Preface
Three Friars, says a legend, hid themselves near the Witch Sabbath orgies that they might count the devils; but the Chief of these, discovering the friars, said—‘Reverend Brothers, our army is such that if all the Alps, their rocks and glaciers, were equally divided among us, none would have a pound’s weight.’ This was in one Alpine valley. Any one who has caught but a glimpse of the world’s Walpurgis Night, as revealed in Mythology and Folklore, must agree that this courteous devil did not overstate the case. Any attempt to catalogue the evil spectres which have haunted mankind were like trying to count the shadows cast upon the earth by the rising sun. This conviction has grown upon the author of this work at every step in his studies of the subject.
In 1859 I contributed, as one of the American ‘Tracts for the Times,’ a pamphlet entitled ‘The Natural History of the Devil.’ Probably the chief value of that essay was to myself, and this in that its preparation had revealed to me how pregnant with interest and importance was the subject selected. Subsequent researches in the same direction, after I had come to reside in Europe, revealed how slight had been my conception of the vastness of the domain upon which that early venture was made. In 1872, while preparing a series of lectures for the Royal Institution on Demonology, it appeared to me that the best I could do was to print those lectures with some notes and additions; but after they were delivered there still remained with me unused the greater part of materials collected in many countries, and the phantasmal creatures which I had evoked would not permit me to rest from my labours until I had dealt with them more thoroughly.
The fable of Thor’s attempt to drink up a small spring, and his failure because it was fed by the ocean, seems aimed at such efforts as mine. But there is another aspect of the case which has yielded me more encouragement. These phantom hosts, however unmanageable as to number, when closely examined, present comparatively few types; they coalesce by hundreds; from being at first overwhelmed by their multiplicity, the classifier finds himself at length beating bushes to start a new variety. Around some single form—the physiognomy, it may be, of Hunger or Disease, of Lust or Cruelty—ignorant imagination has broken up nature into innumerable bits which, like mirrors of various surface, reflect the same in endless sizes and distortions; but they vanish if that central fact be withdrawn.
In trying to conquer, as it were, these imaginary monsters, they have sometimes swarmed and gibbered around me in a mad comedy which travestied their tragic sway over those who believed in their reality. Gargoyles extended their grin over the finest architecture, cornices coiled to serpents, the very words of speakers started out of their conventional sense into images that tripped my attention. Only as what I believed right solutions were given to their problems were my sphinxes laid; but through this psychological experience it appeared that when one was so laid his or her legion disappeared also. Long ago such phantasms ceased to haunt my nerves, because I discovered their unreality; I am now venturing to believe that their mythologic forms cease to haunt my studies, because I have found out their reality.
Why slay the slain? Such may be the question that will arise in the minds of many who see this book. A Scotch song says, ‘The Devil is dead, and buried at Kirkcaldy;’ if so, he did not die until he had created a world in his image. The natural world is overlaid by an unnatural religion, breeding bitterness around simplest thoughts, obstructions to science, estrangements not more reasonable than if they resulted from varying notions of lunar figures,—all derived from the Devil-bequeathed dogma that certain beliefs and disbeliefs are of infernal instigation. Dogmas moulded in a fossil demonology make the foundation of institutions which divert wealth, learning, enterprise, to fictitious ends. It has not, therefore, been mere intellectual curiosity which has kept me working at this subject these many years, but an increasing conviction that the sequelæ of such superstitions are exercising a still formidable influence. When Father Delaporte lately published his book on the Devil, his Bishop wrote—‘Reverend Father, if every one busied himself with the Devil as you do, the kingdom of God would gain by it.’ Identifying the kingdom here spoken of as that of Truth, it has been with a certain concurrence in the Bishop’s sentiment that I have busied myself with the work now given to the public.
Volume I
| Fig. | Page | |||||
| 1. | Beelzebub (Calmet) | 9 | ||||
| 2. | Handle of Hindu Chalice | 31 | ||||
| 3. | A Swallower | 44 | ||||
| 4. | St. Anthony’s Lean Persecutor | 54 | ||||
| 5. | Ancient Persian Medal | 103 | ||||
| 6. | Hercules and the Hydra (Louvre) | 114 | ||||
| 7. | Japanese Demon | 123 | ||||
| 8. | Cerberus (Calmet) | 133 | ||||
| 9. | Canine Lar (Herculaneum) | 135 | ||||
| 10. | The Wolf as Confessor (probably Dutch) | 143 | ||||
| 11. | Singhalese Demon of Serpents | 148 | ||||
| 12. | American Indian Demon | 149 | ||||
| 13. | Italian and Roman Genii | 157 | ||||
| 14. | Typhon (Wilkinson) | 185 | ||||
| 15. | Snouted Demon | 197 | ||||
| 16. | Demon found at Ostia | 265 | ||||
| 17. | Teoyaomiqui | 273 | ||||
| 18. | Kali | 277 | ||||
| 19. | Dives and Lazarus (Russian, seventeenth century) | 281 | ||||
| 20. | The Knight and Death | 293 | ||||
| 21. | Greek Caricature of the Gods | 311 | ||||
| 22. | A Witch Mounted (Della Bella) | 323 | ||||
| 23. | Serpent and Egg (Tyre) | 325 | ||||
| 24. | Serpent and Ark (from a Greek coin) | 334 | ||||
| 25. | Anguish | 358 | ||||
| 26. | Swan-Dragon (French) | 379 | ||||
| 27. | Anglo-Saxon Dragons (Cædmon MS., tenth century) | 379 | ||||
| 28. | From the Fresco at Arezzo | 380 | ||||
| 29. | From Albert Durer’s ‘Passion’ | 381 | ||||
| 30. | Chimæra | 382 | ||||
| 31. | Bellerophon and Chimæra (Corinthian) | 386 | ||||
| 32. | From the Temptation of St. Anthony | 417 | ||||
Volume II
| Fig. | Page | |||||
| 1. | Lilith and Eve | 96 | ||||
| 2. | Temptation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve | 97 | ||||
| 3. | Satan Punished | 125 | ||||
| 4. | Hierarchy of Hell | 144 | ||||
| 5. | Gnostic Figure of Satan | 168 | ||||
| 6. | Temptation of Christ | 185 | ||||
| 7. | Adam Signing Contract for his Posterity to Satan | 214 | ||||
| 8. | Seth Offering a Branch to Adam | 222 | ||||
| 9. | Procession of the Serpent of Sins | 253 | ||||
| 10. | Ancient Russian Wall-Painting | 254 | ||||
| 11. | Alexander VI. as Antichrist | 255 | ||||
| 12. | The Pope nursed by Megæra | 256 | ||||
| 13. | Antichrist’s Descent | 257 | ||||
| 14. | Luther’s Devil as seen by Catholics | 258 | ||||
| 15. | The Pride of Life | 260 | ||||
| 16. | The Artist’s Rescue | 271 | ||||
| 17. | Luther’s Devil | 286 | ||||
| 18. | Devils from Old Missal | 294 | ||||
| 19. | Carving at Corbeil | 295 | ||||
| 20. | Lilith as Cat | 301 | ||||
| 21. | A Witch from Lyons Cathedral | 312 | ||||
| 22. | Seal from Raven Book | 335 | ||||
| 23. | The Wicked Ale-Wife | 390 | ||||
| 24. | A Mediæval Death-Bed | 394 | ||||
| 25. | From Hogarth’s ‘Raree Show’ | 399 | ||||
| 26. | A Soul’s Doom | 403 | ||||
| 27. | Cruelty and Lust | 407 | ||||
| 28. | Jealousy | 410 | ||||
| 29. | Satan and Noraita | 413 | ||||
| 30. | Monkish Gluttony | 417 | ||||
| 31. | Devil of Danegeld Treasure | 418 | ||||
| 32. | St. James and Devils | 419 | ||||
| 33. | Devil from Notre Dame, Paris | 456 | ||||