthbert | 207 |
| Aldfrid, King of Northumbria | 208 |
| 687. | Death of St. Cuthbert | 208 |
| 690. | Death of Theodore | 209 |
| 687. | Wilfrid returns to his diocese | 209 |
| 692. | The quarrel breaks out again. Wilfrid’s second journey to Rome | 209 |
| 705. | Death of Aldfrid. Usurpation of Eadulf. Accession of Osred | 210 |
| Synod by the Nidd: the dispute with Wilfrid settled | 211 |
| 709. | Death of Wilfrid | 212 |
| CHAPTER XIII. |
| The Legislation of King Ine. |
| 686. | Cadwalla, King of Wessex | 215 |
| 688. | His pilgrimage to Rome | 216 |
| Ine reigns over Wessex | 216 |
| 726. | His abdication and pilgrimage to Rome | 217 |
| Laws of early Kentish kings | 218 |
| 693. | Ine promulgates his laws | 219 |
| Open-field system of agriculture | 221 |
| Position of the ceorl (free husbandman) | 223 |
| Position of the theow (serf) | 225 |
| Law of the wergild | 227 |
| Position of the thegn | 228 |
| Position of the ealdorman | 229 |
| Compurgation or oath-helping | 229 |
| 693. | The kings and their witan | 231 |
| Note on Anglo-Saxon money— |
| Pounds, shillings and pence | 233 |
| History of prices: purchasing power of money | 234 |
| Special monetary terms: Mancus, Thrymsa, etc. | 235 |
| CHAPTER XIV. |
| The Eighth Century. |
| Review of the life of Bede | 237 |
| 735. | Death of Bede | 239 |
| 709. | Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne: his literary works | 241 |
| The poet Cynewulf: verses on the Ruthwell Cross | 242 |
| Religious decline: Bede’s letter to Archbishop Egbert | 243 |
| Sham monasteries | 244 |
| Rapid succession of Northumbrian kings: Ceolwulf and Eadbert | 245 |
| Circa 756. | Northumbrian capital transferred to Corbridge | 247 |
| 716–757. | Ethelbald, King of Mercia | 249 |
| His wars with Wessex | 249 |
| 757–796. | Offa, King of Mercia | 250 |
| Offa’s Dyke | 251 |
| Correspondence between Offa and Charlemagne | 252 |
| 786. | Cynewulf, King of Wessex—romantic story of his death | 255 |
| 784–802. | Beorhtric, King of Wessex: his evil-minded wife, Eadburh | 255 |
| CHAPTER XV. |
| Early Danish Invasions—Egbert and Ethelwulf. |
| 790. | First affray with the Danes | 257 |
| Scandinavian ravages in the ninth century | 259 |
| Danish methods of fighting | 261 |
| Consolidation of England due to the Danes | 262 |
| 802. | Egbert becomes King of the West Saxons | 263 |
| 829. | Egbert, Overlord of Mercia, and Bretwalda | 264 |
| Northumbria recognises Egbert’s supremacy | 264 |
| 835–838. | Danish raids | 265 |
| 839. | Death of Egbert: accession of Ethelwulf | 265 |
| Ethelwulf’s ministers: Swithun and Ealhstan | 266 |
| 851. | Victory over the Danes at Ockley | 267 |
| 853. | War with Rhodri Mawr, King of Wales | 267 |
| 855. | Ethelwulf with his little son Alfred visits Rome | 268 |
| He endows the Schola Saxonum at Rome | 270 |
| 856. | His second marriage to Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald | 270 |
| Rebellion of Ethelbald and division of the kingdom | 271 |
| Death of Ethelwulf. His testamentary gifts | 271 |
| CHAPTER XVI. |
| Ethelwulf’s Sons—Danish Invasions to the Baptism of Guthrum. |
| 848. | Birth of Alfred the Great | 272 |
| His childhood: two visits to Rome | 273 |
| Episode of the book of ballads | 273 |
| 858. | Ethelbald marries his father’s widow, Judith | 274 |
| 860. | Death of Ethelbald: accession of Ethelbert | 275 |
| 866. | Ethelbert succeeded by Ethelred: Alfred Secundarius | 275 |
| Danish invasions. Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia | 277 |
| 871. | “The year of battles” | 278 |
| Battle of Aescesdune: the Danes defeated | 279 |
| Death of Ethelred: accession of Alfred | 280 |
| The Danes harry Mercia | 281 |
| 875–883. | Wanderings of the body of St. Cuthbert | 282 |
| 876. | Danish attacks on Wessex renewed under Guthrum | 283 |
| 877. | Danes at Chippenham: Alfred retires to Athelney | 283 |
| 878. | Ubba slain: Alfred defeats the Danes at Ethandune | 284 |
| “Peace of Wedmore.” Baptism of Guthrum | 285 |
| CHAPTER XVII. |
| Alfred at Peace. |
| 878–892. | Fourteen years of comparative peace | 286 |
