Richard the Lion Heart

Note VI — Richard, William of Longchamps, and the Great Seal

Roger of Howden in his account of the year 1194, after giving the terms of the truce made between the representatives of the two kings on July 23 in the form of a proclamation addressed “to all whom it may concern” by Drogo de Merlo the Constable of France, Anselm the Dean of S. Martin’s at Tours, and Urse the French king’s chamberlain (iii. 257-60), diverges to English affairs (260-7) and then returns to continental ones as follows:

“Deinde [Ricardus Rex] veniens in Normanniam moleste tulit quicquid factum fuerit de supradictis treugis, et imputans cancellario suo hoc per eum fuisse factum, abstulit ab eo sigillum suum, et fecit sibi novum sigillum fieri, et mandavit per singulas terras suas quod nihil ratum foret quod fuerat per vetus sigillum suum; tum quia cancellarius ille operatus fuerat inde minus discrete quam esset necesse, tum quia sigillum illud perditum erat quando Rogerus Malus Catulus, vice-cancellarius suus, submersus erat in mare ante insulam de Cipro. Et praecepit rex quod omnes qui cartas habebant venirent ad novum sigillum suum ad cartas suas renovandas.” R. Howden, iii. 267.

This story is certainly not strictly accurate; it was not till 1198 that Richard changed his seal, and if the seal was withdrawn from William of Ely in 1194, it was restored to him almost immediately, and he remained the king’s chancellor and trusted friend to the end of Richard’s life. Nevertheless, it seems clear that Richard did momentarily contemplate in 1194 a change of seal and the consequent requirement of confirmation of charters issued under the old seal. When this actually took place four years later, he himself stated his reasons for it as follows: “Quod” [sc. primum sigillum nostrum] “quia aliquando perditum erat, et dum capti essemus in Alemannia in aliena potestate constitutum, mutatum est.” (Confirmation of a charter to Ely, July 1, 1198, printed in Ramsey Cartulary, ed. Hart and Lyons, i. 115, and also in Round’s Feudal England, 542). Mr. Round dismisses Roger’s story as sheer fiction, on the ground that the second reason here given by Richard is “wholly and essentially different” from the first reason given by Roger. Even if this be so, it does not necessarily follow that the whole of Roger’s story is either a fiction, or a delusion, or misdated. Richard’s own statement of his motives is obviously a mere excuse; the self-evident fact that while he was in prison the seal was necessarily “in the power of another” might be a ground for annulling acts passed under it during that time, but could be no genuine reason for revoking likewise all other acts passed under it. One at least of his excuses, however, is far more likely to have been invented in 1194 than in 1198. The king’s temporary loss of control over the seal in 1193-4 might be a colourable pretext for getting rid of the discredited instrument at the earliest possible moment, but could in no way account for its repudiation after it had been, without necessity, suffered to remain in use for four years.

Footnotes

1 R. Diceto, ii. 67, and Rog. Wendover (ed. Coxe), iii. 3. Both the prophet and his commentator ignore the fact that what they call Eleanor’s “third nesting” was really her sixth, as she had already had, besides her two elder sons, two daughters by her first marriage and one by her second.

2 Rog. Howden, iii. 215.

3 Chron. Anon. in Rer. Gall. Scriptt. xii. 121. She had joined him before the end of August; Chron. de Bello, 76.

4 R. Torigni, a. 1157; Pipe Roll 3 Hen. II, 107.

5 R. Torigni, a. 1157.

6 W. Newburgh, lib. ii. c. 4.

7 Place from R. Diceto, i. 302; day from Chron. S. Albini Andeg., a. 1157.

8 “MS. in Lord Arundel’s collection,” as quoted by James, Collections, vii. 34 (Bodl.); Stubbs, preface to R. Howden, iii., xviii. note 2.

9 In 1220 Henry III granted to another person “septem libratas redditûs in Chippenham quas Hodierna nutrix domini Regis Ricardi avunculi nostri habuit,” Close Rolls, ii. 416 b. That the grant to Hodierna was made by Richard may be inferred from there being no trace of the payment in the Pipe Rolls of his father’s reign. Stubbs notes that “this could not have been the whole of her property, for her land in 30 Hen. III” [1246-7], “was talliaged at 40s.”; also that “the parish of Knoyle Hodierne in Wiltshire still preserves her name.” Pref. to R. Howd. iii., xviii. note 2.

10 R. Diceto, i. 293.

11 See especially Chron. S. Maxent., a. 1060 and 1110, and Hist. Pont. et Com. Engolism., Labbe, Thesaurus, ii. 268 (a. 1070-1101).

12 Geoffrey of Vigeois, Labbe, Thes., ii. 304. This was in 1136-7. M. Richard (Comtes de Poitou, ii. 51) thinks Emma was only betrothed, not married, to the duke. His arguments are not strong enough to convince me against the distinct statement of Geoffrey of Vigeois.

13 “Lemovicæ comes” (sic) “habet feudum de abbate S. Martialis castellum de Petra Buffiera et turrim de castello quod est super Charnix, Lemovicense castrum, vicariam de turre, Bernardii castellum de Cambono S. Valeriæ. Pro his omnibus debent hominium facere abbatibus cunctis omnes vicecomites qui feudum istud tenuerunt”—Geoffrey, the writer, had twice seen it performed—“... Abbas tamen dominium totius castri Lemovicini habere debet, vicecomes vicariam tantum.... Burgenses vero argenti pondere fulti vicecomiti vix obtemperant, quando minus monachis” Geoff. Vigeois, 333. For the significance of “castrum Lemovicense,” see the next footnote.

14 “Lite mota inter cives et hospites, Dux irritatus est; tunc muros castri, qui non multo tempore fuerunt constructi, funditus evertit, pontemque disrupit.... Procurationem noluit Albertus Abbas in urbem facere Duci, dicens non debere extra septa reddere castri.” Geoff. Vigeois, 308. Limoges in those days, and long after, was a sort of double town of which one part, comprising the cathedral church and its precincts and seemingly called the “city,” belonged to the bishop, and the other part to the abbot of S. Martial’s, under homage to whom it was governed by the viscount. Each part had its own enclosure. There was no castle in the ordinary sense of that word; but the abbot’s part, which was the more populous and important part of the town, seems to have taken the title of castrum. The case was somewhat like that of the city of Tours and the Castrum S. Martini, or Châteauneuf.

15 Geoff. Vigeois, 308-10.

16 R. Torigni, a. 1159.

17 Treaty in Lyttelton, Henry II, iv. 174.

18 “Ad corredium Ricardi filii Regis £10 6s. 8d. per breve Regis,” Pipe Roll 9 Hen. II (1162-3) 71. Cf. an entry, ib., 72; “in porcis et ovis et minutis rebus contra festum filii Regis 100s.” Henry was in London that year in the first week of March (Eyton, Itin. Hen. II, 59), and again on October 1 (Mater. for Hist. Becket, iv. 201). It is possible that the royal family may have been there also in September, and that the “festum filii Regis” may have been Richard’s birthday; but it is perhaps more likely to have been that of young Henry, February 28.

19 R. Torigni, a. 1165.

20 Gerv. Cant., i. 205.

21 Mater. for Hist. Becket, Ep. ccliii., vi. 74.

22 R. Torigni, a. 1167. Cf. Mat. for Hist. Becket, Ep. cclxxvii., vi. 131.

23 R. Torigni, l.c. Cf. Chronn. S. Albini and S. Sergii, a. 1166.

24 R. Torigni, l.c.

25 Geoff. Vigeois, 318; R. Torigni, a. 1168; Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 456.

26 Mat. for Hist. Becket, l.c.

27 “Robertus de Silli,” Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 456; “Robertus de Selit,” Geoff. Vigeois, 318; “Robertus et frater ejus de Silleio,” R. Torigni, a. 1167. The name appears as “de Silliaco” in Mat. for Hist. Becket, vii. 165, 178, 247, 606, 610, 616. It cannot be Sillé in Maine as I suggested in Angevin Kings, ii. 137; it can hardly be anything else than Seilhac.

28 R. Torigni, l.c., names “Haimericus de Lizennoio”; the writer of Ep. 434 in Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 456, names “Gaufridus de Lezinniaco” and “Haimericus de Rancone.” There seems to be no other trace of an Aimeric de Rancogne, if indeed Rancogne be the place intended here and not Rancon in La Marche, as to the ownership of which I can discover nothing. There was an Aimeric de Lusignan, and also a Geoffrey de Lusignan, and there was furthermore a Geoffrey de Rancogne of whom we shall hear again. To me it seems most probable that the Lusignan here referred to was Aimeric, and that his Christian name has (owing to a confusion between him and his brother) been transposed with that of the lord of Rancogne.

29 R. Torigni, a. 1168.

30 Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 456.

31 R. Torigni, a. 1168.

32 Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 409.

33 Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 409.

34 R. Torigni, a. 1168.

35 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 1615-52. According to R. Torigni, l.c., Patrick was killed “circa octavas Paschae,” i. e. April 7, the very day of the conference.

36 “Rex Henricus senior filio Richardo ex voluntate matris Aquitanorum tradidit Ducatum.” Geoff. Vigeois, 318.

37 Cf. John of Salisbury’s letter in Mat. for Hist. Becket, vi. 506-7, R. Torigni, a. 1169, and Gerv. Cant., i. 208.

38 R. Torigni, a. 1169.

39 Geoff. Vigeois, 318. Bernard Itier, ed. Duplès-Agier, 58.

40 “Novusque dux ab omnibus proclamatur,” Geoff. Vigeois, 318-19. Geoffrey does not give the year explicitly, but he does so implicitly by saying that Raymond of Toulouse did homage to Richard “anno sequenti.” S. Valeria’s body was at S. Martial’s abbey at Limoges; ib., 285. According to Geoffrey and the Chronicle of S. Martial’s (ed. Duplès-Agier), 209, she was the protomartyr not only of Aquitaine but of Gaul.

41 Gesta Hen., i. 35-6. The presence of Eleanor and the date of the homage—“Dominica qua cantatur Invocavit Me,” i. e. February 25—are mentioned only by Geoff. Vigeois, 319, who adds: “Feria quarta, alias sexta, heroes qui per dies septem concilium celebravere Lemovica discedunt ab urbe”; i. e. the kings and counts were at Limoges either from Thursday, February 22, to Wednesday, 28, or from Saturday, February 24, to Friday, March 2. This assembly of a week’s duration at Limoges is clearly to be identified with the one described by the local chronicler, Bernard Itier, in a very corrupt passage which his latest editor, M. Duplès-Agier, has printed (p. 58) from the much mutilated MS. with conjectural emendations, thus: “Anno gracie MCLXXII... [Alienor Regina] et filio Ricardo et com... [et regibus de] Arragonia et de Navarra [venerunt]... Lemovicas et per viii dies in ca[stro Lemovicensi moram] fecerunt.” February 1173 in our reckoning would be February 1172 in Bernard’s reckoning, as in the kingdom of France the year began at Easter. I think that for “Alienor Regina” we should substitute “Rex cum Regina,” and supply “[ite Tolosæ]” after “com.” What the king of Navarre—Sancho VI, father of Berengaria whom Richard ultimately married—had come for, there is nothing to show. Count Gerard of Vienne, whom R. Diceto (i. 353) adds to the list of those present, was a Provençal subfeudatary of Raymond of Toulouse, and so may have been concerned in Raymond’s dispute with Alfonso. The statement of R. Diceto (i. 353-4) that “quia Ricardus Dux Aquitaniæ, cui facturus esset homagium comes Sancti Ægidii, presens non erat, usque ad octavas Pentecostes negotii complementum dilationem accepit,” is clearly erroneous.

42 Gesta Hen., i. 41-2. R. Diceto, i. 355.

43 Geoff. Vigeois, 319.

44 Gesta Hen., i. 42.

45 Ib., 44.

46 W. Newb., lib. ii. c. 27.

47 Gerv. Cant., i. 242.

48 Gerv. Cant., i. 242.

49 Gesta, i. 49; but R. Torigni, a. 1173, mentions only young Henry and the counts of Flanders and Boulogne.

50 Cf. Gesta, l.c.; R. Diceto, i. 373, etc.

51 R. Howden, ii. 52.

52 Gesta, i. 59. Cf. R. Howden, ii. 53.

53 Gesta, i. 63.

54 Ib., 46-7.

55 Geoff. Vigeois, 320-3.

56 Richard, Ctes. de Poitou, ii. 173, from Archives historiques de la Gironde, i. 388.

57 Richard the Poitevin, Rer. Gall. Scriptt., xii. 420, 421, a passage which M. Richard, Ctes., ii. 174, note 2, says relates to 1173-4, not 1186-8 as formerly supposed.

58 R. Diceto, i. 380. Cf. Chron. S. Albini, a. 1174.

59 Gesta, 71.

60 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., lib. iii. dist. 8 (Anglia Christiana Soc. edition, 106).

61 Cf. Gesta, i. 76, and R. Howd., ii. 66.

62 Gesta, l.c.

63 R. Howd., ii. 67.

64 Gesta, i. 77-9.

65 See Angevin Kings, ii. 165, note 7.

66 R. Diceto, i. 398.

67 Ib. and R. Howd., ii. 71.

68 Gesta, i. 78.

69 See this clause in the treaty, ib., 77.

70 Ib., 82-4.

71 Gesta, i. 101. The place is there called “Castellum super Agiens.” M. Richard, Ctes. de Poitou, ii. 183, calls it “le château du Puy de Castillon”; cf. ib., 134, “Castillon sur Agen, place extrêmement forte,” from R. Torigni, a. 1161, “Castellionem super urbem Agennum, castrum scilicet natura et artificio munitum,” taken by Henry after a week’s siege in 1161. It seems to be identical with Grand-Castel, on the river, a little above Agen.

72 Gesta, i. 114.

73 Ib., 115.

74 “In liberatione esnecce quando rex junior transfretavit £7 10s. per breve regis. Et in liberatione iiii navium que transfretaverunt cum eo... £7 15s. per breve regis. Et item in passagio esnecce quando Ricardus filius regis transfretavit viil. and xs. per breve regis. Et in liberatione iiii navium que transfretaverunt cum eo vil. per breve regis.”—Pipe Roll 22 Hen. II (1175-6), 199.

75 R. Diceto, i. 407.

76 Gesta, i. 121. I am uncertain whether “Montigernac” is meant for Montignac, or Jarnac, or for both; very likely the latter, as the two places are close together, and the writer not being familiar with the country may easily have run two names into one.

77 Cf. Gesta, 120, 121, with R. Diceto, i. 414.

78 Gesta, i. 131-2. The writer’s chronology is obviously confused, but the closing date of the series may be correct.

79 R. Torigni, a. 1177.

80 Gesta, i. 127.

81 Ib., 195-6.

82 Ib., 131, 132.

83 Ib., 132.

84 Ib., 168.

85 Alex. III Ep. in Rer. Gall. Scriptt., xv. 954, 955. Cf. Gesta, i. 180, 181.

86 Gesta, i. 168.

87 Cf. Gesta, i. 180-1 with the Pope’s letter, Rer. Gall. Scriptt., xv. 954-5.

88 Gesta, i. 181, 182.

89 Ib., 190, 191; place from R. Diceto, i. 422.

90 R. Howden, ii. 143.

91 Gesta, i. 191-2; place and date from R. Diceto, i. 422.

92 Gesta, i. 195.

93 R. Torigni, a. 1177.

94 Cf. Gesta, i. 195-7, R. Diceto, i. 425, and R. Torigni, a. 1177.

95 Gesta, i. 196.

96 R. Torigni, a. 1177.

97 I infer this from the fact that neither she nor her husband, Guy of Comborn, seem ever to have put forth any claim to the county. Geoff. Vigeois, 324, speaks as if she were still living at the time of its sale. She may have died soon after, and as she was childless (ib., and Chron. MS. printed in Duplès-Agier, Chron. de Limoges, 188), whatever rights she might have claimed would die with her.

98 Gesta, i. 197; R. Howden, ii. 147-8; and cf. Geoff. Vigeois, 324, and Chron. S. Mart. Limoges, 188, which gives the date October 7, but Adalbert’s own charter (Gesta and R. Howd., ll.cc.) says “mense Decembri.” G. Vigeois gives the sum paid as 5000 marks; the Chron. S. Mart., 189, R. Torigni a. 1177, and R. Diceto, i. 425, make it 6000 marks of silver, and R. Torigni adds “terram... valentem, ut idem rex dixit, viginti millia marcas argenti.” The Gesta and R. Howden both insert a copy of Adalbert’s charter, but the writer of the former must have copied the figures wrongly, for he makes the sum only fifteen pounds Angevin; in Roger’s version it is 15,000 pounds Angevin. Both versions add twenty mules and twenty palfreys.

99 R. Torigni, a. 1177.

100 He was with his father and brothers at Angers at Christmas, 1177; R. Torigni, ad ann.

101 “Cum magno exercitu in Pictaviam profectus,” says our authority, Gesta, i. 212; but clearly he must mean either “in Gasconiam” or “ex Pictavia.”

102 Gesta, i. 212, 213.

103 Ib., 212.

104 R. Diceto, i. 431, 432. The Gesta, i. 212, say the siege began on May 3 and lasted only three days.

105 Gesta, l.c.; cf. R. Torigni, a. 1179, who evidently did not know that Pons belonged to Geoffrey.

106 R. Diceto, i. 432; Gesta, i. 213.

107 R. Torigni, a. 1179.

108 R. Diceto, i. 432.

109 “Ricardo comiti Pictaviae l.m.,” Pipe Roll 25 Hen. II (1178-9), 101. “In passagio esneccae quando Ricardus comes Pictaviae transfretavit,” ib., p. 107.

110 Itin. Ric., 144.

111 Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 8.

112 Itin., l.c.

113 “Species digna imperio,” ib.; “formae dignae imperio,” Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., l.c.

114 Itin., l.c.

115 “Hic leo noster plusquam leo.” Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 8.

116 Ib.

117 An obvious instance is Richard’s great-grandfather, King Henry I, who was called “the Lion of Justice.” Two of Richard’s own contemporaries are known as Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, and William the Lion, king of Scots; though in this last case the appellation was probably derived merely from the cognizance on his shield.

118 Cf., e. g., Coronement Loois, l. 1807—“C’est Fierebrace qui cuer a de lion.”

119 “Le preuz reis, le quor de lion,” Estoire de la Croisade, l. 2310.

120 Bertrand de Born in his sirventes often speaks of Richard by a nickname—“Oc e No,” “Yea and Nay.” Its use seems to be peculiar to Bertrand. Some modern writers have taken it as intended to imply that Richard was light of purpose, or of a wavering disposition. As Clédat points out (Bertran de Born, 101-2), such an explanation would be quite out of harmony not only with Richard’s real character as displayed in his actions from the very outset of his rule in Aquitaine, but also with every other indication of Bertran’s opinion of him. We might almost more reasonably conjecture that although when Richard did swear he used some very extraordinary oaths (“Per gorgiam Dei,” Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ. dist. iii. c. 25, on which Gerald comments “quoniam his et similibus sacramentibus uti solet”; “Par les gambes Dieu,” Hist. G. le Mar. ll. 8839, 9367), his usual practice was to “swear not at all,” but so to act that a simple statement from him of his will and purpose, “yea” or “nay,” was recognized as being no less positive and final than if he had confirmed it with an oath.

121 Cf. the character given by a Flemish chronicler, “Richard... ke otre toz les boins estoit preus e vaillans.” Hist. des Ducs, 84.

122 Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 8.

123 Ib.

124 Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 8. Cf. Bertrand de Born, “Ar ve la coindeta sazos,” ll. 33-5:
Bom sap l’usatge qu’a’l leos
Qu’a re venenda non es maus,
Mas contra orgolh es orgolhos.—

where the context shows that the “lion” stands for Richard.

125 Gir. Cambr. De Instr. Princ., l.c.

126 Ib.; Gerv. Cant. i. 303; and cf. R. Diceto, ii. 19—“Pictaviensibus... quos Ricardus indebitis vexationibus et violenta dominatione premebat.”

127 His brutal treatment of his Breton and “Basque” prisoners in 1183 is a wholly different matter. Those prisoners were not his own subjects; they were foreign invaders; the charge of cruelty mentioned above had no reference to them. Moreover, even their fate does not necessarily indicate that Richard was of a specially cruel disposition, for that fate does not appear to have outraged the public opinion of their day, at any rate in Aquitaine.

128 Gesta, i. 292.

129 Geoff. Vigeois, 317. It is a pity that Geoffrey’s rime, “Richardus, qui ad probitatis opera nunquam exstitit tardus,” cannot be reproduced in an English translation; and also that “prowess” in its modern use conveys such an imperfect idea of the medieval probitas. The rime may be unintentional; but it is far more likely to be derived from some vernacular couplet current at the time “... En Richartz, Qu’ad obras de proesa ja n’estet tartz,” or something similar.

130 R. Torigni, a. 1179. See the various names applied to these “malignants,” “whose teeth and arms had nearly devoured Aquitaine,” in Geoff. Vigeois, 328, 334.

131 Ib., 325; for date see Clédat, B. de Born, 42, note.

132 See B. de Born’s sirventes, “Ges no me desconort,” ll. 22-3, where he speaks of “the three counts of Angoulême”—“li trei comte fat Engolmesi.”

