The Medicine-Men of the Apache

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Footnotes

1 Narrative of Captivity, Cincinnati, 1871, p. 141.

2 Padre Boscana, Chinigchinich, in Robinson’s California, p. 261.

3 Origine de tous les Cultes, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 87, 88.

4 Diego Duran, vol. 3, pp. 237, 238.

5 Higgins, Anacalypsia, lib. 2, p. 77.

6 Balboa, Hist. du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 15.

7 Ross, Fur Hunters, quoted by Spencer, Desc. Soc.

8 Max Müller, Science of Religion, p. 88.

9 Davis, Spanish Conq. of N. M., p. 98.

10 I Samuel, XII, 17, 18.

11 Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 6, p. 75.

12 Everard im Thurn, Indians of Guiana, London, 1883, p. 334.

13 Tanner’s Narrative, p. 390.

14 Diego Duran, lib. 3, cap. 3, p. 201.

15 Dorman, Primitive Superstitions, p. 384.

16 Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

17 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 122.

18 Myths of the New World, p. 281.

19 Domenech, Deserts, vol. 2, p. 392.

20 Bancroft, Nat. Races, vol. 1, p. 777.

21 Hakluyt, Voyages, vol. 5, p. 462.

22 Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 281.

23 Spencer, Ecclesiastical Institutions, cap. V.

24 Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 2, pp. 6-7.

25 Tylor, Primitive Culture, London, 1871, vol. 2, p. 377.

26 “St. Patrick, we are told, floated to Ireland on an altar stone. Among other wonderful things, he converted a marauder into a wolf and lighted a fire with icicles.”—James A. Froude, Reminiscences of the High Church Revival. (Letter V.)

27 Demonology and Witchcraft, p. 184.

28 Jesuits in North America, pp. 34, 35.

29 Herrera, dec. 4, lib. 8, cap. 5, 159.

30 Ibid., dec. 3, lib. 4, p. 121.

31 Hist. de las Indias, p. 283.

32 American Antiquarian, November, 1886, p. 334.

33 Dorman, Primitive Superstitions, p. 380, quoting Herrera, dec. 3, p. 262.

34 Descriptive Sociology.

35 Admiral Smyth’s translation in Hakluyt Society, London, 1857, vol. 21, p. 9.

36 American Indians, p. 26.

37 Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 173.

38 “Estos mascan cierta yerba, y con el zumo rocian las soldados estando para dar batalla.” Gomara, ibid., p. 179.

39 Herrera, dec. 2, lib. 10, p. 260.

40 Father Dobrizhoffer, quoted by Spencer, Eccles. Institutions, cap. 10, sec. 630.

41 Catlin, N. A. Indians, London, 1845, vol. 2, p. 232.

42 Gomara, op. cit., p. 173.

43 Spencer, Eccles. Institutions, cap. 10, pp. 780, 781, quoting Stubb’s Constitutional History of England.

44 Ibid., sec. 630, p. 781, quoting Turner (Geo.), Nineteen Years in Polynesia.

45 Vol. 3, p. 176.
“In every part of the globe fragments of primitive languages are preserved in religious rites.” Humboldt, Researches, London, 1814, vol. 1, p. 97.
“Et même Jean P. C., Prince de la Mirande, escrit que les mots barbares & non entendus ont plus de puissance en la Magie que ceux qui sont entendus.” Picart, vol. 10, p. 45.
The medicine-men of Cumana (now the United States of Colombia, South America) cured their patients “con palabras muy revesadas y que aun el mismo médico no las entiende.” Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 208.
The Tlascaltecs had “oradores” who employed gibberish—“hablaban Gerigonça.” Herrera, dec. 2, lib. 6, p. 163.
In Peru, if the fields were afflicted with drought, the priests, among other things, “chantaient un cantique dont le sens était inconnu du vulgaire.” Balboa, Hist. du Pérou, p. 128, in Ternaux-Compans, vol. 15.

46 Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exped., London, 1860, vol. 2, p. 155.

47 Cockayne, Leechdoms, vol. 1, p. xxx.

48 “The belief in the magic power of sacred words, whether religious formulas or the name of gods, was also acknowledged [i.e., in Egypt] and was the source of a frightful amount of superstition.... The superstitious repetition of names (many of which perhaps never had any meaning at all) is particularly conspicuous in numerous documents much more recent than the Book of the Dead.”—Hibbert, Lectures, 1879, pp. 192, 193.

49 Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 1, p. 134.

50 Kingsborough, lib. 2, vol. 7, p. 102.

51 Popular Antiquities, vol. 2, p. 70.

52 Ibid., p. 160.

53 Ibid., p. 217.

54 Ibid., p. 218.

55 Ibid., p. 219.

56 Ibid., pp. 214, 215.

57 Ibid., p. 216.

58 “When the Carriers are severely sick, they often think that they shall not recover, unless they divulge to a priest or magician, every crime which they may have committed, which has hitherto been kept secret.”—Harmon’s Journal, p. 300. The Carriers or Ta-kully are Tinneh.

59 For identical notions among the Arawaks of Guiana, Tupis of Brazil, Creeks, Patagonians, Kaffirs, Chiqnitos, and others, see the works of Schoolcraft, Herbert Spencer, Schultze, and others.

60 Extract from the Jesuit Falkner’s account of Patagonia, in Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, London, 1839, vol. 2, p. 163.

61 “Nul de ces médecins ne peut mourir si’ls ne lui enlevent les testicules.” Brasseur de Bourbourg, Trans. of Fra Roman Pane, Des Antiquités des Indiens, Paris, 1864, p. 451.

62 Hist. Gen., dec. 1, lib. 3, p. 69.

63 Madden, Shrines and Sepulchres, vol. 1, p. 14.

64 Gayarre, Louisiana; its Colonial History, p. 355.

65 Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

66 Balboa, Hist. du Pérou, Ternaux-Compans, vol. 15.

67 Davis, Conq. of New Mexico, p. 86.

68 Crónica Seráfica y Apostolica, Espinosa, Mexico, 1746, p. 421.

69 Desc. Sociology.

70 Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Indiana, p. 136.

71 Ibid., p. 136.

72 Hist. de las Indias, p. 179.

73 Herrera, dec. 2, lib. 10, p. 260.

74 Ibid., dec. 3, lib. 4, p. 121.

75 Ibid., dec. 4, lib. 9, cap. 7, p. 188.

76 Keating’s translation, p. 352, quoted by Samuel Farmar Jarvis, Religion of the Indian Tribes, in Coll. New York Historical Soc., vol. 3, 1819, p. 262.

77 Smith, Araucanians, pp. 238, 239.

78 Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition, vol. 1, p. 366.

79 Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 49.

80 Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

81 Ternaux-Compans, vol. 7, p. 110.

82 Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 49.

83 Smithsonian Report for 1867.

84 Long’s Expedition, Philadelphia, 1823, p. 238.

85 Hist. of the American Indians, p. 238.

86 Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 52.