| Circa 886. | Aelfredes and Guthrumes Frith: its conditions: boundary between the two nations | 287 |
| Family life of Alfred | 289 |
| His mysterious sicknesses | 290 |
| His exertions to raise the intellectual level of his subjects: foreign scholars invited to his court | 291 |
| His translation of Gregory’s Regula Pastoralis | 292 |
| His translation of Orosius’s History | 293 |
| Narrative of Arctic voyager Ohthere | 294 |
| His share in composition of Saxon Chronicle | 295 |
| His translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History | 295 |
| His translation of Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy | 296 |
| Administration of his household | 298 |
| Alfred’s Dooms | 299 |
| Greater leniency in the penalties inflicted, as compared with those under Ine | 301 |
| Local moots | 302 |
| Condition of the servile class | 303 |
| Folcland and Bocland | 304 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. |
| Alfred’s Last Days. |
| 892. | Danish invasions recommenced | 307 |
| 893. | Faithlessness of the pirate Hasting | 309 |
| 894. | The Danes at Chester | 310 |
| 895. | Danish encampment by the river Lea | 311 |
| 896. | End of the invasion: pestilence | 312 |
| 897. | Alfred’s navy: sea-fight at the Isle of Wight | 313 |
| 900? | Death of Alfred: his burial-place | 314 |
| Note on the extent of the Danelaw— |
| Distribution of the Danes in districts east of the Watling Street boundary as evidenced by place-names | 315 |
| CHAPTER XIX. |
| Edward and His Sons. |
| 900. | Accession of Edward “the Elder” | 318 |
| 900–904? | Rebellion of Ethelwald | 319 |
| Conquest of Danish kingdoms beyond the Watling Street | 320 |
| 912–918. | Prowess of Edward’s sister Ethelfled, “the Lady of the Mercians”. Her fortresses | 321 |
| Edward continues her work of castle-building | 323 |
| 924. | Alleged recognition of Edward as overlord by Constantine II., King of Scots | 325 |
| 924–925. | Death of Edward: accession of Athelstan | 328 |
| Doubts as to Athelstan’s legitimacy | 329 |
| Character of Athelstan. His relation to continental powers | 330 |
| Story of the adoption of Hakon of Norway | 331 |
| Dealings with Northumbria and the Scots | 332 |
| 937. | Battle of Brunanburh. Discussion of its site | 334 |
| Ballad of Brunanburh | 335 |
| Athelstan as “King of all Britain,” and Basileus | 336 |
| Mysterious death of Athelstan’s brother, Edwin | 337 |
| 940. | Death of Athelstan. Succeeded by his brother Edmund | 338 |
| 942. | Edmund delivers the Five Boroughs from Danish thraldom | 340 |
| 943. | Wulfstan, Archbishop of York, helps the Danes against Edmund | 340 |
| 945. | Alleged “cession of Cumberland” to Malcolm, King of Scotland | 341 |
| 946. | Edmund assassinated by a robber. Accession of Edred | 339 |
| 948. | Eric, of Denmark, chosen King of Northumbria. Edred’s war with him and Archbishop Wulfstan | 342 |
| 954. | End of the Northumbrian kingdom | 342 |
| 955. | Death of Edred | 343 |
| CHAPTER XX. |
| Edgar and Dunstan. |
| 955–959. | Short and troublous reign of Edwy | 344 |
| Early history of Dunstan | 345 |
| Coronation banquet of Edwy. Dunstan forces Edwy to return to his nobles | 349 |
| 957. | Banishment of Dunstan | 350 |
| 958. | Archbishop Oda annuls the marriage of Edwy and Elfgiva | 351 |
| 957. | Edgar set up against Edwy. Division of the kingdom | 351 |
| 958–959. | Death of Edwy. Edgar sole king | 352 |
| Recall of Dunstan, who is made Bishop of Worcester | 352 |
| 960. | Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury | 352 |
| 966. | Westmorland harried by Thored | 353 |
| 968. | Thanet harried by Edgar | 353 |
| Monastic reform; expulsion of canonici | 354 |
| Oswald and Ethelwold help on the reform | 355 |
| 973. | Edwin’s coronation. Water pageant on the Dee | 356 |
| Legendary dealings with Scottish and Welsh kings | 357 |
| Story of Edgar’s immense navy | 357 |
| Character of Edgar. His marriage with Elfrida | 359 |
| 975. | Death of Edgar | 359 |
| CHAPTER XXI. |
| Edward the Martyr—Old Age of Dunstan—Normans and Northmen. |
