The Natural History of Pliny, Vol. 2

Contents. Of the Second Volume

BOOK VI.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
Chap.		Page
1.	The Euxine and the Maryandini	1
2.	Paphlagonia	3
3.	Cappadocia	6
4.	The region of Themiscyra, and the nations therein	8
5.	The region of Colica, the nations of the Achæi, and other nations in the same parts	11
6.	The Cimmerian Bosporus	13
7.	Lake Mæotis and the adjoining nations	14
8.	The situation of Cappadocia	16
9.	The Lesser and the Greater Armenia	17
10.	The rivers Cyrus and Araxes	18
11.	Albania, Iberia, and the adjoining nations	20
12.	The passes of the Caucasus	21
13.	The islands of the Euxine	22
14.	Nations in the vicinity of the Scythian Ocean	23
15.	The Caspian and Hyrcanian Sea	24
16.	Adiabene	27
17.	Media and the Caspian Gates	28
18.	Nations situate around the Hyrcanian Sea	30
19.	The nations of Scythia and the countries on the Eastern Ocean	33
20.	The Seres	35
21.	The nations of India	38
22.	The Ganges	43
23.	The Indus	46
24.	Taprobane	51
25.	The Ariani and the adjoining nations	56
26.	Voyages to India	60
27.	Carmania	66
28.	The Persian and the Arabian Gulfs	ib.
29.	The Parthian Empire	68
30.	Mesopotamia	70
31.	The Tigris	75
32.	Arabia	82
33.	The Gulfs of the Red Sea	91
34.	Troglodytice	93
35.	Æthiopia	97
36.	Islands of the Æthiopian Sea	105
37.	The Fortunate Islands	107
38.	The comparative distances of places on the face of the earth	108
39.	Division of the earth into parallels and shadows of equal length	110
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
1.	Man	117
2.	The wonderful forms of different nations	122
3.	Marvellous births	135
4.	The generation of man; the unusual duration of pregnancy; instances of it from seven to twelve months	139
5.	Indications of the sex of the child during the pregnancy of the mother	141
6.	Monstrous births	142
7.	Of those who have been cut out of the womb	143
8.	Who were called Vopisci	144
9.	The conception and generation of man	ib.
10.	Striking instances of resemblance	145
11.	What men are suited for generation. Instances of very numerous offspring	148
12.	At what age generation ceases	150
13.	Remarkable circumstances connected with the menstrual discharge	ib.
14.	The theory of generation	153
15.	Some account of the teeth, and some facts concerning infants	ib.
16.	Examples of unusual size	155
17.	Children remarkable for their precocity	158
18.	Some remarkable properties of the body	ib.
19.	Instances of extraordinary strength	160
20.	Instances of remarkable agility	161
21.	Instances of acuteness of sight	162
22.	Instances of remarkable acuteness of hearing	163
23.	Instances of endurance of pain	164
24.	Memory	ib.
25.	Vigour of mind	166
26.	Clemency and greatness of mind	ib.
27.	Heroic exploits	167
28.	Union in the same person of three of the highest qualities with the greatest purity	169
29.	Instances of extreme courage	170
30.	Men of remarkable genius	173
31.	Men who have been remarkable for wisdom	174
32.	Precepts the most useful in life	178
33.	Divination	179
34.	The man who was pronounced to be the most excellent	ib.
35.	The most chaste matrons	180
36.	Instances of the highest degree of affection	ib.
37.	Names of men who have excelled in the arts, astrology, grammar, and medicine	182
38.	Geometry and architecture	183
39.	Painting; engraving on bronze, marble, and ivory; carving	184
40.	Slaves for which a high price has been given	185
41.	Supreme happiness	186
42.	Rare instances of good fortune continuing in the same family	187
43.	Remarkable example of vicissitudes	189
44.	Remarkable examples of honours	ib.
45.	Ten very fortunate circumstances which have happened to the same person	191
46.	The misfortunes of Augustus	195
47.	Men whom the gods have pronounced to be the most happy	199
48.	The man whom the gods ordered to be worshipped during his life-time; a remarkable flash of lightning	ib.
49.	The greatest length of life	200
50.	The variety of destinies at the birth of man	203
51.	Various instances of diseases	206
52.	Death	208
53.	Persons who have come to life again after being laid out for burial	210
54.	Instances of sudden death	213
55.	Burial	217
56.	The Manes, or departed spirits of the soul	218
57.	The inventors of various things	219
58.	The things about which mankind first of all agreed. The ancient letters	236
59.	When barbers were first employed	ib.
60.	When the first time-pieces were made	237
BOOK VIII.
THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
1.	Elephants; their capacity	244
2.	When elephants were first put into harness	245
3.	The docility of the elephant	246
4.	Wonderful things which have been done by the elephant	247
5.	The instinct of wild animals in perceiving danger	248
6.	When elephants were first seen in Italy	251
7.	The combats of elephants	252
8.	The way in which elephants are caught	255
9.	The method by which they are tamed	256
10.	The birth of the elephant, and other particulars respecting it	257
11.	In what countries the elephant is found; the antipathy of the elephant and the dragon	259
12.	The sagacity of these animals	260
13.	Dragons	261
14.	Serpents of remarkable size	ib.
15.	The animals of Scythia; the bison	262
16.	The animals of the north; the elk, the achlis, and the bonasus	263
17.	Lions; how they are produced	264
18.	The different species of lions	266
19.	The peculiar character of the lion	267
20.	Who it was that first introduced combats of lions at Rome, and who has brought together the greatest number of lions for that purpose	269
21.	Wonderful feats performed by lions	270
22.	A man recognized and saved by a dragon	273
23.	Panthers	274
24.	The decree of the Senate, and laws respecting African animals; who first brought them to Rome, and who brought the greatest number of them	ib.
25.	Tigers: when first seen at Rome; their nature	275
26.	Camels; the different kinds	276
27.	The cameleopard; when it was first seen at Rome	277
28.	The chama, and the cepus	ib.
29.	The rhinoceros	278
30.	The lynx, the sphinx, the crocotta, and the monkey	ib.
31.	The terrestrial animals of India	280
32.	The animals of Æthiopia; a wild beast which kills with its eye	281
33.	The serpents called basilisks	282
34.	Wolves; the origin of the story of Versipellis	ib.
35.	Different kinds of serpents	284
36.	The ichneumon	287
37.	The crocodile	ib.
38.	The scincus	288
39.	The hippopotamus	290
40.	Who first exhibited the hippopotamus and the crocodile at Rome	ib.
41.	The medicinal remedies which have been borrowed from animals	291
42.	Prognostics of danger derived from animals	294
43.	Nations that have been exterminated by animals	295
44.	The hyæna	296
45.	The crocotta; the mantichora	ib.
46.	Wild asses	297
47.	Beavers; amphibious animals; otters	ib.
48.	Bramble-frogs	298
49.	The sea-calf; beavers; lizards	ib.
50.	Stags	299
51.	The chameleon	302
52.	Other animals which change colour; the tarandus, the lycaon, and the thos	304
53.	The porcupine	305
54.	Bears and their cubs	ib.
55.	The mice of Pontus and of the Alps	308
56.	Hedgehogs	ib.
57.	The leontophonus, and the lynx	310
58.	Badgers and squirrels	ib.
59.	Vipers and snails	311
60.	Lizards	312
61.	The qualities of the dog; examples of its attachment to its master; nations which have kept dogs for the purposes of war	ib.
62.	The generation of the dog	316
63.	Remedies against canine madness	ib.
64.	The nature of the horse	317
65.	The disposition of the horse; remarkable facts concerning chariot horses	319
66.	The generation of the horse	320
67.	Mares impregnated by the wind	322
68.	The ass; its generation	ib.
69.	The nature of mules, and of other beasts of burden	324
70.	Oxen; their generation	326
71.	The Egyptian Apis	330
72.	Sheep, and their propagation	331
73.	The different kinds of wool, and their colours	333
74.	Different kinds of cloth	336
75.	The different shapes of sheep; the musmon	338
76.	Goats, and their propagation	339
77.	The hog	342
78.	The wild boar; who was the first to establish parks for wild animals	344
79.	Animals in a half-wild state	346
80.	Apes	347
81.	The different species of hares	348
82.	Animals which are tamed in part only	350
83.	Places in which certain animals are not to be found	352
84.	Animals which injure strangers only, as also animals which injure the natives of the country only, and where they are found	353