87 Hist. de las Indias, p. 232.

88 Ternaux-Compans, vol. 7, pp. 114, 115.

89 Notes from Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, pp. 172-173.

90 History of California, vol. 1, p. 97.

91 Ternaux-Compans, vol. 10, p. 85.

92 Herrera, dec. 4, lib. 9, cap. 8, p. 188.

93 Smith, Araucanians, p. 234.

94 Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 1, p. 779.

95 Alegre, Historia de la Compañía de Jesus en Nueva-España, vol. 1, p. 401.

96 Desc. Sociology.

97 Kraskenninikoff, History of Kamtchatka and the Kurilski Islands, Grieve’s translation, p. 219.

98 Ibid., p. 220.

99 Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. 5.

100 Smith, Araucanians, p. 233.

101 Dr. Edwin G. Meek, Toner Collection, Library of Congress.

102 Lieut. Pettit in Jour. U. S. Mil. Serv. Instit., 1886, pp. 336-337.

103 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 155.

104 Dennys, Folk Lore of China, p. 57.

105 “Chinigchinich” in Robinson’s California, pp. 271, 272.

106 The reader interested in this matter may find something bearing upon it in Diego Duran, lib. 1, cap. 36, p. 387; Torquemada, Mon. Indiana, lib. 9, cap. 3; Venegas, History of California, vol. 1, p. 105; Gomara, Conq. de Mexico, p. 443; Herrera, dec. 4, lib. 8, p. 158; Maximilian of Wied, p. 431, and others; The “pelucas” mentioned of the Orinoco tribes by Padre Gumilla would seem to be nothing more than feather head-dresses; p. 66.

107 Tribes and Languages of Costa Rica, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., Philadelphia, 1875, p. 503.

108 Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, Sept., 1886, p. 279.

109 Source of the Nile, p. 567.

110 Vol. 2, p. 193.

111 Ensayo Cronologico, p. 139.

112 For the Shamans of Kodiak, see Lisiansky, Voyage, London, 1814, p. 208; for the Mexicans, Padre José Acosta, Paris, 1600, cap. 26, p. 256; Society Islands, Malte-Brun, Univ. Geography, vol. 3, lib. 58, p. 634, Boston, 1825. Sir Samuel Baker, The Albert N’yanza, vol. 1, p. 211.

113 Ternaux-Compans, vol. 9, p. 294.

114 Catlin, North American Indians, London. 1845, vol. 1, p. 55.

115 Ibid., p. 95.

116 Parkman, Jesuits in North America, p. lxxxiv.

117 Wanderings of an Artist in North America, p. 40.

118 Dec. 2, lib. 6, p. 161.

119 Smithsonian Report for 1871.

120 Purchas, lib. 9, cap. 12, sec. 4, p. 1555, edition of 1622.

121 Chinigchinich, p. 253.

122 Theal, Kaffir Folk-lore, pp. 209-210.

123 Clements R. Markham, Note on Garcilasso de la Vega, in Hakluyt Soc., vol. 41, p. 183, quoting Acosta, lib. 5, cap. 4.

124 Andrew Lang, Custom and Myth, New York, 1885, chapter entitled “The bull roarer,” pp. 29-44.

125 John Fraser, The Aborigines of Australia; their Ethnic Position and Relations, pp. 161-162.

126 “When the rain-maker of the Lenni Lennape would exert his power, he retired to some secluded spot and drew upon the earth the figure of a cross (its arms toward the cardinal points?), placed upon it a piece of tobacco, a gourd, a bit of some red stuff, and commenced to cry aloud to the spirits of the rains.”—Brinton, Myths of the New World, New York, 1868, p. 96 (after Loskiel).

127 Père Chrestien Le Clercq, Gaspesie, Paris, 1691, p. 170.

128 Ibid., cap. x, pp. 172-199.

129 Dec. 2, lib. 2, p. 48.

130 Ibid., p. 59.

131 Assinniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition, vol. 2, p. 123.

132 New York, 1819, pp. x, xxix, 47.

133 Forster, Voyage Round the World, vol. 1, pp. 219, 519.

134 Hawkesworth, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 161.

135 Ibid., p. 257.

136 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 113.

137 Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, pp. 541, 542.

138 Nat. Races, vol. 1, p. 380.

139 Kohl, Kitchi-gami, pp. 345, 346.

140 Tanner’s Narrative, p. 372.

141 John de Laet, lib. 3, cap. 18, p. 90, quoting Capt. John Smith.

142 Le Jeune in Jesuit Relations, 1633, vol. 1, Quebec, 1858.

143 Third Voyage of David Peter De Vries to New Amsterdam, in Trans. N. Y. Hist. Soc., vol. 3, p. 91.

144 Charlevoix, New France, New York, 1866, vol. 4, p. 105.

145 Squier, Serpent Symbol, p. 197.

146 Coleman, Mythology of the Hindus, London, 1832, p. 63.

147 Vol. 3.

148 Speke, Source of the Nile, London, 1863, p. 500.

149 Ibid.

150 Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, vol. 1, p. 327.

151 Miles, Demigods and Dæmonia, in Jour. Ethnol. Soc., London, vol. 3, p. 28, 1854.

152 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 30.

153 Ibid., p. 131.

154 Ibid., p. 348.

155 Peter Kolben, speaking of the Hottentots, in Knox, vol. 2, p. 394.

156 O-kee-pa, pp. 28-29.

157 Frazer, Totemism, Edinburgh, 1887, pp. 54, 55; after Maximilian.

158 Kelly, Narrative of Captivity, Cincinnati, 1871, p. 143.

159 Différens Cultes, vol. 1, p. 57.

160 Judges, I, 7.

161 Brand, Pop. Ant., London, 1882, vol. 3, p. 278.

162 American Anthropologist, Washington, D. C., January, 1888.

163 Kingsborough, vol. 8, p. 70. The Aztec believed that the woman who died in childbirth was equal to the warrior who died in battle and she went to the same heaven. The middle finger of the left hand is the finger used in the necklace of human fingers.

164 Sahagun, in Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 147.

165 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 20. Holland’s translation.

166 Shakespeare, Macbeth, act 4, scene 1.

167 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 11.

168 Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, p. 681.

169 Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1073.

170 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 10.

171 Montfaucon, l’Antiquité expliquée, vol. 2, liv. 4, cap. 6, p. 249.

172 Vâsishtha, cap. 3, pars. 64-68, p. 25 (Sacred Books of the East, Oxford, 1882, Max Müller’s edition).

173 Travels of Two Mohammedans through India and China, in Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. 7, p. 218.

174 Every-Day Book, vol. 2, col. 95.

175 “Traen los dientes al cuello (como sacamuelas) por bravosidad.”—Gomara, Historia de las Indias, p. 201.

176 “Los Caberres y muchos Caribes, usan por gala muchas sartas de dientes y muelas de gente para dar á entender que son muy valientes por los despojos que alli ostentan ser de sus enemigos que mataron.”—Gumilla, Orinoco, Madrid, 1741, p. 65.

