Contents and List of Illustrations

		Page.
1.	Frontispiece—Pons Ælii restored.
	The site of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the Pons Ælii of the Romans, is here shewn. The ground on which it stands, rising abruptly from the bed of the river Tyne, to the height of about an hundred feet, is cut into three very remarkable tongues of land by four ravines, permeated by as many streams, which all disembogue in the Tyne. The easternmost and largest of these tongues of land is that formed by the Ouseburn and Pandon-dean; the smallest by Pandon-dean and the Lort-burn; and the westernmost, wheron stands the castle, and formerly the Roman station, by the Lort-burn and Skinner-burn. Extensive suburbs probably occupied all these eminences.
2.	Title—Modern Buildings on the site of Pons Ælii.
	The Norman keep of the Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Church of St. Nicholas; and the court-house for the county of Northumberland, built upon the site of the south-east corner of the station of Pons Ælii.
3.	Plan of the course of the Roman Wall	facing 1
	PART I.—AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN.	1
4.	Initial letter—altar from Corbridge	1
5.	Coin of Claudius—DE BRITANNIS	4
6.	Coin of Vespasian—ROMA RESURGES	6
7.	Coin of Hadrian—ADVENTUS BRITANNIÆ	11
8.	Coin of Hadrian—BRITANNIA	12
9.	Coin of Severus—VICTORIÆ BRITTANICÆ	19
10.	Coin of Carausius—reverse, a galley	22
11.	Coin of Carausius—reverse, a lion	22
12.	Coin of Magnentius—reverse, Christian monogram	24
13.	Base of column—Housesteads	24
	PART II.—A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LINE OF THE WALL.	43
14.	Initial Letter—Roman Nails	43
15.	Plan of Barrier between Cilurnum and Magna—Plan of Cilurnum 1 and contiguous Works—Plans of individual Stations	facing 45
16.	Section of Works, near eighteenth mile-stone	52
17.	Section of Works, west of Carraw	52
18.	Mural Slab—Ala II. Asturum	61
19.	Altar to Fortune—Coh. I. Batavorum	62
20.	Altar to Jupiter—Coh. I. Tungrorum	63
21.	Written-Rock, on the river Gelt	facing 81
22.	Letters on the Written-Rock	82
23.	Form of Wall-Stone	83
24.	Junction of the west wall of Birdoswald with the Wall	84
25-27.	Broaching of the Wall Stones	85
28-31.	Marks on the Stones	86
32.	Sections and Elevations of the Masonry of the Wall	facing 89
33.	Herring-bone Masonry	91
34.	Written-Rock at Fallow-field-fell	102
	PART III.-LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS.	103
35.	Initial Letters—Balusters from the Wall	103
36.	Altar to Jupiter—Coh. IV. Lingonum	109
37.	Plan of Wallsend, Segedunum; Section of Mountain and Works at Bradley	facing 113
38.	Wallsend, looking East	facing 115
39.	Plan of Pons Ælii	facing 126
40.	Mercury, Pons Ælii	129
41-44.	Coins of Hadrian found in the Bridge, Pons Ælii	131
45.	Coin of Severus found in Bridge, Pons Ælii	131
46.	Slab to the Campestral Mothers	140
47.	Altar to Mars	142
48.	Altar to Mars	143
49.	Fragment of the Wall, near Denton	145
50.	The Works at Heddon-on-the Wall	facing 149
51.	The Works near Carr-hill	facing 156
52.	Mural Slab—Leg. II. Aug.	163
53.	Slab—Fulgur Divom	164
54.	The Wall at Brunton	facing 169
55.	Remains of Roman Bridge over North Tyne	facing 170
56.	Miscellaneous Antiquities, Chesters, Cilurnum	facing 170
57.	Vault at Cilurnum	173
58.	Hypocausts at Cilurnum	174
59.	Ground Plan of Hypocausts, Cilurnum	175
60.	River God, Cilurnum	178
61.	Hypocaust, Cilurnum	facing 178
62.	Funereal Slab, Cilurnum	184
63.	Funereal Slab of Horse Soldier, Cilurnum	185
64.	Slab—Ala II. Asturum	186
65.	Statue of Cybele, Cilurnum	189
66.	Group of Carved Stones, Cilurnum	190
67.	Miscellaneous Antiquities, Cilurnum	facing 191
68.	Samian Ware	facing 192
69.	Roman Spears, etc.	facing 192
70.	The Works, Tepper-moor	facing 197
71.	Slab—Coh. I. Batavorum	198
72.	Approach to Sewingshields	facing 200
73.	Busy Gap	208
74.	Junction of West Wall of Housesteads, Borcovicus, with the Wall	216
75.	Ground Plan of Gateway, Housesteads	216
76.	Outside View of the West Portal, Housesteads	217
77.	Inside View of West Portal, Housesteads	217
78.	Housesteads, Borcovicus, from the East	facing 220
79.	Broken Columns, Borcovicus	facing 225
80.	Sculptured Figures, Borcovicus	facing 225