| 975. | Accession of Edward “the Martyr” | 360 |
| Anti-monastic policy of Elfhere in Mercia. Banishment of Oslac, Earl of Northumbria | 361 |
| 977–979. | Three meetings of the Witenagemot on the monastic question. Catastrophe at Calne | 362 |
| 978. | Edward assassinated at Corfe | 364 |
| Accession of Ethelred II. | 365 |
| Closing years of Dunstan. His remonstrances against Ethelred’s spoliation of Church lands at Rochester | 365 |
| 988. | Death of Dunstan | 365 |
| Story of the Dukes of Normandy | 367 |
| 927. | Duke William Longsword | 368 |
| 943. | Duke Richard the Fearless | 369 |
| Origin of the house of Plantagenet | 370 |
| Harold Blue-Tooth, King of Denmark | 371 |
| Sweyn of Denmark dethrones his father | 371 |
| Harold Fair-hair, King of Norway | 372 |
| CHAPTER XXII. |
| Ethelred the Redeless. |
| Imbecility of this king | 374 |
| Severe criticisms of the Saxon Chronicle on his management of affairs | 375 |
| 982–1016. | Calendar of thirty-four years of Danish invasions | 376 |
| 991. | Lay of Brihtnoth, hero of the battle of Maldon | 378 |
| Saxon armour | 381 |
| Payments of tribute to the Danes: gafol (commonly called Danegeld) | 382 |
| 992. | Beginning of the “inexplicable treasons” of Ealdorman Elfric | 383 |
| 994. | Sweyn and Olaf Tryggvason invade England | 384 |
| Bishop Alphege ambassador to Olaf | 384 |
| 995–1000. | Subsequent career of Olaf Tryggvason | 385 |
| 1000. | Norway conquered by Denmark and Sweden | 385 |
| Ethelred ravages Cumberland | 385 |
| 1002. | Marriage of Ethelred to Emma of Normandy | 386 |
| Massacre of Danes on St. Brice’s Day | 387 |
| 1008. | Taxation ordered for building of ships | 388 |
| 1009. | Treasons of Ealdorman Edric Streona | 388 |
| London vainly attacked by the Danes | 389 |
| 1011. | Canterbury sacked by the Danes | 389 |
| 1012. | Archbishop Alphege martyred | 390 |
| 1013. | Sweyn and his son Canute land in England | 391 |
| The English submit. Ethelred flees to Normandy | 392 |
| 1014. | Death of Sweyn. Return of Ethelred | 393 |
| 1014. | Canute’s brutal mutilation of hostages | 394 |
| 1015. | More villainies of Edric Streona | 394 |
| 1016. | Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred, continues the war | 395 |
| Death of Ethelred. Accession of Edmund II. (Ironside) | 396 |
| Series of battles between Edmund and Canute | 396 |
| Edmund defeated at Assandune | 397 |
| Partition of the kingdom. Death of Edmund | 397 |
| CHAPTER XXIII. |
| Canute and His Sons. |
| 1016. | Canute sole King | 399 |
| Edwy “King of the Ceorls” | 399 |
| Four great earls under Canute | 401 |
| Edric killed: Thurkill banished | 401 |
| 1017. | Canute marries Emma, widow of Ethelred | 402 |
| Numerous executions | 402 |
| Family of Leofwine | 402 |
| Godwine, son of Wulfnoth | 403 |
| 1018. | Danish troops dismissed | 404 |
| 1023. | Translation of the body of St. Alphege | 405 |
| Northumbrian and Scottish affairs | 406 |
| 1018. | Great Scottish victory at Carham: loss of the Lothians | 408 |
| 1031. | Malcolm II. owns the supremacy of Canute | 409 |
| 1026. | Canute’s pilgrimage to Rome | 410 |
| Alliance with Emperor Conrad II. | 413 |
| 1025. | Canute’s unsuccessful campaign against St. Olaf, King of Norway | 415 |
| Canute orders the murder of Jarl Ulf, his brother-in-law | 414 |
| 1028. | St. Olaf defeated. Norway conquered | 414 |
| Relations with Normandy | 415 |
| 1035. | Death of Canute | 416 |
| England divided between his sons Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut | 417 |
| 1036. | Unsuccessful expedition of the Etheling Alfred | 418 |
| His murder, and cruel treatment of his followers | 419 |
| 1037. | Queen Emma banished to Flanders | 420 |
| Disputes between Harold and Archbishop Ethelnoth | 420 |
| 1040. | Death of Harold: accession of Harthacnut | 421 |
| Severe tax laid upon the people | 421 |
| 1041. | Edward, son of Ethelred, invited over from Normandy | 421 |
| 1042. | Death of Harthacnut | 422 |
| CHAPTER XXIV. |
| Legislation of the Later Kings. |
| Importance of property in cattle | 424 |
| Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ: Insurance against cattle-stealing | 425 |
| 1042. | The Anglo-Saxon Hundred and its gemôt | 428 |
| The Danish wapentake | 429 |
| The Anglo-Saxon burh and its development into the borough | 429 |
| The trinoda necessitas: fyrd-fare, burh-bote and bridge-bote | 432 |
| The shire and its gemôt | 432 |
| Ealdormen, earls and shire-reeves | 434 |
| Table of wergilds in the North-leoda laga | 435 |
| Rectitudines singularum Personarum | 436 |
| Various classes of dependants; the geneat, cotsetla and gebur | 437 |
| Tendency towards administrative strictness. The offence of oferhyrnesse | 438 |
| The borh or warrantor: institution of the tithing | 439 |
| Ordeals | 440 |
| Grants of sake and soke | 441 |
| Tendencies towards feudalism | 441 |
| CHAPTER XXV. |
| Edward the Confessor. |
| 1042. | Accession of Edward | 442 |
| 1043. | Harsh treatment of Queen Emma | 442 |
| 1045. | Edward marries Edith, daughter of Earl Godwine | 443 |
| 1047. | Foreign relations: Magnus of Norway | 444 |
| 1048. | Edward joins the Emperor Henry III. against Baldwin | 445 |
| 1049. | Edward’s vow of pilgrimage to the Holy Land: Westminster Abbey planned | 445 |
| Internal History: ships paid off: army tax (here-gyld) abolished | 445 |
| Siward, Earl of Northumbria | 447 |
| Leofric, Earl of Mercia | 448 |
| Vast power of Earl Godwine and his family | 448 |
| Misconduct of Sweyn, son of Godwine | 449 |
| 1049. | Sweyn murders his cousin Beorn | 451 |
| 1052. | Death of Sweyn | 451 |
| Edward’s foreign relatives: their unpopularity | 452 |
| Ecclesiastical favourites: Robert Champart | 452 |
| 1051. | Eustace of Boulogne and the men of Dover | 453 |
| Godwine heads resistance to the foreigners | 454 |
| Exile of Godwine and temporary ruin of his family | 455 |
| Visit of William the Norman to England | 457 |
| 1052. | Death of Queen Emma | 457 |
| Return of Earl Godwine and reinstatement of his family | 459 |
| Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury | 460 |
| Death of Earl Godwine: his son Harold all-powerful | 461 |
| 1057. | Return and death of the Etheling Edward | 461 |
| Scottish affairs: Macbeth’s murder of the young King Duncan | 462 |
| 1054. | Siward of Northumbria aids Malcolm against Macbeth | 463 |
| 1055. | Death of Siward. His earldom given to Tostig | 463 |
| 1037. | Welsh affairs: Victories of Griffith ap Llewelyn | 464 |
| 1055. | Leofric’s son Elfgar outlawed | 465 |
| Harold’s wars with Griffith | 466 |
| Griffith marries Aldgyth, daughter of Elfgar | 467 |
| 1063. | Death of Griffith | 467 |
| 1064? | Harold’s visit to Normandy and oath to Duke William | 469 |
| 1065. | Northumbria rebels against Tostig Godwineson | 470 |
| Tostig banished: his earldom given to Morkere, son of Elfgar | 471 |
| Harold marries Aldgyth, widow of Griffith | 471 |
| Dedication of Westminster Abbey | 472 |
| 1066. | Death of Edward the Confessor | 472 |
| CHAPTER XXVI. |
| Stamford Bridge and Hastings. |
| 1066. | Election of Harold | 474 |
| Duke William prepares to invade England | 475 |
| Appearance of the comet | 476 |
| Unsuccessful invasion of Tostig | 477 |
| Invasion of Harold Hardrada of Norway and Tostig | 479 |
| Sept. 20. | Edwin and Morkere, sons of Elfgar, defeated at Fulford | 479 |
| Harold marches northward | 480 |
| Sept. 25. | Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold Hardrada and Tostig slain | 481 |
| Sept. 28. | William the Norman lands at Pevensey | 482 |
| Story of the voyage of his fleet | 483 |
| William entrenches himself at Hastings | 483 |
| Movements of Harold | 485 |
| Battle of Hastings (or Senlac). Numbers and weapons of the hostile armies | 486 |
| Incident of the Malfosse | 488 |
| Harold slain | 489 |
| William’s supper on the battlefield. Disposal of the body of Harold | 490 |
| Battle Abbey | 491 |
| Appendix I. | On Authorities | 493 |
| II. | Genealogy of Northumbrian kings | 509 |
| III. | Genealogy of West Saxon kings before Egbert | 510 |
| INDEX | | 511 |
| MAPS. |
| (At the End of the Volume.) |
| Roman Britain. |
| Anglo-Saxon Britain. |