Appendix II. List of Year Periods342
| Name. | Japanese Era. | Christian Era. |
| Taikwa | 1305 | 645 |
| Hakuchi | 1310 | 650 |
| Saimei | 1315 | 655 |
| Tenji | 1322 | 662 |
| Sujaku | 1332 | 672 |
| Hakuhō | 1333 | 673 |
| Suchō | 1346 | 686 |
| Jitō | 1347 | 687 |
| Momm | 1357 | 697 |
| Daihō | 1361 | 701 |
| Keiun | 1364 | 704 |
| Wadō | 1368 | 708 |
| Reiki | 1375 | 715 |
| Yōrō | 1377 | 717 |
| Jinki | 1384 | 724 |
| Tembiō | 1389 | 729 |
| Tembiō shōhō | 1409 | 749 |
| Tembiō hōji | 1417 | 757 |
| Tembiō jingo | 1425 | 765 |
| Jingo keiun | 1427 | 767 |
| Hōki | 1430 | 770 |
| Tenō | 1441 | 781 |
| Enriaku | 1442 | 782 |
| Daidō | 1466 | 806 |
| Kōnin | 1470 | 810 |
| Tenchō | 1484 | 824 |
| Jōwa | 1494 | 834 |
| Kajō | 1508 | 848 |
| Ninju | 1511 | 851 |
| Saikō | 1514 | 854 |
| Tenan | 1517 | 857 |
| Jōgwan | 1519 | 859 |
| Gwangiō | 1537 | 877 |
| Ninna | 1545 | 885 |
| Kwampei | 1549 | 889 |
| Shōtai | 1558 | 898 |
| Engi | 1561 | 901 |
| Enchō | 1583 | 923 |
| Jōhei | 1591 | 931 |
| Tengiō | 1598 | 938 |
| Tenriaku | 1607 | 947 |
| Tentoku | 1617 | 957 |
| Ōwa | 1621 | 961 |
| Kōhō | 1624 | 964 |
| Anna | 1628 | 968 |
| Tenroku | 1630 | 970 |
| Ten-en | 1633 | 973 |
| Jōgen | 1636 | 976 |
| Tengen | 1638 | 978 |
| Eikwan | 1643 | 983 |
| Kwanna | 1645 | 985 |
| Ei-en | 1647 | 987 |
| Eiso | 1649 | 989 |
| Shōriaku | 1650 | 990 |
| Chōtoku | 1655 | 995 |
| Chōhō | 1659 | 999 |
| Kwankō | 1664 | 1004 |
| Chōwa | 1672 | 1012 |
| Kwannin | 1677 | 1017 |
| Ji-an | 1681 | 1021 |
| Manju | 1684 | 1024 |
| Chōgen | 1688 | 1028 |
| Chōriaku | 1697 | 1037 |
| Chōkiū | 1700 | 1040 |
| Kwantoku | 1704 | 1044 |
| Eijō | 1706 | 1046 |
| Tengi | 1713 | 1053 |
| Kōhei | 1718 | 1058 |
| Jiriaku | 1725 | 1065 |
| Enkiū | 1729 | 1069 |
| Jōhō | 1734 | 1074 |
| Jōriaku | 1737 | 1077 |
| Eihō | 1741 | 1081 |
| Ōtoku | 1744 | 1084 |
| Kwanji | 1747 | 1087 |
| Kahō | 1754 | 1094 |
| Eichō | 1756 | 1096 |
| Jōtoku | 1757 | 1097 |
| Kowa | 1759 | 1099 |
| Chōji | 1764 | 1104 |
| Kajō | 1766 | 1106 |
| Tennin | 1768 | 1108 |
| Tenei | 1770 | 1110 |
| Eikiū | 1773 | 1113 |
| Genei | 1778 | 1118 |
| Hō-an | 1780 | 1120 |
| Tenji | 1784 | 1124 |
| Daiji | 1786 | 1126 |
| Tenjō | 1791 | 1131 |
| Chōjō | 1792 | 1132 |
| Hō-en | 1795 | 1135 |
| Eiji | 1801 | 1141 |
| Kōji | 1802 | 1142 |
| Tenyō | 1804 | 1144 |
| Kiū-an | 1805 | 1145 |
| Nimbiō | 1811 | 1151 |
| Kiūju | 1814 | 1154 |
| Hōgen | 1816 | 1156 |
| Heiji | 1819 | 1159 |
| Eiriaku | 1820 | 1160 |
| Ōhō | 1821 | 1161 |
| Chōkwan | 1823 | 1163 |
| Eiman | 1825 | 1165 |
| Ninan | 1826 | 1166 |
| Ka-ō | 1829 | 1169 |
| Jō-an | 1831 | 1171 |
| Angen | 1835 | 1175 |
| Jishō | 1837 | 1177 |
| Yōwa | 1841 | 1181 |
| Ju-ei | 1842 | 1182 |
| Genriaku | 1844 | 1184 |
| Bunji | 1845 | 1185 |
| Kenkiū | 1850 | 1190 |
| Shōji | 1859 | 1199 |
| Kennin | 1861 | 1201 |
| Genkiū | 1864 | 1204 |