133 Geoff. Vigeois, 326.

134 In p. 327 Geoffrey says in reference to a period which from the context seems to be about the end of January 1181: “Tunc genus inimicitiarum Richardi et Alienoris in speciem amicitiae vertitur.” As there is no indication elsewhere of “unfriendliness” between Richard and his mother, nor of anything which might have given rise to it, nor of anything likely to produce a change in their feelings towards each other at this time; and as, moreover, their intercommunications must for the past seven years have been extremely limited if not altogether non-existent, seeing that Eleanor had been throughout that time in confinement in England, I cannot but suspect that this passage is corrupt. Possibly “Alienoris” may be a transcriber’s mistake for “Ademari,” and the person really meant may be Aimar of Limoges.

135 Geoff. Vigeois, 327.

136 R. Diceto, ii. 9; cf. Gerv. Cant., i. 297.

137 Geoff. Vigeois, 326; for the year see Clédat, B. de Born, 42, note.

138 “Qui” (i. e. the Duke) “cum puella terram obtinere tentavit,” says G. Vigeois, 326. A statement made by some modern writers that Richard wanted to marry the girl and thus annex her county seems to be without authority.

139 G. Vigeois, 326.

140 Gerv. Cant. i. 303.

141 Hautefort was in the diocese of Périgord, but in the viscounty of Limoges; cf. the two biographies of Bertrand de Born, Thomas, B. de Born, li., Stimming (ed. 1892), 51; the “contradiction” which Stimming (3) finds on this point exists only in his own imagination, and he is mistaken in branding as “false” the second biographer’s statement that Bertrand “fu de Lemozi,” for Bertrand himself speaks of “Nos Lemozi” in his sirventes “Eu chant,” l. 44, Thomas, 21, Stimming, 69.

142 Razo of “Un sirventes cui motz no falh,” Thomas, 7; Stimming, 6-7.

143 Provençal biography of B. de Born, No. I, Thomas, li.

144 Sirventes, “Lo coms m’a mandat,” ll. 45, 46, Thomas, 6.

145 See “Un sirventes cui motz no falh,” ll. 9-14.

146 Another Aimar, William, and Elias. It was the two former who tried to get possession of Angoulême in succession to their eldest brother Vulgrin (G. Vigeois, 326). Elias was still living in January-February 1183, when “Helias et Sector Ferri” are coupled together by G. Vigeois (332) as “Vulgrini defuncti comites Engolismensis fratres.” It is doubtful whether “Sector Ferri”—Taillefer, a surname used by all the counts of Angoulême at this period—here represents William or Aimar. Some modern writers date William’s death in 1181. He was at any rate still alive in June of that year; G. Vigeois (326) says definitely “Guillermus et Ademarus defuncto inhiabant succedere fratri,” i. e. to succeed Vulgrin who died in June 1181, see Clédat, B. de Born, 42, note.

147 “Ges no mi desconort,” ll. 35-8.

148 “Tals me plevi sa fe No feses plait sens me,” ib. ll. 39-40. Obviously this “pledging of faith” could not apply to Bertrand alone. Nor was he the only one towards whom it was broken, as we shall see.

[149] Cf. “Pois Ventadorn,” ll. 1-3, with “Ges no mi desconort,” ll. 18-25.

150 Razo of “Un sirventes cui motz no falh,” Thomas, 7. Bertrand himself mentions some of these lesser barons in “Pois Ventadorn,” ll. 2, 9, 10.

151 “Pois Ventadorn,” ll. 17-30.

152 Gesta, i. 197.

153 G. Vigeois, 324.

154 He was there in February or March 1181, and again in May and on June 24, 1182; ib. 326, 330.

155 “Pois Ventadorn,” l. 4.

156 G. Vigeois, 330, 331.

157 Ib., 320.

158 “Quod protinus adimpletur,” says G. Vigeois, 326.

159 See the last six lines of “Pois Ventadorn,” with the note of M. Thomas, B. de Born, 15. I venture to think M. Thomas is mistaken in assuming that “Talhafer” represents either Elias or William. We know from John’s treaty with Philip in 1193 that at some time or other Aimar had done homage to Philip (“Comes Engolismensis tenebit terram suam a Rege Franciae, illam scilicet de qua fecit se hominem [illius?]; a me,” i. e. John, “vero tenebit aliam terram quam a me debet tenere,” Fœdera I. i. 57); there is nothing to show that he was the youngest of the family; it seems more likely that he was the next to Vulgrin in age, and therefore, if Maud’s claim was to be ruled out, next to Vulgrin also in the line of succession.

160 G. Vigeois, 331.

161 The district in which Clairvaux stood—the Loudunais—had originally belonged to Poitou; it was annexed to Anjou towards the end of the tenth century by Geoffrey Greygown, who held it under homage to the Poitevin Count William III. This homage became obsolete after Geoffrey Martel’s victory over William VIII in 1033. Richard may possibly have had some idea of reviving the Poitevin claim to the overlordship of the Loudunais; but it is more likely that he simply did not know, and did not care to ascertain, exactly where the frontier line ran.

162 “Pois Ventadorn,” ll. 33-40.

163 Gesta, i. 294; R. Diceto, ii. 18, where young Henry is made to say that Richard fortified Clairvaux “contra suam” (i. e. young Henry’s) “voluntatem.”

164 G. Vigeois, 332; Bern. Itier, a. 1182.

165 G. Vigeois, 332—“Olivarus frater Petri vicecomitis de Castellone,” i. e. Castillon in Périgord. A month earlier Aimar of Limoges had taken and destroyed the “Burgum S. Germani”; ib. Probably this means S. Germain-les-Belles, near Limoges, and Aimar was merely chastising a vassal of his own; at any rate there is nothing to imply that the matter concerned Richard in any way.

166 Cf. “Ges de disnar,” ll. 27, 28, and “Chazutz sui,” ll. 29-31.

167 “Chazutz sui,” ll. 25-36.

168 “Ges de disnar,” ll. 27, 28.

169 See “No posc mudar,” ll. 13-16, and Thomas, Introd. xv. I venture, however, to think that “Rancon” probably stands not for the place now so called, in Haute-Vienne (Thomas, 77, note 4), i. e. in the Limousin, but for Rancogne in the Angoumois, the home of the well-known Geoffrey, lord also of Pons and of Taillebourg.

170 See “Ges no mi desconort,” ll. 11-14, with the reference to “quem disses [el coms, i. e. Richard] antan.”

171 Gesta, i. 291.

172 Ib., 294, 295.

173 Ib., 295.

174 Gesta, i. 295.

175 R. Diceto, ii. 18—“homagium et ligantiam.” Cf. Gesta, i. 291-2.

176 R. Diceto, l.c.

177 I. e., probably, to an explanation that the homage was not meant to take effect till young Henry should be in his father’s place.

178 Gesta, l.c.

179 Ib., 295.

180 “Vehementer excanduit, incongruum esse dicens, ut dicitur, cum eodem ex patre, cum eadem ex matre, traxisset originem, si fratrem primogenitum aliqua specie subjectionis superiorem agnosceret; sed sicut ipsi fratri suo regi lege primogenitorum bona debebantur paterna, sic in bonis maternis aequa lance successionem legitimam vindicabat,” R. Diceto, ii. 18, 19. That is to say, in fact, he claimed to hold Aquitaine, after his father’s death, as a direct underfief of the kingdom of France, and not as a part of the Angevin dominions at all. In other words, he claimed the right to break up the Angevin empire; which was precisely what Henry II was trying to prevent.

181 Gesta, i. 292.

182 R. Diceto, ii. 19.

183 Cf. Gesta, i. 292 and 295.

184 “Transacta Purificatione B. Mariae,” G. Vigeois, 332. Geoffrey dates the quarrel between the king’s sons “tertio idus Decembris, celebrata Domini Nativitate.” Can he mean “tertio idus Januarii,” January 11? This might very well be the date of the final quarrel between young Henry and Richard.

185 Gesta, i. 296.

186 G. Vigeois, l.c.; Gesta, i. 292, 293.

187 Gesta, i. 293. It is hardly possible that Geoffrey can have had time to go in person into Britanny as the Gesta imply; but it is clear from Bertrand de Born’s poem “D’un sirventes nom chal” that he was deep in the Aquitanian plot before his eldest brother’s adhesion to it was known; no doubt, therefore, he had secretly made his preparations beforehand for the crisis which had now come.

188 G. Vigeois, 332.

189 G. Vigeois, 332.

190 Gesta, i. 292. G. Vigeois, l.c., mentions among the “barones et principes” who “tunc temporis conspiraverunt adversus Ricardum,” besides young Henry and Geoffrey of Britanny, Elias, and “Taillefer” of Angoulême, Aimar of Limoges, Raymond of Turenne, Peter viscount of Castillon and his brother Oliver of Chalais, Fulcaud of Archiac (in Saintonge) and Geoffrey of Lusignan. This last was now at Limoges, and in the most intimate counsels of the young king; see Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 6408-13.

191 R. Howden, ii. 274.

192 G. Vigeois, l.c.

193 Saint Pierre du Queiroix, “de Quadrivio,” situated near the north-east angle of the old town or Castrum S. Martialis; ib.

194 “Santius de Sarannas et Curbanus seu Curbaranus,” G. Vigeois, 333; in all other places where Geoffrey mentions the latter he uses the longer form of the name. “Curbaran” is the name of a Saracen prince in the Chanson d’Antioche. In the printed editions of Geoffrey’s history the other leader figures as Sautius and Saucius, but these are probably misreadings of Santius and Sancius, Latin for Sancho or Sanchez. Sérannes or Serranes is the name of a cluster of hills in what is now the department of Héraut; most likely this bandit chief had a favourite lurking-place there; cf. “Willekin of the Weald.”

195 G. Vigeois, 333, 334.

196 Ib., 333-4.

197 “Citramarinos principes.”

198 G. Vigeois, 335-6.

199 Gesta, i. 299.

200 G. Vigeois, 335.

201 “Tost l’agral reis joves matat,
Sil coms nol [nos, Stimming] n’agues ensenhat;
Mas aissils clan els enserra
Qu’Engolmes a per fort cobrat
E tot Saintonge delivrat
Tro lai part Finibus Terra.”

—“Eu chant,” ll. 7-12. Bertrand’s modern commentators have assumed that the nominative to “a cobrat e... delivrat” is “lo reis joves,” and understood ll. 9-12 as referring to the invasion of the Angoumois and Saintonge by the Routiers in behalf of young Henry. I venture to suggest that the true nominative is “lo coms”—i. e., the count of Poitou. There could be no “recovery” of the Angoumois either by or for young Henry, who had never had any authority there. The whole structure and context of the lines indicate that they refer to Richard. “Finibus Terra,” Finisterre, doubtless stands here, like “Broceliande” in another of Bertrand’s poems (“D’un sirventes nom chal,” l. 33), simply for Britanny.

202 “Eu chant,” ll. 5-12, 16-18. On l. 8, “Sil coms,” etc., see Stimming’s note, 155.

203 G. Vigeois, 336.

204 “Eu chant,” ll. 37-42.

205 G. Vigeois, 338.

206 Ib., 337.

207 Ib., 336, 338.

208 Ib., 337; cf. Gesta, i. 302, 303.

209 G. Vigeois, 337.

210 On comparing the words of G. Vigeois, l.c.—“Castrum... dux jure praelii cepit”—with those of Bertrand himself—“Autafort, Qu’eu ai rendut Al senhor de Niort, Quar l’a volgut” (“Ges no mi desconort,” ll. 5-8), I think this must be the real meaning of both.

211 “Ges no mi desconort,” ll. 9-14.

212 G. Vigeois, l.c.

213 “Nom chal d’Autafort, Mais far dreit ni tort, Qu’el jutjamen crei Monsenhor lo rei”; last four lines of “Ges de far sirventes.”

214 “Ges de far,” ll. 9, 10.

215 Literally “as true as any silver”—“fi com us argens,” “Ges no mi desconort,” l. 50.

216 Gesta, i. 308.

217 A. Richard, Comtes de Poitou, ii. 373, from a document in the cartulary of Fontevraud. The “five years” which John is there stated to have spent in the abbey must be prior to February 1173; this appears from later notices of his whereabouts cited in my John Lackland, pp. 7, 8.

218 Gesta, i. 308.

219 G. Vigeois, 342.

220 Ib., 338.

221 Cf. ib., 338, 339, Rigord (ed. Delaborde), i. 36, and on the “Pacifici,” R. Torigni, a. 1183, Gerv. Cant., i. 300, 301, and Rigord, i. 37-39.

222 G. Vigeois, 338.

223 “Lobar seu le Bar,” ib., 323, 324, 326, 342. In a Life of S. Stephen of Grandmont which seems to date from the time of Pope Clement III (1187-91) or soon after, the same man is called “Lupardus.” Labbe, Biblioth., ii. 676.

224 G. Vigeois, 342.

225 Gesta, i. 306.

226 Gesta, i. 306.

227 “E li reis l’aveit mult amee;
Des que il esteit coens de Peitiers,
La coveita sis covestiers.”
    Est. de la Guerre Sainte, ll. 1150-2.

“A multo tempore quo comes erat Pictavensis... plurimum desideravit eam,” Itin., 175.

228 Gesta, i. 311.

229 Ib., 319.

230 Gesta, i. 319-21.

231 Ib. 333, 334.

232 Ib., 337.

233 Ib., 313.

234 Ib., 337, 338.

235 Gesta, i. 338.

236 Ib., 318, 319; R. Howden, ii. 288.

237 Gesta, i. 322.

238 “Membrelh [Felip] sa sor el maritz orgolhos
Que la laissa e no la vol tener;
Aquest forfaitz mi sembla desplazer,
E tot ades que s’en vai perjuran,
Quel reis Navars l’a sai dat per espos
A sa filha, per que l’anta es plus gran.”
        B. de Born, “Seu fos aissi senher,” ll. 22-8.

Thomas (73) and Stimming (36) are agreed that this sirventes dates from 1188. Stimming seems to think the lines quoted above refer to an event of quite recent occurrence; but anything like an avowed troth-plight between Richard and Berengaria at any time except between December 1183 and March 1186 would have been an insult to France so flagrant that neither Richard nor Sancho is likely to have run the risks which it would have involved. During that period, however, such a betrothal would give Philip no lawful ground for complaint, although a mischief-maker might easily use it, either at the time or some years later, to excite the French king’s resentment against a man who had thus failed to appreciate the honour of becoming his brother-in-law and preferred a daughter of Navarre to a daughter of France.

239 Gesta, i. 343, 344; date from R. Diceto, ii. 40.

240 Gesta, i. 345.

241 R. Diceto, l.c.

242 Gesta, l.c.

243 Gesta, i. 345.

244 Ib., 347, 350.

245 Cf. R. Diceto, ii. 43, 44, with Gesta, i. 353.

246 Gesta, ii. 5.

247 Rigord, l.c.

248 Gerv. Cant., i. 346; cf. Rigord, l.c., who mentions only the dowry, not the bride.

249 Rigord, l.c.

250 Ib., 78.

251 Cf. Rigord, 78, Gesta, ii. 6, and Gerv. Cant., i. 369.

252 Gerv. Cant., i. 371-3.

253 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 2.

254 “Johannes... cujus promotionis causa haec omnia mala sustinui.” Gir. Cambr., De. Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 25.

255 R. Diceto, ii. 49. Gerald, De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 2, says one year; but Ralf is more to be trusted on this point. On the other hand, Ralf’s date—Tuesday, the eve of S. John—is a day too early to be compatible with the circumstantial narrative of Gervase.

256 Rigord, i. 79.

257 Gesta, ii. 7.

258 Gerv. Cant., i. 373.

259 Gesta, ii. 7.

260 Ib., 9.

261 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 5.

262 Ib., R. Diceto, ii. 50; W. Newb., lib. iii. c. 23.

263 Gerv. Cant., i. 389.

264 W. Newb., lib. iii. c. 23.

265 Gesta, ii. 29. This writer, Roger of Howden (ii. 334), and R. Diceto (ii. 51) date the conference January 21; Gervase (i. 406) says “about S. Vincent’s day” (January 22); Rigord (83) and William the Breton (Gesta Ph. Aug., 187) say January 13. Probably it began on S. Hilary’s day, was suspended owing to the arrival of the archbishop of Tyre, and was resumed on January 21.

266 Gesta, ii. 29-30. W. Newb., lib. iii. c. 23, represents the conference as held in consequence of the archbishop’s coming, and for no other purpose than to consult as to what could be done for Palestine. Rigord (l.c.), Gir. Cambr. (De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 5), Gerv. Cant. (i. 406) and R. Diceto (l.c.) say merely that the kings held a conference and took the Cross.

267 Gir. Cambr., l.c.

268 Gesta, ii. 30.

269 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 7.

270 Ib.

271 On January 30; Gesta, ii. 33.

272 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 7.

273 R. Diceto, ii. 54, 55.

274 Gesta, ii. 34.

275 Gir. Cambr., l.c.

276 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 7.

277 Cf. R. Diceto, ii. 55, and Gesta, ii. 34.

278 Gir. Cambr., l.c.

279 Gesta, l.c.; cf. R. Diceto, l.c., Rigord (ed. Delaborde, 90) dates this invasion of Toulouse “inter Pentecosten et festum S. Johannis,” i. e. between June 5 and 24; we shall, however, see that it must have taken place some considerable time before June 16. In my Angevin Kings I adopted Rigord’s date, but I now recognize that this was an error, and that the editors of Vic and Vaissète are right in following William the Breton, who (ed. Delaborde, i. 187) places the expedition “a short time after” (modico post elapso tempore) a council which according to Rigord (ib., 84) was held at Paris in March. Otherwise there would not have been time for all the captures, negotiations, etc. “Toulouse” here evidently means the county of Toulouse proper; the Quercy was already in Richard’s hands, annexed by him to his ducal domains in 1186.

280 Rigord, 90; cf. R. Diceto, l.c., Gesta, ii. 36, and Gerv. Cant., ii. 432.

281 Gesta, ii. 34, 35.

282 Rigord, 90.

283 Gesta, ii. 35, 36.

284 R. Diceto, ii. 55.

285 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 7.

286 Ib.

287 Gesta, ii. 40. It is noticeable that the Angevin princes are at this period always represented as describing their Toulousan rival only by his ancestral title derived from the little county of S. Gilles which was the cradle of his family, thus tacitly reserving their own claim to be the rightful holders, not merely overlords, of his greater possession, Toulouse.

288 Montrichard, Montrésor, Coulangé; Rigord, 91, 92.

289 Date from R. Diceto, l.c. Cf. Gesta, ii. 39, and Rigord, l.c.

290 Gerv. Cant. i. 432, 433; cf. Gesta, ii. 40.

291 Rigord, 92.

292 Gesta, l.c.

293 Ib., ii. 45.

294 “Ne nihil ageretur,” Gerv. Cant., i. 434.

295 Gerv. Cant., i. 434.

296 Rigord, l.c.

297 Gesta, ii. 45; cf. ib., 39, 40.

298 R. Diceto, ii. 55; cf. W. Armor., Gesta Phil. Aug. (ed. Delaborde), 188, 189.

299 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 7389-405, 7610-40.

300 Gesta, ii. 46. William the Breton in his Philippis, lib. iii. ll. 410-624, gives a much longer account of this affair, with a minute description of the personal struggle between Richard and William des Barres, and no mention at all of the capture of William. There can hardly be a doubt that the English prose writer’s brief version is more trustworthy than the French poet-historiographer’s lengthy elaboration. The latter has, however, one interesting touch; in ll. 445-6 the poet makes William des Barres say of Richard: “Rictus agnosco leonum Illius in clypeo.”

301 Gesta, ii. 46.

302 This is an inference from the fact that Philip is said to have taken Palluau after the conference in October, Gesta, ii. 49.

303 Gesta, ii. 49.

304 Ib.

305 “Fo ordenatz per lor us parlamens ou foron ensems en la marcha de Torena e de Beiriu, els reis Felips si fetz mains reclams d’en Richart, dont amdui vengron a grans paraulas e a malas, si qu’en Richartz lo desmenti el clamet vil recrezen, e sis desfieron e sis partiron a mal.” Razo of B. de Born’s sirventes “Al dous nous,” Thomas, 69, 70. Cf. Bertrand’s own words in the same sirventes, ll. 28-31: “Guerra sens fuoc e sens sanc De rei ni de gran poesta Cui coms laidis ne desmenta Non es ges paraula genta.”

306 Gesta, ii. 49.

307 R. Diceto, ii. 57.

308 Gerv. Cant., i. 435.

309 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8116-39. This writer’s story is here somewhat confused; he gives to the conference a date which is certainly wrong—“a cluse Pasque, le mardi” (l. 8069), i. e., Tuesday, April 18, 1189, instead of November 18, 1188.