81.	Sculptured Figures, etc.	facing 225
82.	Figure of Victory	226
83.	Sepulchral Slab to a young Physician	227
84.	Slab to Hadrian, Bradley	232
85.	Slab to Hadrian, Milking-gap	234
86.	Altar to Fortune, Chesterholm	237
87.	Hypocaust Pillar	238
88.	Milestone at Chesterholm, Vindolana	facing 239
89.	Altar to Genius of the Pretorium	240
90.	Symbol, Leg. XX.	241
91.	Part of Slab to Hadrian	241
92.	Coping-stone, Roman ‘broaching’	242
93.	The Crags, West of Craglough	facing 243
94.	The Wall at Steel-rig	facing 244
95.	Mural Stone, Leg. XX. V.V.	247
96.	Mile-castle at Cawfield	facing 248
97.	Part of Slab to Hadrian	251
98.	Tablet to Hadrian	256
99.	Plan of ancient Water-course, Great Chesters, Æsica	facing 257
100.	Nine-nicks of Thirlwall	265
101.	Lamp, Fibula, Shears, and Compasses	facing 268
102.	Stone Effigy	272
103.	Section of Works near Wallend	273
104.	Slab to Hadrian, by Leg. XX. V. V.	274
105.	Altar to Jupiter, by Coh. I. Ael. Dac.	278
106.	West Gateway, Birdoswald, Amboglanna	280
107.	Mural Stone, Leg. VI. V. F.	281
108.	Birdoswald, western Rampart	facing 282
109.	Section of Works, Wallbours	283
110.	Coin of Severus, Julia	289
111.	Coin of Caracalla	289
112.	Coin of Geta	289
113.	Altar to Jupiter, Coh. II. Tungr.	290
114.	View of Pigeon Crag	292
115.	Mural Stone, Leg. II. Aug.	294
116.	Altar—ob res trans vallum prospere gestas	302
117.	Bowness	facing 313
118.	Monument to Edward I.	314
	PART IV.—THE SUPPORTING STATIONS OF THE WALL.	315
119.	Initial A, and Mural Slab, Risingham	315
120.	Tablet, Gyrum Cumbas	319
121.	Tablet found at Jarrow	323
122.	Corbridge Lanx	335
123.	Altar to Astarte	338
124.	Crypt of Hexham Abbey Church	339
125.	Slab to Severus at Hexham	340
126.	Genius of the Wall	353
127.	Altar to Jupiter for the safety of Severus	360
128.	Altar to Jupiter, Maryport	363
129.	Slab to Hadrian, Moresby	367
130.	Symbol of Leg. XX.	368
	PART V.—THE QUESTION—WHO BUILT THE WALL?—DISCUSSED.	369
131.	Initial O, bronze ornament found at Borcovicus	369
132.	Slab, Leg. II. and Leg. XX.	392
	PART VI.—MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES FOUND ON THE LINE OF THE WALL.	393
133.	Initial M, bronze ornament, an Eagle, found at Magna	393
134.	Altar, Deo Vetri	395
135.	Large Altar to Jupiter	397
136.	Altar, Genio Loci, etc.	399
137.	Altar, Deo Cocidio	401
138.	Altar, Deo Belatucadro	401
139.	Altar to Minerva	402
140.	Altar to Fortune	403
141.	Altar to Mithras	404
142.	Altar to the Sun	405
143.	Attendant of Mithras	406
144.	Altar to Mithras	407
145.	Zodiacal Tablet, Borcovicus	409
146.	Pine-apple Ornament, etc., Cilurnum	410
147.	Presumed Mithraic Sculpture, Cilurnum	410
148.	Altar to Apollo, Cawfield mile-castle	411
149.	Inscription to the Syrian Goddess, Magna	412
150.	Altar to Silvanus, Amboglanna	413
151.	Altar to the Nymphs, Habitancum	414
152.	Altar to the Gods of the Mountains, Vindobala	415
153.	Altar to Epona, Magna	415
154.	Altar, sculptured with a Toad, Cilurnum	416
155.	Altar to Viteres, Thirlwall-castle	416
156.	Altar to Viteres, Condercum	417
157.	Altar to the Dea Hamia, Thirlwall-castle	417
158.	Altar to the Three Lamiæ, Condercum	418
159-60.	Egyptian Idols	418
161.	Altar to the Transmarine Mothers, Habitancum	419
162.	Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby	420
163.	Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby	420
164.	Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Netherby	420
165.	Sculpture to the Deæ Matres, at Nether-hall	421
166.	Sepulchral Altar to the Manes of Fabia Honorata, Cilurnum	426
167.	Sepulchral Slab to the Manes of Aurelia Faia, Magna	428
168.	Sepulchral Slab to the Memory of Cornelius Victor, Vindolana	429
169.	Centurial Stone, Coh. V. Cæcilii Proculi, Cilurnum	430
170.	Centurial Stone, Cilurnum	430
171.	Vessel, in which the Thorngrafton Coins were found	434
172-224.	The Thorngrafton Coins, imperial, consular, and others	435-441
225.	Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester	facing 445
226.	Bronze Vessels facing	445
227.	Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc.	facing 445
228.	Soles of Sandals, etc. facing	445
229.	Tail piece—Romæ Æternæ Fortunæ Reduci	450

The Roman Barrier of the

Lower Isthmus.

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