| Kenei | 1866 | 1206 |
| Jōgen | 1867 | 1207 |
| Kenriaku | 1871 | 1211 |
| Kempō | 1873 | 1213 |
| Jōkiū | 1879 | 1219 |
| Jō-ō | 1882 | 1222 |
| Gennin | 1884 | 1224 |
| Karoku | 1885 | 1225 |
| Antei | 1887 | 1227 |
| Kwangi | 1889 | 1229 |
| Jō-ei | 1892 | 1232 |
| Tempuku | 1893 | 1233 |
| Bunriaku | 1894 | 1234 |
| Katei | 1895 | 1235 |
| Riakunin | 1898 | 1238 |
| En-ō | 1899 | 1239 |
| Ninji | 1900 | 1240 |
| Kwangen | 1903 | 1243 |
| Hōji | 1907 | 1247 |
| Kenchō | 1909 | 1249 |
| Kōgen | 1916 | 1256 |
| Shōka | 1917 | 1257 |
| Shōgen | 1919 | 1259 |
| Bunō | 1920 | 1260 |
| Kōchō | 1921 | 1261 |
| Bunei | 1924 | 1264 |
| Kenji | 1935 | 1275 |
| Kōan | 1938 | 1278 |
| Shō-ō | 1948 | 1288 |
| Einin | 1953 | 1293 |
| Shōan | 1959 | 1299 |
| Kengen | 1962 | 1302 |
| Kagen | 1963 | 1303 |
| Tokuji | 1966 | 1306 |
| Enkiō | 1968 | 1308 |
| Ōchō | 1971 | 1311 |
| Shōwa | 1972 | 1312 |
| Bumpō | 1977 | 1317 |
| Gen-ō | 1979 | 1319 |
| Genkō | 1981 | 1321 |
| Shōchū | 1984 | 1324 |
| Kariaku | 1986 | 1326 |
| Gentoku | 1989 | 1329 |
| Shōkiō | 1992 | 1331 |
| Kemmu | 1994 | 1334 |
| Engen | 1996 | 1336 |
| Kōkoku | 1999 | 1339 |
| Shōhei | 2006 | 1346 |
| Kentoku | 2030 | 1370 |
| Bunchū | 2032 | 1372 |
| Tenju | 2035 | 1375 |
| Kōwa | 2041 | 1381 |
| Genchū | 2044 | 1384 |
| Meitoku | 2050 | 1390 |
| Ō-ei | 2054 | 1394 |
| Shōchō | 2088 | 1428 |
| Eikiō | 2089 | 1429 |
| Kakitsu | 2101 | 1441 |
| Bunan | 2104 | 1444 |
| Hōtoku | 2109 | 1449 |
| Kōtoku | 2112 | 1452 |
| Kōshō | 2115 | 1455 |
| Chōroku | 2117 | 1457 |
| Kwanshō | 2120 | 1460 |
| Bunshō | 2126 | 1466 |
| Ōnin | 2127 | 1467 |
| Bummei | 2129 | 1469 |
| Chōkō | 2147 | 1487 |
| Entoku | 2149 | 1489 |
| Mei-ō | 2152 | 1492 |
| Bunki | 2161 | 1501 |
| Eishō | 2164 | 1504 |
| Dai-ei | 2181 | 1521 |
| Kōroku | 2188 | 1528 |
| Tembun | 2192 | 1532 |
| Kōji | 2215 | 1555 |
| Eiroku | 2218 | 1558 |
| Genki | 2230 | 1570 |
| Tenshō | 2233 | 1573 |
| Bunroku | 2252 | 1592 |
| Keichō | 2256 | 1596 |
| Genna | 2275 | 1615 |
| Kwanei | 2284 | 1624 |
| Shōhō | 2304 | 1644 |
| Kei-an | 2308 | 1648 |
| Jō-ō | 2312 | 1652 |
| Meireki | 2315 | 1655 |
| Manji | 2318 | 1658 |
| Kwambun | 2321 | 1661 |
| Empō | 2333 | 1673 |
| Tenna | 2341 | 1681 |
| Jōkiō | 2344 | 1684 |
| Genroku | 2348 | 1688 |
| Hō-ei | 2364 | 1704 |
| Shōtoku | 2371 | 1711 |
| Kiōhō | 2376 | 1716 |
| Gembun | 2396 | 1736 |
| Kwampō | 2401 | 1741 |
| Enkiō | 2404 | 1744 |
| Kwanen | 2408 | 1748 |
| Hōreki | 2411 | 1751 |
| Meiwa | 2424 | 1764 |
| Anei | 2432 | 1772 |
| Temmei | 2441 | 1781 |
| Kwansei | 2449 | 1789 |
| Kiōwa | 2461 | 1801 |
| Bunkwa | 2464 | 1804 |
| Bunsei | 2478 | 1818 |
| Tempō | 2490 | 1830 |
| Kōkwa | 2504 | 1844 |
| Ka-ei | 2508 | 1848 |
| Ansei | 2514 | 1854 |
| Manen | 2520 | 1860 |
| Bunkiū | 2521 | 1861 |
| Genji | 2524 | 1864 |
| Kei-ō | 2525 | 1865 |
| Meiji | 2528 | 1868 |
Appendix III. List of Shōguns343
I.—The Dynasty of Minamoto. 1186-1219.
1. Minamoto Yoritomo, 1186-1199, died; received his appointment as shōgun in 1192.
Note.—In this as in the later cases, the dates will be cited which correspond to the attainment of power and its general recognition, but which do not, in many cases, correspond to the grant of the title, which frequently was much later.
2. Minamoto Yori-iye, 1199-1203, son of the preceding, first deposed by his grandfather, Hōjō Tokimasa, and banished to Izu, there was murdered in 1204.
3. Minamoto Sanetomo, 1203-1219, eleven years old, brother of the preceding, murdered by his nephew Kokio, the son of Yori-iye.
The Time of the Shadow Shōguns. 1220-1338.
The shōguns of this period, taken partly from the Fujiwara family, partly from the princes of the imperial house, were mostly children, and in every instance the weak agents of the Hōjō family, whose chiefs, as regents (shiken), had the power in their hands, although the nominal bearers of the same were likewise principally only children.
4. Fujiwara Yoritsune, 1220-1243, nine years old, dethroned by Hōjō Tsunetoki, died 1256.
5. Fujiwara Yoritsugu, 1244-1251, son of the preceding, seven years old, deposed by H. Tokeyori, died 1256.
6. Munetaka Shino, 1252-1265, eleven, according to others thirteen, years old, deposed by H. Tokimune, died 1274.
7. Koreyasu Shino, 1266-1289, son of the preceding, three years old, deposed by H. Sadatoki, died 1325 (1326?).
8. Hisa-akira Shino, or, as he was called, Kumei Shino, 1289-1307, sixteen years old, deposed by H. Sadatoki, died 1328.
9. Morikuni Shino, 1308-1333, son of the preceding, seven years old, dethroned by Nitsuda Yoshisada, died in the same year.
10. Moriyoshi Shino, 1333-1334, son of the reigning Emperor Go-Daigo, dethroned by Taka-uji, murdered, in 1335, by Minamoto Nao-yoshi.
11. Nari-Yoshi Shino, 1334-1338, dethroned and murdered by Taka-uji.
II.—The Regents of the Hōjō Family.
Hōjō Tokimasa, died 1215, did not have the title of regent (shiken).
Hōjō Yoshitoki, 1205-1224, from 1205 regent (shiken), murdered.
Hōjō Yasutoki, 1225-1242, died.
Hōjō Tsunetoki, 1243-1246, grandson of the preceding, retired in favor of his younger brother, Tokiyori, and died thirty-three years old.
Hōjō Tokiyori, 1246-1256, retired in favor of his son, Tokimune, and died 1263, thirty-seven years old.
Hōjō Tokimune, 1257-1284, seven years old, under the guardianship of H. Nagatoki and H. Masamura, died.
Hōjō Sadatoki, 1284-1300, adopted son of the preceding, retired in favor of Morotoki, the grandson of Tokiyori, but continued to exercise a potent influence over the regency, died 1311.
Hōjō Morotoki, 1300-1311, died.
Hōjō Takatoki, 1312-1326, the son of Sadatoki, nine years old, under the guardianship of Hirotoki and Mune-nobu, retired in favor of his younger brother, Yasuye, who likewise soon withdrew.