310 “Proposuit rex Francorum quod ea quae post crucem susceptam ceperat Anglorum regi restitueret, et post, omnia manerent in eo statu quo fuerunt ante crucem susceptam.... Comes Pictavorum penitus contradixit; sibi quidem videbatur incongruum quod hac servata conditione Cadurcum redderet et totum comitatum, et alia multa... pro feodo de Castro Radulfi et de castello de Hissoudun et Crazai,” etc., R. Diceto, ii. 58. The two kings took the Cross in January 1188. The date of Richard’s annexation of the Quercy is not certain, but it must be either 1186 or spring 1188. Philip took Châteauroux in June 1188; but he had won Issoudun and Graçay in the spring of 1187, therefore these two places would not be included in a restoration of “ea quae post crucem susceptam ceperat.” The only possible explanation of the discrepancy seems to be that Ralph de Diceto momentarily confused the conference at which Philip and Henry took the Cross, at Gisors in January 1188, with their meeting at the same place on March 10, 1186.

311 Cf. R. Diceto, ii. 58, Rigord, 92, 93, Gerv. Cant., i. 435, and Gesta, ii. 50. The biographer of William the Marshal gives (ll. 8089-175) a somewhat different account of the conference; he says nothing of any request made there by Richard to his father, but represents Philip as urging Henry to increase Richard’s actual possessions by giving him Anjou, Touraine, and Maine, and asserts that before the conference Philip had won Richard over to him by promising “qu’il li dorreit en demeine” those three counties, and Richard had privately done him homage for them. If we accept this story, we must regard the whole conduct not only of Philip but also of Richard at Bonmoulins as a piece of utterly shameless acting, performed with the deliberate purpose on Richard’s part of breaking finally with his father; for no sane person could expect any other answer than a refusal to such a request as this. The whole story of the relations between Henry, Richard, and Philip is, however, only touched upon in a very meagre and perfunctory way by the Marshal’s biographer, whose subject it did not directly concern, and who has almost certainly made one positive mistake with regard to the Bonmoulins conference, in giving it a date which is five months too late; I think therefore that the version of Rigord, Ralph de Diceto, and Gervase of Canterbury is to be in every way preferred to his.

312 R. Diceto, ii. 58.

313 Gerv. Cant., i. 435.

314 R. Diceto, l.c.; Gesta, ii. 50. Cf. Rigord, 93.

315 Gesta, l.c.

316 Ib., R. Diceto, ii. 58.

317 “Eissi commensa la meslee Qui unques ne fu desmelee,” Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8185-6.

318 Gerv. Cant., i. 435, 436.

319 R. Howden, ii. 355.

320 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8189-254.

321 Cf. Gerv. Cant., i. 436.

322 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8285-9.

323 Gerv. Cant., i. 439.

324 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 10.

325 Gesta, ii. 61. Probably they joined forces in Berry and thence made an incursion into Touraine.

326 Gerv. Cant., i. 439.

327 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8311-30.

328 R. Diceto, ii. 62.

329 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 13.

330 He visited Henry at Le Mans on Ascension Day, May 18; Epp. Cant., 90.

331 Reims, Bourges, Rouen and Canterbury; Gesta, ii. 61.

332 Ib., 66, with date “adveniente Pentecoste.” Rog. Howden, ii. 362, says “in octavis Pentecostes,” which agrees better with Gerald’s statement (l.c. c. 14) that the war began “about June 1.” Gervase of Canterbury (i. 446) is of course doubly wrong in placing the assembly “apud Cenomannum quinto Idus Junii.”

333 Gesta, R. Howden, and Gerv. Cant., ll.cc.

334 Gerv. Cant., l.c.

335 Gesta, ii. 66.

336 R. Howden, ii. 363.

337 Ib., 362.

338 Ib., 363.

339 Gesta, ii. 67.

340 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8349-50.

341 Ib., 8357-74.

342 “Rex Francorum et Comes... intra paucos dies Feritatem praedictam, Baalum, Bellummontem... occupaverunt. A municipalibus circumquaque Comiti fit deditio castellorum.” R. Diceto, ii. 62, 63. Cf. Gesta, ii. 67, where Maletable—“Malum Stabulum”—is probably a mistake for Bonnétable, about half way between La Ferté and Beaumont. The Marshal’s biographer (ll. 8362-68), like the Gesta, does not mention Richard, and names only three castles as falling into Philip’s hands—La Ferté, Ballon, and “Montfort le Retrot, qui gaires n’ert fort, E li fust tantost rendu, Unques ne fust defendu.” He, however, certainly knew of Richard’s presence with the French host, for we shall see that he expressly mentions him as engaged in the pursuit from Le Mans on June 12. If Beaumont was given up without resistance, its constable, not its owner the viscount, was probably answerable for the surrender, since it was at another of the viscount’s castles, La Frênaye, that Henry found shelter soon afterwards.

343 Gesta, ii. 67.

344 Cf. Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8835-46 with ll. 9321-37, and the brief summary of Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 25: “Cessante vero demum persequentium instantia per Comitis Pictaviensis casum, equum ejusdem militari lancea perfosso.”

345 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 8847-64.

346 Gesta, ii. 68, 69.

347 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 25.

348 Cf. Gesta, ii. 69, Gir. Cambr., l.c., W. Armor., Gesta Phil. Aug., 190, and Philippis, lib. iii. ll. 735-8 (the poet gives the date of the meeting by implication in l. 748), and Stubbs’s preface to R. Howden, ii. lxvii, note 2.

349 Gesta, ii. 70, 71.

350 Hist. G. le Mar., l. 8957.

351 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 26.

352 Ib., 25; Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9068-78.

353 Gesta, ii. 69.

354 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9245-8.

355 The statement in Gesta Ricardi (Gesta Hen. et Ric., ii.), 71, that he met the funeral procession on the way and accompanied it “flens et ejulans” is at variance with a better authority for the details of the burial—the Hist. G. le Mar.—and is improbable for geographical reasons.

356 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9294-8.

357 Disfigured, “sicut perhibent qui presentes fuerunt et viderunt,” by a bleeding from the nostrils which began as soon as Richard entered the church and ceased only when he went out again; Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 28.

358 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9299-303.

359 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 28.

360 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9304-41.

361 Gilbert Pipard, a well-known officer of the Exchequer; Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9347-51.

362 The Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9350-1, says Richard bade the envoys themselves “Si pernez garde de ma terre E de trestot mon autre afaire”; but the English chroniclers know nothing of this, and one of them distinctly asserts that Eleanor was made regent: “Alienor regina... statuendi quae vellet in regno potestatem accepit a filio. Datum siquidem est in mandatis regni principibus et quasi sub edicto generali statutum ut ad reginae nutum omnia disponerentur.” R. Diceto, ii. 66. (This passage is immediately followed by the one about “aquila rupti fœderis.”) Cf. Gesta, 74.

363 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9361-408. Châteauroux, it will be remembered, had been in Philip’s hands since June 1187.

364 His very identity is a puzzle; under Henry II we read of Stephen de Matha, Stephen de Marzay, Stephen of Turnham, and Stephen “de Turonis,” all bearing the title of “Seneschal of Anjou,” and it is doubtful whether or not all these names represent the same man. In the passage now before us the Gesta (71) call him “de Turonis,” but it is clear from other evidence that this means Turnham, not Tours. The Gesta continue (71, 72): “Et uxorem filii praedicti Stephani propter ignobilitatem mariti ab ipso separari fecit [rex] et alii marito dari; minans se hujusmodi nobilium puellarum vel viduarum cum ignobilibus contubernia sua auctoritate secundum leges separare.” Is it possible that Stephen’s crime consisted in having contrived or connived at a ceremony of marriage, without licence from the Crown, between his son and some royal ward who had been committed to his custody? Such a marriage, if merely formal and if the parties were under age, might be voidable by a sentence of the king. According to R. Devizes, 6, 7 (ed. Stevenson), Richard brought Stephen over with him, in chains, to England, and kept him in prison at Winchester till he redeemed himself by a heavy fine. This fine may have been either for the misdemeanour which I have suggested, or in remission of a vow of Crusade—which vow, however, Stephen fulfilled after all.

365 Gesta, 72.

366 Gerv. Cant., i. 451.

367 R. Diceto, ii. 66, 67.

368 Gesta, 73; R. Diceto, ii. 67.

369 Rigord, 97.

370 Date from Gesta, 73, 74; place from R. Howden, iii. 4.

371 Gesta, 74.

372 Ib.; R. Howden, iii. 4; Gerv. Cant., i. 450, 451 (who seems to have got confused between Auvergne and Berry); and Rigord, 97, whose statement is of course conclusive as to the final terms so far as the lands are concerned.

373 Gerv. Cant., i. 451.

374 Ib., 450.

375 Ib., 457; Gesta, 75, with a self-contradictory date.

376 Gerv. Cant., l.c., says Southampton; the Gesta, l.c., say Portsmouth.

377 Gerv. Cant., i. 453, 454, 457; R. Diceto, ii. 67; cf. Gesta, 76. The first gives date August 14, the second August 15.

378 Gesta, 75.

379 Gesta, 74, 75.

380 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 1.

381 Gesta, 75-6.

382 Gerv. Cant., i. 457.

383 The Itin. Ric. Reg., 142, says “die S. Ægidii receptus est cum processione apud Westmonasterium, et die tertia sequenti... unctus est in regem.” Gervase, i. 457, dates the arrival in London September 2. The Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9568-9, says, “A mult riche procession Fu receuz dedenz Seint Pol,” without any date.

384 Itin., 142; Gerv. Cant., i. 457; R. Diceto, ii. 68; Gesta, 78, 79.

385 Ralph de Diceto, who as dean of S. Paul’s handed the ampulla to the Primate, the bishop of London, to whom this duty belonged, being absent through illness. R. Diceto, ii. 69.

386 Cf. R. Diceto, ii. 68, Gesta, 81, 82, and R. Howden, iii. 10.

387 Gesta, 82; R. Howden, iii. 10, 11.

388 Estoire de la Croisade, ll. 205, 206; the writer implies that he was there.

389 Gesta, 83.

390 Gesta, 83; cf. W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 1.

391 W. Newb., l.c.

392 Ib.

393 Gesta, 84.

394 W. Newb., l.c.

395 Gesta, 84.

396 So at least we should gather from the treasurer’s apparent inability to find any money for King Henry’s funeral; Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 9173-200. Of course we must remember that Richard himself had emptied that treasury two years before. This again implies that he was at that time short of money in Aquitaine, and therefore not likely to have since then accumulated anything in the way of a reserve fund there.

397 Gesta, 76, 77; R. Howden, iii. 8.

398 “Nongenta millia librarum,” Gesta, 77; “Thesaurus... magnus valde, excedens numerum et valentiam centum millia marcarum” (= £66,666 13s. 4d.), R. Howden, l.c. There can be little doubt that the Gesta’s figure is, as Dr. Stubbs suggested it might be, an error for “nonaginta.” We know that the royal revenue for the financial year which ended three weeks after Richard’s coronation amounted to somewhat less than fifty thousand pounds (£48,781; Stubbs, preface to Gesta, ii. xcix).

399 R. Howden, iii. 17.

400 Gesta, 90.

401 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 5.

402 R. Devizes (ed. Stevenson), 10.

403 Gesta, 90, 91.

404 R. Howden, iii. 13.

405 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 5; cf. R. Devizes, 10.

406 R. Howden, ii. 302.

407 R. Devizes, 7.

408 Gesta, 87; W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 4. Elsewhere the former writer includes Ranulf among the officers whom he represents as compulsorily deposed and held to ransom: “Eodem mense Ricardus Rex deposuit a balliis suis Ranulfum de Glanvilla justiciarium Angliae et fere omnes vicecomites,” etc. (Gesta, 90); but his own statement in p. 87, confirmed by William of Newburgh, suffices to contradict this so far as Glanville is concerned.

409 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 4.

410 Epp. Cantuar., 329.

411 Gesta, 87, 90, 91; see also Stubbs’s preface to R. Howden, iii. xxviii, note 3.

412 Gir. Cambr., Vita Galfr., lib. i. c. 6 (Opera, iv. 374).

413 R. Devizes (ed. Stevenson), 9.

414 Gesta, 72; see also Stubbs’s preface to R. Howden, iii. xxiv, note 1.

415 Gesta, 78.

416 See John Lackland, 26-8, and the references there given in footnotes.

417 The gross total of the ferms and other profits of the six counties for the year ending Michaelmas 1189 was £4,081 9s. 8d.; Stubbs, pref. to R. Howden, iii. xxv, note 4. The greater part of this sum was derived from the miscellaneous profits, which were liable to fluctuation. The £500-£600 worth of other lands given to John would no doubt insure that this fluctuation should not reduce John’s total annual income from his English possessions (irrespective of his Gloucester earldom and honour) below £4000. Stubbs (l.c., xxiv, note 2) thought that “this promise of £4000 a year in land was not regarded as fulfilled by the bestowal of the counties.... We find that in 1195 when John had been removed from the government of the counties, his income from the Exchequer was £8000 (Howden, iii. 286), but... in Angevin money and only equal to £2000 sterling.” Howden’s words in the place here cited are “Eodem anno Ricardus rex Angliae remisit Johanni fratri suo omnem iram et malivolentiam suam, et reddidit ei comitatum de Moretonia et honorem de Eia, et comitatum Glocestriae, cum omni integritate eorum, exceptis castellis; et pro omnibus aliis comitatibus et terris suis dedit ei rex per annum octo millia librarum Andegavensis monetae.” To me these words seem to imply nothing definite as to the relative value of the counties and other lands of which John had been deprived and of the money compensation given to him in their stead in 1195. Nor does Bishop Stubbs’s further remark, “However, it is clear that whilst he was in charge of the counties he was receiving a large sum from the Exchequer; R. Devizes, 26,” seem to me borne out by the passage to which he here gives a reference, and which runs thus: “Colloquium primum inter comitem de Moretonio, fratrem regis, et cancellarium, de custodiis quorumdam castellorum et de pecunia comiti a fratre de scaccario concessa, apud Wintoniam ad Laetare Hierusalem” (i. e., March 4, 1191).

418 Or Geddington; R. Diceto, ii. 69. Geddington was a royal manor; the king lodged in his own house there, but the council meetings were held in Pipewell Abbey, which stood within the boundaries of the manor. Monasticon, v. 431.

419 Stubbs, note to Gesta, 97.

420 Ann. Cambr., 57.

421 Gesta, l.c.

422 Ib., 92, 93; R. Howden, iii. 20. Richard was in London November 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18 (Stubbs, Gesta, 97, note 3). According to the Gesta, the person who swore for Richard was William de Mandeville; according to R. Howden, William the Marshal. If the former be right the date must be before November 14, for on that day William de Mandeville died; R. Diceto, ii. 73.

423 Itin., 145.

424 Ib.; Gerv. Cant., i. 474. The precise dates are November 26 to December 5; Stubbs, notes to Gesta, 97, 98.

425 Gesta, 97, 99.

426 Cf. R. Diceto, ii. 72, and Gerv. Cant., i. 474.

427 R. Diceto, ii. 72, 73; cf. Gesta, 99.

428 Chron. Mailros, a. 1157.

429 Gesta Hen., i. 96, 98.

430 Ib. 351; W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 5.

431 R. Howden, ii. 338, 339.

432 Gesta Hen., ii. 44.

433 £6,666 13s. 4d., W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 5; R. Diceto, ii. 72. The Gesta, 98, make the sum 10,000 marks sterling, i. e., £6,600. The charter in which Richard’s concessions to William are embodied contains no mention of money.

434 Fœdera, I. i. 50. Date, December 5, 1189.

435 “Pactiones quas... Henricus rex per novas cartas et per captionem suam” (i. e., Willelmi) “extorsit.”

436 William had been captured, with some sixty of his men, when the bulk of the force with which he was besieging Alnwick was out of reach, by a body of several hundred English knights who had ridden to the place through a thick mist which prevented them from seeing where they were and the Scots from discovering their approach till a sudden clearing of the air surprised both parties alike by revealing their presence to each other, and the little band of Scots, though they made a splendid fight, were easily surrounded. W. Newb., lib. ii. c. 33; Jordan Fantosme, ll. 1731-1839.

437 This is the date of Richard’s charter as printed from an original copy in Fœdera, I. i. 50. “He,” says Richard, “became our liegeman for all the lands for which his ancestors were liegemen of our ancestors, and he swore fealty to us and our heirs.” See also Gesta, 104.

438 Gesta, 100.

439 R. Diceto, ii. 73, makes the date December 14 and the landing-place Gravelines; the Gesta writer, 101, says “xi^o die Decembris, in vigilia S. Luciae,” which is self-contradictory, S. Lucy’s day being December 13. For “in vigilia S. Luciae” Roger of Howden (iii. 28) substitutes “feria secunda,” which would be right for December 11, 1189. Both these latter writers say that Richard landed at Calais, and that the Count of Flanders met him on his landing and escorted him “cum gaudio” into Normandy.

440 At Bures, according to Gesta, 104; at Lions, according to Itin., 145.

441 Est. de la Guerre Ste., ll. 247-50.

442 The proclamation inserted by R. Diceto, ii. 73, 74, is dated Nonancourt, December 30; the Gesta, 104, places the meeting at the Ford of S. Rémi. This was the usual place for conferences, and is close to Nonancourt.

443 The Gesta, 105, and R. Diceto, ii. 74, say that S. John Baptist’s day was the date fixed at the second conference, which was held on January 13 (Gesta, l.c.). R. Diceto, however, elsewhere (ii. 77) gives Midsummer as the date fixed at the third conference, which he says took place on the day on which the Queen of France died, or was buried; it is not clear which he means. She died on March 15; Rigord, 97. This is clearly the conference at which the Estoire, ll. 259-86, and Itin. 146, tell us the kings received the news of her death (she died unexpectedly, in childbirth), and agreed to set out each from his own dominions on S. John Baptist’s day and meet at Vézelay for the final start together on the octave. The Estoire and Itinerarium place this conference “at Dreux.” Richard was at Nonancourt on March 14 (Fœdera, I. i. 51); the Gué St. Rémi is midway between these two towns and was no doubt the real meeting-place.

444 Gallia Christ., i. 988.

445 Richard, Comtes., ii. 263.

446 R. Diceto, ii. 73. R. Coggeshall, 26, says December 12, but there are several indications that Mandeville was dead before Richard left England.

447 Gesta, 101. Roger of Howden, iii. 28, says: “Hugo Dunelmensis et Willelmus Eliensis Episcopi remanserunt in Anglia summi justiciarii”; but the Gesta and R. Devizes (11) distinctly imply that at this time William of Ely, though practically viceroy, was not titularly chief justiciar. He was, however, added to the number of assistant justiciars (Gesta, l.c.), and probably this is what Roger really means.

448 Gesta, 105, 106. R. Howden, iii. 32.

449 Gesta, 106.

450 After March 27; see Fœdera, I. i. 51.

451 Gesta, l.c.

452 Ib.

453 R. Howden, iii. 8.

454 There is one rather curious-looking case of a ship which the king seems to have originally bought for £100, given to the Knights of the Hospital (in England), and bought back from them for £9. Archer, Crusade of Richard I, 13. But I do not feel quite sure of the meaning of the passage.

455 See extract from Pipe Roll 2 Ric. II in Archer, Crusade of Richard I, 11-13. A captain’s pay was double that of a common sailor; ib. The total of ships enumerated in this passage, exclusive of smacks, whose number is not given, is forty-seven. The total of the fleet when it set out was 107 or 108 “besides some others which followed”: Est., ll. 311-13, Itin. 47.

456 Gesta, 110, 111; R. Howden, iii. 36, 37. These ordinances are dated “apud Chinonem.” As in both the writers who record them they are inserted after some events which took place in England in June, and as Richard is known, from several sources, to have been at Chinon on June 20, this is the date usually assigned for their issue. But it cannot be correct; for both our authorities say that the fleet sailed “statim post Pascha” (March 25), and that a part of it entered the Bay of Biscay on Ascension day (May 6); Gesta, 116; R. Howden, iii. 42. These ordinances, and the sailing order issued at the same time with them, must therefore have been issued before Easter. We have seen that Richard met Philip on the Norman border on March 15, the Thursday before Palm Sunday; after that, we have no notice of his whereabouts till April 17, when he was at Chinon (Richard, Comtes, ii. 263, 264). In all likelihood he had been there for a month, almost ever since his meeting with Philip.

457 Gesta, 111, 116. The Itin., 147, and Est., ll. 307-10, represent this order for immediate departure as issued much later still, from Tours, just before the king himself set out thence for Vézelay, i. e., at the end of June; but as has been shown in the preceding note, this is quite incompatible with the date at which the fleet actually sailed.

458 Endowment charter, dated Luçon, May 5 (1190); witnesses, Peter Bertin, seneschal of Poitou (appointed not before February 21, 1190, Richard, Comtes, ii. 263, 265), Stephen de Marzay, Brother Miles the duke’s almoner, Ralf FitzGeoffrey his chamberlain, and John of Alençon his vice-chancellor, who sealed the deed. Richard, Comtes, ii. 265; from Tardif, Archives du Poitou (Trésor des Chartes), xi. 408.

459 Gesta, 99. The earlier queen referred to is there called Matilda, but as the writer calls Stephen’s wife “Alicia,” it is possible that he has reversed the names and that the other queen whom he intended to mention was not Maud of Scotland but Henry’s second wife, Adeliza of Louvain.

460 “Gourfaille, canton de Pissotte, Vendée,” Richard, Comtes, l.c., from Archives du Poitou, i. 120.

461 Gall. Christ., ii. instr. 388. On the 7th he was at S. Jean d’Angély; Richard, Comtes, ii. 266, from Arch. Hist. de Saintonge, xxviii. 140.