177 Padre Fray Alonzo Fernandez, Historia Eclesiastica, Toledo, 1611, p. 17.

178 Ibid., p. 161.

179 Cérémonies et Coûtumes, Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 114.

180 “Formada la cara como de Sol, con rayos de Nacar al rededor, y perfilada de lo mismo; y en la boca embutidos los dientes, que quitaron à los Españoles, que avian muerto.”—Villaguitierre, Hist. de la Conquista de la Provincia de el Itza, Madrid, 1701, p. 500. (Itza seems to have been the country of the Lacandones.)

181 Edwards, speaking of the Carib, quoted by Spencer, Desc. Sociology. The same custom is ascribed to the Tupinambi of Brazil. Ibid, quoting from Southey.

182 Through the Dark Continent, vol. 2, p. 286.

183 Ibid., p. 288.

184 Ibid., p. 290.

185 Speke, Source of the Nile, London, 1863, p. 500.

186 Heart of Africa, vol. 2, p. 54.

187 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 285.

188 Sir Samuel Baker, The Albert N’yanza, Philadelphia, 1869, p. 154 et seq.

189 Burton, Mission to Gelele, vol. 1, p. 135 et seq.

190 Voyage Round the World, London, 1823, pp. 209, 210.

191 Kotzebue, Voyage, London, 1821, vol. 2, p. 202. See also Villaguitierre, cited above.

192 Capt. Cook’s First Voyage, in Pinkerton’s Voyages, London, 1812, vol. 11, pp. 513, 515.

193 Campbell, Voyage Round the World, N. Y., 1819, p. 153.

194 Frazer, Totemism, Edinburgh, 1887, p. 28.

195 Historia de Chile, Madrid, 1795, vol. 2, p. 80.

196 Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

197 Indian Myths, Boston, 1884, p. 256.

198 Tanner’s Narrative, p. 122.

199 Kitchi-gami, p. 344.

200 Voyages, p. 323.

201 Kane, Wanderings of an Artist in North America, p. 399.

202 Native Races, vol. 1, p. 553.

203 Hawkins, quoted by Gatschet, Migration Legend of the Creeks, Philadelphia, 1884, vol. 1, p. 185.

204 Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, September, 1886, p. 279.

205 Everard F. im Thurn, Indians of Guiana, p. 218.

206 Crantz, History of Greenland, London, 1767, vol. 1, pp. 210-211.

207 Forster, Voyage Round the World, vol. 2, pp. 275, 288.

208 Hakluyt, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508.

209 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 2, p. 544.

210 Travels to discover the source of the Nile in the years 1768, etc., Dublin, 1791, vol. 3, p. 410.

211 Desc. Sociology.

212 Ibid., quoting Schoolcraft.

213 “Saca de su carcax algunos pies y unas de águila secos y endurecidos, con los cuales, comienza á sajarle desde los hombros hasta las muñecas.”—Historia de la Compañía de Jesus en Nueva España, Mexico, 1842, vol. 2, pp. 218, 219.

214 Shâyast lâ-shâyast, cap. 3, par. 32, p. 284 (Max Müller edition, Oxford, 1880). When the “drôn” has been marked with three rows of finger-nail scratches it is called a “frasast.”

215 Head-Hunters of Borneo, London, 1881, p. 139.

216 See, for the New Hebrides, Forster, Voyage Round the World, vol. 2, p. 255.

217 Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-’83, p. 482.

218 Speke, Source of the Nile, London, 1863, pp. 306, 310.

219 Cameron, Across Africa, London, 1877, vol. 1, p. 276.

220 De Gama’s Discovery of the East Indies, in Knox, Voyages, London, 1767, vol. 2, p. 324.

221 Andrew K. Ober, in the Salem Gazette, Salem, Mass.

222 Hakluyt, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508; also, Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 9, pp. 307, 308.

223 Forster, Voyage Round the World, vol. 1, p. 435

224 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 66.

225 English edition, New York, 1842, p. 271.

226 Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 100.

227 Godfrey Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, book 1, cap. 4, sec. 9, p. 81.

228 Y ponía delante un canuto grande y queso [grueso?] para con que bebiese: este canuto llamaban “bebedero del Sol.”—Diego Duran, vol. 1, cap. 38, p. 386.

229 Smithsonian Contributions, vol. 1, p. 151.

230 The reed, which is the proper meaning of the word “acatl,” is the hieroglyphic of the element water. Veytia, quoted by Thomas, in 3rd Ann. Rep., Bu. Eth., 1881-1882, p. 42 et seq.

231 Indian Myths, Boston, 1884, p. 260.

232 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde, Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, part 2, p. 103.

233 Vâsishtha, cap. 3, pars. 26-30, pp. 20-21. Sacred Books of the East, Oxford, 1882, vol. 14, edition of Max Müller.

234 Ibid.

235 Diego Duran, loc. cit.

236 See Dall, Masks and Labrets, p. 151.

237 Peter Carder, an Englishman captive among the Brazilians, 1578-1586, in Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 6, cap. 5, p. 1189.

238 Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, sec. 2, p. 1508.

239 Dec. 4, lib. 4, p. 69.

240 Dec. 3, lib. 2, p. 67.

241 Ibid., p. 70.

242 Histoire Naturelle des Indes, Paris, 1600, lib. 5, cap. 9, p. 224.

243 History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 6.

244 Duran, op. cit., vol. 3, cap. 4, p. 211.

245 Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation, cap. 12, p. 175.

246 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses de tous les Peuples du Monde, Amsterdam, 1743, vol. 8, p. 287.

247 Deane, Serpent Worship, London, 1833, p. 410.

248 The medicine sack or bag of the Apache, containing their “hoddentin,” closely resembles the “bullæ” of the Romans—in which “On y mettait des préservatifs contre les maléfices.” Musée de Naples, London, 1836, p. 4. Copy shown me by Mr. Spofford, of the Library of Congress.

249 Information of Tze-go-juni.

250 Information of Concepcion.

251 See notes, a few pages farther on, from Kohl; also those from Godfrey Higgins. The word “opé” suggests the name the Tusayan have for themselves, Opi, or Opika, “bread people.”

252 Information of Tze-go-juni.

253 Information of Mike Burns.

254 Information of Mickey Free.

255 Information of Alchise, Mike, and others.

256 Information of Francesca and other captive Chiricahua squaws.

257 Information of Moses Henderson.

258 Information of Chato.

259 Information of Tze-go-juni.

260 Information of Moses Henderson and other Apache at San Carlos.

261 Bureau of Ethnology, Report for 1883-’84.

262 Information of Francesca and others.

263 Information of Tze-go-juni.

264 Smart, in Smithsonian Report for 1867, p. 419.

265 Snake Dance of Moquis of Arizona, New York, 1884.

266 In the third volume of Kingsborough, on plate 17 (Aztec picture belonging to M. Pejernavy, Pesth, Hungary), an Aztec, probably a priest, is shown offering food to a snake, which eats it out of his hand.

267 Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, November, 1886, pp. 336-37.

268 Information of Moses Henderson.

269 American Antiquarian, Sept. and Nov., 1886.

270 Ann. Rep. Bu. Eth., 1883-’84.

271 Snake Dance of the Moquis.

272 Interview with Pedro Pino.

273 Kunque has added to the cornmeal the meal of two varieties of corn, blue and yellow, a small quantity of pulverized sea shells, and some sand, and when possible a fragment of the blue stone called “chalchihuitl.” In grinding the meal on the metates the squaws are stimulated by the medicine-men who keep up a constant singing and drumming.

274 Simpson, Expedition to the Navajo Country, in Senate Doc. 64, 31st Cong., 1st sess., 1849-’50, p. 95.

275 Hakluyt, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 470. “Echavan mucha harina de maiz por el suelo para que la pisassen los caballos.”—Padre Fray Juan Gonzales de Mendoza, De las Cosas de Chino, etc., Madrid, 1586, p. 172. See also the Relacion of Padre Fray Alonso Fernandez, Historia Eclesiastica de Nuestros Tiempos, Toledo, 1611, pp. 15, 16.

276 P. 162.

277 Diego Duran, vol. 2, cap. 49, pp. 506, 507.

278 Herrera, dec. 5., lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 92.

279 Padre Christoval de Molina, Fables and Rites of the Yncas, translated by Markham in Hakluyt Soc. Trans., vol. 48, p. 63, London, 1873.

280 Montesinos, pp. 161, 162, in Ternaux-Compans, vol. 17, Mémoires sur l’ancien Pérou.

281 Relation of the voyage of Don Fernando Alarcon, in Hakluyt Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508.

282 Alarcon in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 9, p. 330. See also in Hakluyt Voyages, vol. 3, p. 516.

283 Kitchi-gami, London, 1860, p. 51.

284 See also on the subject Acosta, Hist. Naturelle des Indes, lib. 5, cap. 19, p. 241.

285 Landa, Cosas de Yucatan, Paris, 1864, page 148.

286 Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 2, p. 145. See also Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 128.

287 Smith, Araucanians, 1855, pp. 274-275.

288 Smith, True Travels, Adventures and Observations, Richmond, 1819, vol. 1, p. 161.

289 Cérémonies et Coûtumes, Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 74.

290 Historia de las Indias, p. 284.

291 Colonial Records of North Carolina, 1886, vol. 1, p. 930.

292 Mœurs des Sauvages, Paris, 1724, vol. 1, p. 386.

293 Personal notes of May 26, 1881; conversation with Chi and Damon at Fort Defiance. Navajo Agency, Arizona.

294 Ibid.

295 Barcia, Ensayo Cronologico, p. 160.

296 Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, vol. 4, p. 213.

297 Columbus Letters, in Hakluyt Soc. Works, London, 1847, vol. 2, p. 192.

298 Barcia, Ensayo Cronologico, p. 279.

299 The medicine-men of the Swampy Crees, as described in Bishop of Rupert’s Land’s works, quoted by Henry Youle Hind, Canadian Exploring Expedition, vol. 1, p. 113.

300 Personal notes, November 22, 1885, at Baker’s ranch, summit of the Sierra Ancha, Arizona.

301 Tanner’s Narrative, p. 174.

302 Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, London, 1874, p. 355.

303 Brand, Popular Antiquities, London, 1882, vol. 3, pp. 307 et seq.

304 Crónica Seráfica, p. 434.

305 Nicolas Perrot, Mœurs, Coustumes et Relligion des sauvages de l’Amérique Septentrionale (Ed. of Rev. P. J. Tailhan, S.J.,) Leipzig, 1864. Perrot was a coureur de bois, interpreter, and donné of the Jesuit missions among the Ottawa, Sioux, Iowa, etc., from 1665 to 1701.

306 Leems’, Account of Danish Lapland, in Pinkerton’s Voyages, London, 1814, vol. 1, p. 484.

307 Across Africa, London, 1877, vol. 1, p. 277.

308 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 118, 120.

309 Source of the Nile, London, 1863, introd., p. xxi.

310 Cameron, Across Africa, London, 1877, vol. 2, p. 201.

311 Source of the Nile, London, 1863, pp. 130, 259.

312 Dark Continent, vol. 2, p. 260.

313 Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 53.

314 Ibid., footnote, page 53.

315 Ibid., p. 67.

316 Asiatick Researches, Calcutta, 1805, vol. 8, p. 78.

317 Coleman, Mythology of the Hindus, London, 1832, p. 44.

318 History of the Sect of the Mahárájahs, quoted by Inman, Ancient Faiths, etc., vol. 1, p. 393.

319 Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 1, p. 261.

320 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 6, part 2, p. 119.

321 Among the Mongols, London, 1883, p. 179.

322 Wright, Sorcery and Magic, London, 1851, vol. 1, p. 346.

323 Anacalypsis, vol. 2, p. 244.

324 Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 161.

325 Source of the Nile, London, 1863, pp. 205, 208.

326 Sahagun, vol. 2, in Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 29.

327 Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 184.

328 Ibid., pp. 185, 186.

329 Ibid., p. 186.

330 Dec. 6, lib. 1, p. 9.

331 Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 7, pp. 242, 250.

332 Relation of Cabeza de Vaca in Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, sec. 4, p. 1524.

333 Conquest of New Mexico, p. 100.

334 Ensayo Cronologico, pp. 12 et seq.

335 See also on this point Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, November, 1886.

336 Rau’s translation in Smithsonian Ann. Rep., 1863, p. 364.

337 Probably the Lake of Parras.

338 Historia de la Compañía de Jesus en Nueva-España, vol. 1, p. 284.

339 History of Virginia.

340 See also article by J. Howard Gore, Smithsonian Report, 1881.

341 Pinkerton, Voyages, London, 1814, vol. 13, p. 468.

342 Personal notes, April 5, 1881.

343 Drake, World Encompassed, pp. 124-126, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 1, pp. 387-388. (This chaplain stated so many things ignorantly that nothing is more probable than that he attempted to describe, without seeing it, the plant from which the Indians told him that hoddentin (or downe) was obtained. The principal chief or “king” would, on such an awe-inspiring occasion as meeting with strange Europeans, naturally want to cover himself and followers with all the hoddentin the country afforded.)

344 Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia, p. 66.

345 Quoted by Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 100.

346 Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 10, cap. 22, p. 274.

347 Gallatin, in Trans. Am. Ethnol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 117-118.

348 Vetancurt, Teatro Mexicano, vol. 1, p. 271.

349 Mœurs des Sauvages, vol. 2, pp. 194, 195.

350 Madrid, 1870, vol. 14, p. 320.

351 Ibid.

352 Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 9, p. 159.

353 Among others consult Crónica Seráfica y Apostolica of Espinosa, Mexico, 1746, p. 419, speaking of the Asinai of Texas in 1700: “Siembran tambien cantidad de Gyrasoles que se dan muy corpulentos y la flor muy grande que en el centro tienen la semilla como de piñones y de ella mixturada con el maiz hacen un bollo que es de mucho sabor y sustancia.”

354 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nations Civilisées, quoted by Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 3, p. 421.

355 Sahagun, in book 7, Kingsborough, p. 71.

356 Squier, Serpent Symbol, p. 193, quoting Torquemada, lib. 7, cap. 8.

357 History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 79. See the additional note from Clavigero, which would seem to show that this etzalli was related to the espadaña or rush.

358 Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 6, cap. 38, p. 71.

359 Ibid., p. 72.

360 Ibid., p. 73.

361 Dec. 3, lib. 2, pp. 71, 72.

362 Native Races, vol. 3, p. 323.

363 Diego Duran, vol. 3, p. 187.

364 See notes already given from Buckingham Smith’s translation of Vaca.

365 Diego Duran, vol. 3, p. 195.

366 José Acosta, Hist. des Indes, ed. of Paris, 1600, liv. 5, cap. 24, p. 250.

367 Monarchia Indiana, lib. 10, cap. 33.

368 Ibid., lib. 6, cap. 48.

369 From Paris to Pekin, London, 1885, pp. 312, 313.

370 New York, 1830, p. 191.

371 Dubois, People of India, London, 1817, p. 490.

372 Gomara, Historia de Méjico, p. 445.

373 Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Ind., p. 108.

374 Ibid., p. 402.

375 Ibid., p. 515.

376 Gomara, Historia de Méjico, p. 446.

377 From the account of lecture appearing in the Evening Star, Washington, D. C., May 19, 1888.

378 Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 92

379 Balboa, Histoire du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 15, pp. 124 and 127.

380 See the explanatory text to the Codex Mendoza, in Kingsborough, vol. 5, p. 90 et seq.

381 Historia de Méjico, p. 439.

382 Clavigero, History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 101.

383 “They strewed the temple in a curious way with rushes.”—Ibid., p. 78.

384 Native Races, vol. 3, pp. 334-343.

385 Sahagun, in Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 16.

386 British Monachism, London, 1817, p. 289.

387 Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 83, from Sahagun.

388 Ximenez, Guatemala, Translated by Scherzer, p. 13.

389 Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 1, p. 27.

390 “Tanta diferencia de manjares y de géneros de pan que era cosa estraña.”—Diego Duran, vol. 3, cap. 4, p. 219.

391 Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 273.

392 Commerce of the Prairies, vol. 2, p. 54.

393 Pacific R. R. Report, 1856, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 34.

394 Ibid., p. 34.

395 Ibid., p. 38.

396 “Los Apaches traian pieles de cibolas, gamuzas y otras cosas, á hacer cambio por maíz.” “Venian con sus recuas de perros cargados mas de quinientos mercaderes cada año.”—Teatro Mexicano, vol. 3, p. 323.

397 In burlesque survivals the use of flour prevails not only all over Latin Europe, but all such portions of America as are now or have been under Spanish or Portuguese domination. The breaking of eggshells over the heads of gentlemen upon entering a Mexican ball room is one manifestation of it. Formerly the shell was filled with flour.

398 Dr. W. Norton Whitney, Notes from the History of Medical Progress in Japan. Yokohama, 1885, p. 248.

399 The prayer of a Navajo Shaman, in American Anthropologist, vol. 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 169.

400 Kitchi-gami, pp. 416, 423, 424.

401 Anacalypsis, London, 1836, vol. 2, pp. 242-244.

402 Brand, Pop. Antiq., vol. 3, p. 285.

403 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 69.

404 Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq.

405 Brinton, Myths of the New World, New York, 1868, pp. 278, 279.

406 Ximenez, Guatemala, p. 177.

407 Herrera, dec. 4, lib. 9, cap. 8, p. 188.

408 Balboa, Hist. du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 15, p. 29.

409 Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Ind., p. 110.

410 Henry Youle Hind, Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exped., vol. 2, pp. 165, 166.

411 Lisiansky, Voyage Round the World, London, 1814, pp. 158, 221, 223.

412 London, 1814, pt. 2, pl. III, p. 113.

413 Ibid., pl. IV, pp. 194, 195.

414 Voyage, vol. 1, p. 282.

415 Native Races, vol. 1, p. 179.

416 Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 170, 171.

417 Père Louis Hennepin, Voyage, etc., Amsterdam, 1714, pp. 339-240. Ibid., translated by B. F. French, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, pt. 1, 1846.

418 Joutel’s Journal, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, tr. by B. F. French, pp. 181, 1846.

419 Maj. Rogers, Account of North America, in Knox’s Voyages, vol. 2, London, 1767, p. 167.

420 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, etc., Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 77.

421 Ibid., p. 89.

422 John De Laet, lib. 18, cap. 4; Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 203; Padre Gumilla, Orinoco, pp. 68, 96.

423 Hans Staden, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 3, pp. 269, 299.

424 Peter Martyr, in Hakluyt’s Voyages, vol. 5, p. 460.

425 Bancroft, Nat. Races of the Pacific Slope, vol. 1, p. 750.

426 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 73; vol. 2, p. 302. See also Carteret’s description of the natives of the Queen Charlotte Islands, visited by him in 1767.

427 Hawkesworth, Voyages, vol. 1, p. 379.

428 Perry S. Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, New York, 1888, p. 114.

429 Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 442.

430 See works cited in Buckle’s Common place Book, vol. 2, of “Works,” London, 1872, p. 47.

431 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, vol. 6, p. 20.

432 Voyage Round the World, London, 1777, pp. 462, 463.

433 Archibald Campbell, Voyage Round the World, N. Y., 1819, p. 136.

434 Voyage of La Pérouse, London, 1829, vol. 2, p. 275.

435 Peter Kolben’s Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, in Knox’s Voyage and Travels, London, 1767, vol. 2, pp. 391, 395, 406, 407.

436 Ibid., p. 406.

437 Spencer, Desc. Sociology, art. “Abipones.”

438 Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, London, 1872, vol. 1, p. 423.

439 Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.

440 Gaule, Mag-astromancers Posed and Puzzel’d, p. 165, quoted in Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq.

441 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 337, 338.

442 Laird and Oldfield’s Expedition into the Interior of Africa, quoted in Buckle’s Common place Book, p. 466.

443 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 2, p. 273.

444 Gayarre, Louisiana, 1851, p. 308.

445 Notes and Queries, 4th ser., vol. 8, p. 505.

446 Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, 197.

447 Southey, quoting Ward, in Buckle’s Common place Book, London, 1849, 2d ser., p. 521.

448 North American, October 27, 1888.

449 Kingsborough, vol. 5, p. 198.

450 Serpent Symbols, p. 55.

451 Hist. de Méjico, p. 348.

452 Lib. 2, cap. 47, p. 490.

453 Lib. 1, cap. 18, p. 208.

454 New Survey of the West Indies, London, 1648, p. 51.

455 Op. cit., vol. 3, cap. 4.

456 Popol-Vuh (Brasseur de Bourbourg), p. 65.

457 Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 7, p. 143.

458 Ibid., p. 202.

459 Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, p. 1519; also, Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 84.

460 Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 182.

461 Buckingham Smith, Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la Historia de Florida, London, 1857, vol. 1, p. 46.

462 Bollaert, Researches in South America, London, 1860, p. 63.

463 Boscana, Chinigchinich, pp. 245, 253.

464 Powers, Contrib. to N. A. Ethnol., vol. 3, p. 140.

465 Long’s Expedition, vol. 1, p. 240.

466 Second Expedition to the Polar Sea, p. 19.

467 Oregon Missions, p. 192.

468 Gmelin, quoted by Southey, in Common place Book, 1st ser., London, 1849, p. 239.

469 Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Philadelphia, 1827, vol. 1, lib. 87, p. 483.

470 Von Wrangel, Polar Expedition, New York, 1842, p. 188.

471 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. xxxiv.

472 Travels on the Amazon, p. 311.

473 Gumilla, Orinoco, Madrid, 1741, p. 102; the Guamas, also, ibid., pp. 102 and 108.

474 Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Phila., 1827, vol. 3, lib. 87, p. 323.

475 Anthropology, vol. 1, p. 116.

476 Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

477 Pliny, Nat. History, lib. 18, cap. 29.

478 Asiatick Researches, Calcutta, 1801, vol. 7, p. 440.

479 Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, London, 1874, p. 2233.

480 Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 2, p. 140.

481 Voyage of Capt. Amasa Delano, Boston, 1847, p. 230. Compare with the ordeal of Scotch conspirators, who ate a fragment of barley bread together.

482 Gauthier de la Peyronie, Voyages de Pallas, Paris, 1793, vol. 4, p. 75.

483 Teutonic Mythology, vol. 1, p. 63.

484 Macaulay quoted in Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 85.

485 Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.

486 Du Cange, Glossarium, articles “Crispellæ” and “Crespellæ.”

487 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 88.

488 Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, p. 109.

489 Nat. Hist., lib. 18, cap. 28.

490 Wheat, which, is now the bread corn of twelve European nations and is fast supplanting maize in America and several inferior grains in India, was no doubt widely grown in the prehistoric world. The Chinese cultivated it 2700 B. C. as a gift direct from Heaven; the Egyptians attributed its origin to Isis and the Greeks to Ceres. A classic account of the distribution of wheat over the primeval world shows that Ceres, having taught her favorite Triptolemus agriculture and the art of bread-making, gave him her chariot, a celestial vehicle which he used in useful travels for the purpose of distributing corn to all nations.
Ancient monuments show that the cultivation of wheat had been established in Egypt before the invasion of the shepherds, and there is evidence that more productive varieties of wheat have taken the place of one, at least, of the ancient sorts. Innumerable varieties exist of common wheat. Colonel Le Couteur, of Jersey, cultivated 150 varieties; Mr. Darwin mentions a French gentleman who had collected 322 varieties, and the great firm of French seed merchants, Vilmorin-Andrieux et C^ie, cultivate about twice as many in their trial ground near Paris. In their recent work on Les meilleurs blés M. Henry L. de Vilmorin has described sixty-eight varieties of best wheat, which he has classed into seven groups, though these groups can hardly be called distinct species, since M. Henry L. de Vilmorin has crossbred three of them, Triticum vulgare, Triticum turgidum and Triticum durum, and has found the offspring fertile.
Three small-grained varieties of common wheat were cultivated by the first lake dwellers of Switzerland (time of Trojan war), as well as by the less ancient lake dwellers of western Switzerland and of Italy, by the people of Hungary in the stone age, and by the Egyptians, on evidence of a brick of a pyramid in which a grain was embedded and to which the date of 3359 B. C. has been assigned.
The existence of names for wheat in the most ancient languages confirms this evidence of the antiquity of its culture in all the more temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, but it seems improbable that wheat has ever been found growing persistently in a wild state, although the fact has often been asserted by poets, travelers, and historians. In the Odyssey, for example, we are told that wheat grew in Sicily without the aid of man, but a blind poet could not have seen this himself, and a botanical fact can hardly be accepted from a writer whose own existence has been contested. Diodorus repeats the tradition that Osiris found wheat and barley growing promiscuously in Palestine, but neither this nor other discoveries of persistent wild wheat seem to us to be credible, seeing that wheat does not appear to be endowed with a power of persistency except under culture.—Edinburgh Review.
The origin of baking precedes the period of history and is involved in the obscurity of the early ages of the human race. Excavations made in Switzerland gave evidence that the art of making bread was practiced by our prehistoric ancestors as early as the stone period. From the shape of loaves it is thought that no ovens were used at that time, but the dough was rolled into small round cakes and laid on hot stones, being covered with glowing ashes. Bread is mentioned in the book of Genesis, where Abraham, wishing to entertain three angels, offered to “fetch a morsel of bread.” Baking is again referred to where Sarah has instructions to “make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it and make cakes upon the hearth.” Lot entertained two angels by giving them unleavened bread. The mere mention of unleavened bread shows that there were two kinds of bread made even at that time.
The art of baking was carried on to a high perfection among the Egyptians, who are said to have baked cakes in many fantastic shapes, using several kinds of flour. The Romans took up the art of baking, and public bakeries were numerous on the streets of Rome. In England the business of the baker was considered to be one so closely affecting the interests of the public that in 1266 an act of Parliament was passed regulating the price to be charged for bread. This regulation continued in operation until 1822 in London and until 1836 in the rest of the country. The art of making bread has not yet reached some countries in Europe and Asia. In the rural parts of Sweden no bread is made, but rye cakes are baked twice a year and are as hard as flint. It is less than a century ago that bread was used in Scotland, the Scotch people of every class living on barley bannocks and oaten cakes.—Chicago News.

491 Pop. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 96.

492 Shâyast lâ-Shâyast, par. 32, note 6, pp. 283, 284 (Max Müller’s ed., Oxford, 1880).

493 Ibid., p. 315, note 3.

494 “And if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour” (Levit., II, 4); “With all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt” (Ibid., 13)—Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 82.

495 Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 441.

496 Ibid., p. 447.

497 Brand, Pop. Antiq., vol. 1, pp. 345, 346, quoting Gen. Vallencey’s Essay on the Antiquity of the Irish Language.

498 Ibid., p. 345.

499 Ibid., p. 154.

500 Ibid., pp. 155, 156.

501 See also “Buns” in Inman’s Ancient Faiths.

502 “Ofrecian el pan al ídolo, hincados de rodillas. Bendezianlo los sacerdotes, y repartian como pan bendito, con lo qual se acabaua la fiesta. Guardauan aquel pan todo el año, teniendo por desdichada, y sugeta a muchos peligros la casa que sin el estaua.”—Padre Fray Alonso Fernandez (Dominican). Historia Eclesiastica de Nuestros Tiempos, Toledo, 1611, p. 16.

503 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 2, pp. 100 et seq., quoting Blount, Moffet, and Moresin.

504 Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 7, cap. 9, p. 100.

505 Nat. Hist., lib. xviii, caps 10 et seq. and 39.

506 “Var (from the Hebrew word var frumentum) Grain. It not only means a particular kind of grain, between wheat and barley, less nourishing than the former, but more so than the latter, according to Vossius; but it means bread corn, grain of any kind. Ætius gives this application to any kind of frumentaceous grain, decorticated, cleansed from the husks, and afterwards bruised and dried.” London Medical Dictionary, Bartholomew Parr, M. D., Philadelphia, 1820, article “Far”.
“Ador or Athor was the most sacred wheat, without beard, offered at adoration of gods. In Latin Adorea was a present of such after a victory, and Ad-oro is ‘I adore,’ from oro, ‘I pray to.’”—Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 473, footnote, speaking of both Greeks and Romans.

507 Sacred Books of the East, edition of Max Müller, vol. 14, pp. 131, 205.

508 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 391 et seq., article “Allhallow even.”

509 Ibid., p. 391.

510 Ibid., p. 392.

511 Ibid., p. 393.

512 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 237 et seq.

513 Ibid., p. 244.

514 Strabo, Geography, Bohn’s edition, London, 1854, vol. 1, pp. 341, 342, footnote.

515 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, p. 460.

516 Ibid., p. 7.

517 Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, pp. 3, 180. On the same page: “Dumb cake, a species of dreaming bread prepared by unmarried females with ingredients traditionally suggested in witching doggerel. When baked, it is cut into three divisions; a part of each to be eaten and the remainder put under the pillow. When the clock strikes twelve, each votary must go to bed backwards and keep a profound silence, whatever may appear.”

518 A writer in the Gentleman’s Magazine for July, 1783, inquires: “May not the minced pye, a compound of the choicest productions of the East, have in view the offerings made by the wise men who came from afar to worship, bringing spices, etc.” Quoted in Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 526. The mince pie was before the Reformation made in the form of a crib, to represent the manger in which the holy child lay in the stable. Ibid., p. 178.

519 Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, p. 109.

520 Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 7, p. 220.

521 See also Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 90.

522 William Coxe, Russian Discoveries between Asia and America, London, 1803, p. 57, quoting Steller.

523 Barcia, Ensayo Cronologico, Madrid, 1723.

524 Arabian Nights, Burton’s edition, vol. 8, p. 10, footnote.

525 American Antiquarian, September, 1886, p. 281.

526 Maurice, Indian Antiquities, London, 1801, vol. 5, pp. 82 and 83.

527 Ibid., vol. 5, p. 85.

528 Schultze, Fetichism, N. Y., 1885, p. 32.

529 Paper by Dr. John G. Henderson on “Aboriginal remains near Naples, Ill.,” Smith. Rept., 1882.

530 J. F. Snyder, “Indian remains in Cass County, Illinois,” Smith. Rept., 1881, p. 575.

531 Rau, in Sm. Rept., 1872, p. 356.

532 “Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley,” in Smithsonian Contributions, vol. 1, p. 160.

533 Relation of the Voyage of Don Fernando Alarcon, in Hakluyt’s Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508.

534 Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 288.

535 Davis, ibid., pp. 280, 284, 285.

536 Ibid., pp. 277, 292.

537 Catlin, North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 2, p. 117.

538 Tanner’s Narrative, p. 188.

539 Journal, p. 289.

540 North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 1, p. 135.

541 Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 32, quoting Bastian.

542 Coxe, Russian Discoveries between America and Asia, London, 1803, p. 254.

543 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, pp. xxix, 112.

544 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 68.

545 Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, pp. 67, 72, 74.

546 Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, Amsterdam, 1739, vol. 2, pp. 28, 29

547 Ibid., p. 29.

548 Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, book 2, p. 77

549 Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, p. 61. See also Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 93.

550 Citations, Common place Book, p. 395, London, 1872.

551 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 310, 311.

552 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 310.

553 Holiday Customs of Ireland, pp. 381 et seq.

554 Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 325.

555 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, p. 56.

556 Massingberd, The English Reformation, London, 1857, p. 105.

557 Mendieta, p. 110.

558 Vol. 3, cap. 5, p. 234.

559 Herrera, dec. 2, lib. 6, p. 141.

560 Kingsborough, vol. 7, chap. 4.

561 Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1233.

562 Ibid.

563 Fables and Rites of the Incas, Padre Christoval de Molina (Cuzco, 1570-1584), transl. by Clements R. Markham, Hakluyt Society trans., vol. 48, London, 1873, p. 48.

564 The common people wore a black “llautu.” See Garcilaso, Comentarios, Markham’s transl., Hak. Soc., vol. 41, pp. 88, 89.

565 Ibid., p. 85.

566 Ibid., p. 89.

567 “Quando vàn à sembrar las Tierras del Sol, vàn solos los Principales à trabajar, i vàn con insignias blancas, i en las espaldas unos Cordones tendidos blancos, à modo de Ministros del Altar.”—Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 6, pp. 94-95.

568 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 92.

569 Montfaucon, L’antiquité expliquée, tome 2, pt. 1, p. 33.

570 Hawkesworth, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 229.

571 Voyage to Congo, in Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. 16, p. 237.

572 Pinkerton, Voyages, vol. 16, p. 388.

573 Speke, Source of the Nile, London, 1863, p. 125.

574 London, 1877, vol. 2, p. 131.

575 Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, vol. 2, p. 330.

576 Schweinfurth, Heart of Africa, London, 1873, vol. 1, p. 154.

577 Winstanley, Abyssinia, vol. 2, p. 68.

578 This cord is worn about the neck. Ibid., p. 257.

579 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 235.

580 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 132.

581 Ibid., p. 165.

582 Ibid., p. 292.

583 Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, vol. 4, p. 259, Phila., 1832.

584 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 2, p. 640.

585 Nightingale, quoted in Madden, Shrines and Sepulchres, vol. 1, pp. 557, 558.

586 Leems, Account of Danish Lapland, in Pinkerton, Voyages, London, 1808, vol. 1, p. 471.

587 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 5. See also John Scheffer, Lapland, Oxford, 1674, p. 58.

588 Act IV, scene 1.

589 Benjamin, Persia, London, 1877, p. 99.

590 Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 7, p. 320.

591 Du Halde, History of China, London, 1736, vol. 4, pp. 244, 245, and elsewhere.

592 Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, p. 218.

593 Vining, An Inglorious Columbus, p. 635.

594 Du Halde, History of China, London, 1736, vol. 1, p. 270.

595 Univ. Geog., vol. 3, book 75, p. 144, Phila., 1832.

596 Brinton, Myths of the New World, N. Y., 1868, p. 15.

597 Early History of Mankind, London, 1870, p. 156.

598 Voyages, vol. 3, p. 102.

599 Shâyast lâ-Shâyast, cap. 4, pp. 285, 286. In Sacred Books of the East, Max Müller’s edition, vol. 5.

600 Monier Williams, Modern India, p. 56.

601 Ibid., pp. 179, 180.

602 Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 7, p. 28.

603 Marco Polo, Travels, in Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. 7, p. 163.

604 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 99.

605 Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., vol. 2, lib. 50, p. 235, Philadelphia, 1832.

606 Dr. J. L. August Von Eye, The history of culture, in Iconographic Encyc., Philadelphia, 1886, vol. 2, p. 169.

607 Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 120.

608 Ibid., pp. 240-241.

609 Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 328.

610 Ibid., p. 323.

611 Dubois, People of India, p. 9.

612 Mythology of the Hindus.

613 Mythology of the Hindus, pp. 9, 10, 11.

614 Ibid., p. 92.

615 Ibid., p. 155.

616 Ibid., pp. 135, 154, 155.

617 Maurice, Indian Antiquities, London, 1801, vol. 5, p. 205.

618 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 375, where a description of the mode of weaving and twining is given.

619 Ibid., p. 376.

620 Ibid., vol. 5, p. 206.

621 Notes of Richard Johnson, Voyages of Sir Hugh Willoughby and others to the northern part of Russia and Siberia, Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. 1, p. 63.

622 Caron’s account of Japan in Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. 7, p. 631.

623 Rev. Father Dandini’s Voyage to Mount Libanus, in Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. 10, p. 286.

624 Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 92, New York, 1888.

625 Müller, Sacred Books of the East, vol. 14, Vasishtha, cap. 2, par 6.

626 Ibid., Baudhâyana, prasna 1, adhyâya 5, kandikâ 8, pars. 5-10, p. 165.

627 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. 1, pp. xli-xliii.

628 Ibid., p. xliii.

629 Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 2, pp. 108,109.

630 Browne, Religio Medici, p. 392.

631 Brand, op. cit., p. 110.

632 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 22.

633 Ibid., lib. 28, cap. 17.

634 Ibid.

635 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1169.

636 Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 91; vol. 2, pp. 288, 290.

637 Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 91; vol. 2, p. 290.

638 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, pp. 69-73.

639 Dæmonology, p. 100.

640 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 299.

641 Ibid., p. 170.

642 Frommann, Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, p. 731.

643 Markham, Bogle’s mission to Tibet, London, 1876, p. 85.

644 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 149.

645 Thomas Wright, Sorcery and Magic, London, 1851, vol. 2, p. 10.

646 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 143.

647 Pennant, in Pinkerton, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 382.

648 Hoffman, quoting Friend, in Jour. Am. Folk Lore, 1888, p. 134.

649 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, pp. 127 et seq.

650 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1174. He also speaks of the “nouer l’aiguillette”, ibid., p. 1175.

651 Saxon Leechdoms, vol. 1, p. xliv.

652 Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

653 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 9.

654 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 67.

655 Ibid., p. 170.

656 Sextus Placitus, De Medicamentis ex Animalibus, Lyons, 1537, pages not numbered, article “de Puello et Puellæ Virgine.”

657 Etmüller, Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1690, vol. 2, p. 279, Schroderii Dilucidati Zoologia.

658 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 68, footnote.

659 Ibid., p. 67.

660 Paracelsus, Chirurgia Minora, in Opera Omnia, Geneva, 1662, vol. 2, p. 70.

661 Ibid., p. 174.

662 Beckherius, Medicus Microcosmus, London, 1660, p. 174.

663 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1094, footnote.

664 Ibid., p. 1096.

665 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 30, cap. 12.

666 Etmüller, Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1690, vol. 2, pp. 282, 283, Schroderii Dilucidati Zoologia.

667 Ibid., p. 278a.

668 Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 113.

669 Forlong, Rivers of Life, London, 1883, vol. 2, p. 313.

670 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 69.

671 Notes and Queries, 1st series, vol. 4, p. 500.

672 See also Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 79.

673 Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1233.

674 Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 114.

675 Herrera, dec. 6, lib. 8, cap. 1, p. 171.

676 Ibid., dec. 7, lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 70.

677 Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 351. See also previous references to the use of such cords by the Australians.

678 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 27.

679 Highlands of Æthiopia, vol. 1, p. 247.

680 Through the Dark Continent, vol. 1, p. 398.

681 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 11.

682 Notes and Queries, 4th series, vol. 5, pp. 295, 390.

683 Traité des Superstitions, tome 1, chap. 3, paragraph 8.

684 Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 276.

685 Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 109.

686 Anatomy of Melancholy, vol. 2, pp. 288, 290.

687 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 107.

688 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 78.

689 Ibid., p. 91.

690 Ibid., p. 93.

691 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 1, p. 41.

692 Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

693 P. 41.

694 Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 186.

695 Ibid., (after Tylor) pp. 176, 177.

696 Ibid., p. 178.

697 Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 276.

698 Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 1, p. 195.

699 Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 197.

700 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 24, cap. 118.

701 Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 451.

702 Pennant, quoted by Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 54.

703 Ibid., p. 285.

704 Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

705 Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 113.

706 Ibid., p. 57.

707 Ephemeridum Physico-medicarum, Leipzig, 1694, vol. 1, p. 49.

708 Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 112.

709 Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 112.

⁷¹⁰ Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 86.

711 Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 38.

712 Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 30, cap. 38.

713 Ibid.

714 Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 111.

715 Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 3, pp. 288, 324.

716 This fact is stated by Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, lib. 10, cap. 33, and by Gomara, Hist. of the Conq. of Mexico, p. 446; see also Diego Duran, lib. 1, cap. 20, p. 226.

717 Herrera, dec. 3, lib. 2, p. 67.

718 John Gilmary Shea, The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, p. 472.

719 Diego Duran, vol. 3, cap. 4, p. 217.

720 Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 337.

721 Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., Amsterdam, 1729, vol. 5, p. 50.

722 Lady of the Lake, canto 3, stanza 4, Sir Rhoderick Dhu, summoning Clan Alpine against the king.

723 Teatro Mexicano, vol. 3, p. 323.

724 Lib. 14, cap. 4, and lib. 16, cap. 16.

725 Lib. 1, cap. 23, pp. 251-252.

726 Ximenez, Hist. Orig. Indios, p. 211.

727 Mendieta, p. 83.

728 Ibid., p. 78.

729 Researches in South America, p. 83.

730 Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 13, cap. 45, and elsewhere.

731 Emory, Reconnoissance, p. 88.

732 Gomara, Historia de la Conquista de Méjico, Veytia’s edition, p. 299.

733 Ibid., p. 310.

734 Smithsonian Contributions, “Ancient monuments of New York,” vol. 2.

735 Buckingham Smith, Relacion de la Jornada de Coronado á Cibola, Coleccion de Documentos para la Historia de Florida, London, 1857, vol. 1, p. 148.

736 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 150.

737 Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 253.

738 London, 1844, vol. 1, pp. 26, 29, 36, 93.

739 Ibid., p. 278.

740 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 389.

741 Monarchia Indiana, lib. 6, cap. 45, p. 80.

742 Ibid., lib. 19, cap. 22, pp. 357-358.

743 Ternaux-Compans, vol. 10, p. 240.

744 London, 1843, p. 248.

745 Pimentel, Lenguas Indígenas de México, vol. 3, pp. 498, 499.

746 Brinton, Myths of the New World, pp. 285, 286.

747 Ibid., p. 264.

748 Kingsborough, vol. 8, sup., p. 249.

749 Parkman, Jesuits, introduction, p. lxxxiv.