BOOK IX.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
1.	Why the largest animals are found in the sea	358
2.	The sea monsters of the Indian Ocean	359
3.	The largest animals that are found in each ocean	361
4.	The forms of the Tritons and Nereids. The forms of sea-elephants	362
5.	The balæna and the orca	365
6.	Whether fishes respire, and whether they sleep	367
7.	Dolphins	369
8.	Human beings who have been beloved by dolphins	371
9.	Places where dolphins help men to fish	374
10.	Other wonderful things relating to dolphins	376
11.	The tursio	377
12.	Turtles; the various kinds of turtles, and how they are caught	ib.
13.	Who first invented the art of cutting tortoise-shell	379
14.	Distribution of aquatic animals into various species	ib.
15.	Those which are covered with hair, or have none, and how they bring forth. Sea-calves, or phocæ	380
16.	How many kinds of fish there are	381
17.	Which of the fishes are of the largest size	382
18.	Tunnies, cordyla, and pelamides, and the various parts of them that are salted. Melandrya, apolecti, and cybia	385
19.	The aurias and the scomber	386
20.	Fishes which are never found in the Euxine; those which enter it and return	387
21.	Why fishes leap above the surface of the water	390
22.	That auguries are derived from fishes	391
23.	What kinds of fishes have no males	ib.
24.	Fishes which have a stone in the head; those which keep themselves concealed during winter; and those which are not taken in winter, except upon stated days	392
25.	Fishes which conceal themselves during the summer; those which are influenced by the stars	396
26.	The mullet	397
27.	The acipenser	398
28.	The lupus, the asellus	399
29.	The scarus, the mustela	400
30.	The various kinds of mullets, and the sargus that attends them	401
31.	Enormous prices of some fish	403
32.	That the same kinds are not everywhere equally esteemed	404
33.	Gills and scales	405
34.	Fishes which have a voice.—Fishes without gills	406
35.	Fishes which come on land; the proper time for catching fish	ib.
36.	Classification of fishes, according to the shape of the body	407
37.	The fins of fish, and their mode of swimming	408
38.	Eels	409
39.	The murena	ib.
40.	Various kinds of flat fish	411
41.	The echeneis, and its uses in enchantments	412
42.	Fishes which change their colour	414
43.	Fishes which fly above the water—the sea-swallow—the fish that shines in the night—the horned fish—the sea-dragon	415
44.	Fishes which have no blood.—Fishes known as soft fish	416
45.	The sæpia, the loligo, the scallop	417
46.	The polypus	ib.
47.	The nautilus, or sailing polypus	419
48.	The various kinds of polypi; their shrewdness	ib.
49.	The sailing nauplius	422
50.	Sea-animals which are enclosed with a crust; the cray-fish	423
51.	The various kinds of crabs; the pinnotheres, the sea urchin, cockles, and scallops	424
52.	Various kinds of shell-fish	428
53.	What numerous appliances of luxury are found in the sea	429
54.	Pearls; how they are produced, and where	430
55.	How pearls are found	433
56.	The various kinds of pearls	434
57.	Remarkable facts connected with pearls—their nature	436
58.	Instances of the use of pearls	437
59.	How pearls first came into use at Rome	440
60.	The nature of the murex and the purple	441
61.	The different kinds of purples	443
62.	How wools are dyed with the juices of the purple	445
63.	When purple was first used at Rome; when the laticlave vestment and the prætexta were first worn	447
64.	Fabrics called conchyliated	448
65.	The amethyst, the Tyrian, the hysginian, and the crimson tints	449
66.	The pinna, and the pinnotheres	450
67.	The sensitiveness of water-animals; the torpedo, the pastinaca, the scolopendra, the glanis, and the ram-fish	451
68.	Bodies which have a third nature, that of the animal and vegetable combined—the sea-nettle	453
69.	Sponges; the various kinds of them, and where they are produced: proofs that they are gifted with life by nature	454
70.	Dog-fish	456
71.	Fishes which are enclosed in a stony shell—sea-animals which have no sensation—other animals which live in the mud	458