462 June 6; letter in R. Diceto, ii. 83.

463 R. Howden, iii. 35. Roger calls this man William of “Chisi”; Richard, Comtes, ii. 263, says “Chis, Hautes Pyrénées,” and seems to date this expedition earlier, between February 21 and April 17; but he gives no reason for so doing, and it seems therefore better to accept the sequence of events given by Roger, with which Richard’s presence at Bayonne on June 6 fits in very well.

464 Stapleton, Norm. Exch. Rolls, i. cxlv.

465 R. Devizes, 15.

466 R. Howden, iii. 36—miscalling the archbishop “William” as usual.

467 Ib., 37. There is documentary evidence of Richard’s presence at Tours on June 27, 1190; Teulet, Layettes, i. 158. Probably he was there several days earlier, as otherwise Philip would hardly have had time to visit him there and then go to Paris before setting out for Vézelay.

468 Est., ll. 324-34.

469 On June 27 Richard went from Tours to Montrichard (Fœdera, I. i. 48) by way of Azay (on the Cher, close to Tours); Itin., 149. In the next four days he passed through Selles (on the Cher) and La Chapelle [d’Anguillon, in Berry] to Donzy, in the Nivernais (Itin., l.c.), where he was on July 1 (Fœdera, l.c.). He may have gone from Donzy to Vézelay on that day. He was certainly at Vézelay on July 3 (Monast. VI. i. 327). Rigord (i. 99) says: “Feria quarta post octavas S. Johannis Baptistae” [= Wednesday, July 4] “cum rege Anglorum Ricardo apud Vizeliacum venit [rex Francorum],” which looks as if the kings had met on the way and arrived together; but if so, Rigord’s date is, as we have just seen, at least a day too late. The Gesta Ric. (111) say the two kings stayed at Vézelay two days, and the Itinerarium (151) enumerates seven places through which they passed “distinctis dietis” from there to Lyons (M. Gaston Paris accepts this passage in the Itinerarium as authentic, believing it to be derived “from an official source”). This would mean their leaving Vézelay on July 6 and reaching Lyons on the 13th; but from certain words in the Gesta it seems possible, and I think even probable, that the true dates are the 3rd and the 10th. The whole sentence in the Gesta runs thus: “Ibi [sc. apud Vizeliacum] moram fecerunt [reges] per duos dies in octavis S. Iohannis Baptistae.” Strictly interpreted, this should mean “within the octave”; it might mean “beginning on the octave,” i. e., July 1-3; but it cannot correctly represent July 4-6. Either it is a blunder, or Rigord is wrong in dating Philip’s arrival on the 4th. I venture to think the latter alternative the likelier of the two, as the English chroniclers appear to have followed their sovereign’s travels with great care, while Rigord is certainly far from being a specially accurate chronologist.

470 Est., ll. 365-75; Itin., 150.

471 Gesta, 111.

472 Est., ll. 377-8.

473 The stages are given in Itin. 151. See note 7 to p. 117 above.

474 Est., ll. 413-28; Itin., l.c.

475 Est., ll. 429-36.

476 It is said to have numbered 100,000; Est., l. 419, Itin., l.c.

477 Gesta, 112; Est., ll. 449-65; Itin., 152.

478 Est., ll. 466-90. “Le Rogne, l’eve crestee,” l. 414.

479 Ib., ll. 491-7.

480 The two kings having agreed to separate their forces because they found them too numerous to travel in one body; Gesta, 112.

481 Itin., 152.

482 Ib., Est., ll. 499-510.

483 Itin., l.c.

484 We get this date from the Gesta, 112, where it is said that Richard stayed at Marseille eight days and left on August 7. The author of the Itinerarium enumerates (153) fifteen places which he says “we went through” (transivimus) from Lyons to Marseille; but he does not (as in his account of the journey from Vézelay to Lyons) specify how many days’ travelling these stages represent; and moreover, he is evidently here not describing Richard’s journey at all, for he ends “apud Marsiliam, ubi moram fecimus per tres hebdomadas; postea mare intravimus, scilicet die proxima post festum Assumptionis Beatae Mariae,” i. e., August 16; that is, he represents himself as having reached Marseille on July 26. Supposing his narrative to be authentic, he must therefore have travelled from Lyons to Marseille not with the king, but in advance of him. On the other hand, if he was an impostor and not a Crusader at all, his evidence on this point is of no account. In either case, however, it is probable that the route he gives would occupy about a fortnight; Richard may therefore have set out from Lyons on July 17 or 18.

485 R. Howden, iii. 51.

486 Ib., 42.

487 Epp. Cantuar., 328.

488 Gesta, 15.

489 The date of the death, November 1189, is given in Gesta, 101, 102.

490 “Mare nauseans,” R. Devizes, 16.

491 Ib.

492 Gesta, 112. R. Diceto, ii. 84, says “in vigilia S. Laurentii,” i. e., August 9; but in the Gesta the date is the first of a whole series evidently derived from an official record of some kind, so it seems best to follow this authority.

493 Gesta, l.c.

494 Gesta, 112-14.

495 R. Diceto, ii. 84.

496 Gesta, 114, 115.

497 Ib., 124.

498 Gesta, 115-22. 124; R. Howden, iii. 42-50. 53, 54.

499 Gesta, 124; R. Diceto, ii. 84.

500 Rigord, 106.

501 Placed at his disposal by the new king of Sicily, Tancred; Gesta, l.c.

502 Est., ll. 573-80; Itin., 156.

503 Gesta, 124, 125.

504 Est., ll. 588-93.

505 Gesta, 126; R. Howden, iii, 55. These and R. Diceto, ii. 84, give the date, September 23.

506 Gesta, l.c.

507 Est., ll. 594-7.

508 Gesta and R. Howden, ll.cc.

509 The settlement is given at length in Gesta, i. 169, 170.

510 Cf. Gesta, 132, 133, and R. Devizes, 19. According to the former authority the cups and dishes were of gold, according to the latter of silver.

511 R. Devizes, 18.

512 Gesta, 132.

513 R. Devizes, 19. The terrino was a small gold coin weighing twenty grains.

514 Gesta, 126; date confirmed by R. Diceto, ii. 85.

515 Est., ll. 549-58.

516 Est., ll. 615-19.

517 R. Devizes, 18.

518 Cf. R. Devizes, 20, Est., ll. 547-58, 607-24, and Gesta, 138, 139.

519 Cf. R. Devizes, 19, R. Diceto, ii. 85, Gesta, 127, and R. Howden, iii.

520 It seems to have been really another beacon-tower or pharos, placed on the island—like the tower on the Sicilian mainland opposite Scylla, where Richard had first landed—to give warning of the proximity of Charybdis; see Gesta, 158.

521 Gesta, 127; R. Devizes, 19.

522 Cf. Gesta, l.c., and Est., ll. 627-44; the date is from the former. R. Devizes, 22, seems to make it October 2, but his whole account of the matter is fantastic, while that of the Gesta is in close accord with the eye-witness Ambrose, the poet of the Estoire.

523 Gesta, l.c.

524 Ib., 138; see Archer’s note on them, Crusade of Richard I, 31.

525 Gesta, 128; R. Devizes, 22, 23; Est., ll. 649-53.

526 Est., ll. 654-67.

527 Gesta, 128; for Hugh the Brown cf. R. Diceto, ii. 85, Est., ll. 717-20, Itin. 161, and R. Devizes, 23.

528 Est., ll. 683-5.

529 Ib., ll. 721-36.

530 Ib., ll. 689-701, 779-84.

531 Gesta, 129.

532 “Li reis fud un des premerains Qui osast entrer en la vile; Puis i entrerent bien dis mile,” Est., ll. 801-4. The Itinerarium, 163, says: “Primus civitatem intravit ipse dux et praevius,” and describes the entrance as effected “per posternam quandam quam rex Anglorum, secunda die adventus sui ad cautelam futurorum circuiens cum duobus sociis, quasi neglectam a civibus perpenderat” (162, 163). This is quite in accord with the character of Richard, who as we shall see later was in the habit of doing his own scouting; and the attack could hardly have been so successful unless some preparations for it had been made beforehand. Still, as the writer of the Itinerarium does not in this part of his work speak as an eye-witness, and the one writer who does so speak—Ambrose—does not give this detail, I prefer to place it only in a footnote. Richard of Devizes, 23, says the town gates were broken down “admoto ariete dicto citius.” But he was certainly not there, and his whole account of the doings at Messina is too full of long speeches to be altogether trustworthy.

533 “Plus tost eurent il pris Meschines C’uns prestres n’ad dit ses matines,” Est., ll. 809, 810. Cf. Itin., 163.

534 R. Devizes, 24.

535 Est., ll. 811-18.

536 Ib., ll. 823-61; R. Howden, iii. 58. Howden’s phrase “rex Angliae signa sua deposuit” probably means only that Richard’s banners were placed beneath Philip’s in token of the feudal relation between the kings.

537 Est., ll. 844-8.

538 Ib., ll. 827-30.

539 Itin., 166.

540 Gesta, 129.

541 Ib., 132.

542 Est., ll. 867-86; Itin., 165, 166.

543 Est., ll. 913-32; cf. Itin., 167.

544 Gesta, 133.

545 Ib., 138.

546 Est., ll. 937, 938.

547 Gesta, l.c.; R. Devizes, 25; Est., ll. 939, 940.

548 “Que ja a lui [i. e. Tancred] ne plaideroit, E que il se porchaceroit.” Est., ll. 941-50.

549 Est., ll. 951-73.

550 Ib., ll. 891-5.

551 Rigord, 106.

552 Est., ll. 977-1000; Gesta, 133-6; Itin., 169; R. Diceto, ii. 85; R. Devizes, 24, 25.

553 Letter of Richard in Gesta, 133.

554 Letters of Richard to Tancred and to the Pope, in Gesta, 133-8.

555 Gesta, 136.

556 Richard in both his letters cited above acknowledges the receipt of 20,000 ounces of gold as the dowry of Arthur’s betrothed. We shall see that the other sum, though the letters do not mention it, was paid also.

557 Est., ll. 1049-52; Itin., 169, 170. Rigord (106), on the other hand, declares it was “thanks to King Philip’s intervention and efforts” that Tancred and Richard were reconciled—which is perhaps true in a sense, but not the sense in which Philip’s panegyrist meant it—and complains that of the forty thousand ounces of gold Philip “had only the third part, when he ought to have had half.”

558 Gesta, 129-32.

559 Est., ll. 1053-74; Itin., 171, 172. In the printed edition of the Estoire, line 1062 reads thus: “Richarz qui n’est aver ne chinches.” If est be really the reading of the MS., it of course places beyond all doubt the correctness of M. Gaston Paris’s assertion that the poet “a certainement écrit avant la mort de Richard” (introd., p. 1.). But M. Paris does not cite this line in support of his assertion, and in his modern French version of the poem he renders the line “Richard, qui n’était pas chiche ni avare” (p. 347). We are therefore at present left in doubt whether n’est be not here a misprint for n’ert.

560 Gesta, 157.

561 Ib., 146, 147.

562 Est., ll. 1080-1108; cf. Gesta, 150.

563 Gesta, 150, 151.

564 See above, p. 79.

565 Gesta, 155-7.

566 Rigord, 107.

567 Est., ll. 1145-8.

568 Gesta, 157; they are there said to have gone to Brindisi. February 27 that year was Ash Wednesday; possibly Richard had hoped they would arrive in time for the marriage to take place before Lent.

569 Rigord, 107.

570 So says Itin., 170, 171; in the Gesta, 158, he is said to have gone “per consilium regis Franciae,” which from the sequel does not seem very likely.

571 Gesta, 158, 159.

572 Ib., 159, 160.

573 Charter of Philip, in Fœdera, I. i. 54, dated “March 1190,” the French year beginning on Lady day.

574 “Tertio kalendas Aprilis, sabbato,” Gesta, 161; “die Sabbati post Annunciationem B. Mariae,” Itin., 175; i. e., Saturday, March 30. In p. 177, however, the author of the Itinerarium says Richard sailed on the seventeenth day after Philip’s departure; which, as all authorities (this same writer included, l.c.) date Richard’s departure from Messina on the Wednesday before Easter, i. e., April 10, ought to mean that Philip sailed on Lady day itself. R. Diceto, ii. 91, makes him sail “quarto kalendas Aprilis,” i. e., March 29; or, according to another MS., “tertio kalendas Aprilis,” agreeing with Gesta. This latter authority says (161) that Philip reached Acre on the twenty-second day of his voyage, viz. Saturday in Easter week, i. e., April 20. Rigord, 108, dates his arrival Easter Even (April 13).

575 Gesta, 157.

576 Cf. ib., 161, and Est., ll. 1135-40, 1153-9.

577 Gesta, 162; Est., ll. 1186-90; Itin., 177; R. Diceto, ii. 91.

578 One hundred “naves” and 14 “buccae,” R. Devizes, 17. This writer, it must be remembered, supposed the king to have joined his fleet at Marseille and coasted along with it thence to Messina, picking up more ships as he went; but as we have seen, this is an error.

579 R. Diceto, ii. 86, makes it 219, viz. 156 “naves,” 24 “buccae,” and 39 “galeae”; the Gesta, 162, make it 203, being 150 “magnae naves” and 53 “galeae”; R. Devizes, 46, reckons the fleet at its leaving Messina as comprising 180 “naves,” “buccae,” and “dromundi” (thus tallying with R. Diceto), besides the “galeae” of which he does not state the number.

580 Cf. the description of twelfth century galeae in W. Tyr., lib. xiv. c. 20, with that in Itin., 80.

581 R. Devizes, 17.

582 R. Devizes, 46.

583 Est., ll. 1179-85, 1200; Itin., 176, 177.

584 “Devant siglot li reis meismes,” Est., l. 1259.

585 Itin., 177.

586 “Prés de Vïaires,” Est., l. 1216; probably, as M. Gaston Paris says, Cape Spartivento, the eastern point of Calabria.

587 Est., ll. 1202-28.

588 R. Devizes, 46.

589 Itin., 178.

590 Est., ll. 1233-60.

591 Ib., ll. 1261-7.

592 Ib., ll. 1268-1312.

593 Ib., ll. 1377-1400.

594 Cf. R. Howden, iii. 105, Est., ll. 1401, 1402, and Itin., 184, which alone gives the date.

595 R. Devizes, 47.

596 Itin., 184-7; cf. Est., ll. 1403-25.

597 Itin., 187, 188.

598 Est., ll. 1315-34, 1349-51.

599 Ib., ll. 1449-72. Cf. Itin., 189. We need not trouble ourselves about the speeches in Gesta, 163, and R. Howden, ii. 106.

600 Est., ll. 1479-95; Itin., 189. Cf. R. Howden, iii. 107.

601 R. Devizes, 47.

602 “Estions mis es bargettes Qui esteient mult petitettes” Est., ll. 1505, 1506.

603 Est., ll. 1473-4, 1495-1564; Itin., 180-91.

604 Itin., 191.

605 Est., ll. 1565-1700; cf. Itin., 192-4, Gesta, 163, 164, and R. Howden, iii. 107, 108.

606 Est., ll. 1335-45. Philip reached Acre April 13 according to Rigord, 108; Saturday in Easter week, April 20, according to Gesta, 161.

607 “Rex ad omnia promptissimus, ne dicam praesumptuosissimus,” Itin., 195.

608 Ib.

609 Est., ll. 1701-45; Itin., 195, 196.

610 Est., ll. 1749-53, and Itin., 196, say Richard had now forty galleys, including the five Cypriotes.

611 Est., ll. 1761-75, 1791-97; cf. Itin., 196, 197.

612 Itin., 197, 198.

613 Est., ll. 1777-90, 1813-18.

614 Called “Ebetines” by Ambrose, Est., l. 1967.

615 The later Deudamours, now Audimo, in the interior.

616 See Gestes des Chiprois, 514.

617 Est., ll. 1833-2056; cf. Itin., 199-203, Gesta, 166, and R. Howden, iii. 109-11.

618 The “fifteen days” come from Est., ll. 2061-4, and Itin., 203. The Gesta, 167, and R. Howden, iii. 110, lengthen the campaign, placing Richard’s marriage, May 12, in the middle of it instead of before its beginning. They date Isaac’s surrender Whitsun Eve, June 1; the Itin., 203, makes it Friday, May 31.

619 Est., ll. 2065-82.

620 See the complaints of a contemporary Cypriote (Greek) writer, in Itin., introd. clxxxvi.

621 Gesta, 168; cf. R. Howden, iii. 111, 112.

622 Est., ll. 2067-8.

623 Gesta, 167.

624 Est., ll. 2101-5.

625 Ib., ll. 2087, 2088; Itin., 204.

626 Est., ll. 2089-92; Itin., l.c.

627 Gesta, 168; R. Howden, iii. 112. The latter absurdly says the queens with the Maid of Cyprus and the greater part of the fleet reached Acre on the day of Isaac’s submission, i. e., June 1. It is quite clear that the whole fleet, with king, queens, and all, sailed on June 5.

628 R. Diceto, ii. 93.

629 Est., ll. 2129-41; cf. Itin., 208.

630 R. Devizes, 49.

631 Est., ll. 2140-60.

632 “Come si ço fust ovre de fee,” Est., l. 2162.

633 Est., ll. 2185-275; cf. Itin., 205-9, and the brief accounts in Gesta, 168, 169, R. Howden, iii. 112, and R. Diceto, ii. 93, 94. R. Devizes, 94, absurdly says Richard had 1300 men drowned, “reservando ducentos.”

634 Est., ll. 2142-9; Itin., 205; R. Diceto, ii. 93; Bohadin (Recueil Hist. Croisades, Hist. Orientaux, iii.), 220, 221.

635 Bohadin, l.c.

636 Est., ll. 2165-84; Itin., 206. The brief accounts in Gesta and R. Howden say nothing of the serpents; R. Diceto, l.c., mentions among the contents of the ship “serpentium ignitorum plena vasa plurima”; I have thought it right to adopt the interpretation of the “serpents” which these words imply, although a curious question seems to be suggested by comparing the story with an account in the Morning Post of August 14, 1914, of a captured German liner whose cargo is there said to have included “about sixty alligators and reptiles.”

637 Bohadin, 221.

638 Est., ll. 2194-5.

639 Bohadin, 221.

640 Est., ll. 2305-8.

641 Gesta, 168; R. Howden, iii. 112. These writers say Richard camped outside the city, and place the affair of the dromond on the next day, June 7. But the Estoire distinctly locates the meeting with the dromond between Beyrout and Sidon. R. Diceto, ii. 94, dates it June 6, which is doubtless correct. Bohadin’s date, June 11 (p. 220), is impossible. Ambrose goes on to say that after the wind changed the king “jut devant Sor cil nuitie” (l. 2308); for which the Itin. has “proxima nocte ante Tyrum fixis anchoris classis persistebat” (p. 210).

642 Est., ll. 2309-12.

643 Ibn Djobeïr, Recueil, Hist. Orientaux, iii. 450.

644 Ib.

645 See descriptions in Archer, Crusade of Richard I, 373, and Crusades, 317, 318.

646 The Est., ll. 2753, 2754, says four hundred knights and seven thousand foot. The Itin., 61, says seven hundred knights, besides other fighting men, and that with these “non prorsus ad novem millia robur numeratum excrevit.”

647 “Un samedi al seir,” Est., l. 2372; date from Itin., 211, R. Diceto, ii. 94, Gesta, 169.

648 “Le preuz reis, le quor de lion,” Est., l. 2310.

649 Est., ll. 2312-24; cf. Itin., 210, 211.

650 Gesta, 169; R. Howden, iii. 113.

651 Itin., 211.

652 Est., ll. 4575-88; Itin., 213, 214.

653 R. Devizes, 50.

654 Gesta, 170.

655 R. Devizes, l.c.

656 Est., ll. 4610-16; Itin., 214, 215.

657 R. Devizes, 50, 51.

658 Est., ll. 4605-8; Itin., 214; cf. Gesta, 170, and see M. Gaston Paris’s remarks in his introduction to Est., p. lxxiii.

659 Est., ll. 4609-88, Itin., 215, 216, Bohadin, 222. The dates are from Bohadin, whose narrative is by far the clearest; the western writers have confused the two assaults, and the date in the Itinerarium is impossible.

660 Gesta, 170; R. Howden, iii. 113.

661 Est., l. 4808; Itin., 220.

662 Bohadin, 222-4, 227, 228.

663 “Car nus reis n’iert mielz entechies
Fors d’une teche qu’il aveit,
Cele que nul mal ne saveit;
Cele que l’em clame simplesse.”
          Est., ll. 9112-15.

664 Ibn Alathir; Recueil des Hist. des Croisades, Hist. Orient., II, i. 58. Cf. Ernoul, Chronique, 181-3.

665 “Vir Leviannigena,” R. Devizes, 52; the reference is evidently to Isaiah xxvii. 1.

666 Gesta, 170. Bohadin, 225, gives the date of Conrad’s departure for Tyre as “Monday 30 Jomada 1.” As 30 Jomada 1 (i. e., June 25) that year was Tuesday, he must mean either Monday 24 or Tuesday 25.

667 Gesta, 170, 171.

668 Itin., 122.

669 “Post multum vero temporis,” Gesta, 171; but as we have seen that Conrad went to Tyre on June 24 or 25, and we shall see that he was back again at Acre early in July, the writer must surely have meant “non multum.”

670 Gesta, 171; R. Howden, iii. 114.

671 See lists in Est., ll. 4705-35, and Itin., 217, 218.

672 Gesta, 173; Est., ll. 4815-34, 4867-71; Itin., 222.

673 Gesta, 173; R. Howden, iii. 117.

674 Bohadin, 229, 230; Est., ll. 4841-63.

675 Gesta, 174; Bohadin, 230.

676 Bohadin, l.c.

677 According to one version, they implicitly refused it by requiring, in addition, other conditions such as the garrison had not power to accept without Saladin’s consent, which he was quite certain not to give; Gesta, l.c., followed by R. Howden, iii. 171. Cf. Bohadin, 233.

678 Cf. Bohadin, 234, with Gesta, l.c.

679 Est., ll. 4927-42; cf. Itin., 224, 225.

680 Gesta, 175; cf. Est., ll. 4943-7, and Itin., 225.

681 Est., ll. 4948-5040; Itin., 225-8; date from Gesta, 174.

682 Gesta, 175.

683 “Le Balafré.”

684 See the conflicting accounts in Itin., 229, Gesta, 175, and R. Howden, iii. 118, 119.

685 Bohadin, 230, 235.

686 See the various accounts of these negotiations in Bohadin, 235-7; Ibn Alathyr, Recueil des Hist. des Crois., Hist. Orient., II, i. 44-7; other Arab authorities collected in Abu Shama, ib., V, 22-5; Gesta and R. Howden, ll.cc.

687 Gesta, 177, 178.

688 Ib., 178.

689 See Note II at end.

690 Itin., 233.

691 R. Devizes, 52.

692 Itin., 233, 234. According to Bohadin, French ed. p. 238, this duty was entrusted to Conrad; the passage is omitted in the Leyden MS. edited by Schultens, but is reproduced in an emphatic form by Abu Shama (Recueil, Hist. Orient., V, 26).

693 Gesta, 179, 180; Itin., 234.

694 Bohadin, 237, 242; Gesta, 179. The Estoire, ll. 5217-19, says the Franks were to have as hostages “Les plus hauz Turs e les plus sages Que l’em poreit en Acre eslire,” and does not specify what was arranged as to the garrison. But from the sequel it is quite clear that the hostages really consisted of the whole body of the garrison.

695 Bohadin, 238. Cf. Ibn Alathyr, 47.

696 He had sent his baggage thither on the night of the 12th, Bohadin, 239; a fact which misled the author of the Itinerarium (234) into saying that Saladin himself retired “eadem nocte sequenti proxima post ingressionem nostram.” The Gesta, 181, agrees with Bohadin in placing Saladin’s own removal on July 14.

697 Bohadin, l.c.

698 Ib., 239, 240; cf. Gesta, 180.

699 Gesta, 181, 182.

700 Ib., 182. Cf. Itin., 234.

701 See Note I at end.

702 Otto of S. Blaise says of Richard: “Praeda communi universorum sudore adquisita inter suos tantum distributa reliquos privavit, in seque odia omnium concitavit. Omnibus enim fortiori militum robore praestabat, et ideo pro velle suo cuncta disponens reliquos principes parvipendebat” (Pertz, xx. 323). “Reliquos” seems here to include Philip. Even Rigord does not go so far as this. It is certain that Philip got his due share of the prisoners; and there is no reason to doubt that he also got, as the English writers say, his due share of the city and its contents.

703 Gesta, 182, 183.

704 Ib., 184; Est., ll. 5050-61; Itin., 235, 236.

705 Gesta, l.c.

706 Itin., 236.

707 Gesta, l.c.; Est., ll. 5054, 5055.

708 Gesta, l.c.; Est., ll. 5056, 5057, 5062, 5063; Itin., 235. Geoffrey only “held” his fiefs in the sense that he was legally seised of them; they were Joppa, Caesarea, and Ascalon, all in the enemy’s hands. Conrad’s were Tyre, Sidon, and Beyrout.

709 Gesta, 184.

710 R. Diceto, ii. 95.

711 Est., ll. 5305-28; Itin., 238; Gesta, l.c.; in this last authority the clause about forty days’ notice after Richard’s return is omitted, and the date of the oath is given, July 29.

712 Gesta, l.c.

713 Rigord, 118.

714 Est., ll. 5333-4; Itin., 239; Gesta, 185. The latter make the date July 31; the Itinerarium makes it August 1.

715 Rigord, 117; date from R. Howden, iii. 126.

716 Otto of S. Blaise, Pertz, xx, 323.

717 Gesta, 185, 186.

718 Bohadin, 238-40.

719 Gesta, 180.

720 Itin., 232.

721 A certain number of the captive Christians of rank were to be chosen by name by the two kings. See Note II at end.

722 Bohadin, 240.

723 From 17 Jomada II (= July 12) to 18 Rajab.

724 The writer of the Gesta, 187, gives the appointed day as August 9; no doubt imagining the “month” to mean four weeks.

725 Rigord, 116.

726 Gesta, 185. If the prisoners were really as numerous as our authorities represent, the whole of Philip’s share could hardly have gone, with him and his suite, in two galleys. Probably he took the picked ones only.

727 Ib., 186, 187; Est., ll. 5414-86; Itin., 242, 243.

728 Gesta, 187.

729 Bohadin, 241, 242.

730 The writer of the Gesta, 187, who gives the date for the original first term as August 9, says it was on that day postponed “in diem undecimum post illum.” It is, however, clear from Bohadin that the postponement cannot have been agreed upon till after the 11th; and it is equally clear from the sequel that the term as ultimately fixed cannot have been later than the 20th. This would be the fortieth day from the surrender—which is what the writer of the Gesta asserts in p. 179 to have been the term originally fixed for payment of the whole ransom. Evidently he is correct in his implied date, and wrong only in his mode of arriving at it.

731 Gesta, 188, 189. “Sui cum eo” in p. 189 must surely be an error for either “sui cum me,” or, much more probably, “mei cum eo.”

732 The Est., ll. 5613-46. and Itin., 245, place Richard’s encampment outside the walls and the skirmish or skirmishes which followed it after the slaughter of the garrison, i. e. after August 20. But the whole narrative of the surrender of Acre and the proceedings there is in the Gesta arranged with such minute chronological order that it can hardly fail to be founded on documentary authority so far as its dates are concerned, while the chronology of both Estoire and Itinerarium, just at this period, is vague and confused in the extreme.

733 Bohadin, 242, 243; cf. Gesta, 189; R. Howden, iii. 127, 128; Est., ll. 5513-39; Itin., 243; R. Diceto, ii. 94; R. Devizes, 52. All the authorities, Bohadin included, who give a date at all make it Tuesday, August 20, except the Itinerarium, which unaccountably says “die Veneris proximo post Assumptionem Beatae Mariae,” i. e. Friday, August 16.

734 Letter of Richard in R. Howden, iii. 131.

735 Bohadin, 243. As to the way in which the Frank soldiers had treated the corpses, the statements in Gesta, 189 (copied in R. Howden, iii. 128) must be compared with Bohadin, l.c., whence it appears, first, that whatever was done to the bodies did not shock him, for he makes no comment on it; and secondly, that the Saracens who went to look at them next morning could quite well have taken them away then, if they had chosen to do so.

736 Bohadin, 242.

737 “Quibus sub hac conditione vita concessa est, si Saladinus pro redemptione eorum 70,000 bisantiorum dare vellet,” R. Coggeshall, 32. “Qui [Caracois et Mestocus]... cum per interpretes deditionem urbis promitterent et capitum redemtionem, rex Anglorum volebat viribus vincere desperatos, volebat et victos pro redemtione corporum capita solvere, sed agente rege Francorum indulta est eis tantum vita cum indemnitate membrorum, si post deditionem civitatis et dationem omnium quae possidebant Crux Dominica redderetur.” R. Devizes, 51.

738 Gesta, 179, followed by R. Howden, iii. 121.

739 See the curious statement in a letter written about this time by El-Fadhel, one of Saladin’s secretaries, to the Divan at Bagdad: “The number of barbaric tongues among these people from the west is outrageous, and outdoes everything that can be imagined. Sometimes, when we take a prisoner, we can only communicate with him through a series of interpreters—one translates the Frank’s words to another, who translates them again to a third.” Abu Shama, Hist. des Crois., iv. 15.

740 “Si fud la chose esguardee A un concile ou assemblerent Li halt home, qui esguarderent Que des Sarazins ocireient Le plus,” etc., Est., ll. 5524-7; cf. Itin., 243. The Gesta, 189, and R. Howden, iii. 128, say expressly that the duke of Burgundy caused the French king’s share of the prisoners to be slaughtered likewise.

741 “E dont furent li cop vengie De quarels d’arbaleste a tor, Les granz merciz al Creator!” Est., ll. 5540-2; cf. Itin., l.c.

742 Extract from Imad-ed-Din, in Abu Shama, Hist. des Crois., iv. 277, 278. It is probably to this that Bohadin alludes when he speaks of “reprisals” as one of the motives to which the massacre at Acre was attributed; and it is he who adds (p. 243) that it was also ascribed to Richard’s sense of the risk of leaving so many prisoners behind him. The story told in the Gesta, 189, and R. Howden, iii. 127, that Saladin had wantonly provoked the retaliation by beheading on August 18 all the Christian prisoners who should have been exchanged for his own men next day, is obviously a fiction; and it is clear that the leaders of the host were not even misled by a false report, for the Estoire and the Itinerarium make no mention of any such thing.

743 Est., ll. 5543-5, Itin., 244.

744 Est., ll. 5384-7; Itin., 240; cf. Bohadin, 244.

745 Gesta, 190.

746 Est., ll. 5550-65; Itin., 244.

747 Est., l. 5675; Itin., 247, 248. This would include three hundred (or five hundred, R. Howden) Christian prisoners who were in Acre when it was surrendered. Gesta, 178; R. Howden, iii. 120.

748 Gesta, 190; R. Howden, iii. 128. Bohadin, 244, gives the date of the departure, 29 Rajab (= Thursday, August 22).

749 Est., ll. 5677-702; Itin., 248.

750 Est., ll. 5704-14; Itin., l.c.

751 Bohadin, 244-6.

752 This is the date given by the Est., ll. 5721-33, and Itin., 249. Bohadin (244), Ibn Alathyr (Recueil, II. ii. 48), and Imad-ed-Din (in Abu Shama, ib., iv. 33) say 1 Jaban (= August 24). From this point to the Crusaders’ departure from Caesarea, I follow Bohadin’s reckoning for the movements of Saladin, on whom he was in attendance, and the reckoning of the two Frank chroniclers of the Crusade (the writers of Estoire and Itinerarium) for the movements of the host, of which one of them is universally acknowledged to have been a member, and I personally believe the other to have been so likewise. We shall find that from August 30 to September 6, 1191, Bohadin’s dates are confused; a like confusion may have affected them for the whole period from August 24, but of this we cannot be sure.

753 Est., ll. 5751-95; Itin., 249-51; cf. Bohadin, 244-5.

754 Itin., 251.

755 Est., ll. 5800-60; Itin., 251-2.

756 The difficulty is complicated by the contradictory descriptions of the site in Est., ll. 5889-90, and 5935, and in Itin., 253, 254. The present native name of Athlit is Khirbet Dustrey. One is tempted to suggest that “Destreitz” might be an attempt to reproduce the sound of, and give a meaning to, this native appellation; but as an Arabic scholar has been good enough to answer a question on the subject by informing me that “it is quite impossible to trace the word Dustrey” in that language, one is driven to conclude that the corruption has taken place in the opposite direction, and that “Dustrey” is a modern Arab form of the old French “Destreitz” (Latin “Districtum).”

757 Est., ll. 5863-92, 5935-42; Itin., 253, 254.

758 Bohadin, 245, 246.

759 Its Arabic name is Nahr es Zerka, “blue” or “grey river.”

760 Bohadin, 247-50.

761 Est., ll. 5981-4; Itin., 256.

762 Est., ll. 5944-6004; Itin., 255-6. The date of the arrival of the host at Caesarea has to be made out by counting the days’ marches and halts, as given by these two writers, since the departure from Acre. A question arises whether Ambrose’s “deus jours de sejour” (l. 5936) at Casal des Destreitz means two whole days and three nights, i. e., August 27-30, or two nights and one whole day besides the day of arrival there, i. e., August 27-29. The word in the Itinerarium—“biduo”—does not help to a decision; but Bohadin does help, though indirectly. He says (250) the Franks reached Caesarea on “Friday 6 Jaban.” This date is self-contradictory; the 6 Jaban (= August 29) was Thursday, and from this point to 14 Jaban (= September 6) all Bohadin’s days of the week are one day in advance of his days of the month. On reaching the last date of the series, however, we shall find from other evidence that the day of the week, not that of the month, is the correct one all through; therefore the “two days” are to be taken in the widest sense, and the entry into Caesarea was on Friday, August 30.

763 Bohadin, 250, 251; for the date, which he gives as 8 Jaban (= August 31), see preceding note. Imad-ed-Din, in Abu Shama, 34, gives it correctly, 9 Jaban = September 1.

764 Bohadin, 251, 252.

765 Bohadin, 253.

766 Est., ll. 6039-46; Itin., 257.

767 Bohadin, 255.

768 Est., ll. 6047-64; Itin., 258. Oddly enough, Richard soon afterwards forgot the date of his own wound, for in a letter inserted in R. Howden, iii. 130, he says it occurred on the third day before Saladin’s defeat (at Arsuf), i. e. on September 5. We shall see that this date is impossible, because on September 5 there was no fighting at all.

769 Est., ll. 6071-90; Itin., 258, 259.

770 Bohadin, 255-7.

771 Est., ll. 6092-111; Itin., 259. Bohadin, 257, describes the site as “a place called Birka” (the Pond, or Marsh), “whence the sea was visible.” It is probably one of the streamlets which, when not dried up or choked up with sand, run into the Nahr el Falik, a little creek about eight miles south of the mouth of the Salt River.

772 Est., ll. 6114-17; Itin., l.c.

773 Bohadin, 258, calls it “Saturday 14 Jaban” (= September 6), but all the Frank writers show that the date of the battle was really Saturday September 7 = 15 Jaban.

774 Est., ll. 6191-4, 6204-8; Itin., 261.

775 Cf. Bohadin, 258, Est., l. 6211, and Itin., 262 and 274; the passage “Sicque et in parte... fixere tentoria” in this latter page seems to be out of place, and to represent Bohadin’s words (l.c.) “the foremost of the Frank footmen reached the gardens of Arsuf.”

776 Est., ll. 6212-51; Itin., 262, 263.

777 Est., ll. 6157-64; Itin., 260, 261.

778 According to Est., ll. 6427-30, he was a “compainz” of Richard from England.

779 Est., ll. 6255-472; Itin., 264-9.

780 Bohadin, 258.

781 Est., ll. 6475-92; cf. Itin., 269, 270.

782 Cf. Est., ll. 6532-616, Itin., 273, 274, and Bohadin, 259-60.

783 Cf. Est., ll. 6621-38, Itin., 274, 275, Richard’s letters in R. Howden, iii. 130-2, and Bohadin, 261. Other accounts of the battle are in Gesta, 191, and R. Howden, iii. 128, 129; both with a wrong date and some other obvious errors.

784 Letter in R. Howden, l.c. 131.

785 Bohadin, 261.

786 Ib.

787 Cf. Est., ll. 6895-902, and Itin., 281, with Bohadin, 261.

788 Est., ll. 6683-734, 6903-25; Itin., 276, 277, 281, 282; Bohadin, 261-2—the last again with wrong days of the month.

789 Est., ll. 6925-35; Itin., 281, 282.

790 Bohadin, 262, gives the date of Saladin’s arrival at Ramlah as 17 Jaban (= Monday, September 9); Imad-ed-Din (in Abu Shama, Recueil, v. 40) makes it 19 Jaban (= September 11).

791 Bohadin, 263; cf. Imad-ed-Din, in Abu Shama, v. 40-1, 43.

792 Bohadin, 263-7. He says (266) that he heard one of the men engaged in the demolition tell Saladin that they had dug through a wall “a spear’s length” in thickness. What was the length of a Saracen spear?

793 Bohadin, 265, says 20 Shaban = September 12; but probably he is a day behind as usual.

794 Ib., 265, 266.

795 Est., ll. 6941-7034; cf. Itin., 283.

796 Letter in R. Howden, iii. 130.

797 Bohadin, 267.

798 Letter in R. Howden, iii. 132.

799 The salutation of the letter is merely “N. dilecto et fideli suo,” without any name.

800 Letter in R. Howden, iii. 131, 132.

801 Est., ll. 7038-58.

802 Ib., ll. 7051-60; Itin., 285. For locality see note in index to Estoire, s.v. “Seint Abacuc.”

803 Est., ll. 7061-6; Itin., l.c.

804 Bohadin, 270.

805 Natroun is the form used by Bohadin; but Quatremère, Hist. des Sultans Mamelouks de l’Egypte, t. ii, I^ère partie, p. 256, no. 10, says, “La forme la plus régulière de ce nom est Alatroun,” and quotes a MS. Arabic geographical lexicon which gives the name thus. It is better known in the corrupt form Latroun. The place seems to be identical with a ruined castle which the Christian inhabitants of the land told early pilgrims was the abode of the Penitent Thief. This raises a question whether the story was derived from Alatroun by way of Latroun and latro, or latro gave rise to Alatroun. Quatremère inclines to the latter view.

806 Bohadin, 270, 271.

807 On October 13; Bohadin, 273.

808 Est., ll. 7067-82; Itin., 286.

809 Cf. Est., ll. 7075-7, with Bohadin, 279, who says some Frankish ships with, “it was said,” five hundred men on board were captured by the Turkish fleet on October 26.

810 Itin., l.c.

811 Est., ll. 7083-175; Itin., 286-8.

812 Bohadin, 274, 275.

813 Bohadin, 277-80.

814 Itin., 289.

815 Est., ll. 7207-32; Itin., 290.

816 “Car si a vos mescheiet E qui issi fust escheiet, Cristente sereit tuee,” Est., ll. 7341-3.

817 Est., ll. 7233-66; Itin., 291-4.

818 Bohadin, 284, 285.

819 Ib., 286.

820 Ib.

821 Itin., 296.

822 Bohadin, l.c.; cf. Ibn Alathyr, 53.

823 Ibn Alathyr, l.c.

824 Bohadin, 286, 287.

825 In the French edition of Bohadin the date is given as “le 11 Chouwal,” i. e. November 1. But evidently this is impossible; it must mean 21 Shawal = November 11.

826 Bohadin, 287-91. The accounts of these negotiations given in Est., ll. 7370-428, and Itin., 295-7, are obviously less trustworthy.

827 Bohadin, 292, says he went to Tell el Jezer, i. e. “the Hill of the Bridge,” Stubbs, note 1 to Itin., 298; possibly a bridge over the little river that runs through the Wady Ali, between Natroun and Amwas. The Frank chroniclers say he went “dreit al Toron as Chevalers,” i. e. Natroun, Est., ll. 7456-62; “versus Darum,” Itin., 298. Stubbs in a note suggested that “Darum” here was a phonetic error for “Toron”; this the Estoire practically proves; and I venture to think the passage furnishes a little bit of evidence on another question, for if the Latin “translator” had “al Toron as Chevalers” before his eyes, how came he to misrender it “versus Darum”? whereas if Ambrose found “Darum” in his friend’s notes, and noticed that it was a mistake, he would of course correct it in his own version of the story.

828 See Note III at end.

829 Est., ll. 7429-41; cf. Itin., 297.

830 Est., ll. 7471-6; cf. Itin., 298.

831 Est., ll. 7477-8; Itin., 299, “verum non in deliciis.”

832 Bohadin, 292.

833 The later high road to Jerusalem from Joppa goes by Ramlah, but not by Amwas and Beit Nuba; it passes further south, through the Wady Ali.

834 Itin., 305.

835 See, e. g., the story of the fight in which the Earl of Leicester was nearly lost, Est., ll. 7480-604, Itin., 300-3.

836 See Note IV at end.

837 Cf. R. Howden, iii. 17, with Ibn Alathyr, 54, who makes the day December 22, while Roger makes it the 23rd.

838 Abu Shama, Recueil, V., 49; seemingly from “récit du Cadi,” i. e. Bohadin, but the passage does not occur in either the French or the Dutch edition of Bohadin’s work.

839 Est., ll. 7617-25; cf. Itin., 303.

840 “E li Turc qui bien conisseient Le rei Richart e sa baniere E sa vistece e sa maniere,” Est., ll. 7738-40. For “e sa baniere” the Itin., 307, has “ex ejus imminente baneria.” Probably e in l. 7739 should be a.

841 Est., ll. 7717-60; Itin., 306, 307. On the localities mentioned in this incident see Note IV at end.

842 Est., ll. 7627-704; cf. Itin., 305.

843 Est., ll. 7705-16; cf. Itin., 305, 306.

844 Place from R. Howden, iii. 179, who gives the date as S. Hilary’s Day, January 13. The Est., l.c., and Itin., 308, say merely that it was after Epiphany.

845 Est., ll. 7761-80; Itin., l.c.

846 Ibn Alathyr, Recueil Hist. Orient., II. i. 55, 56. The comments on the difficulties in the way of an effective blockade which he ascribes to Richard are almost verbally identical with those of the Knights as reported in Estoire and Itinerarium.

847 Ibn Alathyr, l.c., 55; Est., ll. 7841-2; Itin., 310. The exact date of the retirement is questionable, owing to the doubt as to the date of the council. Ibn Alathyr (l.c.) says the host withdrew from Beit Nuba on 20 Dulheggia = January 8; Abu Shama (Recueil, V. 49) quotes from “Récit du Cadi” a statement that the withdrawal was on 22 Dulheggia (= January 10), but there is no such thing in the printed editions of Bohadin. Perhaps Ibn Alathyr and Roger of Howden may have erred in different ways from making one and the same mistake, viz., assuming that the return to Ramlah took place on the same day as the council, which is not necessarily implied in any of the chronicles, Frank or Mussulman.

848 Est., ll. 7799-810; Itin., 309.

849 Est., ll. 7811-42; Itin., 310.

850 Otherwise called Yabneh, Jafna, in older days Jamnia, and, earlier still, Jabneel (Joshua xv. 2).

851 Est., ll. 7843-95; Itin., 311, 312. Both these writers say the host spent a night at Ibelin on its way to Ascalon. Imad-ed-Din (apud Abu Shama, 51) says “the Franks marched upon Ascalon on 3 Moharrem,” i. e. January 20, the date given in Itin., 312, as that of the arrival there. I venture to think that the difficulty suggested by Stubbs (Itin., l.c., note 2), as to reconciling these dates with the statement in Itin., 311, that the duke of Burgundy stayed eight days at the Casal des Plains, is an imaginary one. Those eight days need not be crowded in before the setting out of the rest of the host; the two parties may have gone in opposite directions almost at the same time, since we shall find that they did not come together again until several weeks later.

852 Est. ll. 7967-8077; Itin., 315-17.

853 “Ipse manibus aedificando,” Itin., 317. We shall presently find an unimpeachable eye-witness testifying to having seen the king performing a no less arduous manual labour at Darum.

854 Imad-ed-Din, apud Abu Shama, 50.

855 See William of Tyre’s description of Darum: “Castrum in Idumaea (ipsa est Edom) situm, trans torrentem illum qui dicitur Ægypti, qui etiam terminus est Palestinae et praedictae regionis,” lib. xx. c. 19. The earlier frontier—like the later one—was further to the south-west, and the “river of Egypt” then was the Wady el Arish, or, earlier still, another stream yet further westward.

856 Est., ll. 8092-141; cf. Itin., 318, 319.

857 Est., ll. 8143-54; Itin., 319, 320.

858 Est., ll. 5329-50; Itin., 239. R. Coggeshall, 37, says 30,000 bezants.

859 Est., ll. 8160-77; Itin., 320, 321.

860 Est., ll. 8177-224; Itin., 321, 322.

861 Est., 8225-34; Itin., 322, 323. The latter gives the date: “Rex... postquam Achon pervenerat in crastino Cinerum, postera die,” etc. The morrow of Ash Wednesday 1192 was February 20.

862 Est., ll. 8238-46; Itin., 323.

863 The Estoire, ll. 8247-60, has in this passage a hiatus which has to be supplied from Itin., 323, 324.

864 Itin., 324; cf. Est., ll. 8265-70, where again there is a hiatus.

865 This is the version of Richard’s proceedings given by Bohadin, 293, who was with Saladin at Jerusalem all the time.

866 Bohadin, 292, 293.

867 Ib., 293, 294.

868 Itin., 325.

869 Bohadin, 294.

870 The Itin., 324, says he left Acre on the Tuesday before Easter, i. e., March 31.

871 Est., ll. 8325-35; Itin., 326.

872 “De ses Peitevins E de Mansels e de Angevins E des barons de Normandie,” Est., ll. 8336-9; of Templars and Hospitaliers, with Count Henry “and many others,” Itin., l.c.

873 Est., ll. 8340-52; Itin., 326, 327.

874 Est., ll. 8429-42; Itin., 329, 330.

875 Est., ll. 8287-304; Itin., 325.

876 Bohadin, 293. He reckons the captured sheep at a thousand.

877 Itin., 330.

878 “Post Pascha completum,” i. e., after April 12; Itin., 333.

879 Est., ll. 8519-646; Itin., 333-5.

880 Est., ll. 8650-6, 8715-66; Itin., 336, 338.

881 Bohadin, 297; R. Diceto, ii. 104. Roger of Howden, iii. 181, gives the date as April 27.

882 Bohadin, 297; Imad-ed-Din, apud Abu Shama, 53.

883 Bohadin, l.c.

884 Est., ll. 8879-99; Itin., 341; R. Coggeshall, 35.

885 Ibn Alathyr, 58.

886 Est., ll. 8788-814; Itin., 339-41.

887 R. Coggeshall, l.c.; R. Howden, iii. 181.

888 “Encore ne fu çou mie voirs,” Ernoul, 290.

889 Livre d’Eracle, Rec. Hist. Croisades, Hist. Occid., ii. 190-3. William of Newburgh, lib. v. c. 16, and Roger of Wendover, ed. Coxe, iii. 74, 75, give a letter purporting to have been written by the “Old Man” to exculpate Richard from the charge of having contrived Conrad’s death. In William’s version the letter is addressed “principibus et omni populo Christianae religionis,” and professes to have been written spontaneously; in Roger’s version it is addressed to Duke Leopold of Austria, and Roger says (though the letter itself does not say) that it was written at the request of Richard during his imprisonment in Germany. William says, “Has [literas] nimirum se vidisse atque legisse vir fide dignus mihi protestatus est cum regi Francorum Parisius constituto solemniter fuissent oblatae”; he adds that Philip formally accepted the document as proof of Richard’s innocence; and he dates this transaction 1195. The contents of the letter differ slightly in the two versions, but both are substantially in agreement with the accounts in Ernoul and Eracle of the circumstances which led to Conrad’s death. The letter is unquestionably a forgery. It may have been circulated in the East as well as in the West, and the “ultramarine” chroniclers may have taken their story from it; there is, however, also a possibility that both they and the composers of the letter—whoever these may have been—all alike derived their information from a genuine source.

890 “Li baron de France esteient En lor tentes hors de la vile, Que haut que bas, plus que dis mile; E li haut ensemble parlerent E a la marchise manderent Qu’ele lor rendist la citie Trestut en peis e en quitie En guarde a l’oes le reis de France; E el respondi sanz dotance Que quant li reis la revendreit Que mult volenters li rendreit, Si ainz n’i ad autre seignor.” Est., ll. 8912-23. For the last four lines the Itinerarium (342) has: “Quibus ipsa respondit quod quando rex Ricardus ipsam visere veniret, ipsi potius redderet civitatem et nulli alii, sicut dominus suus moriens ei praeciperat.” The context in Estoire clearly shows that by “li reis” in l. 8921 Ambrose meant not Richard but Philip; and it seems most likely that this version is the correct one, although Ambrose, as well as the Latin chronicler, has previously stated that Conrad when dying had bidden Isabel “que la citie ne rendist Fors al cors le rei d’Engleterre Ou al dreit seignor de la terre” (ll. 8858-64)—“ut civitati Tyro conservandae vigilanter intenderet, nec cuiquam hominum resignaret nisi regi Ricardo sive illi quem regnum jure contingebat haereditario,” Itin., 340. Whom Conrad can have meant by the last seven words (if indeed he really spoke them) is a puzzle of which I can suggest no solution.

891 Est., ll. 8774-7; Itin., 338.

892 Est., ll. 8928-50, 8973-9016; Itin., 342, 343, 346, 347.

893 Est., ll. 9021-62; Itin., 348, 349. The date of the wedding is given by R. Diceto, ii. 104.

894 Est., ll. 8961-70; Itin., 343.

895 Itin., 299.

896 Ib., 344, 345.

897 Ib., 343, 346.

898 Est., ll. 8956-9.

899 Est., ll. 9127-45; Itin., 351.

900 Bohadin, 295, 296, 298.

901 The Est., ll. 9323-4, and Itin., 355, however, mention some Genoese and Pisans as taking part in the final storming.

902 The authorities say merely “un diemaine,” Est., l. 9175; “quadam dominica,” Itin., 352; but we shall see later that it must have been May 17.

903 Est., ll. 9173-240; Itin., 352-4.

904 Bohadin, 301.

905 Bohadin’s version (l.c.) of this is that they asked for time to communicate with Saladin.

906 Est., ll. 9174-368; Itin., 354-6; cf. Bohadin, 301. This last, Ibn Alathyr (60), and Imad-ed-Din (in Abu Shama, 54), date the surrender May 23; as it seems to have been made late in the evening, and the Mohammedan day begins at sunset, this date really agrees with that given by the western writers.

907 We hear nothing of a taking of Gaza; but Gaza had long ceased to be a place of any military importance. Richard and his companions passed through it on their way back to Ascalon (Est., l. 9389, Itin., 356), so its Moslem garrison, if it had had one, had evidently been withdrawn.

908 Est., ll. 8369-86; Itin., l.c.

909 Itin., l.c.

910 Est., ll. 9387-94; Itin., 356, 357.

911 Cf. Est., ll. 9395-407, and Itin., 357, 358. For Cassaba, see G. Paris, note in Glossary to Estoire, s.v. “Canoie as Estornels.”

912 Est., ll. 9408-32; Itin., 358.

913 The first version is Bohadin’s, 301, 302; the second, that of Imad-ed-Din, apud Abu Shama, 54. Bohadin calls the castle Mejdel Yaba; in Abu Shama’s compilation the name appears as Mejdel Djenab, but the compiler adds: “This is the name given by El Imad in the Book of the Conquest, but in The Lightning we find ‘Mejdel Yaba’”; while the text of Imad-ed-Din published by Count Landsberg has “Mejdel el Habab” (footnote to Abu Shama, l.c.). Of these Arabic names only one has been located—Mejdel Yaba, called by the Franks Mirabel, which is so far from the Wady el Hesy that it cannot possibly be the place meant (G. Paris, Glossary to Estoire, s.v. “Fiier”). I am indebted to a distinguished Arabic scholar for the information that Mejdel Yaba means “Glory of Yaba,” Mejdel Djenab “Glory of the district,” Mejdel el Habab “Glory of the lover”; and that the Arabic for Castle of Figs or Figtrees would be Kalat-el-Tinat. It is possible that a place bearing one of the three former Arabic names might be called Fig or Figtree Castle by the Franks for some reason quite independent of its native appellation, and that the narratives of the Christian and Moslem writers may be only two different versions of one event; but there is also another possibility. Imad-ed-Din dates the disaster of the Franks at Mejdel Djenab (or Yaba, or El Habab) 14 Jomada I, i. e. May 28, the date given by Ambrose and the Itinerarium for the capture of Figtree Castle; but Bohadin says it occurred “when the host had spent the fourteenth day of Jomada I” at El Hesy. This should apparently mean that it took place on the following day, i. e. 15 Jomada I = May 29. To me it seems more probable that this version is the correct one, and that the Frank and the Moslem writers are here relating two distinct events, one of which took place on May 28 and the other on May 29. If so, it would not be unnatural that of two expeditions made within such a short period, each party should record only the one which terminated in their own favour.

914 Est., ll. 9433-508; Itin., 358-61.

915 “E dist a sei: S’or ne retornes, Veirement as terre perdue.” Est., ll. 9464-5.

916 Lib. xiv. c. 22.

917 “Ço fu en juin” (“intrante jam mense Junio,” Itin.) “Lors s’esmut l’ost de la Canoie Par mi les plains tut contre val Vers Ybelin de l’Ospital, Joste Ebron,” Est., ll. 9509-14; Itin., 360. Bohadin places this movement a little earlier; after mentioning an event which he dates 17 Jomada I (= May 31) he continues “The enemy meanwhile had moved from El Hesy, and was at the diverging-point of the ways of which one leads to Ascalon, one to Beit Djibrin, another to the tents of Islam” (303). Stubbs (note to Itin., 360) suggests Galatia, in Arabic Keratieh, as the place indicated. As Bohadin frequently antedates by a day or two the movements of the Franks, he may have done so in this instance. “El Hesy” here, as in a later passage, seems to stand for the Wady el Hesy as a whole; thus including of course the Canebrake.

918 Est., ll. 9519-52; Itin., 361.

919 Est., ll. 9553-680; cf. Itin., 361-4. On one passage, omitted in my summary of William’s speech, one would like to have more light. “Remembre te de l’aventure De la riche descomfiture E de Haltfort que rescussis, Que li cuens de Seint Gile assis Aveit, que tu desbaretas E vileinement l’en jetas” (ll. 9609-14). The editors of Bertrand de Born and of the Estoire know nothing of the event here alluded to, and there seems to be no mention of it elsewhere and no clue to its date.

920 Est., ll. 9681-90. The last line is: “Devant les barons d’Escalone.” Barons here is nonsense. G. Paris suggests “bailles,” a possible equivalent for the Latin, “extra pomoeria Ascaloniae foris,” Itin., 365.

921 Est., ll. 9692-720; Itin., l.c., giving the date, June 4.

922 Bohadin, 299, 300.

923 Ib., 303.

924 Est., ll. 9817-21; Itin., 369.

925 Bohadin, 310.

926 Est., ll. 9813-17; Itin., l.c.

927 Est., ll. 9748-88; Itin., 367. “A close Pentecoste, mien escient le samedi,” says Ambrose, l. 9748; the Itinerarium says “Die Dominica, scilicet in octavis Sanctae Trinitatis”; but Bohadin, 303, says 23 Jomada I, which agrees with Ambrose. The French translation of Bohadin has erroneously “8 juin.”

928 Est., ll. 9797-802; Bohadin, 304.

929 Itin., 368; Bohadin, l.c.

930 Est., ll. 9806-10; Itin., l.c.

931 Est., ll. 9809-13; Itin., 368, 369. Bohadin, 304, says the Franks left Natroun and advanced to Beit Nuba on Wednesday, 27 Jomada I; i. e. June 10.

932 Bohadin, 304, 305.

933 Bohadin, 305. The French translation gives the date as “le 19 de Jomada premier,” which would be June 2. Possibly “19” is a misprint for “29.”

934 Est., ll. 9835-64; Itin., 359.

935 Cf. Est., ll. 9885-922, and Itin., 371, 372.

936 Est., ll. 9947-10088; Bohadin, l.c.; Imad-ed-Din, apud Abu Shama, 55; all with date June 16; Itin., 373, with date June 17.

937 Est., ll. 10140-210; Itin., 379-81.

938 Est., ll. 10213-59; Itin., 381, 382.

939 Bohadin, 306.

940 Imad-ed-Din, apud Abu Shama, 55, says Saladin heard on 9 Jomada II (= Monday, June 22) that the Franks had set out in the night. Ambrose (l. 10304) says merely “Sunday.”

941 Est., ll. 10265-312; Itin., 383-5; cf. Bohadin, 306.

942 Bohadin, 306, 307; cf. Imad-ed-Din, 55, Est., ll. 10313-23, and Itin., 385.

943 Bohadin, 307.

944 Among the Saracens, according to Bohadin (l.c.), it was reported that one of this second party of scouts was Richard himself, who, disguised as an Arab, made a circuit of the Egyptians’ encampment and then, having found them all sound asleep, rode back and called up his men. Such a thing is by no means impossible; but if it were a fact, it would probably have been known to the Franks, whereas it was evidently not known even as a rumour to Ambrose, who would surely have made the most of it in his poetic story.

945 Bohadin, 306, 307.

946 Itin., 385-7; cf. Est., ll. 10329-421.

947 Bohadin, 307, 308.

948 Cf. Bohadin, 308, 309, with Est., ll. 10435-511, and Itin., 387-90.

949 Est., ll. 10512-64; Itin., 390, 391.

950 Bohadin, 309. He calls the day “Tuesday, 11th of Jomada II”; but as 11 Jomada II in that year was a Wednesday, it is doubtful whether he means Tuesday 10 (= June 23) or Wednesday 11 (= June 24). The former is almost certainly the true date. Roger of Howden, iii. 182, says the affair occurred “on the eve of S. John”; Imad-ed-Din, apud Abu Shama, 55, says the Frank army set out on the night preceding June 22; the Estoire, l. 10304, says it set out “un seir de diemaine,” which thus seems to have been Sunday June 21; and both Estoire and Itinerarium clearly indicate that the fight took place on the second morning after. Imad-ed-Din, l.c., locates it at “El Hesy”; but we cannot possibly set aside the plain and unanimous testimony of Bohadin and the Frank writers as to Kuweilfeh. The Franks do not mention El Hesy at all on this occasion; Bohadin makes it clear that both parties passed through that locality on their way. It seems plain also that in this case, as in an earlier one, “El Hesy” stands not for the village now so called, but for the Wady, and more especially for its western end, or head. In one place the actual phrase used is “the source of El Hesy” (“la source d’El Hasy,” French edition of Bohadin, l.c.; “caput El Hissi,” Schultens’ edition, 232).

951 Bohadin, 311-15.

952 Cf. Bohadin, 309, Est., ll. 10565-75, and Itin., 392. Bohadin says they got back to their camp on “Friday, 16 Jomada II,” which is self-contradictory, as 16 Jomada II (= June 26) that year was Monday. He may have meant either Monday June 26 or Friday 30; he may even have meant both, and confused them together. The indications in Estoire and Itinerarium are vague, but they seem to imply a two days’ journey from the Round Cistern to Ramlah; thus Ramlah may have been reached on the 26th and the “camp” proper, at Beit Nuba, on the 30th. Richard seems not to have gone to Beit Nuba at all, but to his former quarters at Castle Arnold; R. Coggeshall, 40.

953 Est., ll. 10576-626; Itin., 393, 394.

954 Est., ll. 10639-64; Itin., 394, 395.

955 R. Coggeshall, 39, 40. Ralf says Richard caused Saladin’s captured envoys to be shot to death with arrows by his own servants in the sight of the host, neither portion of it (that is, his own adherents or those of Burgundy) knowing whence the victims came nor why they were thus slain. It seems hardly possible that Ambrose should have omitted to mention so strange an incident if it really was seen by the Crusaders of whom he was one. Ralf further represents Hugh as setting out for Acre with his forces immediately, and Richard with the rest of the host following next day; whereas Ambrose distinctly says that the French quitted Beit Nuba at the same time as the king (Est., ll. 10709-10). The Itinerarium, 397, says the same.

956 Bohadin, 315.

957 “Quatre liues,” Est., l. 10690; “quatuor tantum nunc distabant millia,” Itin., 396. Beit Nuba is about thirteen miles from Jerusalem. Seemingly “liues” and “millia” here must stand for hours of march, as Stubbs says they often do in Crusade history.

958 Itin., 376. This passage follows the account of an event which the same writer dates June 17, and other authorities June 16.

959 “Par la Porte David estoit la voie qui maine en Belleem. Em mi voie estoit une Esglyze ou Seint Elie fu mananz,” Contin. W. Tyr., MS. Rothelin, Recueil Hist. Occid., ii. 512. R. Howden, iii. 182, calls the place “capellam S. Elyae quae distat a Jerusalem per tres leucas.” As the distance between Jerusalem and Bethlehem is about six miles, Roger must here have used the word leuca as equivalent to a mile (as the author of the Itinerarium seems to have done frequently). On the other hand, there appears to be a mistake in the passage from the Rothelin MS.; seeing that “David’s Gate” was the west gate of Jerusalem, and that Bethlehem lies south of that city, the natural “way that leads to Bethlehem” would be by the “Gate of Sion.”

960 Est., ll. 10089-135; Itin., 377, 378. Both writers give the date as “the third day before S. John’s,” and the Latin one adds “die S. Albani,” i. e. June 22. On June 22, however, Richard was, as we have seen, at Galatia. Roger of Howden’s account of the affair (iii. 182) is obviously confused. He gives no date; but in his work, as in the Estoire and the Itinerarium, the story is immediately followed by that of the Egyptian caravan. Probably therefore the true date is Sunday, June 21.

961 R. Coggeshall, 40, 41.

962 Joinville, c. 108.

963 Bohadin, 315; Est., ll. 10704-5.

964 Bohadin, 316.

965 Bohadin, 316-22; obviously more authentic than the version in Est., ll. 10747-63, and Itin., 398, 399.

966 Est., ll. 10706-14; Itin., 397, giving the date.

967 Est., ll. 10768-85; Itin., 399-401. The date of leaving Joppa comes from Bohadin, 322, that of the arrival at Acre from Itin., 400-1.

968 Est., ll. 10935-55; Itin., 403-4. (The dates will appear from the sequel.) The former writer seems to imply, and the latter distinctly states, that Richard had really and avowedly called his ships together for the purpose of sailing at once for Europe, the attack on Beyrout being intended as a mere incident on the way. I cannot believe this view of the matter to be based on anything else than an erroneous impression current among the lower ranks of the host. Richard may very likely have hoped that the capture of Beyrout would lead to fresh overtures for peace on the part of the Moslems, and to such concessions from them as might enable him to make a treaty which would end the war for a time, and thus set him honourably free to depart before the date which he had fixed; he may have made preparations for such a contingency, and if so, he would no doubt make them openly because a possibility of their purpose being misconstrued could hardly occur to his mind. Richard might break a treaty or a contract without scruple, and also without appreciable damage to his reputation in his own day; but a sudden desertion of the Holy Land such as these writers supposed him to have contemplated would have been a flagrant breach of what he and every other man of the world of chivalry held far more sacred than any treaty or contract—his knightly word, solemnly and publicly pledged only a few weeks before. Such an act must infallibly have brought upon him, in his own eyes and in the eyes of all true knights, a double share of the “shame and everlasting contempt” which he had once denounced against Philip Augustus, and would be utterly irreconcileable with his whole character. The Beyrout project seems really to have been much more definite and important than we should gather from the casual way in which it is mentioned by the two Frank chroniclers. It had evidently been planned in concert with the other leaders before Richard left Joppa, since as early as July 22—five days before the king reached Acre—Saladin had learned from his spies that “the Franks were moving on Beyrout”; Bohadin, 322.

969 Bohadin, 322, 323; dates, which he gives in his usual self-contradictory fashion, corrected by help of Est., ll. 10807-10, and Itin., 400, 401.

970 Cf. Bohadin, 327, 328, Itin., 401-3, and Est., ll. 10815-25.

971 Est., ll. 10910, 10911.

972 Both Estoire, ll. 10957-63, and Itinerarium, 404, say the messengers reported that Joppa was already taken and the garrison shut up in the citadel; but the sequel shows that they reached Acre on the date given above, July 28, three days before matters had come to this pass.

973 Est., ll. 10968-76; Itin., 504. Cf. R. Coggeshall, 41, 42.

974 Cf. Itin., 404, 405, Est., ll. 10979-11037, and R. Coggeshall, 42. The Estoire (ll. 11033-7) says they lay off Joppa “tote la nuit del samedi”; which can be correct only if Ambrose has here fallen, as some of the Frank chroniclers of the Crusade seem to have occasionally done, into the eastern way of reckoning days, from evening to evening.

975 Est., ll. 10021-4.

976 Bohadin, 328-31.

977 Itin., 405, 406; cf. Est., ll. 11040-54.

978 Bohadin, 331, 332.

979 Cf. Bohadin, 332, with Itin., 407, 408, and Est., ll. 11079-11113.

980 Est., ll. 11114-26.

981 Bohadin, 333.

982 Itin., 407, 408; Est., ll. 11127-53; Bohadin, 332; R. Coggeshall, 43.

983 Bohadin, 333.

984 Est., ll. 11154-8; Itin., 408.

985 Itin., 410, 411; Est., ll. 11164-238; cf. Bohadin, 333.

986 R. Coggeshall, 43.

987 Cf. the French translation of Bohadin, 334, with the Latin in Schultens’s edition, 252: “Cognitamque meam in bello operam praestabo.”

988 Bohadin, 333-5. He dates the negotiations “evening of Saturday 19 Rajab” and the removal to Ramlah “Sunday 20 Rajab.” Saturday was really 20 Rajab = August 1. Here, as usual with eastern writers, “evening” stands for “eve,” i. e. the “vigil” or evening before.

989 Ib., 335.

990 Itin., 412; Est., ll. 11295-9.

991 Itin., 413; Est., ll. 11318-27.

992 Bohadin, 336; cf. R. Coggeshall, 44.

993 Cf. R. Coggeshall, 44, 45, Itin., 414, 415, and Est., ll. 11379-407.

994 R. Coggeshall, 44, cf. Itin., 420. The latter writer puts the episode of the Saracens re-occupying the town and Richard re-taking it at the end of his narrative of the fight, i. e. after the victory outside the walls; but as he introduces it with “Interea,” we cannot be sure where in the order of events he really meant to place it; and as R. Coggeshall’s information is derived from Hugh de Neville, who was in close attendance on the king during the fight, his narrative is probably correct.

995 See details of the array in Itin., 416.

996 R. Coggeshall, 44, 45; cf. Itin., l.c.

997 “Ferme quinquaginta milites,” Itin., 413; “milites octoginta,” R. Coggeshall, 50.

998 The Itin., 413, says fifteen, but R. Coggeshall, 46, says six horses and one mule. Bohadin—after remarking “I was not there, thank God!”—says some who were there told him the Christian knights numbered only nine, or at most seventeen (337); he, or his informants, doubtless reckoned as “knights” only those who were horsed. According to the Itin., 420, Richard gained two more horses, as soon as he entered the town, by killing their Turkish riders.

999 “Un hardi serjant e nobile, Henri le Tyois, el conroi Portoit la baniere le roi,” Est., ll. 11432-4. “Serviens probissimus Hernicus Teutonicus, regis signifer,” Itin., 415. “Rex... assumptis secum sex strenuis militibus cum regio vexillo,” R. Coggeshall, 55.

1000 Itin., 420. This writer reduces the king’s mounted followers at this time to two, which of course is absurd.

1001 R. Coggeshall, 46.

1002 Itin., 420, 421.

1003 Ib., 417.

1004 R. Coggeshall, 47.

1005 Ib.; cf. Itin., 416, 417, and Bohadin, 337.

1006 R. Coggeshall, 48.

1007 Ib.; cf. Itin., 417.

1008 Bohadin, 337; cf. Ibn Alathyr, 64.

1009 Ibn Alathyr, 65.

1010 Bohadin, 337.

1011 R. Coggeshall, 49.

1012 Itin., 418; cf. Est., ll. 11510-32.

1013 R. Coggeshall, 49-51.

1014 Itin., 423.

1015 Bohadin, 338.

1016 Itin., 412. This seems to have been a not uncommon practice of the Turks.

1017 Ib., 425; R. Coggeshall, 51.

1018 Bohadin, 336.

1019 “Saturday, 26 Rajab” says Bohadin, 338, but 26 Rajab was a Friday.

1020 Bohadin, 338, 339.

1021 Bohadin, 339-41.

1022 Est., ll. 11725-49; Itin., 425-7.

1023 Itin., 427; cf. R. Devizes, 75.

1024 Est., ll. 11750-60; Itin., l.c.

1025 Bohadin, 341, 342.

1026 “Houat,” Bohadin, 342. Stubbs, in a note to Itin., 428, suggests this identification, which is rendered highly probable by the mention in R. Devizes, 69, of Hubert as concerned in the making of the truce.

1027 Bohadin, 342-4.

1028 Bohadin, 344.

1029 Ib., 344-6. He says the truce was for three years and eight months from Wednesday 22 Shaban = October 1. Ibn Alathyr (Recueil, II. i. 65) says three years and eight months from September 1; Imad-ed-Din (apud Abu Shama, 78) says three years and three months, without any date; R. Diceto, ii. 305, and W. Newburgh, lib. iv. c. 29, make the period three years, three months, three weeks, three days and three hours from Easter 1193. Bohadin is unquestionably the best authority on the matter, especially as the final proposals on the Moslem side appear to have been actually written either by his own hand, or by the hand of the writer—whoever this may have been—who made the revised edition of his work, published with a Latin translation by Dr. Schultens at Leyden; so at least we gather from Schultens, 259—“Conscripsi quae convenerant, exaravique conditiones pacis.” The French version, which represents Bohadin’s original text, has merely “On rédigea,” etc.; so we are left in doubt whether the first person in the Leyden version represents Bohadin himself or his reviser.

Richard of Devizes (69-77) has a long and curious account of the circumstances relating to the truce. According to him, the first overtures were made and the preliminaries arranged by Hubert of Salisbury and Henry of Champagne without the knowledge of King Richard, and the matter was only referred to the king when it was so far advanced that, sick and bewildered as he was, he could do nothing but leave it in their hands and sanction their arrangements. This in itself is not impossible, nor is it irreconcileable with Bohadin’s narrative; but there are in Richard’s story details which are certainly incorrect—e. g., he makes Hubert and Henry apply to Safadin instead of Bedr-ed-Din, and introduces visits of Safadin in person to the camp at Joppa and to the king himself, all of which are unquestionably fictitious or imaginary.

1030 Est., ll. 11801-26; Itin., 429, 430.

1031 Bohadin, 348.

1032 Ib., 349, 350; Est., ll. 11868-75; Itin., 432.

1033 R. Devizes, 78.

1034 Bohadin, 350.

1035 Est., ll. 11835-8; Itin., 430.

1036 Est., ll. 12257-70; Itin., 440.

1037 Itin., 441; cf. Est., ll. 12271-2.

1038 Rigord, 118.

1039 Rigord (l.c.), says “secundo vendidit”; R. Howden, iii. 306, when recording Guy’s death in 1195, says “cui Rex Angliae vendiderat insulam Cypri.” But Roger himself says elsewhere (181), that when Henry was chosen King of Jerusalem “rex Angliae dedit in excambium regi Guidoni insulam de Cypre in vita sua tenendam.” Ralf of Coggeshall, who also (36) places the transaction after Henry’s election in April 1192, says, “Regi Guidoni concessit, accepto ejus homagio”; and W. Newburgh (lib. iv. c. 29) says, “mera liberalitate donavit.” The version given by all these latter writers can hardly fail to be the correct one; it is inconceivable that Guy could have had means for the purchase.

1040 This in an inference from Rigord, 118, who seems to place the whole transaction at this time.

1041 R. Diceto, ii. 106; Itin., 441.

1042 Ll.cc; R. Howden, iii. 185, says October 8.

1043 Bohadin, 348.

1044 Eracle, Recueil, Hist. Occid., ii. 189.

1045 Gerv. Cant., i. 513.

1046 R. Coggeshall, 53.

1047 Ann. Colon. Max., Pertz, xvii. 796; cf. Ansbert, ed. Dobrowsky, 115 (Stubbs, R. Howden, iii. introd. cxli). “Allein die Glaubwürdigkeit dieser Zeugnisse unterliegt gegründeten Bedenken”; Kellner, Ueber die deutsche Gefangenschaft Richards I, 44.

1048 “Applicuit in insula de Cuverfu, et navigavit usque ad tres galeas quas vidit ex opposito in Rumania,” R. Howden, iii. 185. Roger dates the arrival at Corfu, “infra mensem post diem illum,” i. e. the day on which Richard left Acre, October 9. R. Coggeshall, whose information, being partly derived from the chaplain Anselm who accompanied the king on his voyage, is probably more accurate, says (53) that Richard had been six weeks at sea when he turned back to Corfu; so the date would be about November 20. According to the same writer (l.c.) the pirate galleys numbered two, not three as Roger says.

1049 Twenty-one according to R. Howden, l.c. One of the party was Anselm, who told the story to R. Coggeshall, l.c.

1050 R. Howden, l.c.

1051 Document, dated 1598, from the archives of Ragusa, “ex lib. Div. Cancellariae n. 98,” in Farlati, Illyricum Sacrum, vi. 90.

1052 Appendini, Notizie istorico-critiche sulle antichita, etc., di Ragusa, i. 272; Farlati, vi. 90.

1053 “It is not Great Britain who will fail in keeping her promises. Great Britain has known us ever since Richard received our hospitality and built for us a most beautiful church on the spot where our ancestors had saved him from shipwreck on his way back from the Crusade,” said M. Vesnitch, the representative of Serbia, at a great public meeting in Paris on January 27, 1916.

1054 None of the authorities for Richard’s voyage mention more than one landing after his departure from Corfu. “Accidit ut ventus, rupta nave sua in qua ipse erat, duceret eam versus partes Histriae, ad locum qui est inter Aquileiam et Venetiam, ubi rex Dei permissione passus naufragium cum paucis evasit,” says the Emperor in a letter to Philip of France (R. Howden, iii. 195). Ansbert (ed. Dobrowsky, 114; Stubbs, R. Howden, iii. introd. cxl.) says, “Ad Polam, civitatem Ystriae, ad litus fertur et applicare cogitur.” R. Diceto (ii. 106) makes the voyage end “in Sclavonia”; R. Coggeshall (54), “in partes Sclavoniae, ad quandam villam nomine Gazaram”; R. Howden (iii. 105) “prope Gazere apud Raguse.” This word Gazere, misunderstood as intended to represent Zara, has puzzled commentators, but is explained by Wilkinson (Dalmatia and Montenegro, i. 301) as being a corruption of an Arabic word meaning “island”; that is, it really stands here for Lacroma. The final landing was evidently not anywhere in “Slavonic parts” but in Istria, as the German authorities say; and of these the Emperor is the most likely to be correct.

1055 The narrative which we are here following—that of Richard’s chaplain and companion Anselm, as reported by R. Coggeshall, 53-5—calls this personage merely “Dominus provinciae illius, qui nepos extitit Marchisii.” That he was the Count of Gorizia appears from the Emperor’s letter in R. Howden, iii. 195.

1056 R. Coggeshall, 54, 55.

1057 Gerv. Cant., i. 513.

1058 It comprised, besides Baldwin de Béthune and the king, “Magister Philippus regis clericus, atque Anselmus capellanus qui haec omnia nobis ut vidit et audivit retulit, et quidam fratres Templi,” R. Coggeshall, 54; and also, as appears later (ib., 55), some personal attendants of Richard’s.

1059 Letter of Henry VI, in R. Howden, iii. 195.

1060 Ansbert, ed. Dobrowsky, 104; Stubbs, R. Howden, iii. introd. cxl.

1061 Letter of Henry VI, l.c.

1062 R. Coggeshall, 55. The name of the town, Freisach, and that of the German lord, Frederic of Pettau, are not given by Ralf; they are supplied from the Emperor’s letter, l.c. Ralf makes the final halting-place and the scene of the capture Vienna itself: “ad quandam villam nomine Ginanam in Austria prope Danubium”; but the German accounts, including that of the Emperor, which must have been derived from Leopold of Austria, make it a neighbouring village: “juxta Wenam in villa viciniori, in domo despecta,” letter in R. Howden, l.c.; “in quoddam diversorium juxta Viennam civitatem,” Otto of S. Blaise (Pertz, xx. 334); “circa Wiennam... in vili hospitio,” Ansbert (ed. Dobrowsky, 114, R. Howden, iii. cxl). Kellner (Gefangenschaft Richards I, 29), calls the place “Erdberg, Dörfchen bei Wien”; but I can find no authority for the name. Trivet, to whom he seems to refer for it, says “in civitate Wienna” (ed. Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 148).

1063 R. Coggeshall, 56. R. Howden, iii, 186, says Richard was captured asleep; according to Otto of S. Blaise (Pertz, xx. 324), he was roasting meat on a spit, thinking by this servile employment to avoid recognition, and was betrayed by a splendid ring which he had forgotten to remove from his finger. This account of the matter has a somewhat characteristic air; but it may have been founded on a confused version of Ralf’s story of the ring offered to Mainard of Gorizia. W. Newburgh’s narrative of Richard’s adventures (lib. iv. c. 31) seems to be based on the Emperor’s letter, which says nothing about the circumstances of the capture; the details and speeches added by William are obviously mere rhetoric of his own. The date is given by R. Coggeshall as December 21, by R. Diceto (ii. 106) as December 22.

1064 Ann. Marbac., Pertz, xvii. 165; Ansbert, ed. Dobrowsky, 112; R. Howden, iii., introd. cxl.

1065 R. Coggeshall, 56.

1066 Letter in R. Howden, iii, 195.

1067 Ann. Magn. Reichensberg., Pertz, xvii. 520.

1068 Ansbert, ed. Dobrowsky, 115; R. Howden, iii. introd. cxli.

1069 Otto of S. Blaise, Pertz, xx. 324.

1070 Agreement in Ansbert, ed. Dobrowsky, 115-19, and Stubbs’s R. Howden, iii. introd. cxli.-iii.

1071 Kellner, Gefangenschaft, 39.

1072 Rigord, 116; Gesta Ric., 192-9, 203, 204, 227-30.

1073 Ansbert, ed. Dobrowsky, 78; for date see Kellner, 18, note 2. Milan does not appear in Philip’s itinerary in Gesta Ric., unless in the form of “Cassem Milan” (230), and this identification is doubtful, as the name comes between “Monte Bardon” and “Furnos,” i. e. Farinovo. Some of the other names, however, seem to be out of geographical order.

1074 This probably referred to Richard’s dealings with Saladin.

1075 R. Howden, iii. 198, 199; cf. W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 33. The date of the assembly is from R. Diceto, ii. 106. The place was probably Spire; Richard was there on Easter day and on the Tuesday in Easter week (March 28 and 30), Epp. Cantuar., 362-4. The statement of the Emperor’s poetical panegyrist, Peter of Eboli, that Richard offered to clear himself by ordeal of battle, a proposal by which Henry was so greatly impressed in his favour that he set him at liberty (Petr. Ansolini de Ebulo Carmen, apud Muratori, Rer. Ital. Scriptt. xxxi. 142), is probably a misunderstanding or a poetical embellishment of Richard’s offer to stand to right in the court of his French overlord.

1076 R. Diceto, ii. 106, 107.

1077 Stubbs, note to R. Howden, iii. 210.

1078 R. Coggeshall, 58. Ralf says Richard was imprisoned “primo Treviris, deinde Warmatiae.” Treviris here seems to mean Triffels, as there is no other indication that Richard was ever at Treves; we shall see that he was at Worms later. Ralf is perhaps the best authority as to the character of Richard’s imprisonment, as he probably heard about it from Anselm the chaplain, who may very likely have been, for a time at least, one of the attendants imprisoned with their sovereign. William of Newburgh (lib. iv. c. 37, lib. v. c. 31) is less to be trusted on the subject. Two German chroniclers say that Richard was kept “sub honorabili custodia” (Ann. Aquicinct., Rer. Gall. Scriptt., xviii. 456), “in libera clausus custodia” (Andr. Marchian., ib. 557); but the chief German historian of the time, Otto of S. Blaise, says “Henricus [regem] Wormatiam asportari vinctum ferroque onustum praecepit” (Pertz, xx. 324).

1079 R. Howden, iii. 197, a letter which shows that Savaric was at the Imperial court before February 28.

1080 Récits d’un ménéstrel de Reims, 41-4.

1081 R. Howden, iii. 198.

1082 Ib., iii. 194.

1083 Gesta, 230, 236.

1084 Ib., 236. The actual “treaty of Messina” is not extant; all we know about it is from Philip’s charter, dated March 1190 (i. e. before March 25, 1191, the French year beginning on Lady Day), proclaiming certain conditions on which he and Richard had made “a firm peace.” This charter, in its existing form, contains no mention of either Eu or Aumale, nor of any conditions about the restitution of Aloysia or of her dower-lands. No original copy of it is known; it is printed in Fœdera, I. i. 54 from a fragment of an English Treasury Roll dating from the second half of the thirteenth century. Powicke, Loss of Normandy, 126, 127.

1085 Gesta, 236, 237.

1086 R. Howden, iii. 204.

1087 Ib., iii. 205.

1088 “Imperator vero iratum animum ac ferocem erga regem diutius conservans nullatenus eum in praesentia sua convocare vel alloqui voluit.” R. Coggeshall, 58.

1089 R. Coggeshall, 58.

1090 French version in Leroux de Lincy, Recueil de Chansons Historiques, i. 56-9, and Sismondi, Literature of S. Europe, trans. Roscoe, i. 152 et seq.; Provençal version in Raynouard, Choix de Poésies des Troubadours, iv. 183 et seq.

1091 I. e. Philip of France.

1092 “Mes compaignons cui j’amoie e cui j’aim, Ces dou Cahiul” (“Chacu,” Sismondi) “e ces dou Porcherain” (“Percherain,” Sismondi). Leroux de Lincy translates “Ceux de Cahors et ceux du Perche.” Feeling doubtful about the identification, I have tried to turn the difficulty by using a vague phrase and omitting the names altogether.

1093 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 33.

1094 Gerv. Cant., i. 517.

1095 He landed in England on April 20; ib., 516.

1096 “Honeste circa ipsum Imperatorem moram facimus.”

1097 Letter of Richard, in R. Howden, iii. 209, 210.

1098 R. Howden, iii. 206.

1099 Rigord, 123.

1100 Cf. R. Howden, iii. 206; R. Coggeshall, 61, 62; Rigord, 123, 125, 126; Chron. Rothomag., Rev. Gall. Scriptt., xvii. 358; Ann. Aquicinct, ib., xviii. 546. The dates are conflicting, and Rigord’s chronology, in particular, is even more confused than usual just here; the other writers, especially the English ones, are safer guides.

1101 “Misit nuncios ad Imperatorem cum infinita pecunia, rogans attentius regem Angliae utpote hominem suum ei mitteret liberum, vel diutius retineret incarceratum.” Gerv. Cant., i. 516.

1102 Richard was there on May 26 and June 8; Epp. Cant., 364, 365; cf. Otto of S. Blaise, Pertz, xx. 324.

1103 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 37, says 24th; R. Howden, iii. 212, says 25th.

1104 R. Howden, iii. 214; date, June, Vita Alb. Leod., Pertz, xxv. 168.

1105 “Totius Alemanniae generalis conventus magnates solos comprehendens,” says R. Diceto, ii. 110, who dates it July 5; but R. Howden, l.c., is obviously more accurate.

1106 William Brewer and Baldwin de Béthune. These latter arrived on June 28; R. Howden, l.c.

1107 R. Howden, iii. 214, 215.

1108 R. Howden, iii. 215, 216.

1109 John—whose restoration, however, was conditional; see R. Howden, iii. 217, 218;—the count of Angoulême, who in 1192-3 had stirred up another revolt in Aquitaine, invaded Poitou, and been made prisoner by its seneschal; see Chron. S. Albini, a. 1192, and R. Howden, iii. 194;—and the counts of Perche and Meulan, who had supported John’s intrigues in Normandy.

1110 Treaty in R. Howden, iii. 217-20.

1111 Letters in R. Howden, iii. 226, 227.

1112 Ib., 229.

1113 R. Howden, iii. 228-32.

1114 Letter of Archbishop Walter of Rouen in R. Diceto, ii. 112, 113.

1115 R. Howden, iii. 233.

1116 See Note V at end.

1117 Letter in R. Diceto, ii. 113.

1118 R. Howden, iii. 233, 234.

1119 R. Howden, iii. 234; cf. Gislebert of Mons, Pertz’s small edition, 250. The duke of Suabia was the emperor’s brother; the marquis of Montferrat was Boniface, brother and successor to Conrad. To the duke of Louvain Richard also granted the lands in England which had belonged to count Matthew of Boulogne, father of the duke’s wife, “ipsique duci contra comitem Flandriae et Hanoniae et marchisum Namurcensi auxilium promisit, ita quod saltem tantum comiti Flandriae et Hanoniae guerram facerent quod comes nequaquam domino regi Franciae auxilium ferre posset” (Gislebert, l.c.). The Flemish chronicler adds: “Conventiones tamen eorum in nulla parte fuerunt observatae; nec mirum, cum rex Angliae nemini unquam vel fidem vel pactum servasset, nec omnes illi nominati cum quibus foedus firmaverat conventiones suas observare consuevissent” (ib., 250, 251). This is rather too sweeping, in view of the conduct of the allies in after-years. One of them at least, Boniface of Montferrat, received three hundred marks “de feodo suo” and ten marks as a present from Richard in 1197 (Stapleton, Norman Exchequer Rolls, ii. 301).

1120 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 41.

1121 R. Howden, iii. 235.

1122 R. Coggeshall, 62.

1123 “Circa horam tertiam recessit a portu de Swine, et in crastino post horam diei nonam applicuit in Angliam apud Sandicum portum, diei dominica tertio idus Martii”; i. e. he left Swine on Saturday March 12, and reached Sandwich on Sunday the 13th, R. Howden, iii. 235. R. Diceto, ii. 114, makes it a week later, Sunday March 20; but that this is wrong is clear from Gervase of Canterbury, i. 524, where we are told that Richard was received at Canterbury on the 13th, having landed at Sandwich on the 12th. Ralf of Coggeshall, 62, says he landed “secunda hora diei,” on the Sunday after S. Gregory’s day, i. e. on March 13.

1124 R. Diceto, ii. 114; cf. R. Coggeshall, 63.

1125 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 42.

1126 R. Coggeshall, 63.

1127 It was seemingly on the march to Nottingham that, according to a marginal note in two MSS. of Ralf of Coggeshall, “Robertus Brito a rege captus, jussit ut fame in carcere interiret” (63). I have failed to discover who this man was, or what he had done to incur such a doom.

1128 R. Howden, iii. 237-9.

1129 W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 42.

1130 R. Howden, iii. 239.

1131 Hist. G. le. Mar., ll. 10236-64.

1132 R. Howden, iii. 240; cf. R. Diceto, ii. 114.

1133 R. Coggeshall, 63.

1134 R. Howden, iii. 240, 241.

1135 For details see R. Howden, l.c., 241.

1136 Ib.

1137 R. Howden, iii. 242, 243, 245.

1138 Ib., 247, 248.

1139 “Ut regnum innovaret.” Gerv. Cant., i. 524.

1140 Gerv. Cant., i. 524, 525.

1141 Ib., 524-6; cf. R. Howden, iii. 247, 248.

1142 Gerv. Cant., 525.

1143 “Tantaque solemnitas facta est propter praecedentis captionis contumeliam,” ib., 526, “In octavis Paschae Wintoniae regni diademate fulgidus, detersa captivitatis ignominia, quasi rex novus apparuit,” W. Newb., lib. iv. c. 42. “Rex Ricardus... consilio procerum suorum, licet aliquantulum renitens, coronatus est,” R. Coggeshall, 64. It is hard to conceive what “ignominy” or “contumely” could be thought to attach to the mere fact of Richard’s captivity, or why Richard should have been “reluctant” to revive a time-honoured custom which would surely have appealed with double force to his well-known love of pomp and splendour and of grand Church services, unless its revival was urged upon him for some special reason whose cogency he was unwilling to admit. On the other hand, it is curious that R. Diceto (ii. 114) says nothing about this crown-wearing beyond the bare statement that the king “in octavis Paschae regni diadema suscepit de manibus Huberti Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi.”

1144 R. Howden, iii. 249, 250.

1145 R. Howden, iii. 251. R. Diceto, ii. 114, and Gerv. Cant., i. 527, give the same date.

1146 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 10431-52.

1147 Cf. Rigord, 127, R. Diceto, ii. 115, with date Whitsun Eve (May 27), and R. Howden, iii. 252.

1148 Cf. Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 10,353-518, R. Howden, Rigord, ll.cc., and R. Diceto, ii. 115, 116.

1149 Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 10491-550.

1150 Chron. S. Albini, a. 1192; under this year all the events of 1192-5 are lumped together in this Chronicle.

1151 R. Howden, iii. 252.

1152 R. Diceto, ii. 116.

1153 Ib., ii. 117; R. Howden and Chron. S. Alb., ll.cc.

1154 R. Howden, iii. 252, 253.

1155 Rigord, 127; Chron. Turon., a. 1194, with date June 11. This spoliation was only temporary; on November 11 of the same year Richard, at Alençon, restored into the hands of the legate all that he had taken from the canons and other clerks of S. Martin at Tours. R. Diceto, ii. 122.

1156 R. Diceto, ii. 117; R. Howden, iii. 252.

1157 R. Diceto, l.c.

1158 Ib.; R. Howden, l.c., giving date; Chron. S. Alb., a. 1192.

1159 R. Howden, iii. 253; cf. R. Diceto, ii. 116.

1160 R. Howden, iii. 253, 254; cf. Rigord, 127, who gives the date, June 14.

1161 R. Howden, iii. 254, 255.

1162 Cf. ib., iii. 255, 256; R. Diceto, ii. 117; W. Newb., lib. v. c. 2; Rigord, 129, and Chron. S. Alb., a. 1192. William the Breton’s description of the captured documents (Philippis, lib. iv. ll. 530-68) is surely a poetical exaggeration. The date is from R. Diceto, who says the affair took place thirty-seven days after Philip’s retirement from Verneuil.

1163 R. Howden, iii. 256.

1164 Peter was made seneschal between February 12 and May 5, 1190; see Richard, Comtes de Poitou, ii. 263-5.

1165 Chron. S. Alb., a. 1192.

1166 Elias V, 1166-1204.

1167 R. Howden, iii. 194; cf. R. Devizes, 55.

1168 Teulet, Layettes du Trésor des Chartes, i. 176.

1169 R. Diceto, ii. 117.

1170 Letter in R. Howden, iii. 257. Cf. W. Newb., lib. v. c. 2.

1171 R. Diceto, ii. 118, 119.

1172 Letter in R. Howden, iii. 257-60.

1173 See Note VI at end.

1174 The ordinance concerning tourneys; dated “apud Villam Episcopi,” Fœdera, I. i. 65.

1175 R. Howden, iii. 259.

1176 Madox, Hist. Exchequer, i. 637, 638.

1177 See Note VI at end.

1178 R. Diceto, ii. 119.

1179 R. Howden, iii. 267.

1180 Fœdera, I. i. 65; also in Appendix to Preface to R. Diceto, ii. pp. lxxx., lxxxi.

1181 R. Howden, iii. 288-90.

1182 W. Newb., lib. v. c. 17.

1183 R. Howden, iii. 290.

1184 R. Howden, iii. 276.

1185 R. Diceto, ii. 121.

1186 R. Howden, iii. 283. Roger places the story “eodem anno” between two events of which one is dated January and the other February 1195.

1187 R. Howden, iii. 300, 301.

1188 Ib., 302, 303.

1189 R. Howden, iii. 301; W. Newb., lib. v. c. 15; cf. Rigord, 130, 131. The two latter give the date “mense Julio.”

1190 Fœdera, I. i. 66.

1191 R. Howden, iii. 303, 304.

1192 Ib., iii. 304.

1193 Rigord, 131. Arques had been in Philip’s hands since July 1193, when it was pledged to him and placed under the control of the archbishop of Reims by the treaty which William of Ely made during Richard’s captivity.

1194 Ib.; R. Howden, iii. 304.

1195 Rigord, 131, 132.

1196 R. Howden, iii. 305.

1197 Rigord, 132.

1198 W. Newb., lib. v. c. 15.

1199 R. Howden, l.c.; cf. W. Newb., lib. v. c. 17.

1200 W. Newb., l.c.

1201 Rigord, 132.

1202 Cf. Rigord, 132, 133, W. Newb., lib. v. c. 17, and R. Howden, iii. 305. The last-named gives the date of the meeting at Issoudun as December 9; Rigord and William make it December 5, and are confirmed by Delisle’s Catal. des Actes de Ph. Aug., nos. 462-464.

1203 Treaty in Fœdera, I. i. 66; cf. R. Howden, iv. 3, W. Newb., lib. v. c. 18, Rigord, 133, and Delisle, Catal., nos. 463, 464.

1204 R. Howden, iv. 3, 4.

1205 Letter in R. Diceto, ii. 135-137; cf. R. Howden, l.c.

1206 Letter in Appendix to Preface to R. Diceto, ii. lxxix., lxxx.; dated April 15. The context shows the year to be 1196.

1207 R. Howden, iv. 7.

1208 Cf. R. Howden, l.c. Gerv. Cant., i. 532, and W. Newb., lib. v. c. 18.

1209 R. Howden and Gerv. Cant., ll.cc.

1210 W. Armor. Philippis, lib. v. vv. 147-60.

1211 W. Newb. and R. Howden, ll.cc.; W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 161-65.

1212 W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 74-96; cf. Rigord, 135, who dates the latter event “brevi temporis elapso spatio” after an event which occurred in June.

1213 R. Howden, iv. 4, 5.

1214 Rigord, 135, 136; W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 168-242, 254-69. There is documentary evidence of Philip’s presence at Aumale in July 1196; Delisle, Catal., no. 502. Gervase of Canterbury, i. 532, has confused the chronology.

1215 W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. v. 269.

1216 Cf. Mag. Vita S. Hugonis, 248-51, and R. Howden, iv. 40.

1217 Letter of Walter in R. Diceto, ii. 149, 150; cf. R. Howden, iv. 14, W. Newb., lib. v. c. 28, R. Coggeshall, 70, and Gerv. Cant., i. 544.

1218 “Precipitans sevus alta de rupe deorsum Littore Sequanio, muros ubi postea rupis Gaillarde struxit,” W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 311-13. This dates the story 1196-7.

1219 Such is the story as told by Philip’s poet-historiographer, W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 276-324. Roger of Howden, iv. 54, tells it in less detail under the year 1198, without specifying its occasion; according to him Philip was the originator of this “novum genus grassandi in populo,” “and thus provoked the king of England, though unwilling, to a like impious act.”

1220 R. Howden, iv. 18, 19; cf. letters of Walter and Richard in R. Diceto, ii. 153-8.

1221 Letter in Fœdera, I. i. 71, dated “apud Bellum Castellum de Rupe,” July 11, 1198.

1222 J. Brompton, Twysden, X. Scriptt., col. 1276.

1223 Delisle, Catal., nos. 497, 499.

1224 Rigord, 137; Fœdera, I., i. 67, 68.

1225 R. Howden, iv. 19.

1226 R. Howden, iv. 7.

1227 Ib., 13.

1228 D’Achéry, Spicilegium, vii. 343; cf. Vaissète, Hist. de Languedoc (new ed.), vi. 173, 179.

1229 R. Diceto, ii. 152, giving date April 15; cf. R. Howden, iv. 19 and W. Newb., lib. v. c. 31.

1230 R. Diceto, l.c., R. Howden iv. 16, Gerv. Cant. i. 544, W. Newb., l.c. The first two give the day, May 19; Roger makes the year 1196, but the other three all distinctly place the event in 1197.

1231 R. Howden, iv. 20.

1232 Cf. ib., iv. 20 and W. Newb., lib. v. c. 32. Gerv. Cant., l.c. gives the date of Philip’s release “post Assumptionem B. Mariae.”

1233 Gervase, i. 544, who alone mentions Hubert, dates the conference September 8; R. Howden, iv. 20, 21, dates it September 17. The former makes the truce start from Christmas, the latter (p. 24) from S. Hilary’s day (1198). This second version seems to be the one implied by W. Newb., lib. v. c. 32, who says that “mense Septembri” the kings made “treuiam unius anni et quatuor mensium.”

1234 “Ita tamen ut qui tenet teneat donec de medio fiat,” says Gervase, l.c.

1235 R. Howden, iv. 21.

1236 Gerv. Cant., l.c.

1237 Gir. Cambr., De Instr. Princ., dist. iii. c. 25.

1238 Charter, dated October 16, 1197, in R. Diceto, ii. 153-6.

1239 Letter of Celestine, in Magn. Reichersp., Pertz., xvii. 524.

1240 R. Howden, iv. 37.

1241 Ib., 31.

1242 Gerv. Cant., i. 545.

1243 R. Howden, iv. 37, 38.

1244 R. Diceto, ii. 163.

1245 Gerv. Cant., i. 545.

1246 Delisle, Catal., no. 535; cf. Rigord, 143.

1247 R. Howden, iv. 55.

1248 Ib., 59.

1249 Ib., 54.

1250 R. Howden, iv. 55; R. Diceto, ii. 163, giving date.

1251 Cf. Richard’s letter, dated Dangu, September 30, in R. Howden, iv. 58, 59, with Roger’s own account, ib., 55, 56, 59, 60, R. Diceto, ii. 164, and Rigord, 141, 142.

1252 Letter in R. Howden, iv. 58, 59.

1253 “Saviez qu’à Chinon Non a argent ni denier.” Leroux de Lincy, Rec. de Chansons Historiques, i. 65-7.

1254 R. Howden, iv. 66; R. Coggeshall, 93; Ann. Waverley, a. 1198; M. Paris, Chron. Maj., ii. 451.

1255 Wyon, Great Seals, 19. The last known grant under the old seal is dated April 1, 1198; ib., 149.

1256 The last confirmation is dated April 5, 1199; Round, Feudal England, 542.

1257 R. Howden, iv. 60; cf. Rigord, 142.

1258 R. Howden, iv. 78. The latter place was afterwards called Le Goulet.

1259 “In costamento campionum Regis qui fuerunt ducti in Insulam de Andeleia contra Regem Francie xxx libras.” Roll of A.D. 1198, Rot. Scacc. Norm., ii. 481.

1260 R. Howden, iv. 61, 68.

1261 Ib., 80; Rigord, 144; letters of Innocent in Fœdera, I, i. 73. See also the long account of this last conference in Hist. G. le Mar., ll. 11399-726.

1262 Rigord, l.c.

1263 R. Howden, iv. 80, 81.

1264 Richard, Comtes de Poitou, ii. 259.

1265 Otto seems to have occasionally styled himself duke of Aquitaine but never in his uncle’s presence. Richard, Comtes, ii, 300, 301, 312, 313.

1266 Ib., 300, 301.

1267 R. Howden, iii. 308.

1268 Cf. R. Coggeshall, 94, and Mag. Vita S. Hugonis, 280.

1269 Cf. Rigord’s description, 144, with the story of the discovery in W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 492-9. I suppose census in l. 498—“Census absconsos in arato repperit agro”—stands for coins. As to the figures and the “table,” M. Richard (Comtes, ii. 322 note) suggests that the treasure was a gilded shield—the “table” being the central knob or umbo, with the figures arranged round it—buried for safety in the time of the Bagaudes or of the Barbarian invasion, and that Châlus was chosen as a safe hiding-place because “Châlus, c’est le castrum luci, le château du luc, autrement dit du bois sacré.”

1270 Of La Boissière, according to G. Guiart, Branche des Royaux Lignages, l. 2601.

1271 Cf. W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 499-508; Rigord, l.c.; and R. Howden, iv. 82, 83.

1272 R. Howden, iv. 82.

1273 Cf. ib., with R. Coggeshall, 94, and W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 509-12. Gervase of Canterbury, i. 593, calls the place “Nantrun”; a mistake which is explained by a “Fragmentum aliunde assutum” to the chronicle of Geoffrey of Vigeois, Labbe, Thesaur., ii. 342, where we are told that Richard while lying sick before Châlus sent some of his troops to besiege two other castles in the Limousin, Nontron and Montagut.

1274 Rigord, l.c.

1275 W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 513-19.

1276 Addition to Geoff. Vigeois, 342. W. Armor., Phil., lib. v., v. 529, says there were six knights and nine “clientes.”

1277 R. Coggeshall, 94, 95.

1278 R. Howden, iv. 82.

1279 R. Coggeshall, 95.

1280 W. Arm., Phil., lib. v, vv. 572-6; cf. R. Howden, iv. 82.

1281 R. Coggeshall, l.c.; cf. R. Howden, l.c.; Gerv. Cant., i. 592, and W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. v. 589.

1282 R. Howden, iv. 82.

1283 R. Coggeshall, 95; cf. R. Howden, iv. 83.

1284 “Rege... præcepta medicorum non curante.” R. Coggeshall, l.c.

1285 R. Coggeshall, 95, 96; W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 600-5.

1286 R. Howden, l.c.

1287 Addition to G. Vigeois, 342.

1288 R. Coggeshall, 96.

1289 R. Howden, iv. 83.

1290 R. Howden, iv. 83; cf. Gerv. Cant., i. 593, and R. Coggeshall, 96. Howden gives the name of Richard’s slayer as Bertrand de Gourdon; in the MSS. of W. Armor., Phil. (lib. v. v. 587), it appears in different forms, which M. Delaborde takes to be misreadings of “Gurdo.” Gervase of Canterbury, i. 592, calls the man “juvenis quidem Johannes Sabraz agnomine”; R. Diceto, ii. 166, calls him “Petrus Basilii,” and is supported by the anonymous continuator of G. Vigeois, 342, who says: “Unus de militibus” [i. e. the two knights in the castle] “vocatus Petrus Bru, alter Petrus Basilii, de quo dicitur quod sagittam cum arbalista tractam emisit qua percussus rex intra duodecimam diem vitam finivit.”

1291 R. Coggeshall, 96.

1292 Charter of Eleanor—summarized in Round’s Calendar of Documents relating to France, i. 472—to the abbey of S. Mary at Torpenay, to which she grants an endowment “for the welfare of the soul of her dearest son Richard, king of England, and for the yearly celebration of his anniversary,” “because her beloved [Luke, abbot of Torpenay,] was present with her at the illness and funeral of her dearest son the king, and laboured above all others at his obsequies.”

1293 R. Howden, iv. 84.

1294 R. Coggeshall, 96. “Septima hora noctis,” says the continuator of G. Vigeois, 342. R. Coggeshall gives the day as April 7, but his own next words—“scilicet undecimo die a vulnere sibi illato”—show this to be an error for April 6, the date given by the best English authorities, R. Diceto, ii. 166, Gerv. Cant., i. 593, and R. Howden, l.c., and also by the Cont. G. Vigeois, l.c.

1295 Ann. Winton, a. 1199.

1296 Magna Vita S. Hugonis, 286.

1297 Gerv. Cant., i. 593.

1298 W. Armor., Phil., lib. v. vv. 611-17.

Pg 24: ‘contract of mariage’ replaced by ‘contract of marriage’.
Pg 40: ‘out of Augoulême’ replaced by ‘out of Angoulême’.
Pg 92: ‘They came foward’ replaced by ‘They came forward’.
Pg 167: ‘king had deen’ replaced by ‘king had been’.
Pg 169: ‘two thousand kinghts’ replaced by ‘two thousand knights’.
Pg 169: ‘An August 2’ replaced by ‘On August 2’.
Pg 312: ‘to the developement’ replaced by ‘to the development’.
Pg 323: ‘the appointed term’ replaced by ‘the appointed time’.
Pg 331: ‘Gefangenshaft’ replaced by ‘Gefangenschaft’.
Pg 348: ‘slayer, 832’ replaced by ‘slayer, 328’.

Footnote 41: ‘was a Proven al’ replaced by ‘was a Provençal’.
Footnote 43: ‘Geoff. Vi eois’ replaced by ‘Geoff. Vigeois’.
Footnote 113: ‘Gir. Camb.’ replaced by ‘Gir. Cambr.’.
Footnote 120: ‘Gir. Camb.’ replaced by ‘Gir. Cambr.’.
Footnote 134: ‘this pasaage is’ replaced by ‘this passage is’.
Footnote 372: ‘seems to hav’ replaced by ‘seems to have’.

Footnote 458: ‘[1190]’ replaced by ‘(1190)’;
Footnote 1233: ‘[1198]’ replaced by ‘(1198)’ to avoid confusion with Footnote numbering.