Until the fall of the Hōjō family Takatoki really conducted the regency, although others held the title. After the taking of Kamakura by Nitta Yoshisada in 1333, he killed himself.
III.—The Dynasty of Ashikaga. 1334-1573.
12. Ashikaga Taka-uji, 1334-1358, died fifty-three years old.
13. Ashikaga Yoshimori, 1359-1367, retired in favor of his son Yoshimitsu, died 1408, fifty-one years old.
14. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 1368-1393, retired in favor of his son, Yoshimochi, at the age of thirty-seven years, died 1409.
15. Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 1394-1422, retired in favor of his son, Yoshikatsu.
16. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, 1423-1425, died nineteen years old. Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 1425-1428, the fifteenth shōgun, took the power again, and died forty-three years old.
17. Ashikaga Yoshinobu, 1428-1441, murdered by Akamatsu Mitsusuke, forty-eight years old. From 1429 called Yoshinori.
18. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, 1441-1443, son of the preceding, eight years old, died.
19. Ashikaga Yoshinari, called Yoshimasa, 1443-1473, brother of the preceding, eight years old, retired, and died in 1490.
20. Ashikaga Yoshinao, 1473-1489, died twenty-five years old; from 1488, called Yoshihiro.
21. Ashikaga Yoshimura, 1490-1493, nephew of Yoshimasa, twenty-five years old, taken prisoner and dethroned by Hosokawa Motomoto.
22. Ashikaga Yoshimitsi, 1493-1508, had to flee, died 1511; from 1449 called Yoshitaku, and from 1502 Yoshisumi; Yoshitada, 1508-1521, is Yoshimura, who from the year 1501 bore the name, and since that time was the shōgun of the enemy at war with Yoshisumi, had to flee, was deposed, and died, 1523.
23. Ashikaga Yoshinaru, 1521-1546, son of Yoshisumi, retired in favor of his son, Yoshifushi, died 1550, forty years old.
24. Ashikaga Yoshifushi, 1547-1565, eleven years old, killed himself in his palace, having been confined there by the rebels.
25. Ashikaga Yoshigi-ei or Yoshinaga, 1568 died, important as opposition shōgun.
26. Ashikaga Yoshi-aki, 1568-1573, deposed by Nobunaga, died 1597.
IV.—The Time of the Usurpation. 1573-1603.
27. Taira-no-Nobunaga, 1573-1582, killed himself, having been forced to do so by Akechi Mitsuhide.
Akechi Mitsuhide, who usurped the title of shōgun, ruled only twelve days, and fell conquered by Hideyoshi 28. Samboshi, 1582-1586, grandson of Nobunaga.
29. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1586-1598, was never shōgun, but kwambaku; (on his retirement called Taikō-sama).
30. Hidetsugu, 1591-1595, nephew of the preceding, killed himself, was also kwambaku.
31. Hideyori, 1600-1615, son of Hideyoshi, killed himself, conquered by Ieyasu. According to other accounts, he escaped and fled to Satsuma; was Naifu (Minister of the Interior) from 1603.
V.—The Dynasty of the Tokugawa. 1603-1868.
32. Ieyasu, 1603-1605, died 1616; 1603 appointed shōgun (posthumous title Gongensama). The shōguns of this dynasty frequently retired, as soon as their successors grew up, but in spite of this fact they continued to lead the regency.
33. Hidetada, 1605-1623, died 1632, son of the preceding.
34. Iemitsu, 1623-1651, died 1652, son of the preceding.
35. Ietsuna, 1651-1680, died, son of the preceding.
36. Tsunayoshi, 1681-1709, son of Iemitsu, killed by his wife.
37. Ienobu, 1709-1712, grandson of Iemitsu, died.
38. Ietsugu (Ietsubo according to Klaproth), 1713-1715, died, son of the preceding.
39. Yoshimune, 1716-1745, retired, died 1751, formerly fifth Prince of Kii.
40. Ieshige, 1745-1760 (according to others 1761 or 1762), son of the preceding, died.
41. Ieharu, 1760-1786, son of the preceding, died.
42. Ienari, 1787-1836, died 1841, son of the preceding.
43. Ieyoshi, 1837-1852, son of the preceding.
44. Iesada, 1853-1857, son of the preceding.
45. Iemochi, 1858-1866, died, formerly thirteenth Prince of Kii.
46. Yoshihisa (Yoshinobu according to Adams, vol. ii. p. 37), 1867-1868, son of the Prince of Mito, Nari-akira, adopted by the Prince of Hitotsubashi, retired at the fall of shōgunate in 1867.