72.	Venomous sea-animals	459
73.	The maladies of fishes	460
74.	The generation of fishes	461
75.	Fishes which are both oviparous and viviparous	465
76.	Fishes the belly of which opens in spawning, and then closes again	466
77.	Fishes which have a womb; those which impregnate themselves	ib.
78.	The longest lives known amongst fishes	467
79.	The first person that formed artificial oyster-beds	ib.
80.	Who was the first inventor of preserves for other fish	469
81.	Who invented preserves for murenæ	ib.
82.	Who invented preserves for sea-snails	470
83.	Land-fishes	471
84.	The mice of the Nile	472
85.	How the fish called the anthias is taken	473
86.	Sea-stars	474
87.	The marvellous properties of the dactylus	475
88.	The antipathies and sympathies that exist between aquatic animals	ib.
BOOK X.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
1.	The ostrich	478
2.	The phœnix	479
3.	The different kinds of eagles	481
4.	The natural characteristics of the eagle	484
5.	When the eagle was first used as the standard of the Roman legions	485
6.	An eagle which precipitated itself on the funeral pile of a girl	486
7.	The vulture	ib.
8.	The birds called sangualis and immusulus	487
9.	Hawks. The buteo	ib.
10.	In what places hawks and men pursue the chase in company with each other	488
11.	The only bird that is killed by those of its own kind.—A bird that lays only one egg	489
12.	The kite	490
13.	The classification of birds	ib.
14.	Crows. Birds of ill omen. At what seasons they are not inauspicious	ib.
15.	The raven	491
16.	The horned owl	492
17.	Birds, the race of which is extinct, or of which all knowledge has been lost	ib.
18.	Birds which are born with the tail first	493
19.	The owlet	494
20.	The wood-pecker of Mars	ib.
21.	Birds which have hooked talons	495
22.	The peacock	ib.
23.	Who was the first to kill the peacock for food. Who first taught the art of cramming them	496
24.	The dunghill cock	ib.
25.	How cocks are castrated. A cock that once spoke	498
26.	The goose	ib.
27.	Who first taught us to use the liver of the goose for food	499
28.	The Commagenian medicament	500
29.	The chenalopex, the cheneros, the tetrao, and the otis	ib.
30.	Cranes	501
31.	Storks	502
32.	Swans	ib.
33.	Foreign birds which visit us; the quail, the glottis, the cychramus, and the otus	503
34.	Swallows	505
35.	Birds which take their departure from us, and whither they go; the thrush, the blackbird, and the starling—birds which lose their feathers during their retirement—the turtle-dove and the ring-dove—the flight of starlings and swallows	ib.
36.	Birds which remain with us throughout the year; birds which remain with us only six or three months; whitwalls and hoopoes	506
37.	The Memnonides	ib.
38.	The Meleagrides	507
39.	The Seleucides	ib.
40.	The ibis	ib.
41.	Places in which certain birds are never found	ib.
42.	The various kinds of birds which afford omens by their note. Birds which change their colour and their voice	509
43.	The nightingale	ib.
44.	The melancoryphus, the erithacus, and the phœnicurus	511
45.	The œnanthe, the chlorion, the blackbird, and the ibis	ib.
46.	The times of incubation of birds	512
47.	The halcyones: the halcyon days that are favourable to navigation	ib.
48.	Other kinds of aquatic birds	513
49.	The instinctive cleverness displayed by birds in the construction of their nests. The wonderful works of the swallow. The bank-swallow	ib.
50.	The acanthyllis and other birds	515
51.	The merops—partridges	516
52.	Pigeons	517
53.	Wonderful things done by them; prices at which they have been sold	519
54.	Different modes of flight and progression in birds	520
55.	The birds called apodes or cypseli	521
56.	Respecting the food of birds—the caprimulgus, the platea	ib.
57.	The instincts of birds—the carduelis, the taurus, the anthus	522
58.	Birds which speak—the parrot	ib.
59.	The pie which feeds on acorns	523
60.	A sedition that arose among the Roman people, in consequence of a raven speaking	524
61.	The birds of Diomedes	526
62.	Animals that can learn nothing	ib.
63.	The mode of drinking with birds. The porphyrio	527
64.	The hæmatopous	ib.
65.	The food of birds	ib.
66.	The pelican	ib.
67.	Foreign birds: the phalerides, the pheasant, and the numidicæ	528
68.	The phœnicopterus, the attagen, the phalacrocorax, the pyrrhocorax, and the lagopus	ib.
69.	The new birds. The vipio	529
70.	Fabulous birds	530
71.	Who first invented the art of cramming poultry: why the first Censors forbade this practice	531
72.	Who first invented aviaries. The dish of Æsopus	ib.
73.	The generation of birds: other oviparous animals	532
74.	The various kinds of eggs, and their nature	ib.
75.	Defects in brood-hens, and their remedies	535
76.	An augury derived from eggs by an empress	ib.
77.	The best kinds of fowls	536
78.	The diseases of fowls, and their remedies	537
79.	When birds lay, and how many eggs. The various kinds of herons	ib.
80.	What eggs are called hypenemia, and what cynosura. How eggs are best kept	539
81.	The only winged animal that is viviparous, and nurtures its young with its milk	540
82.	Terrestrial animals that are oviparous. Various kinds of serpents	ib.
83.	Generation of all kinds of terrestrial animals	ib.
84.	The position of animals in the uterus	544
85.	Animals whose origin is still unknown	ib.
86.	Salamanders	545
87.	Animals which are born of beings that have not been born themselves—animals which are born themselves, but are not reproductive—animals which are of neither sex	546
88.	The senses of animals—that all have the senses of touch and taste—those which are more remarkable for their sight, smell, or hearing—moles—whether oysters have the sense of hearing	ib.
89.	Which fishes have the best hearing	547
90.	Which fishes have the finest sense of smell.	ib.
91.	Diversities in the feeding of animals	548
92.	Animals which live on poisons	ib.
93.	Animals which live on earth—animals which will not die of hunger or thirst	549
94.	Diversities in the drinking of animals	550
95.	Antipathies of animals. Proofs that they are sensible of friendship and other affections	ib.
96.	Instances of affection shown by serpents	552
97.	The sleep of animals	ib.
98.	What animals are subject to dreams	553

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NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY.